View source for Changchun

{{Short description|Capital city of Jilin Province, China}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
 | name                     = Changchun
 | official_name            = 
 | native_name              = 长春市
 | native_name_lang         = zh-Hans-CN
 | settlement_type          = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] & [[Sub-provincial city]]
 | image_skyline            = {{multiple image
|border            = infobox
|total_width       = 290
|image_style       = border:1;
|perrow           = 1/3/2/1
|image1=遥望南湖北岸 nan hu - panoramio.jpg
|caption1 = South Lake of Changchun
|image2=2002年 满洲国国务院旧址 - panoramio.jpg
|caption2 = Former [[General Affairs State Council|General Affairs State Council of Manchukuo]]
|image3=长春南湖·纪念碑广场.jpg
|caption3=Changchun Liberation Monument
|image4=Guilin Road Food Street in Changchun.jpg
|caption4=Guilin Road Food Street
|image5=Changchun Geological Palace (20230723154904).jpg
|caption5=Changchun Geological Palace Museum
|image6=Headquarter of FAW Group Corporation.JPG
|caption6=Headquarter of [[FAW Group Corporation]]}}
 | imagesize                = 
 | image_caption            = 
 | nickname                 = {{lang|zh-hans|北国春城}} (Spring City of [[Northern China]])
 | image_map                = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6|frame-lat=44.28|frame-long=125.92|frame-align=center}}
 | image_map1               = Location of Changchun Prefecture within Jilin (China).png
 | mapsize1                 = 
 | map_caption1             = Location of Changchun City (yellow) in Jilin (light grey) and China
 | pushpin_map              = China Jilin#China
 | pushpin_label_position   = 
 | pushpin_mapsize          = 
 | pushpin_map_caption      = Location of the city centre in Jilin
 | coor_pinpoint            = Jilin People's Government
 | coordinates              = {{coord|43.897|N|125.326|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-22_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
 | seat_type                = Municipal seat
 | seat                     = [[Nanguan District]]
 | subdivision_type         = Country
 | subdivision_name         = [[China]]
 | subdivision_type1        = [[Province (China)|Province]]
 | subdivision_type2        = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County-level&nbsp;divisions]]
 | subdivision_type3        = 
 | subdivision_type4        = 
 | subdivision_name1        = [[Jilin]]
 | subdivision_name2        = 7 districts<br />2 county-level divisions<br />1 county
 | subdivision_name3        = 
 | subdivision_name4        = 
 | established_title        = 
 | established_date         = 
 | established_title2       = Incorporated (town)
 | established_date2        = 1889
 | established_title3       = Incorporated (city)
 | established_date3        = 1932
 | government_type          = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
 | governing_body           = [[Changchun Municipal People's Congress]]
 | leader_title             = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
 | leader_name              = ''vacant'' {{as of |2021|3| lc = on}}
 | leader_title1            = [[Changchun Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
 | leader_name1             = Wang Zhihou
 | leader_title2            = [[Mayor]]
 | leader_name2             = Zhang Zhijun
 | leader_title3            = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
 | leader_name3             = Qi Yuanfang
 | unit_pref                = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
 | area_footnotes           = <ref name="Geographic Location" />
 | area_magnitude           = 
 | area_total_km2           = 24734<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
 | area_land_km2            = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
 | area_water_km2           = 
 | area_water_percent       = 
 | elevation_footnotes      = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
 | elevation_m              = 222
 | elevation_ft             = 730
 | population_total         = 9066906
 | population_as_of         = 2020 census
 | population_footnotes     = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jilin-admin.php |title=China: Jílín (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923101333/http://www.citypopulation.de:80/php/china-jilin-admin.php |archive-date=23 September 2014 }}</ref>
 | population_density_km2   = auto
 | area_urban_km2           = 1855.00
 | area_urban_footnotes     =&nbsp;(2017)<ref name="CUCSY_2017">{{cite book |editor1=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] |title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 |date=2019 |publisher=China Statistics Press |location=Beijing |page=50 |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618043019/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | area_metro_km2           = 1855.00
 | population_urban         = 5691024
 | population_metro         = 5019477
 | population_urban_footnotes = 
 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto
 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto
 | population_blank1_title  = <!-- Mun. Density rank -->
 | population_blank1        = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by population density|4th]]) -->
 | population_density_blank1_km2 = 
 | population_blank2_title  = Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]]
 | population_blank2        = <!-- [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 96.0%<br />[[Manchu]] – 2.0%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]] – 2.0%<br />[[Mongol]]ian – 0.3% -->
 | population_note          = 
 | demographics_type2       = GDP<ref name="changchun">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.changchun.gov.cn/tjsj/202501/t20250126_3378266.html  | title=zh:2024年长春市地区生产总值统一核算结果 | publisher=changchun.gov.cn| date=January 26, 2025| access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref> 
 | demographics2_title1     = City
 | demographics2_info1      = [[CN¥]] 763 billion<br />[[US$]] 107.2 billion 
 | demographics2_title2     = Per capita
 | demographics2_info2      = CN¥ 84,175<br />US$ 11,820
 | postal_code_type         = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
 | postal_code              = 130000
 | area_code                = [[Telephone numbers in China|0431]]
 | website                  = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206220021/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/ www.changchun.gov.cn]
 | footnotes                = <ref name="GDP"/>
 | city_logo                = 
 | citylogo_size            = 
 | image_dot_map            = 
 | dot_mapsize              = 
 | dot_map_caption          = 
 | dot_x                    = 
 | dot_y                    = 
 | timezone                 = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
 | utc_offset               = +8
 | blank_name               = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
 | blank_info               = {{lang|zh-cn|吉A}}
 | iso_code                 = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-JL-01]]
 | total_type         = City
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Changchun name in Chinese.svg
| piccap = "Changchun" in Simplified Chinese characters
| picsize = 100
| t = {{linktext|長春}}
| s = {{linktext|长春}}
| p = Chángchūn
| w = {{tone superscript|Chʻang2-chʻun1}}
| gr = Charngchuen
| bpmf = ㄔㄤˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄔㄨㄣ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|ch|ang|2|.|ch|un|1}}
| j = {{tone superscript|Coeng4-ceon1}}
| y = Chèuhng-chēun
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|c|oeng|4|.|c|eon|1}}
| suz = Zan-tshen
| poj = Tiông-chhun
| l = "Long Spring"
| mnc = ᠴᠠᠨᡤᠴᠣᠨ
| mnc_rom = Cangcon
| showflag = p
| order = st
<!-- First alternative name -->| altname = Hsinking
| c2 = {{linktext|新|京}}
| l2 = New Capital
| p2 = Xīnjīng
| w2 = Hsin<sup>1</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup>
| gr2 = Shinjing
| bpmf2 = ㄒㄧㄣ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄥ
| myr2 = Syīnjīng
}}

'''Changchun'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|tʃ|æ|ŋ|'|tʃ|ʊ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|tʃ|ɑː|ŋ|-}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of CHANGCHUN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Changchun |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Changchun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519043438/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Changchun |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2021 |title=Changchun |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s=长春|p=Chángchūn}}}} is the capital and largest city of [[Jilin|Jilin Province]], China,<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Jilin|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43592.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|year=2001|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213304/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43592.htm|archive-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> on the [[Songliao Plain]]. Changchun is administered as a {{nowrap|[[sub-provincial city]]}}, comprising seven districts, one county and three county-level cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |access-date=28 May 2014 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> At the 2020 census of China, Changchun had a population of 9,066,906.  Changchun's metro area, comprising five districts and one development area, had a population of 5,019,477. [[Shuangyang]] and [[Jiutai]] districts are not urbanized yet.<ref name="citypopulation.de" /> It is one of the biggest cities in [[Northeast China]], along with [[Shenyang]], [[Dalian]] and [[Harbin]].

The name of the city means "long spring" in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. Between 1932 and 1945, Changchun was renamed '''Xinjing''' ({{lang-zh|c=新京 |p=Xīnjīng|l=new capital}}) or '''Hsinking''' by the [[Kwantung Army]] as the capital of the [[Imperial Japan]]ese [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]], occupying modern [[Northeast China]]. After the [[Proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China|foundation]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949, Changchun was established as the provincial capital of Jilin in 1954.

Known locally as China's "City of Automobiles",<ref name="Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks">{{cite web|url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Changchun-Jilin-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09WA9X.htm|title=Changchun (Jilin) City Information|website=HKTDC Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108010519/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Changchun-Jilin-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09WA9X.htm|archive-date=8 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Changchun is an important industrial base with a particular focus on the automotive sector.<ref name="Changchun Business Guide - Economic Overview">
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.echinacities.com/changchun/business-guide/economic-overview/changchun-business-guide-economic-overview.html
 |title=Changchun Business Guide – Economic Overview
 |publisher=echinacities.com
 |access-date=26 July 2012
 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Because of its key role in the domestic automobile industry, Changchun was sometimes referred to as the "[[Detroit]] of China".<ref name="Changchun: China's Detroit"/> The [[FAW Group]], one of the "[[Automotive industry in China|Big Four]]" state-owned car manufacturers of China, is headquartered in the city. Apart from this industrial aspect, Changchun is also one of four "National Garden Cities" awarded by the Ministry of Construction of P.R. China in 2001 due to its high [[urban green space|urban greening]] rate.<ref name="Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks"/>{{Failed verification|date=August 2016}}

Changchun is also one of the top [[List of cities by scientific output|30 cities]] in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2024 Science Cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> The city is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Jilin|several major universities]], notably [[Jilin University]] and [[Northeast Normal University]], members of [[List of universities in China|China's prestigious universities]] in the [[Double First-Class Construction]].

==History==

===Early history===
Changchun was initially established on imperial decree as a small trading post and frontier village during the reign of the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] in the [[Qing dynasty]]. Trading activities mainly involved furs and other natural products during this period. In 1800, the Jiaqing Emperor selected a small village on the east bank of the [[Yitong River]] and named it "Changchun Ting".<ref>{{Nihongo2|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』12–13頁、新京商工公会刊『新京の概況 建国十周年記念發刊』1–7頁、『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版 389–390頁、他を参照。}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>

At the end of the 18th century peasants from overpopulated provinces such as [[Shandong]] and [[Hebei]] began to settle in the region. In 1889, the village was promoted into a city known as "Changchun Fu".<ref name="History ">{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/ls/ |title=History |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512084320/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/ls/ |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref>

===Railway era===
In May 1898, Changchun got its first railway station, located in [[Kuancheng District|Kuancheng]], part of the railway from [[Harbin]] to [[Lüshun]] (the southern branch of the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]]), constructed by the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=cctv>{{cite web|last1=Zhiting|first1=Li|title=Changchun II- Le chemin de fer de Changchun|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/lachine/20050628/101794.shtml|website=cctv.com-Francais|access-date=17 October 2014|language=fr|date=28 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225931/http://www.cctv.com/program/lachine/20050628/101794.shtml|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The SMR office of Changchun.jpg|thumb|left|The South Manchuria Railway office of Changchun]]<!-- NOT PERFECTLY ALIGNED WITH SUPPORTING TEXT - MOVED UP ONE PARAGRAPH TO AID FORMATTING FLOW-->
After Russia's loss of the southernmost section of this branch as a result of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, the Kuancheng station (Kuanchengtze, in contemporary spelling) became the last Russian station on this branch.<ref name="cctv"/> The next station just a short distance to the south—the new "Japanese" Changchun station—became the first station of the [[South Manchuria Railway]],<ref name=conv>
"Provisional Convention ... concerning the junction of the Japanese and Russian Railways in Manchuria" – 13 June 1907. {{cite book
|author=Endowment for International Peace
|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC
|year=2009
|isbn=978-1-113-11167-8
|title=Manchuria: Treaties and Agreements
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-FhmJ-DXcC
|page=108
|access-date=15 December 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519030943/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-FhmJ-DXcC
|archive-date=19 May 2016
|url-status=live}}
</ref> which now owned all the tracks running farther south, to [[Lüshun]], which they re-gauged to the [[standard gauge]] (after a short period of using the narrow Japanese {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge during the war).<ref name=jackson>
Luis Jackson, Industrial Commissioner of the Erie Railroad. "Rambles in Japan and China". In [https://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv26newyuoft Railway and Locomotive Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214153245/https://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv26newyuoft |date=14 December 2013 }}, vol. 26 (March 1913), pp. 91–92
</ref>

A special Russo-Japanese agreement of 1907 provided that [[Russian gauge]] tracks would continue from the "Russian" Kuancheng Station to the "Japanese" Changchun Station, and vice versa, tracks on the "gauge adapted by the South Manchuria Railway" (i.e. the standard gauge) would continue from Changchun Station to Kuancheng Station.<ref name=conv/>

An epidemic of [[pneumonic plague]] occurred in surrounding Manchuria from 1910 to 1911, known as the [[Manchurian plague]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nishiura|first1=Hiroshi|title=Epidemiology of a primary pneumonic plague in Kantoshu, Manchuria, from 1910 to 1911: statistical analysis of individual records collected by the Japanese Empire|date=9 May 2006|publisher=Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/1059.full.pdf|access-date=13 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163151/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/1059.full.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague which was spread through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of [[Manzhouli]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jing-tao|first1=Wang|title=Analysis of the Rat Plague of Northeast China and the Sanitary and Antiepidemic Condition of Yanbian in the Early 20th Century|url=http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html|access-date=15 October 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170717/http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This turned out to be the beginning of the large pneumonic plague pandemic of Manchuria and Mongolia which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims.<ref name=JSTOR>{{cite journal|last1=Gamsa|first1=M.|title=The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910–1911|journal=Past & Present|date=1 February 2006|issue=190|pages=147–183|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtj001|s2cid=161797143}}</ref>

===City planning and development from 1906 to 1931===
[[File:Changchun 1932 - Plan 2.jpg|thumb|left|City planning map of Changchun, 1932]]

The [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and saw the transfer and assignment to the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1906 the railway between Changchun and Port Arthur, and all its branches.<ref>Akira Koshizawa, Manchukuo Capital Planning (Jiangsu: Social Sciences Academic Press,2011), 26–97.</ref>

Having realized the strategic importance of Changchun's location with respect to Japan, China and Russia, the Japanese Government sent a group of planners and engineers to Changchun to determine the best site for a new railway station.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Without the consent of the Chinese Government, Japan purchased or seized from local farmers the land on which the Changchun Railway Station was to be constructed as the centre of the South Manchuria Railway Affiliated Areas (SMRAA).<ref>Yishi Liu, "A Pictorial History of Changchun, 1898–1962," Cross Current 5, (2012): 191–217.</ref> In order to turn Changchun into the centre for extracting the agricultural and mineral resources of Manchuria, Japan developed a blueprint for Changchun and invested heavily in the construction of the city.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

At the beginning of 1907, as the prelude to, and preparation for, the invasion and occupation of China, Japan initiated the planning programme of the SMRAA, which embodied distinctive colonial characteristics. The guiding ideology of the overall design was to build a high standard colonial city with sophisticated facilities, multiple functions and a large scale.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Accordingly, nearly ¥7 million on average was allocated on a year-by-year basis for urban planning and construction during the period 1907 to 1931.<ref name="Akira Koshizawa 2011">Akira Koshizawa, Manchukuo Capital Planning (Jiangsu: Social Sciences Academic Press,2011), 26–97</ref>

The comprehensive plan was to ensure the comfort required by Japanese employees on Manchurian Railways, build up Changchun into a base for Japanese control of the whole Manchuria in order to provide an effective counterweight to Russia in this area of China.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The city's role as a rail hub was underlined in its planning and construction, the main design concepts of which read as follows: under conventional grid pattern terms, two geoplagiotropic boulevards were newly carved eastward and westward from the grand square of the new railway station. The two helped form two intersections with the gridded prototypes, which led to two circles of South and West. The two sub-civic centres served as axes on which eight radial roads were blazed that took the shape of a sectoral structure.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

At that time, the radial circles and the design concept of urban roads were quite advanced and scientific. It activated to great extent the serious urban landscapes as well as clearly identifying the traditional gridded pattern.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

With the new Changchun railway station as its centre, the urban plan divided the SMRAA into various specified areas: residential quarters 15%, commerce 33%, grain depot 19%, factories 12%, public entertainment 9%, and administrative organs (including a Japanese garrison) 12%.<ref name="Akira Koshizawa 2011"/> Each block provided the railway station with supporting and systematic services dependent on its own functions.

In the meantime, a comprehensive system of judiciary and military police was established which was totally independent of China. That accounted for the widespread nature of military facilities within the urban construction area of {{convert|3.967|km2|abbr=on}}, such as the railway garrison, the gendarmerie and the police department, with its 18 local police stations.<ref name="Akira Koshizawa 2011"/>

Perceiving Changchun as a ''tabula rasa'' upon which to construct new and sweeping conceptions of the built environment, the Japanese used the city as a practical laboratory to create two distinct and idealized urban milieus, each appropriate to a particular era. From 1906 to 1931, Changchun served as a key [[railway town]] through which the Japanese orchestrated an informal empire. Between 1932 and 1945, the city became home to a grandiose new Asian capital. Yet, while the façades in the city and later the capital contrasted markedly, along with the attitudes of the state they upheld, the shifting styles of planning and architecture consistently attempted to represent Japanese rule as progressive, beneficent, and modern.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

The development of Changchun, in addition to being driven by the railway system, suggested an important period of the Northeast modern architectural culture, reflecting Japanese urban design endeavours and revealing that county's ambition to invade and occupy China. [[Japanese architecture]] and [[Culture of Japan|culture]] had been widely applied to Manchukuo to highlight the special status of the Japanese puppet. Urban planning clearly stems from a culture, be it aggressive or creative. Changchun's planning and construction process serves as a good example.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

Changchun expanded rapidly as the junction between of the Japanese-owned [[South Manchurian Railway]] and the Russian-owned [[Chinese Eastern Railway]], remaining the [[break of gauge]] point between the Russian and standard gauges into the 1930s,<ref>{{cite web|title=YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov06_08Rail-t1-body-d8-d6.html|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|access-date=17 October 2014|page=30|date=1 April 1932|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528014039/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov06_08Rail-t1-body-d8-d6.html|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Manchukuo and World War II===
On 10 March 1932 the capital of [[Manchukuo]], a Japan-controlled puppet state in [[Manchuria]], was established in Changchun.<ref name="国務院布告第1号">{{Nihongo2|大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第1号「満洲国国都ヲ長春ニ奠ム」（大同元年3月10日）}}</ref> The city was then renamed '''Hsinking''' ({{lang-zh|c=[[:zh:新京|新京]]|hp=Xīnjīng|w=Hsin-ching}}; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]:{{Nihongo|||Shinkyō|lead=yes}}; literally "New Capital") on 13 March.<ref name="国務院布告第2号">{{Nihongo2|大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第2号「国都長春ヲ新京ト命名ス」（大同元年3月14日）}}</ref> The Emperor [[Puyi]] resided in the Imperial Palace ({{lang-zh|c=帝宮|hp=Dì gōng|links=no}}) which is now the [[Museum of the Imperial Palace of Manchukuo|Museum of the Manchu State Imperial Palace]]. During the Manchukuo period, the region experienced harsh suppression, brutal warfare on the civilian population,{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} forced conscription and labor and other Japanese sponsored government brutalities; at the same time a rapid industrialisation and militarisation took place. Hsinking was a well-planned city with broad avenues and modern public works. The city underwent rapid expansion in both its economy and infrastructure. Many of buildings built during the Japanese colonial era still stand today, including those of the [[Eight Grand Ministries|Eight Major Bureaus of Manchukuo]] ({{lang-zh|c=八大部|八大部|hp=Bādà bù|links=no}}) as well as the Headquarters of the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]].
{{clear left}}

====Construction of Hsinking====
{{Further|Eight Grand Ministries}}
[[File:Hsinking master plan.jpg|thumb|right|Hsinking Master Plan Map (1934)]]
[[File:Manchukuo Railmap en.png|thumb|Rail network of Manchukuo in 1945, which labeled Changchun as Xinjing]]
Hsinking was the only [[Direct-controlled municipality]] ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|特别市}}}}) in Manchukuo after [[Harbin]] was incorporated into the jurisdiction of [[Binjiang Province]].<ref>{{Nihongo2|「特別市指定ニ関スル件廃止ニ関スル件」（康徳4年6月27日勅令第142号）}}</ref> In March 1932, the Inspection Division of South Manchuria Railway started to draw up the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking ({{lang-zh|s=大新京都市计画|t=大新京都市計畫|hp=Dà xīn jīngdū shì jìhuà|links=no}}). The Bureau of capital construction ({{lang-zh|s=国都建设局|t=國都建設局|hp=Guódū jiànshè jú |labels=no}}) which was directly under the control of State Council of Manchukuo was established to take complete responsibility of the formulation and the implementation of the plan.<ref name="国都建設局"/> [[Kuniaki Koiso]], the Chief of Staff of the [[Kwantung Army]], and [[Yasuji Okamura]], the Vice Chief-of-Staff, finalized the plan of a {{convert|200|km2|abbr=on}} construction area. The Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking was influenced by the renovation plan of [[Paris]] in the 19th century, the [[garden city movement]], and theories of American cities' planning and design in the 1920s. The city development plan included extensive tree planting. By 1934 Hsinking was known as ''the Forest Capital'' with Jingyuetan Park built, which is now China's largest Plantation and a [[Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China|AAAA-rated]] recreational area.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:長春浄月潭|url=http://j.people.com.cn/94475/6932072.html|website=j.people.com.cn|publisher={{Nihongo2|人民網日本株式会社事業案内}}|access-date=17 October 2014|language=ja|date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105105754/http://j.people.com.cn/94475/6932072.html|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In accordance with the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking, the area of publicly shared land (including the Imperial Palace, government offices, roads, parks and athletic grounds) in Hsinking was {{convert|47|km2|abbr=on}}, whilst the area of residential, commercial and industrial developments was planned to be {{convert|53|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Nihongo2|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』6頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> However, Hsinking's population exceeded the prediction of 500,000 by 1940. In 1941, the Capital Construction Bureau modified the original plan, which expanded the urban area to {{convert|160|km2|abbr=on}}. The new plan also focused on the construction of satellite towns around the city with a planning of {{convert|200|m2|abbr=on}} land per capita.<ref name="国都建設局">{{Nihongo2|国務院国都建設局『國都大新京』（日譯）16頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> Because the effects of war, the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking remained unfinished. By 1944, the built up urban area of Hsinking reached {{convert|80|km2|abbr=on}}, while the area used for greening reached {{convert|70.7|km2|abbr=on}}. As Hsinking's city orientation was the administrative center and military commanding center, land for military use exceeded the originally planned figure of 9 percent, while only light manufacturing including packing industry, cigarette industry and paper-making had been developed during this period. Japanese force also controlled Hsinking's police system, instead of Manchukuo government.<ref name="首都警察">{{Nihongo2|首都警察廳正式成立ノ件（大同元年10月18日民政部訓令第286号）}}</ref> Major officers of Hsinking police were all ethnic Japanese.<ref>{{Nihongo2|後に「首都警察廳官制中改正ノ件」（康徳4年9月30日勅令第282号）により、新京特別市のみを管轄とした。}}</ref>

The population of Hsinking also experienced rapid growth after being established as the capital of Manchukuo. According to the census in 1934 taken by the police agency, the city's municipal area had 141,712 inhabitants.<ref>{{lang|zh-hant|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』7頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> By 1944 the city's population had risen to 863,607,<ref>{{lang|zh-hant|『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版、1944年、389頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> with 153,614 [[Japanese settlers in Manchuria|Japanese settlers]]. This population made Hsinking the third largest metropolitan city in Manchukuo after Mukden and Harbin, as the metropolitan mainly focused on military and political function.<ref>{{Nihongo2|『満洲年鑑』等では「新京市政公署」の記述も見られる。}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
{{gallery
|File:Special City Government office of Hsinking.jpg|Special City Government office of Hsinking
|File:Manchukuo Hsinking avenue.jpg|Datong Avenue in Hsinking (1939)
|File:Department of Mongolia politics of Manchukuo.jpg|Manchukuo ministry building (built. 1935)
|File:The building of combination courts.jpg|Manchukuo supreme court (built 1938)
}}
{{clear left}}

====Japanese chemical warfare agents====
{{Main|Unit 100}}

In 1936, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] established [[Unit 100]] to develop plague [[Biological warfare|biological weapons]], although the declared purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about [[Zoonosis|diseases originating from animals]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://japan.people.com.cn/GB/35467/35498/3474600.html | script-title=zh:侵华日军使用细菌武器述略 | publisher=人民日报社 | date=2005-06-16 | access-date=28 January 2013 | language=zh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513102417/http://japan.people.com.cn/GB/35467/35498/3474600.html | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945) and [[World War II]] the headquarters of [[Unit 100|Unit 100 ("Wakamatsu Unit")]] was located in downtown Hsinking, under command of [[Veterinary physician|veterinarian]] [[Yujiro Wakamatsu]].<ref>Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–45, and the American Cover-Up. London: Routledge, 1994.</ref> This facility was involved in research of animal [[vaccine]]s to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against Soviet and Chinese horses and other [[livestock]]. In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction.

===Siege of Changchun===
[[File:PLA at the end of the Siege of Changchun.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese Red Army entering Changchun.]]

{{Main|Siege of Changchun}}
On 20 August 1945 the city was captured by the [[Soviet Red Army]] and renamed Changchun.<ref name="Glantz">LTC David M. Glantz, [http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp|date=23 July 2011}}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, [[Fort Leavenworth]] [[Kansas]].<!-- Mirrored at, or redirected from/to, {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-06-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621210601/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate=21 June 2009}} --></ref> The Russians maintained a presence in the city during the [[Soviet occupation of Manchuria]] until 1946.

[[National Revolutionary Army]] forces under [[Zheng Dongguo]] occupied the city in 1946, but were unable to hold the countryside against [[Lin Biao]]'s [[People's Liberation Army]] forces during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The city fell to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in 1948 after the five-month [[Siege of Changchun]], and the communist victory was a turning point which allowed an offensive to capture the remainder of [[Mainland China]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=3–8}}</ref> Between 10 and 30 percent<ref name = Jacobs>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108230926/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |date=8 January 2017 }}, Andrew Jacobs, New York Times, 1 October 2009</ref> of the civilian population starved to death under the siege; estimates range from 150,000<ref name="AP">{{cite news |last1=Pomfret |first1=John |title=Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians |date=2009-10-02 |work=The Seattle Times |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19901122/1105487/red-army-starved-150000-chinese-civilians-books-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025143728/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19901122&slug=1105487 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> to 330,000.<ref name="US383">Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. ''Mao: The Unknown Story''. London: Vintage Books. p383.</ref> {{As of|2015}} the PRC government avoids all mention of the siege.<ref name="China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise">{{cite news |title=China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |work=The New York Times|access-date=2 October 2009 |first=Andrew |last=Jacobs |date=2009-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101032010/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===People's Republic===
[[File:长春南湖·纪念碑广场.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Changchun Liberation Monument]]

Renamed Changchun by the [[Government of China|People's Republic of China government]], it became the capital of [[Jilin]] in 1954. The [[Changchun Film Group Corporation|Changchun Film Studio]] is also one of the remaining film studios of the era. Changchun Film Festival has become a unique gala for film industries since 1992.<ref name="Society "/>

From the 1950s, Changchun was designated to become a center for China's [[automotive industry]]. Construction of the [[China FAW Group Corporation|First Automobile Works]] (FAW) began in 1953<ref name="FAW News Globe">[http://www.faw.com/news/dzjy_jybj/jyzb/20070327133200039.htm FAW Group Steps up Global Expansion] FAW Official Site, 27 March 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719104030/http://www.faw.com/news/dzjy_jybj/jyzb/20070327133200039.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> and production of the Jiefang CA-10 truck, based on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[ZIS-150]] started in 1956.<ref name="FAW Timeline">[http://www.faw.com/webcontent/aboutfaw.jsp?pros=history_KeyEvent2_6.jsp&phight=2050&about=Key%20Events About FAW > Key Events] FAW Official Site {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304060115/http://www.faw.com/webcontent/aboutfaw.jsp?pros=history_KeyEvent2_6.jsp&phight=2050&about=Key%20Events |date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] lent assistance during these early years, providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery.<ref name="FAW News Globe"/> In 1958, FAW introduced the famous [[FAW Hongqi|Hongqi (Red Flag) limousines]]<ref name="FAW Timeline"/> This series of cars are billed as "the official car for minister-level officials".<ref name=bloom>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-26/mao-s-red-flag-limo-returns-for-chinese-officials-in-threat-to-audi-cars.html | title=Mao's Red Flag Returning To Drive China Leaders From Audi: Cars | work=bloomberg.com | date=27 February 2012 | agency=Bloomberg LP | access-date=22 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003600/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-26/mao-s-red-flag-limo-returns-for-chinese-officials-in-threat-to-audi-cars.html | archive-date=2 May 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, the local television broadcast was hijacked by a small group of [[Falun Gong]] practitioners. These events were depicted in the documentary [[Eternal Spring (film)|Eternal Spring]].

Changchun hosted the [[2007 Winter Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Winter Games open in northeastern city Changchun |url=http://www.cctv.com/english/20070129/101952.shtml |access-date=17 October 2014 |website=CCTV.com |date=29 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201718/http://www.cctv.com/english/20070129/101952.shtml |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Changchun 125.32286E 43.87998N.jpg|thumb|Changchun and vicinities, NASA World Wind screenshot, 2005-05-18]]

Changchun lies in the middle portion of the [[Northeast China Plain]]. Its municipality area is located at latitude 43° 05′−45° 15′ N and longitude 124° 18′−127° 02' E. The total area of Changchun municipality is {{convert|20571|km2|abbr=on}}, including metro areas of {{convert|2583|km2}}, and a city proper area of {{convert|159|km2|abbr=on}}. The city is situated at a moderate elevation, ranging from {{convert|250|to|350|m|ft}} within its administrative region.<ref name="Geographic Location ">{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/dl/ |title=Geographic Location |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=4 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902181753/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/dl/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref> In the eastern portion of the city, there lies a small area of low mountains, with the Laodaodong Mountain, which has an altitude of 711 meters, being the highest. The city is also situated at the crisscross point of the third east–westward "Europe-Asia Continental Bridge".{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Changchun prefecture is dotted with 222 rivers and lakes. The Yitong River, a small tributary of the Songhua River, runs through the city proper.

===Climate===
Changchun has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwa'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] ''Dcac''). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of the [[Siberian anticyclone]], with a January mean temperature of {{convert|-14.3|°C|1}}. Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages {{convert|23.7|°C|1}}.<ref name="cma new">{{cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title=zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]]
|lang=zh |access-date=2023-04-11
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref> Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall is heavily concentrated from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in July to 69 percent in February, a typical year will see around 2,597 hours of sunshine,<ref name="cma new"/> and a frost-free period of 140 to 150 days. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|-36.5|°C|0}} on January 4, 1970 to {{convert|38.0|°C|0}} on July 9, 1951.<ref name="Weather China">{{cite web|script-title=zh:长春城市介绍|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060101.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=17 October 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017083121/http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060101.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Changchun, elevation {{convert|237|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = 
| Jan high C = −9.3
| Feb high C = −3.9
| Mar high C = 4.5
| Apr high C = 14.8
| May high C = 22.0
| Jun high C = 26.5
| Jul high C = 28.1
| Aug high C = 26.9
| Sep high C = 22.3
| Oct high C = 13.7
| Nov high C = 2.0
| Dec high C = −7.1
| Jan mean C = −14.3
| Feb mean C = −9.3
| Mar mean C = −1.0
| Apr mean C = 8.8
| May mean C = 16.2
| Jun mean C = 21.3
| Jul mean C = 23.7
| Aug mean C = 22.3
| Sep mean C = 16.5
| Oct mean C = 7.9
| Nov mean C = −2.8
| Dec mean C = −11.8
| Jan low C = -18.6
| Feb low C = −14.3
| Mar low C = −6.1
| Apr low C = 3.0
| May low C = 10.5
| Jun low C = 16.3
| Jul low C = 19.7
| Aug low C = 18.2
| Sep low C = 11.2
| Oct low C = 2.8
| Nov low C = −7.1
| Dec low C = −15.9
| Jan record high C = 5.6
| Feb record high C = 14.5
| Mar record high C = 23.4
| Apr record high C = 31.9
| May record high C = 35.7
| Jun record high C = 36.7
| Jul record high C = 38.0
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 30.6
| Oct record high C = 28.2
| Nov record high C = 20.7
| Dec record high C = 11.7
| Jan record low C = −36.5
| Feb record low C = −31.9
| Mar record low C = -28.0
| Apr record low C = −15.9
| May record low C = −3.4
| Jun record low C = 4.5
| Jul record low C = 10.6
| Aug record low C = 3.9
| Sep record low C = −3.7
| Oct record low C = −13.4
| Nov record low C = −24.8
| Dec record low C = −33.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 4.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 6.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 13.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 22.0
| May precipitation mm = 62.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 122.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 167.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 131.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 54.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 24.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 16.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 8.2
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 57
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 44
| May humidity = 50
| Jun humidity = 63
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 59
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 67
| unit precipitation days = 0.1&nbsp;mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.1
| Feb precipitation days = 4.4
| Mar precipitation days = 5.6
| Apr precipitation days = 6.5
| May precipitation days = 11.0
| Jun precipitation days = 13.5
| Jul precipitation days = 13.4
| Aug precipitation days = 12.3
| Sep precipitation days = 8.1
| Oct precipitation days = 6.8
| Nov precipitation days = 6.1
| Dec precipitation days = 6.5
| Jan sun = 180.9
| Jan percentsun = 62
| Feb sun = 203.7
| Feb percentsun = 69
| Mar sun = 236.9
| Mar percentsun = 64
| Apr sun = 238.1
| Apr percentsun = 59
| May sun = 253.5
| May percentsun = 55
| Jun sun = 245.4
| Jun percentsun = 53
| Jul sun = 229.0
| Jul percentsun = 49
| Aug sun = 235.3
| Aug percentsun = 55
| Sep sun = 236.8
| Sep percentsun = 64
| Oct sun = 210.4
| Oct percentsun = 62
| Nov sun = 167.7
| Nov percentsun = 59
| Dec sun = 159.1
| Dec percentsun = 58
| year percentsun = 59
| Jan snow days = 7.5
| Feb snow days = 5.9
| Mar snow days = 6.4
| Apr snow days = 2.4
| May snow days = 0.1
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 1.9
| Nov snow days = 6.1
| Dec snow days = 8.2
| year snow days = 
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 2
| Mar uv = 3
| Apr uv = 5
| May uv = 6
| Jun uv = 7
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 5
| Oct uv = 3
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma new"/><ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |lang=zh-cn |access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 
}}</ref> Weather China<ref name="Weather China"/>[[NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGCHUN_54161.csv
|title=Changchun Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher=[[NOAA]]
|lang=en-us}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roostweather.com/worldclimate/graphs.php?code=CHM00054161
|title=Changchun Climate: 1991–2020
|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather
|access-date=8 July 2025
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/changchun-climate|title=Changchun, China – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185900/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/changchun-climate|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:长春市人民政府大楼2017.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Changchun City People's Government]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-3.jpg|thumb|Map including Changchun (labeled as {{lang|zh-hant|長春}} CH'ANG-CH'UN (HSINKING)) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1956)]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-3a.jpg|thumb|Map of Changchun (CH'ANG-CHUN (HSINKING))]]
The sub-provincial city of Changchun has direct jurisdiction over 7 [[District of China|districts]], 3 [[county-level city|county-level cities]] and 1 [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align=center
! colspan="5" | Map
|-
| colspan="5" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Changchun.png|width=564|link=}}
{{Image label|x=775|y=1250|scale=564/1860|text=[[Nanguan District|'''Nanguan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=660|y=1000|scale=564/1860|text=[[Kuancheng District|'''Kuancheng''']]}}
{{Image label|x=650|y=1280|scale=564/1860|text=[[Chaoyang District, Changchun|{{small|'''Chaoyang'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=900|y=1170|scale=564/1860|text=[[Erdao District|'''Erdao''']]}}
{{Image label|x=660|y=1140|scale=564/1860|text=[[Luyuan District|{{small|'''Luyuan'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=880|y=1450|scale=564/1860|text=[[Shuangyang District|'''Shuangyang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1150|y=880|scale=564/1860|text=[[Jiutai District|'''Jiutai''']]}}
{{Image label|x=560|y=670|scale=564/1860|text=[[Nong'an County|'''Nong'an<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1500|y=320|scale=564/1860|text=[[Yushu, Jilin|'''Yushu<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1050|y=590|scale=564/1860|text=[[Dehui|'''Dehui<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=350|y=1230|scale=564/1860|text=[[Gongzhuling|'''Gongzhuling<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! Population (2020 census)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#d3d3d3" colspan="10" |'''City proper'''
|-
|[[Nanguan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|南关区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Nánguān Qū}}
|1,066,422
|529.7
|-
|[[Chaoyang District, Changchun|Chaoyang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|朝阳区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Cháoyáng Qū}}
|1,074,628
|286.7
|-
|[[Kuancheng District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|宽城区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Kuānchéng Qū}}
|856,177
|941.5
|-
|[[Erdao District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|二道区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Èrdào Qū}}
|559,966
|452
|-
|[[Luyuan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|绿园区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Lùyuán Qū}}
|1.002,672
|492.6
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#d3d3d3" colspan="7" |'''Suburb'''
|-
|[[Shuangyang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|双阳区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Shuāngyáng Qū}}
|335,723
|1,677
|-
|[[Jiutai District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|九台区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Jiǔtái Qū}}
|613,836
|3368
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#d3d3d3" colspan="7" |'''Satellite cities'''
|-
|[[Dehui]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|德惠市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Déhuì Shì}}
|635,476
|2,984
|-
|[[Yushu, Jilin|Yushu]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|榆树市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Yúshù Shì}}
|836,098
|4,749
|-
|[[Gongzhuling]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|公主岭市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Gōngzhǔlǐng Shì}}
|862,313
|4,145
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#d3d3d3" colspan="7" |'''Rural'''
|-
|[[Nong'an County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|农安县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Nóng'ān Xiàn}}
|763,983
|5,239
|}

==Demographics==

{{Historical populations

|type=China

|1932|104305

|1934|160381

|1939|415473

|1944|863607

|1953|855197

|1964|4221445

|1982|5744769

|1990|6421956

|2000|7135439

|2010|7677089

|footnote = Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. In 1958, 5 counties were put under Changchun's jurisdiction, increasing the total population to over 4 million.
}}

According to the ''[[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|Sixth China Census]]'', the total population of the City of Changchun reached 7.677&nbsp;million in 2010.<ref name="Census2010">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.cc.jl.gov.cn/wcss/cczf/info/2011-08-16/1408/149776.html
|title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census
|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]
|date=20 July 2011
|access-date=28 May 2014
|language=zh
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309025234/http://www.cc.jl.gov.cn/wcss/cczf/info/2011-08-16/1408/149776.html
|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 7.59 million. The [[birth rate]] was 6.08 per thousand and the [[death rate]] was 5.51 per thousand. The urban area had a population of 3.53 million people. In 2010 the [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of the city population was 102.10 males to 100 females.<ref name="Census2010"/>

===Ethnic groups===
As in most of Northeastern China the ethnic makeup of Changchun is predominantly [[Han nationality]] (96.57 percent), with several other [[nationalities of China|minority nationalities]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring the Ethnic Groups of China {{!}} Cusef Blog |url=https://www.cusef.org.hk/en/cusef-blog/exploring-the-ethnic-groups-of-china |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=China-United States Exchange Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! [[Nationalities of China|Ethnicity]]
! Population{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
! Percentage{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
|-
| [[Han-Chinese|Han]]
| 6,883,310
| 96.47%
|-
| [[Manchu people|Manchu]]
| 142,998
| 2.0%
|-
| [[Koreans in China|Korean]]
| 49,588
| 0.69%
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]]
| 43,692
| 0.61%
|-
| [[Mongols in China|Mongol]]
| 11,106
| 0.16%
|-
| [[Xibe people|Xibe]]
| 685
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]]
| 533
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Miao people|Miao]]
| 522
| 0.01%
|-
| Other
| 3,005
| 0.04%
|}

==Culture==
===Dialect===
The most commonly spoken dialect in Changchun is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is originated from the mix of several languages spoken by immigrants from [[Hebei]] and [[Shandong]]. Then, after the [[PRC]] was established, the rapid economic growth in Changchun attracted a huge number of immigrants from various places, so the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas of Changchun is closer to the Mandarin Chinese than in rural areas because the immigrants had a great impact on the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas.<ref name="走进长春 长春特色">{{cite web |script-title=zh:走进长春 长春特色 |url=http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/ccts/ |publisher=Changchun People's Government |language=zh-cn |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112200806/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/ccts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Religion===
Changchun has four major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam. There are 396 government-approved places for religious activities and worship services.<ref name="走进长春 长春特色"/>

The temples in Changchun include Changchun Wanshou Temple, Baoguo Prajna Temple, Baiguo Xinglong Temple, Pumen Temple, Big Buddha Temple, Changchun Temple, [[St. Theresa's Cathedral, Changchun|Changchun Catholic Church]], [[Changchun Christian Church|Changchun West Wuma Road Christian Church]], and Changchun City Mosque.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:长春原来有这么多的寺庙楼堂 值得收藏拜访 |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/28985969_233764 |work=[[Sohu]] News |language=zh-cn |access-date=21 November 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Shamanism had been circulated in Northeast China during ancient times and was believed by many Manchus. Now the shamanism and the study of it have become an important cultural heritage of the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Fusheng |title=Culture blossoms in Jilin |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2012-08/27/content_15720308.htm |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=China Daily|date=27 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004105325/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2012-08/27/content_15720308.htm |archive-date=4 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Places of interest===
[[Jilin Provincial Museum]], a [[National first-grade museums of China|national first-grade museum]], is located in Changchun. The museum was moved to Changchun from [[Jilin City]] after the transfer of the provincial government seat.<ref name=jpd>{{cite web|script-title=zh:吉林省博物院|language=zh-cn|date=16 November 2005|publisher=Jilin Province Department of Culture and Tourism|url=http://whhlyt.jl.gov.cn/stgk/zsdw/201405/t20140526_2595205.html|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> It was originally located in the centre of the old town, but, after nine years of construction, a new building for the museum's collections was completed in 2016 on the city's outskirts in [[Nanguan District]] near Jingyuetan Park.<ref name=ChinaDaily>{{cite news|last=Wang|first=Zhen|title=Seven highlights from the new Jilin provincial museum|work=[[China Daily]]|date=29 September 2016|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/2016jilin/2016-09/29/content_26937852.htm|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> [[Badabu]] is a group of buildings of the former eight [[Manchukuo]] ministries which are Ministry of Public Safety, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Education, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Civil Affairs <ref>Tucker, D. (1999). Building "Our manchukuo" : Japanese city planning, architecture, and nation-building in occupied Northeast China, 1931-1945.</ref> that has recently become a sightseeing highlight because of their unique combined Chinese, Japanese and Manchurian architecture.

[[Jingyuetan National Forest Park]] is located to the southeast of the city, and is one of the [[AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jingyuetan National Forest Park, Changchun |url=https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/201812/17/WS5c1710e7498ee2f0291e3e6e/jingyuetan-national-forest-park-changchun.html |website=govt.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> The park hosts [[Vasaloppet China]] annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vasaloppet China Changchun Jingyuetan International Ski Festival 2023 Kicks Off Grandly |url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/wthd/202301/t20230117_3105346.html |website=en.changchun.gov.cn |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vasaloppet ski festival plays it cool to attract crowds |url=https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202201/06/WS61d6475b498e6a12c121c799/vasaloppet-ski-festival-plays-it-cool-to-attract-crowds.html |website=govt.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

==Economy==
Changchun achieved a [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of RMB332.9 billion in 2010, representing a rise of 15.3 percent year on year. Primary industry output increased by 3.3 percent to RMB25.27 billion. Secondary industry output experienced an increase of 19.0 percent, reaching RMB171.99 billion, while the tertiary industry output increased 12.6 percent to RMB135.64 billion. The [[GDP per capita]] of Changchun was [[Renminbi|¥]]58,691 in 2012, which equates to $9338. The GDP of Changchun in 2012 was RMB445.66 billion and increased 12.0 percent compared with 2011. The primary industry grew 4.3 percent to RMB31.71 billion. Secondary industry increased by RMB229.19 billion, which is a rise of 13.1 percent year on year. Tertiary industry of Changchun in 2012 grew 11.8 percent and increased by RMB184.76 billion.<ref name="GDP">
{{cite news
  |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20110608/n309557534.shtml
  |script-title=zh:2010年长春市国民经济和社会发展统计公报
  |trans-title=Statistics Communique on National Economy and Social Development of Changchun, 2010
  |language=zh
  |date=5 June 2011
  |access-date=17 February 2012
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002728/http://roll.sohu.com/20110608/n309557534.shtml
  |archive-date=28 July 2011
  |url-status=live  }}
</ref>

[[File:FAW Hongqi Audi 100.jpg|thumb|A FAW-built [[Audi 100]]]]
The city's leading industries are production of automobiles, agricultural product processing, biopharmaceuticals, photo electronics, construction materials, and the energy industry.<ref name="Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks"/> Changchun is the largest automobile manufacturing, [[research and development]] centre in China, producing 9 percent of the country's automobiles in 2009. Changchun is home to China's biggest vehicle producer FAW ([[First Automotive Works]]) Group, which manufactured the first Chinese truck in 1956 and car in 1958. The automaker's factories and associated housing and services occupy a substantial portion of the city's southwest end. Specific brands produced in Changchun include the [[Red Flag (automobile)|Red Flag]] luxury brand, as well as joint ventures with [[Audi]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Toyota]]. In 2012, FAW sold 2.65 million units of auto. The sales revenue of FAW amounted to RMB 408.46 billion, representing a rise of 10.8% on year.<ref name="Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks"/> As cradle of the auto industry, one of Changchun's better known nicknames is "China's Detroit".<ref name="Changchun: China's Detroit">{{cite web |title=Spacing: Understanding the Urban Landscape |url=http://spacingtoronto.ca/2008/09/30/changchun-chinas-detroit/ |publisher=SpacingToronto |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041045/http://spacingtoronto.ca/2008/09/30/changchun-chinas-detroit/ |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Manufacturing of transportation facilities and machinery is also among Changchun's main industries. 50 percent of China's [[passenger train]]s, and 10 percent of [[tractor]]s are produced in Changchun. [[Changchun Railway Vehicles]], one of the main divisions of [[CRRC]], has a joint venture established with [[Bombardier Transportation]] to build [[Bombardier Movia|Movia]] metro cars for the [[Guangzhou Metro]] and [[Shanghai Metro]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//bombardier-to-supply-246-movia-cars-for-shanghai-line-12.html|title=Bombardier to supply 246 Movia cars for Shanghai Line 12|date=2009-12-18|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616034610/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//bombardier-to-supply-246-movia-cars-for-shanghai-line-12.html|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref> and the [[Tianjin Metro]].

[[Foreign direct investment]] in the city was US$3.68 billion in 2012, up 19.6% year on year.<ref name="Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks"/> In 2004 Coca-Cola set up a bottling plant in the city's ETDZ with an investment of US$20 million.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China">{{cite web|title=China Briefing Business Reports |url=http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200803_EN.pdf |publisher=Asia Briefing |year=2008 |access-date=8 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122044144/http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200803_EN.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref>

Changchun hosts the yearly Changchun International Automobile Fair, [[Changchun Film Festival]], Changchun Agricultural Fair, Education Exhibition and the Sculpture Exhibition.

[[China Railway Construction Corporation Limited|CRRC]] manufactures most of its bullet train carriages at its factory in Changchun. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world with sleeper berths, thus extending their use for overnight passages across China. They would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed ''Panda'', the new bullet trains are capable of running at 250&nbsp;km/h, operate at −40 degrees [[Celsius]], have [[Wi-Fi]] hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.<ref name="cndaily">{{cite news|title=China develops bullet train with fold-up beds|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_27370974.htm|access-date=15 November 2016|agency=Xinhua|work=China Daily|date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133735/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_27370974.htm|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other large companies in Changchun include:
*[[Yatai Group]], established in 1993 and listed on the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] in 1995. It has developed into a major conglomerate involved in a wide range of industries including [[property development]], [[cement]] manufacturing, [[securities]], [[coal mining]], [[pharmaceuticals]] and [[Trade|trading]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yatai.com/english/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004043146/http://www.yatai.com/english/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Jilin Yatai Group Company Limited|archivedate=4 October 2011}}</ref>
*Jilin Grain Group, a major processor of grains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com|title=Changchun|year=2014|publisher=China Economy @ China Perspective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029054105/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/city/changchun/|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2018}}

===Development zones===

====Changchun Automotive Economic Trade and Development Zone====
[[File:Hannover-Messe 2012 by-RaBoe 032.jpg|thumb|A Hongqi H7 manufactured in Changchun's FAW Company on display at the 2012 Hannover-Messe]]
Founded in 1993, the Changchun Automotive Trade Center was re-established as the Changchun Automotive Economic Trade and Development Zone in 1996. The development zone is situated in the southwest of the city and is adjacent to the China First Automobile Works Group Corporation and the Changchun Film ThemeCity. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|300000|m2|0|abbr=off}}. Within the development zone lies an exhibition center and five specially demarcated industrial centers. The [http://www.cinaautoparts.com Changchun Automobile Wholesale Center] began operations in 1994 and is the largest auto-vehicle and spare parts wholesale center in China. The other centers include a resale center for used auto-vehicles, a specialized center for industrial/commercial vehicles, and a tire wholesale center.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

====Changchun High Technology Development Zone====
The zone is one of the first 27 state-level advanced technology development zones and is situated in the southern part of the city, covering a total area of {{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}. There are 18 full-time universities and colleges, 39 state and provincial-level scientific research institutions, and 11 key national laboratories. The zone is mainly focusing on developing five main industries, namely bio-engineering, automobile engineering, new material fabrication, photo-electricity, and information technology.

====Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone====
Established in April 1993, the zone enjoys all the preferential policies stipulated for economic and technological development zones of coastal open cities.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/> The total area of CETDZ is {{convert|112.72|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}, of which {{convert|30|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} has been set aside for development and utilization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changchun-economic-technology-development-zone|title=Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone {{!}} China Industrial Space|website=Rightsite.asia|publisher=RightSite Website Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025221756/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changchun-economic-technology-development-zone|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
It is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=off}} from downtown Changchun, {{convert|2|km|1|abbr=on}} from the freight railway station and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from the Changchun international airport. The zone is devoted to developing five leading industries: namely automotive parts and components, photoelectric information, bio-pharmaceutical, fine processing of foods, and new building materials. In particular, high-tech and high value added projects account for over 80 percent of total output. In 2006 the zone's total fixed assets investment rose to RMB38.4 billion. Among the total of 1656 enterprises registered, 179 are foreign-funded. The zone also witnessed a total industrial output of RMB 277 billion in 2007.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

Capitalizing on its status as a major grain production base and a regional air-rail hub, Changchun has developed a specialized Aviation Food Industrialization Base. The base supplies prepared meals to multiple airlines and researches food science for long-haul flights, representing a niche manufacturing sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=长春市工信局关于航空食品产业化基地的报道 |url=http://gxj.changchun.gov.cn/ |website=长春市工业和信息化局 |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
Changchun is a very compact city, planned by the Japanese with a layout of open avenues and public squares. The city is developing its layout in a long-term bid to alleviate pressure on limited land, aid economic development, and absorb a rising population. According to a draft plan up until 2020, the downtown area will expand southwards to form a new city center around Changchun World Sculpture Park, Weixing Square and their outskirts, and the new development zone. For the north of the city, there is a new development zone called "Changchun New Area", locate near the North Lake Park.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

==Transport==
===Railways===
[[File:South facade of Changchun Railway Station (20230726143219).jpg|thumb|right|[[Changchun railway station]]]]
[[File:长春西站（2024年6月）.jpg|thumb|[[Changchun West railway station]]]]
Changchun has two major passenger rail stations. All conventional trains and some high-speed trains stop at the central [[Changchun railway station]] ({{lang-zh|s=[[:zh:长春站|长春站]]|t=[[:zh:長春站|長春站]]|links=no}}), which is connected by [[Beijing-Harbin Railway]], Changchun-Hunchun intercity railway and several railway lines. The station has multiple daily departures to other cities in the province and northeast area, such as [[Jilin City]], [[Yanji]], [[Harbin]], [[Shenyang]], and [[Dalian]], as well as other major cities throughout the country such as [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Guangzhou]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2018|reason=Statement was modified from 4 to 3. Need a citation with information about the current system.}} The new [[Changchun West railway station]], situated in the western end of urbanized area, is the station mainly for the high-speed trains of the [[Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway]].<ref>{{Cite news | title=World's fastest railway in frigid regions starts operation | newspaper=English.news.cn | date=2012-12-01 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2012-12/01/c_132011647.htm | access-date=1 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204035906/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2012-12/01/c_132011647.htm | archive-date=4 December 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html | work=Website of Jilin Province Government | title=Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail went into operation on December 1 | date=2012-11-27 | access-date=26 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515180906/http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html | archive-date=15 May 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Changchun East railway station]], a small station in the district of [[Erdao, Changchun|Erdao]], is on the Changchun-Tumen line.

===Bus and Tram===
[[File:A07477D at People's Square (20220824180119).jpg|thumb|Changchun Bus]]
[[File:952 and 909 near Changjiulu (20230722102402).jpg|thumb|Changchun trams of two different models]]
Changchun is served by a comprehensive bus system, which having more than 250 bus route, most buses charge 1-2 ''[[renminbi|yuan]]'' per ride.

Changchun is one of the few cities preserving the [[Trams in Changchun|historic tram system]] in China. The tram system first opened in 1941, having 6 lines covering almost 53&nbsp;km at its peak. But after several route adjustments, there is only one line left since the 2000s. A new branch line is opened in 2014, which links the new [[Changchun West Railway Station]]. The whole system is now operated under the bus system of Changchun.

===Rapid Transit===
{{main|Changchun Rail Transit}}
[[File:0332 entering Kuanping Bridge (20230722103904).jpg|thumb|Changchun Rail Transit Line 3 train]]
Changchun Rail Transit is a rapid transit system of Changchun, combining [[light rail]] lines and [[Rapid transit|metro]] lines. Its first line was opened on 30 October 2002, making Changchun the fifth metropolitan city in China to open rail transit.

Till November 2018, there are 5 lines in Changchun, including Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, and Line 8. Changchun railway covers about 100.17 kilometers.

Till September 2019, there are 4 lines of Changchun Rail Transit under construction, including Line 6 and Line 9, as well as Line 2 West Extension and Line 3 East Extension. By 2025, the Changchun rail transit line network will consist of 10 lines with a total length of 341.62 kilometers.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In September 2019, the average daily passenger volume of Changchun Rail Transit reached 680,400 person, and the maximum daily passenger volume of its line network was 830,500 person on 13 November 2019. The total estimated passenger volume in 2019 is about 168 million person.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Road network===
Changchun is linked to the national highway network through the Beijing – Harbin Expressway (G1), the Ulanhot – Changchun – Jilin – Hunchun Expressway (G12), the Changchun – [[Shenzhen]] Expressway (G25), the Changchun – Changbaishan Expressway (S1) and the busiest section in the province, the Changchun–Jilin North Highway. This section connects the two biggest cities in Jilin and is the trunk line for the social and economic communication of the two cities.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

Private automobiles are becoming very common on the city's congested streets. Bicycles are relatively rare compared to other northeastern Chinese cities, but mopeds, as well as pedal are relatively common.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Air===
{{Main|Changchun Longjia International Airport}}
[[File:Changchun Longjia International Airport T2 20220815.jpg|thumb|right|[[Changchun Longjia International Airport]] Terminal 2]]
Changchun Longjia International Airport is located {{convert|31.2|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} north-east of Changchun urban area. The airport's construction began in 1998, and was intended to replace the older [[Changchun Dafangshen Airport]], which was a joint-use airport built in 1941. The airport opened for passenger service on 27 August 2005.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:长春龙嘉国际机场本月27日零时将正式启用|url=http://www.seabay.cn/news/20050825/8192984.shtml|access-date=17 October 2014|date=25 August 2005|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080218/http://www.seabay.cn/news/20050825/8192984.shtml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The operation of the airport is shared by both Changchun and nearby Jilin City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.changchun.gov.cn/yingwenban/ctjr_detail.jsp?ID=120709000000000000,1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050102/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/yingwenban/ctjr_detail.jsp?ID=120709000000000000%2C1|url-status=dead|title=Information about Changchun Airports|archivedate=28 September 2007}}</ref>

==Education==

===Universities and colleges===
[[File:Jilinuniversity laboratory.jpg|thumb|400px|PRC State key laboratory in Jilin University]]
Changchun is ranked one of the top [[List of cities by scientific output|30 cities]] in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2024 Science Cities.<ref name=":0" /> The city has 27 regular institutions of full-time tertiary education with a total enrollment of approximate 160,000 students. Jilin University and Northeast Normal University are two key universities in China.<ref name="Society ">{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/sh/ |title=Society |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820224052/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/sh/ |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> Jilin University is also one of the largest universities in China, with more than 60,000 students.
* [[Changchun Normal University]]
* [[Changchun University]]
* [[Changchun University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Changchun University of Chinese Medicine]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccucm.edu.cn/ |title=Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Homepage |access-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604155006/http://www.ccucm.edu.cn/ |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jilin College of the Arts]]
* [[Jilin Huaqiao Foreign Languages Institute]], a private college offering bachelor study programs in foreign languages, international trade management and didactics<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214338/http://www.huabridge.com/ Jilin Huaqiao Foreign Languages Institute]}}</ref>
* [[Jilin University]]
* [[Jilin University of Finance and Economics]]
*[[Jilin Agricultural University]]
* [[Northeast Normal University]]
* [[Jilin Engineering Normal University]]
* [[Changchun Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccit.edu.cn/index.htm/ |title=Changchun Institute of Technology Homepage |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414151317/http://www.ccit.edu.cn/index.htm |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middle schools===
*[[High School Attached to Northeast Normal University]]
*[[Affiliated Middle School to Jilin University]]
*[[No.72 Middle School of Changchun]]
*[[Second experimental school of Jilin Province]]
*[[No.11 High School of Changchun]]
*[[Changchun No.6 middle school]]
*[[Changchun Foreign Languages School]]

===Primary and secondary schools===
International schools include:
*[[Changchun American International School]]
*[[Deutsche Internationale Schule Changchun]]
*[[St John's College Changchun]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stjohnschangchun.com/|title=长春圣约翰公学|website=www.stjohnschangchun.com|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527011449/http://www.stjohnschangchun.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Changchun Experimental High School International Department<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://star-edu.info/ENWeb/hz.aspx?id=18|title=Changchun Experimental High School - Star International Education |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

==Sports and stadiums==
[[File:长春体育中心2017-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Changchun Sports Centre]]
As a major Chinese city, Changchun is home to many professional sports teams:
* [[Jilin Northeast Tigers]] (Basketball), is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting in China top-level league, [[Chinese Basketball Association|CBA]].
* [[Changchun Yatai F.C.|Changchun Yatai]], who have played home soccer matches at the [[Development Area Stadium]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinajilin.com.cn/content/2009-03/30/content_1539893.htm |script-title=zh:亚泰主场迁至经开体育场 |website=chinajilin.com.cn |language=zh-cn |date=2009-03-30 |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024033431/http://www.chinajilin.com.cn/content/2009-03/30/content_1539893.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007 they won the [[Chinese Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/china07.html |title=China League Tables 2007 |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=18 April 2008 |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017135851/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/china07.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two major multi-purpose stadiums in Changchun, including [[Changchun City Stadium]] and [[Development Area Stadium]].
* [[Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium]], the main venue of the [[2007 Asian Winter Games]].
* It has an [[List of indoor speed skating rinks|indoor speed skating arena]], Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHCH/ |title=Rink card of: Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink Changchun |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321160242/http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHCH/ |archive-date=21 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> as one of five in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-01/10/xinsrc_540104100909786114363.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163152/http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-01/10/xinsrc_540104100909786114363.jpg|url-status=dead|title=image|archivedate=17 October 2015}}</ref>

Jinlin Tseng Tou are a professional ice hockey team based in the city, and compete in the Russian-based [[Supreme Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/ |title=Высшая хоккейная лига - Команды |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920033810/http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/ |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> They are one of two Chinese-based teams to enter the league during the 2017–18 season, the other being based in Harbin.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Film==
* [[Changchun Film Group Corporation]]
* [[Changchun Film Festival]]
* [[The Farewell (2019 film)|The Farewell]] was filmed in the city.

==Notable people==
* {{Nihongo|[[Ei-ichi Negishi]]|根岸 英一}}, 2010 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, was born in Changchun
* [[Liu Xiaobo]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=刘晓波}}), 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner, was born in Changchun
* [[Cheng Yonghua]] (born 1954), diplomat who served as Ambassador to Japan from 2010 to 2019.

==Twin towns and sister cities==
* {{flagicon|GRL}} '''[[Nuuk]]''', Sermersooq, Greenland
* {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Sendai]]''', Miyagi, Japan
* {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[Ulsan]]''', Yeongnam, South Korea
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Flint, Michigan|Flint]]''', Michigan, United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]]''', Arkansas, United States
* {{flagicon|CAN}} '''[[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]''', Ontario, Canada
* {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Ulan-Ude]]''', Buryatia, Russia
* {{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Minsk]]''', Belarus
* {{flagicon|PRK}} '''[[Chongjin]]''', North Hamgyong, North Korea
* {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Birmingham]]''', West Midlands, United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Wolfsburg]]''', Lower Saxony, Germany
* {{flagicon|SVK}} '''[[Žilina]]''', Slovakia
* {{flagicon|SER}} '''[[Novi Sad]]''', Vojvodina, Serbia
* {{flagicon|NZL}} '''[[Masterton]]''', Wellington Region, New Zealand

==See also==
{{Portal|China}}
<!--{{div col|colwidth=30em}} -->
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[Changchun smog]]
* [[Changchun Confucius Temple]]
* [[:Category:People from Changchun]]
* [[Chinese ship Changchun]]

<!-- {{div col end}}-->

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105545/Changchun Changchun (China)—Britannica Online Encyclopedia]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Changchun}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Changchun}}
* [http://en.changchun.gov.cn/ Changchun Government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080629143945/http://www.ccfao.com.cn/ Changchun Foreign Affairs Information Portal]

{{Clear}}
{{Changchun}}
{{Jilin topics}}
{{Jilin}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Asian Games Host Cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Changchun| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Jilin]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Planned communities in China]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]