View source for Catalan Countries

{{Short description|Regions where Catalan is the native language}}
{{Distinguish|Catalan counties}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{| class="floatright" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger;" | Catalan Countries<br />''Països Catalans''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{Catalan Countries}}(Catalan-speaking areas in dark grey)<br />The Catalan Countries comprise the following regions:
|-
! State
! Region
|-
| {{flag|Andorra}}
| {{NoteTag|[[Catalan language|Catalan]] is the sole [[official language]] of [[Andorra]].}}
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| {{flagdeco|Catalonia}} [[Northern Catalonia]]{{NoteTag|A part of {{flag|Occitanie}}}}{{NoteTag|Including [[Cerdanya|Cerdagne]], [[Roussillon]], and [[Vallespir]].}}
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Catalonia.svg}} [[Alghero]]{{NoteTag|A part of {{flag|Sardinia}}.}}
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| {{flag|Aragon}} (for ''[[La Franja]]'' or the Western Strip)<br />{{flag|Balearic Islands}}<br />{{flag|Catalonia}} (core area)<br />{{flag|Murcia}} (for ''[[El Carxe]]'')<br />{{flag|Valencian Community}}
|}
The '''Catalan Countries''' ({{langx|ca|Països Catalans}}, {{IPA|ca|pəˈizus kətəˈlans|label=Eastern Catalan:}}) refers to the territories where the [[Catalan language]] is spoken.<ref name=Frommer>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0470096925|page=77|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&pg=PA77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia universal Larousse |date=2006 |publisher=[[Éditions Larousse]] |isbn=84-8332-879-8 |pages=1133 |edition=Edición especial para RBA Coleccionables, S.A. |language=es |chapter=Volume 6 |quote=Catalan Countries: denomination that encompasses the Catalan-speaking territories}}</ref> They include the Spanish autonomous communities of [[Catalonia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], [[Valencian Community]], and parts of [[Aragon]] (''[[La Franja]]'') and [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] ([[Carche]]),<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|year=2005|title=The Phonology of Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee|url-access=limited|place=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee/page/n13 1]}}</ref> as well as the [[Andorra|Principality of Andorra]], the department of [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] (aka [[Northern Catalonia]], including [[Upper Cerdanya|Cerdanya]], [[Rosselló (comarca)|Rosselló]], and [[Vallespir]]) in France, and the city of [[Alghero]] in [[Sardinia]] (Italy).<ref name=Frommer/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Guibernau|first1=Montserrat|editor1-last=Guibernau|editor1-first=Montserrat|editor2-last=Rex|editor2-first=John|title=The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration|date=2010|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745647012|page=151|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yBQtExDppkC&pg=PA151|chapter=Catalonia: nationalism and intellectuals in nations without states}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20345071|work=BBC News|date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Conversi|first1=Daniele|title=The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation|date=2000|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=0874173620|page=xv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwSve0Mb0ocC&pg=PR15}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is often used as a sociolinguistic term to describe the cultural-linguistic area where Catalan is spoken. In the context of the [[Catalan independence movement]], the term is sometimes used in a more restricted way to refer to just Catalonia, Northern Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands.<ref name=Resina>{{cite book|last1=Núñez Seixas|first1=Xosé M.|editor1-last=Resina|editor1-first=Joan Ramon|title=Iberian Modalities: A Relational Approach to the Study of Culture in the Iberian Peninsula|date=2013|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1846318337|page=90|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBV7_sSrXKkC&pg=PA90|chapter=Iberia Reborn: Portugal through the lens of Catalan and Galician Nationalism (1850-1950)}}</ref><ref name=Hargreaves>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=John|title=Freedom for Catalonia?: Catalan Nationalism, Spanish Identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521586151|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4D5q4XpvPQC&pg=PA74}}</ref><ref name=abc>{{cite news|last1=Caparrós|first1=A.|last2=Martínez|first2=D.|title=Compromís y Podemos abren la vía a la "federación" entre Cataluña, Baleares y la Comunidad Valenciana|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/comunidad-valenciana/abci-compromis-y-podemos-abren-federacion-entre-cataluna-y-comunidad-valenciana-201606221050_noticia.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=22 June 2016}}</ref> The Catalan Countries do not correspond to any present or past political or administrative unit, though most of the area belonged to the [[Crown of Aragon]] in the Middle Ages. Parts of Valencia (Spanish) and Catalonia ([[Occitan language|Occitan]]) are not Catalan-speaking.

The "Catalan Countries" have been at the centre of both cultural and political projects since the late 19th century. Its mainly cultural dimension became increasingly politically charged by the late 1960s and early 1970s, as [[Francoism]] began to die out in Spain, and what had been a cultural term restricted to connoisseurs of Catalan [[philology]] became a divisive issue during the [[Spanish transition to democracy|Spanish Transition]] period, most acrimoniously in Valencia during the 1980s. Modern linguistic and cultural projects include the [[Institut Ramon Llull]] and the [[Fundació Ramon Llull]], which are run by the governments of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Andorra, the Department Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the city council of Alghero and the Network of Valencian Cities. Politically, it involves a [[Pan-nationalism|pan-nationalist]] project to unite the Catalan-speaking territories of Spain and France, often in the context of the independence movement in Catalonia, but it is also simply a project for cultural unity, so that the linguistic area can have barriers to communication and interchange removed. The political project of independence under Catalonia does not currently enjoy wide support, particularly outside Catalonia, where some sectors view it as an expression of pancatalanism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC&pg=PT38|page=37|title=El catalán: una lengua de Europa para compartir|first1=Vicent de|last1=Melchor|first2=Albert|last2=Branchadell|publisher=Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona|year=2002|isbn=8449022991}}</ref><ref>Fàbrega, Jaume. ''La cultura del gust als Països Catalans''.  El Mèdol, 2000, p. 13.</ref><ref>Flor i Moreno, 2010, p. 135, 262, 324 and 493-494.</ref><ref>Maseras i Galtés, Alfons «Pancatalanisme. Tesis per a servir de fonament a una doctrina». ''Renaixement'', 21-01-1915, pàg. 53-55.</ref> Linguistic unity is widely recognized,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Llei_de_creaci%C3%B3_de_l%27Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua|title=Llei de creació de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua - Viquitexts|website=ca.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cat|title=Catalan|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>The ''Valencian Normative Dictionary'' of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the ''Pyrénées-Orientales'', the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan'."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/330167/0/catalan/sentencia/filologia/|title=Otra sentencia equipara valenciano y catalán en las oposiciones, y ya van 13|last=20minutos|date=2008-01-07|website=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|language=es|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>The ''Catalan Language Dictionary'' of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of Valencian that it is equivalent to Catalan language in the Valencian community.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/81351/avl/reconeix/novament/unitat/llengua|title=L'AVL reconeix novament la unitat de la llengua {{!}} NacióDigital|last=NacióDigital|website=www.naciodigital.cat|language=ca|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diarilaveu.com/noticia/79818/ppcv-gasco-reconeix-unitat-llengua|title=El PP valencià reconeix la unitat de la llengua per primera vegada a les Corts - Diari La Veu|website=www.diarilaveu.com|date=14 February 2018 |language=ca|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> except for the followers of a political movement known as [[Blaverism]],<ref>Flor i Moreno, 2009, p. 181</ref> which understands [[Norms of El Puig|Valencian]] as a different language.
[[File:Mapa_comarcal_dels_Països_Catalans.svg|thumb|Comarcal map of Catalan Countries]]

==Different meanings==
[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|right|300px|Ethno-linguistic map of Southwestern Europe over the centuries.]]

''Països Catalans'' has different meanings depending on the context. These can be roughly classified in two groups: linguistic or political, the political definition of the concept being the widest, since it also encompasses the linguistic side of it.

As a linguistic term, ''Països Catalans'' is used in a similar fashion to the English [[Anglosphere]], the French [[Francophonie]], the Portuguese [[Lusofonia]] or the Spanish [[Hispanophone]] territories. However, it is not universally accepted, even as a linguistic concept, in the territories it purports to unite.

As a political term, it refers to a number of political projects<ref>Arnau Gonzàlez i Vilalta (2006) [http://www.recercat.net/bitstream/2072/3597/1/ICPS252.pdf The Catalan Countries Project (1931–1939)]. Department of Contemporary History, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.</ref> as advocated by supporters of [[Catalan independence]]. These, based on the linguistic fact, argue for the existence of a common national identity that would surpass the limits of each territory covered by this concept and would apply also to the remaining ones. These movements advocate for "political collaboration"<ref>[http://www.bloc.ws/index.php/bloc/extended-local/ponncia_destatuts_aprovada_al_iv_congrs_nacional_del_bloc/global/ Statutes of Valencian Nationalist Bloc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628131059/http://www.bloc.ws/index.php/bloc/extended-local/ponncia_destatuts_aprovada_al_iv_congrs_nacional_del_bloc/global/ |date=28 June 2008 }}. Bloc.ws. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> amongst these territories. This often stands for their union and political independence.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080122061053/http://www.esquerra.cat/partit/projecte-politic Political project of Republican Left of Catalonia]. Esquerra.cat. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> As a consequence of the opposition these political projects have received –notably in some of the territories described by this concept<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/10/23/espana/1130104217.html El Gobierno valenciano, indignado por la pancarta de 'països catalans' exhibida en el Camp Nou – españa –]. Elmundo.es (24 October 2005). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> – some cultural institutions avoid the usage of ''Països Catalans'' in some contexts, as a means to prevent any political interpretation; in these cases, equivalent expressions (such as ''Catalan-speaking countries'') or others (such as ''the linguistic domain of Catalan language'') are used instead.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070222112904/http://www.llull.cat/llull/estatic/eng/quisom/catala.shtm Catalan, the language of eleven million Europeans]. Ramon Llull Institute</ref>

==Component territories==
{{Catalan-speaking world|image=[[Image:Extensió de la llengua catalana als Països Catalans.png|225px|Map of catalan language domain]] |caption= Map of [[Catalan language]] domain|expanded=Divisions}}

Catalan and its variants are spoken in:

* the Spanish [[Autonomous Communities]] of
** [[Catalonia]]&nbsp;– even though in the ''[[comarca]]'' of [[Val d'Aran]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] is considered the language proper to that territory;
** [[Aragon]], in a Catalan-speaking area known as "''[[La Franja|La Franja de Ponent]]''" ("Western Strip");
** the [[Balearic Islands]] and
** as ''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]'', in the [[Valencian Community]], with the exception of some western and southern territories where Spanish is the only language spoken;
*** [[Carche]], small Valencian-speaking area in the Spanish autonomous community of [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] where some of its 600 inhabitants still speak Valencian due to immigration during the 19th century;
* [[Andorra]], a European sovereign state where Catalan is the [[national language|national]] and only [[official language]].
* most of the French department of the [[Pyrénées-Orientales]], also called ''[[Pays (France)|Le Pays Catalan]]'' (The Catalan Country) in French or ''Catalunya (del) Nord'' ([[Northern Catalonia]]) in Catalan;
* the Italian city of [[Alghero]], in the island of [[Sardinia]], where [[Alguerese|a variant of Catalan]] is spoken.

Catalan is the official language of Andorra, co-official with Spanish and Occitan in Catalonia, co-official with Spanish in the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community—with the [[names of the Catalan language|denomination]] of ''Valencian'' in the latter—and co-official with Italian in the city of Alghero. It is also part of the recognized minority languages of Italy along with [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], also spoken in Alghero.

It is not official in Aragon, Murcia or the Pyrénées-Orientales, even though on 10 December 2007 the [[General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales]] officially recognized Catalan, along with French, as a language of the department.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207072824/http://www.cg66.fr/culture/patrimoine_catalanite/catalanite/charte.html Charte en faveur du Catalan]. cg66.fr</ref> In 2009, the Catalan language was declared ''llengua pròpia'' (with the [[Aragonese language]]) of [[Aragon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=478436853737|title=LEY 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragon.|access-date=29 April 2010|archive-date=28 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328163816/http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=478436853737|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Estelada roja.svg|thumb|The red version of the [[estelada]], symbol of the left-wing and socialist branch of independence movement. It is strongly associated with the concept of the Catalan Countries]]
[[File:Estelada blava.svg|thumb|The blue and original [[estelada]] is used by those who support independence, particularly in Catalonia proper]]
[[File:Mural Països Catalans.JPG|thumb|Graffiti in [[Argentona]]. It reads "for the unity of the language and the Catalan Countries"]]
[[File:Països Catalans Mural Vilassar.JPG|thumb|Graffiti in [[Vilassar de Mar]], which reads "One nation, Catalan Countries! One language, Catalan!"]]
==Cultural dimension==
There are several endeavors and collaborations amongst some of the diverse government and cultural institutions involved. One such case is the [[Ramon Llull Institute]] (IRL), founded in 2002 by the [[Govern de les Illes Balears|government of the Balearic Islands]] and the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|government of Catalonia]]. Its main objective is to promote the Catalan language and culture abroad in all its [[Catalan dialects|variants]], as well as the works of writers, artists, scientists and researchers of the regions which are part of it. The [[Xarxa Vives d'Universitats]] (Vives Network of Universities), an association of universities of Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Northern Catalonia and Andorra founded in 1994, was incorporated into the IRL in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=La Xarxa Vives s'incorpora als òrgans de govern de l'Institut Ramon Llull|url=http://www.vives.org/premsa/2008-05-22.php|publisher=Xarxa Vives d'Universitats|date=22 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529000552/http://www.vives.org/premsa/2008-05-22.php|archive-date=29 May 2008|language=ca}}</ref> Also in 2008, in order to extend the collaboration to institutions from all across the "Catalan Countries", the IRL and the government of [[Andorra]] (which formerly had enjoyed occasional collaboration, most notably in the [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] of 2007) created the [[Ramon Llull Foundation]] (FRL), an international cultural institution with the same goals as the IRL.<ref>[http://www.3cat24.cat/noticia/267235/ociicultura/Neix-la-Fundacio-Ramon-Llull Neix la Fundació Ramon Llull]. 3cat24.cat (31 March 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref><ref>{{in lang|ca}} [http://www.europapress.es/00059/20080318191808/generalitat-crea-fundacio-ramon-llull-andorra-per-projectar-llengua-cultura-catalanes.html La Generalitat crea la Fundació Ramon Llull a Andorra per projectar la llengua i cultura catalanes. europapress.cat]. Europapress.es (18 March 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> In 2009, the [[General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales]], the city council of [[Alghero]] and the Network of Valencian Cities (an association of a few Valencian city councils) joined the FRL as well.<ref>[http://www.vilaweb.cat/www/noticia?p_idcmp=3368419 La Fundació Ramon Llull s'eixampla – VilaWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119070215/http://www.vilaweb.cat/www/noticia?p_idcmp=3368419 |date=19 January 2009 }}. Vilaweb.cat (16 January 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.valencianisme.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1545&Itemid=1 L'Ajuntament de Xeraco aprova una moció del BLOC per a adherir-se a la Fundació Ramon Llull]. Valencianisme.Com. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/20090701/politica/varios-municipios-valencianos-suman-20090701.html Varios municipios valencianos se suman a la Fundación Ramon Llull para fomentar el catalán. Las Provincias]. Lasprovincias.es. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> In December 2012 the government of the Balearic islands, dominated by the conservative and pro-Spain [[People's Party (Spain)|Partido Popular]] (PP), announced that the representatives of the Balearic islands were withdrawing from the Llull institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llull.cat/catala/actualitat/actualitat_noticies_detall.cfm?id=29367&url=-govern-balear-anuncia-abandona-consorci-l%E2%80%99institut-ramon-llull.html|title=El Govern balear anuncia que abandona el consorci de l'Institut Ramon Llull|publisher=Institut Ramon Llull|access-date=13 June 2017|language=ca}}</ref>

A number of cultural organizations, specifically [[Òmnium Cultural]] in Catalonia, Acció Cultural del País Valencià in Valencia, and Obra Cultural Balear in the Balearic islands (collectively the "Llull Federation"), advocate independence as well as the promotion of Catalan language and culture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federació Llull|url=http://www.acpv.cat/web/federacio-llull|publisher=Acció Cultural del País Valencià|access-date=13 June 2017|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Què és?|url=http://www.ocb.cat/index.php?link=9|publisher=Obra Cultural Balear|access-date=13 June 2017|language=ca}}</ref>

==Political dimension==
The political projects that centre on the Catalan Countries have been described as a "hypothetical and future union" of the various territories.<ref name="Jordà Sánchez">{{Cite journal|title=A contracorriente: el independentismo de las Islas Baleares (1976-2011)|page=22|first1=Joan Pau|last1=Jordà Sánchez|first2=Miquel|last2=Amengual i Bibiloni|first3=Antoni|last3=Marimon Riutort|issue=35|year=2014|journal=Historia Actual Online|issn=1696-2060|url=http://www.historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/1093/944|language=es}}</ref> In many cases it involves the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics.<ref name=Resina/><ref name=Hargreaves/> The 2016 electoral programme of Valencian parties [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]] and [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] spoke of a "federation" between the Valencian Community, the Balearic Islands and Catalonia. They are to campaign for an amendment to article 145 of the [[Spanish constitution]], which forbids federation of autonomous communities.<ref name=abc/> The territories concerned may also include Roussillon and ''La Franja''.<ref name="Jordà Sánchez"/><ref name="Subirats i Humet">{{Cite journal|title=El debat sobre la independència a Catalunya. Causes, implicacions i reptes de futur|first1=Joan|last1=Subirats i Humet|last2=Vilaregut Sáez|first2=Ricard|year=2012|journal=Anuari del Conflicte Social|issue=2 |issn=2014-6760|url=http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/ACS/article/view/6331|publisher=[[University of Barcelona]]|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/TRC/article/viewFile/17030/14617|page=384|last=Ridaura Martínez|first=María Josefa|title=El proceso de independencia de Cataluña: su visión desde la Comunidad Valenciana|journal=Teoría y Realidad Constitucional|issue=37|year=2016|language=es}}</ref>

Many in Spain see the concept of the ''Països Catalans'' as regional exceptionalism, counterpoised to a centralizing Spanish and French [[national identity]]. Others see it as an attempt by a Catalonia-proper-centered nationalism to lay a hegemonic claim to Valencia, the Balearic Islands or Roussillon, where the prevailing feeling is that they have their own respective historical personalities, not necessarily related to Catalonia's. The Catalan author and journalist Valentí Puig described the term as "inconvenient", saying it has generated more reactions against it than adhesions.<ref>[http://www.joanducros.net/corpus/Valenti%20Puig.html Valenti Puig] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224203610/http://www.joanducros.net/corpus/Valenti%20Puig.html |date=24 February 2005 }}. Joanducros.net. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref>

The concept has connotations that have been perceived as problematic and controversial when establishing relations between Catalonia and other areas of the Catalan linguistic domain.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-907-8|volume=4|editor=Guntram H. Herb |editor2=David H. Kaplan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&pg=PA1546|page=1546|chapter=Catalonia|last=Crameri|first=Kathryn|title=Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Frontières, culture, nation. La Catalogne comme souveraineté culturelle|first=Louis|last=Assier-Andrieu|journal=Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales|year=1997|volume=13|issue=3|page=33|doi=10.3406/remi.1997.1564|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/remi_0765-0752_1997_num_13_3_1564|issn=1777-5418}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20120615/54311459095/duran-error-paisos-catalans-solivianta-valencianos.html|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|title=Duran ve un error hablar de 'Països Catalans' porque solivianta a muchos valencianos|date=2012-06-15}}</ref> It has been characterised as a "phantom reality" and an "unreal and fanciful space".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Los nuevos mitos del nacionalismo expansivo|journal=Nueva Revista|first=Rafael|last=Gómez López-Egea|year=2007|volume=112|pages=70–82|issn=1130-0426|url=http://www.memoriadigitalvasca.es/bitstream/10357/10777/1/244976.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[El Periódico de Aragón]]|title=Cataluña, Aragón y los países catalanes|first=José Luis|last=Corral|date=2015-08-30|url=http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/autores/jose-luis-corral_58.html?inicio=10}}</ref> The pro-Catalan independence author Germà Bel called it an "inappropriate and unfortunate expression lacking any historic, political or social basis",<ref>{{cite book|author1=Germà Bel|author2=Germa Bel i Queralt|title=Disdain, Distrust and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZsXtAEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-704-9|page=81}}</ref> while Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas spoke of the difficulties in uniting a historicist concept linked to common membership of the Crown of Aragon with a fundamentally linguistic construct.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Núñez Seixas|first=Xosé Manoel|chapter=The Iberian Peninsula: Real and Imagined Overlaps|editor=Tibor Frank |editor2=Frank Hadler|title=Disputed Territories and Shared Pasts: Overlapping National Histories in Modern Europe|place=[[Basingstoke]]|publisher=Palgrave|year=2010|page=346}}</ref>

In many parts of the territories designated by some as ''Països Catalans'', Catalan nationalist sentiment is uncommon. For example, in the [[Valencian Community]]'s case, the ''[[Esquerra Republicana del País Valencià]]'' (ERPV) is the most relevant party explicitly supportive of the idea but its representation is limited to a total of four local councilors elected in three municipalities<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-20 |title=Arxiu Històric Electoral - Informe sobre Comunitat Valenciana |url=http://www.pre.gva.es/pls/argos_elec/DMEDB_ElecComunidades.informeElecDetallado?aNComuId=17&aNNumElec=1&aVTipoElec=L&aVFechaElec=2007&aVLengua=v |access-date=2022-02-19 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820211928/http://www.pre.gva.es/pls/argos_elec/DMEDB_ElecComunidades.informeElecDetallado?aNComuId=17&aNNumElec=1&aVTipoElec=L&aVFechaElec=2007&aVLengua=v |archive-date=20 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (out of a total of 5,622 local councilors elected in the 542 Valencian municipalities). At the regional level, it has run twice ([[Elections to the Corts Valencianes, 2003|2003]] and [[Elections to the Corts Valencianes, 2007|2007]]) to the [[Corts Valencianes|regional Parliament]] election, receiving less than 0.50% of the total votes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312110654/http://www.cortsvalencianes.es/contenido.jsp?id_nodo=4267&&&keyword=&auditoria=F Datos Electorales – Elecciones Autonómicas de 2007]. cortsvalencianes.es</ref> In all, its role in Valencian politics is currently marginal.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/dificil/salto/Esquerra/Republicana/elpepuesp/20090530elpepunac_11/Tes El difícil salto de Esquerra Republicana]. Elpais.com (30 May 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref>

There are other parties which sporadically use this term in its cultural or linguistical sense, not prioritizing a national-political unity, as in the case of the Bloc Nacionalista Valencià. The [[Valencian Nationalist Bloc]] ({{langx|ca-valencia|Bloc Nacionalista Valencià, Bloc}} or ''BNV''; {{IPA|ca|ˈblɔɡ nasionaˈlista valensiˈa|IPA}}) is the largest [[Valencian nationalism|Valencian nationalist]] party in the [[Valencian Country]], Spain. The Bloc's main aim is, as stated in their guidelines, "to achieve full national sovereignty for the [[Valencian people]], and make it legally declared by a Valencian sovereign Constitution allowing the possibility of association with the countries which share the same language, history and culture".<ref>[http://www.bloc.ws/index.php/bloc/extended-local/ponncia_destatuts_aprovada_al_iv_congrs_nacional_del_bloc/global/ Bloc Nacionalista Valencià] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628131059/http://www.bloc.ws/index.php/bloc/extended-local/ponncia_destatuts_aprovada_al_iv_congrs_nacional_del_bloc/global/ |date=28 June 2008 }}. Bloc.ws. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref> Since 2011, they are part of the [[Coalició Compromís]] coalition, which won six seats in the [[2011 Valencian regional election]]s and 19 in the [[2015 Valencian regional election|2015 elections]], becoming the third largest party in the [[Corts Valencianes|regional parliament]].

Some of the most vocal defenders or promoters of the "Catalan Countries" concept (such as [[Joan Fuster]], [[Josep Guia]] or [[Vicent Partal]]) were Valencian.

The subject became very controversial during the politically agitated [[Spanish Transition]] in what was to become the Valencian Community, especially in and around the city of [[Valencia]]. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, as the Spanish [[Autonomous Communities]] system took shape, the controversy reached its height. Various Valencian [[right-wing]] politicians (originally from [[Unión de Centro Democrático]]) fearing what was seen as an annexation attempt from Catalonia, fueled a violent [[Anti-Catalanism|Anti-Catalanist]] campaign against local supporters of the concept of the ''Països Catalans'', which even included a handful of unsuccessful attacks with explosives against authors perceived as flagships of the concept, such as [[Joan Fuster]] or [[Manuel Sanchis i Guarner]]. The concept's revival during this period was behind the formation of the fiercely opposed and staunch anti-Catalan [[blaverism|blaverist]] movement, led by [[Unió Valenciana]], which, in turn, significantly diminished during the 1990s and the 2000s as the ''Països Catalans'' controversy slowly disappeared from the Valencian political arena.

This confrontation between politicians from [[Catalonia]] and [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] very much diminished in severity during the course of the late 1980s and, especially, the 1990s as the [[Generalitat Valenciana|Valencian Community's regional government]] became consolidated. Since then, the topic has lost most of its controversial potential, even though occasional clashes may appear from time to time, such as controversies regarding the broadcasting of [[TV3 (Catalonia)|Catalan television]] in Valencia—[[Nou (TV channel)|and vice versa]]—or the usage by Catalan official institutions of terms which are perceived in Valencia as Catalan nationalistic, such as ''Països Catalans'' or ''País Valencià'' (''Valencian Country'').

A 2004 poll in Valencia found that a majority of the population in this region considered [[Valencian language|Valencian]] to be a different language to Catalan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html|title=Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS|work=La Vanguardia|date=19 December 2004|language=es}}</ref> This position is especially supported by people who do not use Valencian regularly.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014,<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf
|title= Barómetro de abril 2014
|author= Generalitat Valenciana
|access-date= 29 December 2019
|archive-date= 5 April 2016
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405160945/http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> 52% of Valencians considered Valencian to be a language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. This poll showed significant differences regarding age and level of education, with a majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support.

In 2015, the Spanish newspaper ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]'' reported that the Catalan government of Artur Mas had spent millions of euros to promote Catalanism in Valencia over the previous three years.<ref name=abc2>{{cite news|last1=Caparrós|first1=Alberto|title=Mas inyecta cuatro millones en dos años para fomentar el catalanismo en Valencia|url=http://www.abc.es/local-comunidad-valenciana/20150503/abci-subvenciones-valencia-201505031747.html|access-date=2 May 2017|work=ABC|date=3 May 2015|language=es}}</ref>

As for the other territories, there are no political parties even mentioning the ''Països Catalans'' as a public issue neither in Andorra, nor in ''la Franja'', Carche or Alghero. In the Balearic islands, support for parties related to Catalan nationalism is around 10% of the total votes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704221446/http://contingutsweb.parlamentib.es/juntaelectoral/7/Resultats%20Parlament%20Illes%20Balears.pdf Eleccions al Parlament de les Illes Balears]. contingutsweb.parlamentib.es (8 June 2007)</ref> Reversely, the [[Popular Party (Spain)|Popular Party]] –which is a staunch opponent of whatever political implications for the ''Països Catalans'' concept– is the majority party in Valencia and the Balearic islands.

Even though the topic has been largely absent from the political agenda as of late, in December 2013 the [[2011 Balearic regional election|regional Parliament of the Balearic islands]] passed an official declaration<ref>{{cite web|title=El Ple aprova defensar l'autonomia del Parlament|url=http://www.parlamentib.es/ca/webdocs/NoticiaPIB.aspx?id=806|website=Parlament de les Illes Balears|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213090318/http://www.parlamentib.es/ca/webdocs/NoticiaPIB.aspx?id=806|archive-date=13 December 2013|language=ca|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> in defence of its autonomy and in response to a prior declaration by the [[Catalan parliament|Catalan regional Parliament]] which included reference to the term in question. In the declaration of the Balearic islands parliament, it was stated that the so-called "''Països Catalans'' do not exist and the Balearic islands do not take part in any 'Catalan country' whatsoever".<ref>{{cite web|title=El Parlament balear aprova que 'els Països Catalans no existeixen'|url=http://politica.e-noticies.cat/el-parlament-balear-aprova-que-els-paisos-catalans-no-existeixen-81327.html|website=[[E-Notícies]]|language=ca|date=10 December 2013}}</ref>

In August 2018, the ex-mayor of [[Alghero]], Carlo Sechi, defined algherese identity as part of the [[Catalans|Catalan culture]] whilst politically defining [[Alghero]] as part of the [[Sardinian people|Sardinian]] nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/161577/carlo/sechi/sentim/catalans/pero/som/part/nacio/sarda|title=Carlo Sechi: "Ens sentim catalans, però som part de la nació sarda" {{!}} NacióDigital|last=NacióDigital|website=www.naciodigital.cat|date=25 August 2018 |language=ca|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] contains a clause forbidding the formation of federations amongst [[autonomous communities]]. Therefore, if it were the case that the ''Països Catalans'' idea gained a majority democratic support in future elections, a constitutional amendment would still be needed for those parts of the ''Països Catalans'' lying in Spain to create a common legal representative body, even though in the addenda to the Constitution there is a clause allowing an exception to this rule in the case of [[Navarre]], which can join the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] should the people choose to do so.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711205000/http://www.constitucion.es/constitucion/lenguas/ingles.html Constitución Española en inglés]. constitucion.es</ref>
<!-- [[Image:Mapa dels Països Catalans.png|thumb|A map of the Catalan Countries, as the term is often used in the political sense. Present jurisdictional borders are marked. Unlike the territories in dark orange painted in the map above, this may include traditionally predominant Occitan- or Spanish-speaking regions.]] -->

Catalans in the French territory of [[Northern Catalonia]], although proud of their language and culture, are not generally committed to independence.<ref name=Hadden>{{cite news|last1=Hadden|first1=Gerry|title=No Independence Fever Among French Catalans|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-11-23/no-independence-fever-among-french-catalans|work=[[Public Radio International|PRI]]|date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Jordi Vera, a [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia|CDC]] councillor in [[Perpignan]], has said that his party favoured closer trade and transport relationships with Catalonia, and that he believed Catalan independence would improve the prospects of that happening, but that secession from France was "not on the agenda".<ref name=Hadden/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Trelawny|first1=Petroc|title=Catalonia vote: The French who see Barcelona as their capital|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20444110|work=BBC|date=24 November 2012}}</ref> When Catalans took to the streets in 2016 under the banner of "{{lang|fr|Oui au Pays catalan}}" ("Yes to the Catalan Country") to protest the French government's decision to combine {{lang|fr|[[Languedoc-Roussillon]]}}, the region which contained Northern Catalonia, with {{lang|fr|[[Midi-Pyrénées]]}} to create a new region to be called {{lang|fr|[[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitanie]]}}, the French magazine {{lang|fr|[[Le Point]]}} said that the movement was "completely unrelated to the situation on the other side of the border", and that it was "more directed against Toulouse [the chief city of {{lang|fr|Occitanie}}] than against Paris or for Barcelona."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thépot|first1=Stéphane|title=Oui au Pays catalan ou non à l'Occitanie ?|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/oui-au-pays-catalan-ou-non-a-l-occitanie-11-09-2016-2067645_20.php#section-commentaires|work=Le Point|date=11 September 2016}}</ref> {{lang|fr|Oui au Pays catalan}}, which stood in the [[2017 French legislative election]], said that's its aim is a "territorial collectivity" within the French Republic on the same lines as [[Corsica]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Le mouvement Oui au Pays Catalan présent aux législatives|url=http://www.lindependant.fr/2017/01/28/le-mouvement-oui-au-pays-catalan-present-aux-legislatives,2288587.php|work=[[L'Indépendant (Pyrénées-Orientales)|L'Indépendant]]|date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Every year, though, there are between 300 and 600 people in a demonstration to commemorate the 1659 [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]], that separated Northern Catalonia from the South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/pyrenees-orientales/perpignan/manifestation-perpignan-commemorer-separation-catalogne-1659-1123677.html|title=Manifestation à Perpignan pour commémorer la séparation de la Catalogne en 1659|website=France 3 Occitanie|date=11 May 2016 |language=fr|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''Països Catalans'' was first documented in 1876 in ''Historia del Derecho en Cataluña, Mallorca y Valencia. Código de las Costumbres de Tortosa, I'' (History of the Law in Catalonia, Majorca and Valencia. Code of the Customs of Tortosa, I) written by the Valencian Law historian Benvingut Oliver i Esteller.

The term was both challenged and reinforced by the use of the term "Occitan Countries" from the Oficina de Relacions Meridionals (Office of Southern Relations) in Barcelona by 1933. Another proposal which enjoyed some popularity during the Renaixença was "Pàtria llemosina" (Limousine Fatherland), proposed by [[Víctor Balaguer]] as a federation of Catalan-speaking provinces; both these coinages were based on the theory that Catalan is a dialect of [[Occitan language|Occitan]].

None of these names reached widespread cultural usage and the term nearly vanished until it was rediscovered, redefined and put in the center of the identity cultural debate by [[Valencian Community|Valencian]] writer [[Joan Fuster]]. In his book ''[[Nosaltres, els valencians]]'' (''We, the Valencians'', published in 1962) a new political interpretation of the concept was introduced; from the original, meaning roughly ''Catalan-speaking territories'', Fuster developed a political inference closely associated to [[Catalan nationalism]]. This new approach would refer to the Catalan Countries as a more or less unitary nation with a shared culture which had been divided by the course of history, but which should logically be politically reunited. Fuster's preference for ''Països Catalans'' gained popularity, and previous unsuccessful proposals such as ''Comunitat Catalànica'' (''Catalanic Community'') or ''Bacàvia''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311171157/http://www.avl.gva.es/accessible/gabinet/premsa.asp?id=128 L'Acadèmia aprova per unanimitat el Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià]. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</ref> (after Balearics-Catalonia-Valencia) diminished in use.

Today, the term is politically charged, and tends to be closely associated with [[Catalan nationalism]] and supporters of [[Catalan independence movement|Catalan independence]]. The idea of uniting these territories in an independent state is supported by a number of political parties, the social-democratic [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (ERC) being the most important in terms of representation (20 members in the [[Parliament of Catalonia]]) and the socialist [[Popular Unity Candidacy]] (CUP) with 4 members. [[Republican Left of the Valencian Country|ERPV]], [[Socialist Party of National Liberation|PSAN]] (currently integrated in [[Catalan Solidarity for Independence|SI]]), [[Endavant]], [[Poble Lliure]] (both supporting CUP), and [[Estat Català]] also support this idea to a greater or lesser extent.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Andorra|France|Italy|Spain}}
* [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]
* [[Blaverism]]
* [[Catalan independence movement]]
* [[Catalan nationalism]]
* [[Catalan language]]
* [[Catalans]]
* ''[[Galicia irredenta]]''
* [[Gate of the Catalan Countries]]
* [[Iberian federalism]]
* [[Occitania]]
* [[Pan-nationalism]]
* [[Pi de les Tres Branques]]
* [[History of political Catalanism]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal|title=Frontières, culture, nation. La Catalogne comme souveraineté culturelle|first=Louis|last=Assier-Andrieu|journal=Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales|year=1997|volume=13|issue=3|pages=29–46|doi=10.3406/remi.1997.1564|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/remi_0765-0752_1997_num_13_3_1564|issn=1777-5418}}
* {{Cite book|title=Disdain, Distrust and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia|first=Germà|last=Bel|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2015|isbn=9781782841906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNmBgAAQBAJ}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{Cite book|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-907-8|volume=4|editor=Guntram H. Herb y David H. Kaplan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC|pages=1536–1548|chapter=Catalonia|last=Crameri|first=Kathryn|title=Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview|year=2008}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Los nuevos mitos del nacionalismo expansivo|journal=Nueva Revista|first=Rafael|last=Gómez López-Egea|year=2007|volume=112|pages=70–82|issn=1130-0426|url=http://www.memoriadigitalvasca.es/bitstream/10357/10777/1/244976.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|title=A contracorriente: el independentismo de las Islas Baleares (1976-2011)|page=22|first1=Joan Pau|last1=Jordà Sánchez|first2=Miquel|last2=Amengual i Bibiloni|first3=Antoni|last3=Marimon Riutort|issue=35|year=2014|journal=Historia Actual Online|issn=1696-2060|url=http://www.historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/1093/944}}
* {{Cite book|title=Once tesis sobre la cuestión nacional en España|first1=Francesc|last1=Mercadé|first2=Francesc|publisher=Anthropos|location=Barcelona|last2=Hernández|first3=Benjamín|last3=Oltra|year=1983|isbn=84-85887-24-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2RVEsMO_3AC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Núñez Seixas|first=Xosé Manoel|author-link=Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas|chapter=The Iberian Peninsula: Real and Imagined Overlaps|editor=Tibor Frank & Frank Hadler|title=Disputed Territories and Shared Pasts: Overlapping National Histories in Modern Europe|place=[[Basingstoke]]|publisher=Palgrave|year=2010|pages=329–348|url=http://www.usc.es/export/sites/default/gl/departamentos/hiscoamg/descargas/Iberian.pdf|isbn=978-0230500082}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book|last = Wheeler|first = Max|title = The Romance Languages|year = 2003|publisher = Routledge|location = London|isbn = 0-415-16417-6|pages = 170–208|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC|chapter = 5. Catalan}}

== Further reading ==
*''Atles dels Països Catalans''. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2000. (Geo Estel. Atles) {{ISBN|84-412-0595-7}}.
*[[Burguera, Francesc de Paula]]. ''És més senzill encara: digueu-li Espanya'' (Unitat 3i4; 138) {{ISBN|84-7502-302-9}}.
*Fuster, Joan. ''Qüestió de noms''. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070108031801/http://www.racocatala.cat/eltalp/fuster.htm Online in Catalan])
*''Geografia general dels Països Catalans''. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana. 1992–1996. 7 v. {{ISBN|84-7739-419-9}} (o.c.).
*González i Vilalta, Arnau. ''La nació imaginada: els fonaments dels Països Catalans (1931–1939)''. Catarroja: Afers, 2006. (Recerca i pensament; 26)
*Grau, Pere. ''El panoccitanisme dels anys trenta: l'intent de construir un projecte comú entre catalans i occitans''. El contemporani, 14 (gener-maig 1998), p.&nbsp;29–35.
*Guia, Josep. ''És molt senzill, digueu-li "Catalunya"''. (El Nom de la Nació; 24). {{ISBN|978-84-920952-8-5}} ([https://in.directe.cat/documents/digueu-li_catalunya.pdf Online in Catalan -PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023145343/http://in.directe.cat/documents/digueu-li_catalunya.pdf |date=23 October 2017 }})
*''Història: política, societat i cultura als Països Catalans''. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1995–2000. 13 v. {{ISBN|84-412-2483-8}} (o.c.).
*Mira, Joan F. ''Introducció a un país''. València: Eliseu Climent, 1980 (Papers bàsics 3i4; 12) {{ISBN|84-7502-025-9}}.
*Pérez Moragón, Francesc. ''El valencianisme i el fet dels Països Catalans (1930–1936)'', L'Espill, núm. 18 (tardor 1983), p.&nbsp;57–82.
*Prat de la Riba, Enric. ''Per Catalunya i per l'Espanya Gran''.
*Soldevila, Ferran. ''Què cal saber de Catalunya''. Barcelona: Club Editor, 1968. Amb diverses reimpressions i reedicions. Actualment: Barcelona: Columna: Proa, 1999. {{ISBN|84-8300-802-5}} (Columna). {{ISBN|84-8256-860-4}} (Proa).
*Stegmann, Til i Inge. ''Guia dels Països Catalans''. Barcelona: Curial, 1998. {{ISBN|84-7256-865-2}}.
*Ventura, Jordi. ''Sobre els precedents del terme Països Catalans'', taken from "Debat sobre els Països Catalans", Barcelona: Curial..., 1977. p.&nbsp;347–359.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Catalan Countries}}
* ''Catalan Countries'' in the English version of the ''Catalan [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025407/http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0048266 Hiperencyclopedia]''.
* [http://www.lletra.net/ Lletra. Catalan Literature Online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220183514/http://10anys.vilaweb.com/trueta/index.html The Spirit of Catalonia]. 1946 book by Oxford Professor Dr. [[Josep Trueta]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530204650/http://catalancountries.com/ Catalan Countries]

{{Irredentism}}
{{Geographical distribution of languages}}
{{Pan-nationalist concepts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|40.567|N|0.650|E|display=title|source:cawiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catalan Countries}}
[[Category:Catalan Countries| ]]
[[Category:Catalan independence movement]]
[[Category:Catalan nationalism]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Politics of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Political movements in Andorra]]
[[Category:Political movements in France]]
[[Category:Political movements in Italy]]
[[Category:Political movements in Spain]]