View source for Château de Malmaison

{{distinguish|Château de la Petite Malmaison}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox building
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 | image                = [[Image:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg|frameless|250px]]
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 | building_type        = [[Château]]
 | architectural_style  = [[French Renaissance|Renaissance]], [[Empire style|Empire]]
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 | location_town        = [[Rueil-Malmaison]]
 | location_country     = [[France]]
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The '''Château de Malmaison''' ({{IPA|fr|ʃɑto d(ə) malmɛzɔ̃}}) is a French [[château]] situated near the left bank of the [[Seine]], about {{convert|15|km|mi}} west of the centre of [[Paris]], in the [[French commune|commune]] of [[Rueil-Malmaison]].

Formerly the residence of Empress [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], along with the [[Tuileries]] it was the headquarters of the French government from 1800 to 1802, and [[Napoleon]]'s last residence in France at the end of the [[Hundred Days]] in 1815.

==History==
[[File:Portrait of Josephine de Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Empress Joséphine|Joséphine de Beauharnais]] at Malmaison in 1801 by [[François Gérard]]]]
[[Image:David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Napoleon Crossing the Alps]]'', a painting by [[Jacques-Louis David]] from the Malmaison collection]]

[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]] bought the manor house in April 1799 for herself and her husband, General Napoléon Bonaparte, the future [[Napoleon|Napoléon I of France]], at that time away fighting the [[Egyptian Campaign]]. Malmaison was a run-down estate, {{convert|7|mi|km|spell=in}} west of central Paris that encompassed nearly {{convert|150|acre|km2}} of woods and meadows.

Upon his return, Bonaparte expressed fury at Joséphine for purchasing such an expensive house with the money she had expected him to bring back from the Egyptian campaign. The house, for which she had paid well over 300,000 francs, needed extensive renovations; she spent a fortune doing them. However, Malmaison would bring great happiness to the Bonapartes. Joséphine's daughter, [[Hortense de Beauharnais]] would call it "a delicious spot".

Joséphine endeavored to transform the large estate into "the most beautiful and curious garden in Europe, a model of good cultivation". She located rare and exotic plants and animals to enhance the gardens. Joséphine wrote: "I wish that Malmaison may soon become the source of riches for all [of France]." In 1800, she built a heated [[orangery]] large enough for 300 [[pineapple]] plants. Five years later, she ordered the building of a [[greenhouse]], heated by a dozen coal-burning stoves. From 1803 until her death in 1814, Josephine cultivated nearly 200 new plants in France for the first time.

The property achieved enduring fame for its [[rose garden]]. Empress Joséphine had the Belgian artist [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]] (1759–1840) record her [[rose]]s (and [[lilies]]), and prints of these works sell quite well, even today. She created an extensive collection of roses, gathering plants from her native [[Martinique]] and from other places around the world. She grew some 250 varieties of roses. From the foreword to ''Jardin de la Malmaison'' (1803):
{{blockquote|You have gathered around you the rarest plants growing on French soil...as we inspect them in the beautiful gardens of Malmaison, an impressive reminder of the conquests of your illustrious husband.}}

Birds and animals of all sorts began to enrich her garden, where they were allowed to roam free among the grounds. At the height of her days at Malmaison, Joséphine had the company of [[kangaroos]], [[emu]]s, [[black swans]], [[zebras]], sheep, [[gazelles]], [[ostriches]], [[chamois]], a [[Pinniped|seal]], [[antelopes]] and [[llama]]s to name a few. Some were from the [[Baudin expedition to Australia|Baudin expedition]].

After her divorce from Napoléon, Joséphine received Malmaison in her own right, along with a pension of 5&nbsp;million francs a year, and remained there until her death in 1814. Napoléon returned and took residence in the house after his defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] (1815), before his exile to the island of [[Saint Helena]]. After Josephine's death in 1814, the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.

In 1842, Malmaison was purchased by [[Queen mother]] [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Christina]], widow of King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]]. She lived there with her second husband [[Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares]] (made a duke by his step-daughter, [[Isabella II of Spain]], in 1844). In 1861, Maria Christina sold the property to [[Napoleon III]], Josephine's grandson through her daughter Hortense. Damaged by fighting during the War of 1870, then by the installation of barracks in the château, the estate was sold by the State in 1877 to a goods merchant who gradually sold off parcels of land from the park. In 1896, the patron and philanthropist Daniel Iffla, known as Osiris, purchased the château along with its park, by then reduced to 6 hectares, and donated it to the State in 1903. A museum was opened on the estate in 1905. Malmaison was fully restored by the famous French architect [[Pierre Humbert (architect)|Pierre Humbert]] in the early 20th century. It is now considered an important historical monument.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00088170|Chateau de Malmaison}}</ref>

==Present times==
The public can visit the manor house as a Napoleonic ''musée national''. The museum lies on RN 13 (''route nationale'' 13) from Paris and bus 258 from [[RER A]] "[[Grande Arche]]" station.

== Gallery ==
<div class="center">

=== Exterior ===
<gallery class="center">
Image:Château de Malmaison à Rueil-Malmaison 001.jpg|View of the southwest facade of the Manor House
Image:Château de Malmaison à Rueil-Malmaison 002.jpg|Main entrance in the Manor House

Image:Pavillon Osiris Rueil Malmaison.jpg|Pavillon Osiris in the Garden of Malmaison
Image:Château de Malmaison à Rueil-Malmaison 003.jpg|View of the main entrance and the main facade (northeast)
</gallery>

=== Interior ===

<gallery class="center" caption="Assorted rooms">
File:Malmaison chambre Joséphine.jpg|Chamber of [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoléon]]
File:Château de Malmaison - Salle de billard 001.jpg|Billiard room
File:Château Malmaison salon musique.jpg|Music room
File:Château Malmaison service Joséphine.jpg|Joséphine's service - [[Sèvres porcelain]]
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" caption="Library">
Image:Château de Malmaison - Bibliothèque 001.jpg|Library created in 1800 by Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
Image:Château de Malmaison - Bibliothèque 003.jpg|Furniture in mahogany is the creation of the brothers [[François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter|Jacob-Desmalter]]
Image:Château de Malmaison - Bibliothèque 002.jpg|The celestial globe of Nicolas Constant Lemaire, dating from 1788
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" caption="Apartment of Joséphine">
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 003.jpg|Simply decorated anteroom
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 001.jpg|Luxurious chamber of [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]] with her original bed.
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 002.jpg|The wall decoration and the furniture were restored by [[Napoleon III]] in 1865
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 004.jpg|Common Chamber in Joséphine's apartment
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 005.jpg|Bed in Joséphine's common chamber
Image:Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 006.jpg|Bathroom in Joséphine's apartment
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" caption="Dining room">
Image:Château de Malmaison - Salle à manger 002.jpg|Decoration designed by Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
Image:Château de Malmaison - Salle à manger 001.jpg|Murals paintings by [[Louis Lafitte]] (1800) represent six pompéiennes dancers
Image:Château Malmaison salle à manger.jpg|Dining room
</gallery>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Château de Malmaison}}
*[https://musees-nationaux-malmaison.fr/chateau-malmaison/ Official site]
*{{cite magazine| url=http://www.princessmichael.org.uk/articles/josephines-garden/| title=Josephine's garden| magazine=[[Orient Express (magazine)|Orient Express]]| volume=19| number=1| author=HRH Princess Michael of Kent| url-access=subscription}}
{{Visitor attractions in Paris}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chateau De Malmaison}}
[[Category:Châteaux in Hauts-de-Seine|Malmaison]]
[[Category:Gardens in Hauts-de-Seine|Malmaison]]
[[Category:Palaces and residences of Napoleon]]
[[Category:Imperial residences in France|Malmaison]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Île-de-France|Malmaison]]
[[Category:Biographical museums in France]]
[[Category:Museums in Hauts-de-Seine]]
[[Category:National museums of France]]
[[Category:Napoleon museums]]
[[Category:Réunion des Musées Nationaux]]
[[Category:Joséphine de Beauharnais]]