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{{hatnote|For the ancient settlement, see [[Casinum]]. For other uses, see [[Cassino (disambiguation)]]. Not to be confused with [[Casino (disambiguation)]].}}

{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                = Cassino
| official_name       = Città di Cassino
| native_name         = 
| image_skyline       = Cassino italy.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| image_alt           = 
| image_caption       = The town of Cassino from the upper part of the town.
| shield_alt          = 
| image_map           = 
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| coordinates         = {{coord|41|30|N|13|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region              = [[Lazio]]
| province            = [[Province of Frosinone|Frosinone]] (FR)
| frazioni            =Caira, Montecassino, San Cesareo, San Michele, San Pasquale, Sant'Angelo in Theodice, Sant'Antonino, San Bartolomeo 
| mayor_party         = 
| mayor               = Enzo Salera
| area_footnotes      = 
| area_total_km2      = 83.42
| population_footnotes = <ref>Population data from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>
| population_total    = 35969
| population_as_of    = 31 July 2021
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym  = Cassinati
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m         = 40
| twin1               = 
| twin1_country       = 
| saint               = [[St. Benedict]]
| day                 = 
| postal_code         = 03043
| area_code           = 0776
| website             = {{official website|http://www.comune.cassino.fr.it}}
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Cassino''' ({{IPA|it|kasˈsiːno}}) is a ''[[comune]]'' in the [[province of Frosinone]] at the southern end of the region of [[Lazio]]. It's the last city of the [[Valle Latina|Latin Valley]].<ref>Giuseppe Ponzi, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xiY-AAAAcAAJ Osservazioni geologiche fatte lungo la Valle Latina]'', Roma, 1849</ref>

It is located at the foot of [[Monte Cairo]] near the confluence of the [[Gari (river)|Gari]] and [[Liri]] rivers and on the [[via Casilina]] between [[Rome]] and [[Naples]]. The city is best known as the site of the [[Monte Cassino|Abbey of Montecassino]] and the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] during [[World War II]], which resulted in huge Allied and German casualties as well as the near total destruction of the town itself. It is also home to the [[University of Cassino and Southern Lazio]].

Cassino has a population of 35,969 as of July 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2014gen/index.html|title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT|date=28 January 2011|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> making it the second largest town in the province.{{Historical populations|1861|7929|1871|12540|1881|11770|1901|13397|1911|14220|1921|19001|1931|18582|1936|20064|1951|19256|1961|21105|1971|24696|1981|31462|1991|32787|2001|32762|2011|33658|2021|35235|type=|footnote=Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]}}

==History==

===Ancient===
{{see also|Casinum}}
Cassino's roots lie in the settlement of [[Casinum]], the last city of the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]],<ref>Strabo, Geographica, V, 3,9.</ref> of [[Umbri|Umbrian]]<ref name="auto">Tacitus, Annales</ref>  or [[Venetic]]<ref name="auto"/>  or [[Oscan]] origin,<ref name="auto1">[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-preromana-i-siti-laziali-cassino_%28Il-Mondo-dell%27Archeologia%29/ L'Italia preromana. I siti laziali: Cassino], in ''Il Mondo dell'Archeologia'' (Treccani), 2004</ref><ref name="auto2">"Casinum", ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'', New York 1999</ref> sited atop the hill of Cassino near [[Monte Cairo]], {{Convert|5|km|miles}} to the north. Casinum passed under the control of the [[Volscians]] first and then the [[Samnites]],<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>Varro, ''De lingua latina'', VII,29</ref> Eventually Sabini (a Volsci branch and Umbrian/Venetic origins)<ref name="auto"/> were defeated by the Romans<ref name="auto"/> that gained control of Casinum and its territory (''ager casinas''),<ref name="auto"/> establishing a fortified [[Latin colony]] there in 312 BC, [[Interamna Lirenas]].<ref name="auto"/>

During the [[ancient Rome|Roman era]] the most venerated god was Apollo, whose temple rose up on Montecassino, where today stands the abbey. At least once during [[Punic Wars]], [[Hannibal]] passed near Casinum. Casinum was also the site of a villa presumed to belong to [[Marcus Terentius Varro]].
[[File:Monte Cassino Opactwo 1.JPG|thumb|left|Abbey of Montecassino]]

===Medieval===
The ancient Casinum was deeply damaged by several barbarian raids. The book ''[[Dialogues (Pope Gregory)|Dialogues]]'', [[Pope Gregory I]] gives us the testimony of the [[Benedict of Nursia]] settlement among the ruins of Casinum Acropolis. He destroyed the image of [[Apollo]] and pagan altars, and sanctified the place in the name of [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]]. From that moment on, he would never leave Montecassino: he founded the monastery that became a model for the Western monasticism and one of the major cultural centers of Europe throughout the Middle Ages and wrote the "[[Rule of Saint Benedict|Rule]]", containing precepts for his monks. In the meanwhile the population built a village called ''Castellum Sancti Petri''.

Because of their strategic position, the abbey and the village were involved in military events. In 577 a raid of the [[Lombards]], led by [[Zotto]], forced the monks to leave Monte Cassino to seek refuge in Rome. They came back only after more than a century. In 744, thanks to the donation of [[Gisulf II of Benevento]], the monastery became the capital of a new state, called [[Terra Sancti Benedicti]] ("Land of Saint Benedict"). Few years later the town was re-founded by Abbot [[Bertharius of Monte Cassino|Bertharius]] and called ''Eulogimenopolis'', meaning "city of Saint Benedict" in Greek. In 883 the monastery and the town were again attacked, this time by [[Saracens]], and Bertharius was killed along with some other monks.

The abbey was again rebuilt in 949 by the decision of [[Pope Agapetus II]] and, together with  the town, renamed '''San Germano''' (after Saint [[Germanus of Capua]]), began to experience a prosperous period. For defensive purposes, the castle Rocca Janula, which still dominates the town today, was also built. In the abbey are conserved the ''[[Placiti Cassinesi]]'', dated 960–963, considered the first documents ever written in the Italian language. The abbey of San Germano had ceased to exist by the time of Abbot Richerius (1038–1055), when it was a parish church under an archpriest.<ref>Herbert Bloch, ''Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages'' (Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 684.</ref>

On July 23, 1230, the city was the site of [[Treaty of San Germano|the signing of the peace]] between [[Pope Gregory IX]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], which took place in the church of San Germano.

On 9 September 1349, San Germano was destroyed by a large earthquake, which also seriously damaged the abbey. The reconstruction took place in 1366, at Pope Urbano V's will.

===Modern era===

During the Renaissance era Cassino lay on the northern frontier of the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which was dominated by [[Spain]]. In 1504, during the [[Italian War of 1499–1504|Second Italian War]], the [[France|French]] attempted to capture the town in the Battle of Cassino, but failed.

On May 15–17, 1815, the town was the set of the final cruel battle of the [[Neapolitan War]] between an Austrian force commanded by [[Laval Nugent von Westmeath]] and the King of Naples, [[Joachim Murat]]. The so-called "[[Battle of San Germano]]" ended with the Austrian victory.

On July 28, 1863 the name of the town was officially reverted to "Cassino". In the same year the town was reached by the rail system. Cassino was part of the [[Terra di Lavoro|Province Terra di Lavoro]] (meaning "Land of Work") until 1927, when the Province of Frosinone was founded. On May 21, 1930 a cable car leading from the town to the Abbey in 7 minutes, covering a vertical drop of over {{Convert|400|m|ft}}, was inaugurated.

[[File:Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Cassino after the bombing.]]

=== World War II and afterwards ===
In [[World War II]], after southern Italy was invaded by the [[Allied (World War II)|Allies]], the Germans entrenched around the [[Winter Line|German Gustav Line]], which, in its southern tip, was anchored around the mountains behind Cassino. The town was therefore the site of fierce fighting in the [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Battles of Monte Cassino]]. Allied troops were initially commanded to avoid destruction of a site deemed so culturally significant, but the human casualties became so great that the go-ahead was given<ref>{{Cite web |website=[[Netflix]] |url=https://www.netflix.com/it-en/title/81303911|title=Watch World War II: From the Frontlines &#124; Netflix Official Site}}</ref> and on 15 February 1944 the Abbey was destroyed by a heavy aerial bombardment. The Allies, believing that the Abbey was a strategic position occupied by the Germans, bombed it, killing many of the people who had taken refuge. The works of art contained in the Abbey were transferred to Rome by the Germans before the bombing, but many disappeared on the way. On 15 March, the town was completely razed to the ground by aerial bombardment and artillery fire, followed by an unsuccessful Allied attack.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atkinson|first1=Rick|title=The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki|url-access=registration|date=October 2, 2007|publisher=Henry Holt & Co.|isbn=978-0-8050-6289-2 }}</ref> 2,026 civilians, one-tenth of the town's entire population of 20,000, were killed by the bombing and fighting before and during the battles of Cassino.<ref>[https://www.cdsconlus.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2012-03-QUEL-10-SETTEMBRE-1943.pdf Quel 10 settembre]</ref>

The reconstruction lasted until the 1960s. During the months following the end of the war, the area was afflicted by a malaria epidemic. However, the population received also great solidarity from the rest of Italy in terms of donations and hospitality: many children were hosted by families in northern Italy in the years after the war. Cassino earned the [[Gold Medal of Military Valour]], and had three war cemeteries built: the "[[Cassino War Cemetery]]", housing the Commonwealth victims, the [[Monte Cassino Polish war cemetery|Polish Cemetery]] and the Germanic Cemetery.

The economy of the area was helped by the industrialization started with the settlement of the [[Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant|Fiat Cassino Plant]] and its satellite firms, the [[SKF]] plant and several paper factories as well as by the establishment of the University of Cassino.

Today the town is commercially developed, even though it has suffered in recent years from the crisis of the automotive sectors.

==Geography==
Cassino is located at the southern end of the region of Lazio and at the northern end of the historical region called [[Terra di Lavoro]]. The city centre is set in a valley at the foot of Monte Cassino and [[Monte Cairo]]. Cassino is distant {{convert|123|km|0|abbr=on}} from Rome, {{convert|101|km|0|abbr=on}} from Naples, {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=on}} from the beach ([[Gulf of Gaeta]]) and {{convert|24|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park]].

The town is crossed by the rivers [[Gari (river)|Gari]] and [[Rapido (river)|Rapido]] that join themselves in the area of the Varronian Thermal Baths; forward, in the ''[[frazione]]'' of Sant'Angelo in Theodice, the Gari joins the [[Liri]], becoming [[Garigliano]], the river that marks the border between the regions [[Lazio]] and [[Campania]].

===Climate===
Because of its valley location, Cassino is often foggy in the winter, with chilly rainfalls. Summers are generally quite warm and humid.

==Main sights==

===Abbey of Monte Cassino===
{{see also|Abbey of Monte Cassino}}
Founded by [[Benedict of Nursia|St. Benedict]] in 529, the Abbey of Monte Cassino is one of the most famous monasteries in the world and is the source of the [[Benedictine|Benedictine Order]]. It has been destroyed four times in its millennial history, the last time in 1944 by Allied bombing. It has been rebuilt ''"Com'era, dov'era"'' (''"How it was, where it was"'') after the war, and reconsecrated by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1964.

===Archaeological sites===
[[File:Roccajanula cassino.jpg|thumb|Rocca Janula.]]
* [[Casinum]] Roman city
* Roman theatre: still used in the summer for events, shows and concerts.
* Roman amphitheatre
* Part of the historical [[Via Latina]]
* Mausoleum of Ummidia Quadratilla
*[[Rocca (fortification)|Rocca]] Janula: a castle overlooking the city, which was one of Abbey's historical strongholds. Recently restored, it is not visitable.

===War Cemeteries===
[[File:Monte Cassino Commonwealth Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Inner part of Cassino War Cemetery.]]
* [[Cassino War Cemetery]]
* German War Cemetery
* [[Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino|Polish Cemetery]]

===Natural areas===
[[File:Terme Varroniane.JPG|thumb|Spring water in Varronian Thermal Baths.]]
* Villa Comunale: it is the main public park in the town.
* Baden Powell Park: second public park, that host the main non profit associations and clubs in the town.
* Varronian Thermal Baths: thermal area located where there used to be [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]'s villa.

===Museums===
* Historiale: Second World War multimedial museum, created by [[Carlo Rambaldi]].
* National Archaeological Museum "G. Carrettoni"
* CAMUSAC: museum of contemporary art.
  
==Economy==
Cassino's economy is based on industry and tertiary. The [[Fiat Cassino Plant|Fiat Chrysler Plant]] and its satellite firms employs a significant part of the population. As a consequence, the economy is strongly influenced by the automotive sector's trends, as experienced from the recent crisis. In Cassino there is also an [[SKF]] plant and several paper mills and marble factories.

The weekly market that occur every Sunday, is also an attraction of people from the surrounding municipalities. Cassino is also home to a Courthouse.

==Education==
Cassino hosts the [[University of Cassino]] with the faculties of Economics, Law, Languages, Physical Education and Literature located in the Campus and the faculty of Engineering located in the city centre. Cassino also hosts branches of the [[Sapienza University of Rome]] and the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]] for the degrees in Physiotherapy and Nursing. The University of Cassino and Southern Lazio with a score of 66.8 points is ranked #1711 among the world's best universities by cwur.org.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2021-22 {{!}} Global 2000 List {{!}} CWUR |url=https://cwur.org/2021-22.php |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=cwur.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
Being in a crossroads among the regions [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Abruzzo]] and [[Molise]], Cassino has always been a strategic hub for transports and communications.

===Roads===
* [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|Autostrada A1]]: motorway (tollway) that links [[Milan]] and [[Naples]].
* SS509: highway that links Cassino with [[Formia]] (to the coast) and [[Sora, Lazio|Sora]].

===Rail===
[[File:Cassino 2010-by-RaBoe-09.jpg|thumb|View of Cassino station.]]
The town of Cassino is along the [[Rome–Cassino–Naples railway|Rome–Cassino–Naples railway line]]. It is also linked with [[Abruzzo]] and [[Apulia]]. Cassino is served by two stations:
* Cassino station: opened in 1863, is the main railway station. It is located in the city centre.
* Fontanarosa-Cervaro station: is a railway station located in the South part of the town, which mainly serves the locality called Fontana Rosa and the municipality of [[Cervaro]].

===Bus===
The companies Magni and Mastrantoni provides services into the city centre. Cotral links the town with other municipalities in [[Lazio]], CLP with [[Campania]] and ATM with [[Molise]].

==Sports==
Cassino's main football team is [[A.S.D. Nuova Cassino 1924|A.S.D. Cassino Calcio 1924]] that currently plays in [[Serie D]], the fourth division. In its best seasons the team used to play in [[Serie C2]] and [[Lega Pro Seconda Divisione]]. The club plays in the stadium "Gino Salveti".

The main basketball team is Virtus Terra di San Benedetto Cassino. It plays in [[Divisione Nazionale B]]. In the past the Basket Cassino reached the Serie B league. The team has been also guided by coach [[Sergei Belov]].

==Twin cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Cassino is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Steglitz-Zehlendorf]] (borough of [[Berlin]]), [[Germany]], since 1969<ref>Originally twinned with the former borough of [[Zehlendorf (Berlin)|Zehlendorf]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsz-spv.de/|title=Städtepartnerschaftsverein Steglitz-Zehlendorf|website=Städtepartnerschaftsverein Steglitz-Zehlendorf}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Zamość]], [[Poland]], since 1969
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Falaise, Calvados|Falaise]], [[France]], since 1974<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/falaise-14700/falaise-les-anecdotes-etonnantes-des-villes-jumelles-europeennes-6505807|title=Falaise. Les anecdotes étonnantes des villes jumelles européennes|first=Jérôme|last=FLURY|date=September 5, 2019|website=Ouest-France.fr}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tychy]], [[Poland]], since 1977
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Užice]], [[Serbia]] since 1981
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[North York]], [[Canada]], since 1987
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karlovy Vary]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1991
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ortona]], [[Italy]], since 1991
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casino, New South Wales|Casino]], [[Australia]], since 1997
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cavarzere]], [[Italy]], since 1998
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Senglea]], [[Malta]], since 2003
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Leno, Italy|Leno]], [[Italy]], since 2005
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Olinda]], [[Brazil]], since 2006

==People==
* [[Alain Delon]], French actor, his grandmother was from Cassino.
* [[Arturo Gatti]], Canadian professional boxer, was born in Cassino.
* [[Dario Franchitti]], Scottish motor racing driver, is originally from Cassino.
* [[Marcus Terentius Varro]], ancient Roman scholar and writer, had a villa in Cassino.
* [[Benedict of Nursia]], Christian saint, patron of Cassino and Europe, founded the abbey of Montecassino.
* [[Scholastica]], Christian saint, founded the female Benedictine Order in Cassino.
* [[Bertharius of Monte Cassino|Bertharius]], Christian martyr and saint, abbot of Montecassino.
* [[Richard of San Germano]], notary and historian, was born in Cassino.
* [[Pope Gregory IX]], pope, signed the peace with Frederick II in Cassino.
* [[Leopold VI, Duke of Austria|Leopold VI]], Duke of Austria, died in Cassino.
* [[Piero the Unfortunate|Piero de' Medici]], politician, governor of Cassino.
* [[Philip Neri]], priest, had his religious conversion in Cassino.
* [[Giuseppe Moscati]], doctor, scientific researcher, and university professor, lived in Cassino.
* [[Antonio Labriola]], philosopher, was born in Cassino.
* [[Michael Valente]], [[World War I]] [[Medal of Honor]] recipient.
* [[Severino Gazzelloni]], flute player, died in Cassino.
* [[Dante Troisi]], judge in Cassino.
* [[Vittorio Miele]], painter.
* [[Francesco Storace]], politician, was born in Cassino.
* [[Gino Matrundola]], former Canadian [[politician]].
* [[Sergei Belov]], former professional basketball player, coach of Basket Cassino in 1991-1993.
* [[Pietro Mennea]], established the world record in the distance {{Convert|150|m|ft}} in Cassino;
* [[Domenico Di Carlo]], former professional football player and manager, was born in Cassino.
* [[Dino Lenny]], DJ, singer, record producer and record label owner, lived in Cassino. 
* [[Trevor Trevisan]], professional football player, was born in Cassino.
* [[Angelo Ogbonna]], professional football player, was born in Cassino.

==See also==
*[[Abbey of Monte Cassino]]
*[[Battle of Cassino]]
*[[Cassino Memorial]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cassino}}
*[http://www.museohistoriale.org/ Historiale Museum of Cassino] {{in lang|it|en|de|fr|pl}}
*[http://www.ilpuntoamezzogiorno.it/ News Cassino] {{in lang|it}}

{{province of Frosinone}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cassino| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lazio]]