View source for Champ Clark

{{short description|American politician (1850–1921)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = CLARK, CHAMP LCCN2016856460 Trim.jpg
| imagesize           =
| smallimage          =
| caption             = Portrait by [[Harris & Ewing]] {{circa}} 1910s
| office              = 36th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
| term_start          = April 4, 1911
| term_end            = March 3, 1919<ref name="congress">[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000437 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]</ref>
| predecessor         = [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph G. Cannon]]
| successor           = [[Frederick H. Gillett]]
|office2              = Leader of the <br>[[House Democratic Caucus#Caucus Leader|House Democratic Caucus]]
|term_start2          = March 4, 1909
|term_end2            = March 2, 1921 
|predecessor2         = [[John Sharp Williams]]
|successor2           = [[Claude Kitchin]]
|state3               = [[Missouri]]
|district3            = {{ushr|MO|9|9th}}
|term_start3          = March 4, 1897
|term_end3            = March 2, 1921<ref name="congress"/>
|predecessor3         = [[William M. Treloar]]
|successor3           = [[Theodore W. Hukriede]]
|term_start4          = March 4, 1893
|term_end4            = March 3, 1895
|predecessor4         = [[Seth Wallace Cobb|Seth W. Cobb]]
|successor4           = William M. Treloar
|birth_name           = James Beauchamp Clark
| birth_date          = March 7, 1850
| birth_place         = [[Lawrenceburg, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1921|3|2|1850|3|7}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| nationality         =
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| otherparty          =
| spouse              = Genevieve Davis Bennett 
| relations           =
| children            = 2
| residence           =
| alma_mater          = [[Bethany College (Bethany, West Virginia)|Bethany College]]<br />[[University of Cincinnati College of Law]]
| occupation          =
| profession          = Lawyer
| signature           =Famous Living Americans - Champ Clark Signature.jpg
| module       = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Democratic Achievement (Champ Clark).ogg|title=Champ Clark's voice|type=speech|description=Champ Clark’s “Democratic achievement” speech<br>(recorded 1920)}}
| website             =
| footnotes           =
}}

'''James Beauchamp Clark''' (March 7, 1850{{snd}}March 2, 1921) was an American politician and attorney who served as the 36th [[speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] from 1911 to 1919. He was the only [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to serve as speaker during the [[Progressive Era]] when Republicans dominated the House, Senate, and presidency. Clark represented [[Missouri]]'s {{ushr|MO|9|9th}} district between 1893 and 1921.

Born in [[Kentucky]], Clark established a law practice in [[Bowling Green, Missouri]]. After serving in local, county, and state office, he won election to the U.S. House in 1892, lost his seat in 1894, and won the seat back in 1896. He became the House Minority Leader in 1908 and was elevated to Speaker after Democrats took control of the House in the [[1910 United States House of Representatives elections|1910 elections]]. He inadvertently helped defeat the [[Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty#Aftermath|Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1911]] by arguing that ratification of the treaty would lead to the incorporation of [[Canada]] into the United States.

Entering the [[1912 Democratic National Convention]], Clark had won the backing of a majority of the delegates, but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority to win the presidential nomination. After dozens of ballots, [[Woodrow Wilson]] emerged as the Democratic presidential nominee, and went on to win the [[1912 United States presidential election|1912 presidential election]]. Clark helped Wilson pass much of his [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] agenda but opposed U.S. entry into [[World War I]]. In the [[1918 United States elections|1918 midterm elections]], Democrats lost their control of the House of Representatives, ending Clark's tenure as Speaker. The [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections|1920 House elections]] saw the defeat of numerous Democrats, including Clark. He died the following March, two days before he would have left office.

==Early life and education==
Clark was born in [[Lawrenceburg, Kentucky]], to John Hampton Clark and Aletha Beauchamp. Through his mother, he was the first cousin twice removed of the famous [[lawyer]]-turned-murderer [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]]. He is also directly descended from the famous [[John Beauchamp (Plymouth Company)]] through his mother. He graduated from [[Bethany College (West Virginia)|Bethany College]] in 1873, and from [[Cincinnati Law School]] in 1875.<ref name="Clark, James Beauchamp Champ">{{cite web |title=Clark, James Beauchamp (Champ) |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C000437 |website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |publisher=United States Congress |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Engel |first1=Brent |title='Lion of Democracy': Champ Clark emerges from a humble start |url=https://www.pikecountynews.com/news/history/champ-clark-emerges-from-a-humble-start/article_b0ffb4a2-5363-11ea-8986-6fc73bc9c159.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=Pike County News |issue=online edition |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Clark served as president of Marshall College (now [[Marshall University]]) from 1873 to 1874.  In 1875, he was admitted to the bar, and the following year he moved to [[Bowling Green, Missouri]], the county seat of [[Pike County, Missouri|Pike County]], where he practiced law.  He was city attorney from 1878 to 1881, and prosecuting attorney of Pike County from 1885 to 1889.<ref name="Clark, James Beauchamp Champ"/><ref name=mupp>{{cite web|url=https://www.marshall.edu/special-collections/principals-presidents/|title=Marshall University Principals and Presidents|publisher=[[Marshall University]]|access-date=July 26, 2024}}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:Clark, Hon. Champ Crop.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait by [[C. M. Bell]] {{circa}} 1893–1894]]
Clark was a member of the [[Missouri House of Representatives]] in 1889 and 1891.<ref name="Clark, James Beauchamp Champ"/> Clark was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1892. After a surprise loss in 1894 to [[William M. Treloar]], he regained the seat in 1896, and remained in the House until his death, the day before he was to leave office.

Clark ran for [[Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Leader]] in 1903 but was defeated by [[John Sharp Williams]] of Mississippi. After Williams ran for the Senate in 1908, Clark ran again for the position and won. When the Democrats won control of the House in 1911, Clark became [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]].<ref name="house_gov">{{cite web |title=CLARK, James Beauchamp (Champ) |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/11000 |website=house.gov}}</ref>

====Canadian reciprocity treaty====
{{Main|1911 Canadian federal election|Reciprocity (Canadian politics)}}
In 1911, Clark gave a speech that helped to decide the [[1911 Canadian federal election|election in Canada]]. On the floor of the House, Clark argued for the recent [[Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty#Aftermath|Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1911]] and declared: "I look forward to the time when the American flag will fly over every square foot of British North America up to the North Pole."<ref>Allan, Chantal ''Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media'' Athabasca: Athabasca University Press, 2009 p. 17.</ref>

Clark went on to suggest in his speech that the treaty was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with "prolonged applause" according to the ''[[Congressional Record]]''.<ref name="Allan, page 18">Allan, ''Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media'' page 18.</ref> The ''Washington Post'' reported, "Evidently, then, the Democrats generally approved of Mr. Clark's annexation sentiments and voted for the reciprocity bill because, among other things, it improves the prospect of annexation."<ref name="Allan, page 18"/>

The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' condemned Clark in an editorial, predicting that Clark's speech might have fatally damaged the treaty in Canada; "He lets his imagination run wild like a Missouri mule on a rampage. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller."<ref name="Allan, page 18"/> The [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative Party of Canada]], which opposed the treaty, won the Canadian election in large part because of Clark's speech.

====Later career====
In 1912, Clark was the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, coming into [[1912 Democratic National Convention|the convention]] with a majority of delegates pledged to him, but he failed to receive the necessary two-thirds of the vote on the first several ballots. After lengthy negotiation, clever management by supporters of [[New Jersey]] Governor [[Woodrow Wilson]], with widespread allegations of influence by special interests, delivered the nomination instead to Wilson.

Clark's speakership was notable for his skill from 1910 to 1914 in maintaining party unity to block [[William Howard Taft]]'s legislation and then pass Wilson's. Clark split the party in 1917 and 1918, when he opposed Wilson's decision to bring the United States into [[World War I]].

In addition, Clark opposed the [[Federal Reserve Act]], which concentrated financial power in the hands of eastern banks (mostly centered in [[New York City]]). Clark's opposition to the Federal Reserve Act is said to be the reason that Missouri is the only state granted two [[Federal Reserve Banks]] (one in St. Louis and one in Kansas City).

Clark was defeated in the [[1920 U.S. House election|Republican landslide of 1920]] and died shortly thereafter in his home in [[Washington, D.C.]]

Champ Clark is the namesake of the small community of [[Champ, Audrain County, Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_audrain.html |title=Audrain County Place Names, 1928-1945 (archived) |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri |access-date=30 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624070915/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_audrain.html |archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> The former [[Clark National Forest]] likewise was named after him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_saint_francois.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071518/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_saint_francois.html | archive-date=June 24, 2016 | url-status=dead | title=St. Francois County Place Names, 1928–1945 | publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri | access-date=November 27, 2016 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Genevieve Bennett Clark.jpg|thumb|Genevieve Bennett Clark]]

Clark married Genevieve Bennett Clark on December 14, 1881. Together, they had two children, [[Bennett Champ Clark|Joel Bennett Clark]] and [[Genevieve Clark Thomson]].<ref name="cd">{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-04562_00_00-001-0001-0000|title=S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903|website=GovInfo.gov|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|date=November 9, 1903|page=64 |quote=Married Miss Genevieve Bennett; has had four children born to him: Little Champ, Ann Hamilton, Bennett, and Genevieve, the two latter still living.|access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref> Bennett served as a [[United States senator]] from [[Missouri]] from 1933 to 1945. Genevieve was a [[suffragette]] and a candidate for the House of Representatives for Louisiana.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hardship and Hope: Missouri Women Writing about Their Lives, 1820-1920|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c1fJm5ZGjPIC|publisher = University of Missouri Press|date = 1997-01-01|isbn = 9780826211200|first1 = Carla|last1 = Waal|first2 = Barbara Oliver|last2 = Korner}}</ref>

He was an adherent of the [[Disciples of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Champ_Clark.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060211084831/http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Champ_Clark.html |url-status= usurped |archive-date= February 11, 2006 |title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. Congressman Rep. Champ Clark |work=Adherents.com |access-date=2011-04-13}}</ref>

=== Champ Clark Bridge ===
A [[Champ Clark Bridge (1928)|bridge]] in Louisiana, Missouri that connects Missouri to neighboring Illinois was originally built in 1928. It bears the name Champ Clark. In late 2019, [[Champ Clark Bridge (2019)|another bridge]] of the same name was constructed to replace the structurally deficient original bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.champclarkbridge.com/index.php/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306061339/http://www.champclarkbridge.com/index.php/history|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 6, 2018|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.champclarkbridge.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:James Beauchamp Clark.jpg|Speaker Clark's official portrait
Image:MannWithClark.jpg|Speaker Clark (left) with Representative [[James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)|James R. Mann]] of [[Illinois]]
Image:Funeral of Champ Clark, 1921.jpg|Champ Clark's casket being loaded into a hearse outside the [[United States Capitol]], flag at half staff, March 5, 1921
Image:JBClark.jpg|Clark about a month before his death, wearing an antique-style [[beaver hat]].
Image:1509 16th Street, N.W..JPG|Clark's former residence in [[Washington, D.C.]]
File:Bennet and Genevieve Clark.jpg|Bennet and Genevieve Clark
Image:Champ Clark and daughter Genevieve.jpg|Champ Clark and daughter Genevieve
Image:Champ Clark bust.jpg|Champ Clark, left, examining marble bust of himself, made by [[Moses Wainer-Dykaar]], right.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of presidents and principals of Marshall University]]
*[[List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1900–1949)]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Qiu Changwei|Chiu, Chang-wei]]. ''The Speaker of the House of Representatives since 1896''.
* Gould, Louis. "Clark, Champ" in John A.  Garraty, and Mark C. Carnes, eds. ''American National Biography'' (1999), vol. 4, . New York: Oxford Univ. Press; also online..
* Krahn, Carole Ellen (1965). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ztTuHAAACAAJ Champ Clark: Presidential Candidate].'' S. Ill. Univ. Press.
* Morrison, Geoffrey F. (1979). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MrRvngEACAAJ A Political Biography of Champ Clark]''. St. Louis Univ. Press.
* {{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William Larkin |url=https://archive.org/details/champclark00webb |title=Champ Clark |publisher=Neale Pub. Co. |year=1912 |location=New York}}
* White, Hollis Lee (1950). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Rhetorical_Criticism_of_the_Speeches_o/ ''A Rhetorical Criticism of the Speeches of Speaker Champ Clark'']. Univ. of Missouri Press.

===Primary sources===
* Clark, Champ (1920). ''[[iarchive:myquartercent02clarrich|My Quarter Century of American Politics]]''. Harper.
* Clark, Champ. "The Work of the Democratic House" '' The North American Review'' (Sept 1911) pp 337–343. [https://archive.org/details/jstor-25107018 online]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Champ Clark}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{CongBio|C000437}}
* {{find a Grave|grid=11742|name=James Beauchamp Clark}}
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Clark, Champ|volume=30|page=701}})
* [http://www.footnote.com/image/4346715 James Beauchamp Clark's Signature on the 17th Amendment to the constitution] Image of original document
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t6833xx9q;view=1up;seq=3 Champ Clark, late a representative from Missouri, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1922]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box| state=Missouri| district=9| before=[[Seth W. Cobb]]| after=[[William M. Treloar]]| years=1893–1895}}
{{US House succession box| state=Missouri| district=9| before=[[William M. Treloar]]| after=[[Theodore W. Hukriede]]| years=1897–1921}}
{{succession box | title=[[Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives]] | before=[[John Sharp Williams]] | after=[[James Robert Mann (Illinois)|James Robert Mann]] | years=1908–1911}}
{{succession box | title=[[Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives]] | before=[[James Robert Mann (Illinois)|James Robert Mann]] | after=[[Claude Kitchin]] | years=1919–1921}}
{{succession box| title=[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]]| before=[[Joseph G. Cannon]]| after=[[Frederick H. Gillett]]| years=April 4, 1911{{snd}}March 3, 1913;<br />April 7, 1913{{snd}}March 3, 1915;<br />December 6, 1915{{snd}}March 3, 1917;<br />April 2, 1917{{snd}}March 3, 1919}}
{{s-end}}

{{Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{SpeakerUSHouse}}
{{USHouseMinLead}}
{{United States presidential election, 1912}}
{{USHouseDemLead}}
{{Marshall University presidents}}
{{United States representatives from Missouri}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Champ}}
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:American Disciples of Christ]]
[[Category:Bethany College (West Virginia) alumni]]
[[Category:Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Missouri lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Lawrenceburg, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri]]
[[Category:Presidents of Marshall University]]
[[Category:People from Bowling Green, Missouri]]
[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:19th-century members of the Missouri General Assembly]]