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{{short description|American astronaut and lunar explorer (born 1935)}}
{{For|other people named Charles Duke|Charles Dukes, 1st Baron Dukeston|Charles Sumner Duke}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox astronaut
| name = Charles Duke
| image = Official NASA portrait Charles Moss Duke Jr.jpg
| caption = Duke in September 1971
| alt = Duke posing in spacesuit with a Moon globe
| birth_name = Charles Moss Duke Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| spouse = Dorothy Meade Claiborne
| children = 2
| education = {{ubl|[[United States Naval Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)|[[Legion of Merit]]|[[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]}}
| type = [[NASA astronaut]]
| rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]], [[United States Air Force|USAF]]
| time = 11d 1h 51m
| selection = [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|NASA Group 5 (1966)]]
| eva1 = 3
| eva2 = 21h 38m
| mission = [[Apollo 16]]
| insignia = [[File:Apollo-16-LOGO.png|50px|alt=Apollo 16 logo]]
| retirement = January 1, 1976
| module = {{Listen voice
|filename = Charles Duke Intro.ogg
|recorded = September 2013
}}
| website = {{url|charlieduke.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Charles Moss Duke Jr.''' (born October 3, 1935) is an American former [[astronaut]], [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) officer and [[test pilot]] who, as [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] pilot of [[Apollo 16]] in 1972, became the [[List of Apollo astronauts#Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon|10th and youngest person to walk on the Moon]], at age 36 years and 201 days.<ref group="note">{{asof|2025|post=,}} Duke remains the youngest person to walk on the Moon.</ref> Duke is one of four surviving Moon walkers, along with [[David Scott]], [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]].

A 1957 graduate of the [[United States Naval Academy]], Duke joined the USAF and completed advanced flight training on the [[F-86 Sabre]] at [[Moody Air Force Base]] in Georgia, where he was a distinguished graduate. After completion of this training, Duke served three years as a fighter pilot with the [[526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]] at [[Ramstein Air Base]] in [[West Germany]]. After graduating from the [[Aerospace Research Pilot School]] in September 1965, he stayed on as an instructor teaching control systems and flying in the [[F-101 Voodoo]], [[F-104 Starfighter]], and [[T-33 Shooting Star]].

In April 1966, Duke was one of nineteen men selected for [[NASA]]'s [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|fifth astronaut group.]] In 1969, he was a member of the astronaut support crew for [[Apollo 10]]. He served as [[Flight controller#CAPCOM|CAPCOM]] for [[Apollo 11]], the first crewed landing on the Moon. His distinctive [[Southern drawl]] became familiar to audiences around the world, as the voice of Mission Control concerned by the long landing that almost expended all of the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']] descent stage's propellant. Duke's first words to the Apollo 11 crew on the surface of the Moon were: "Roger, Twank...Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot!"

Duke was backup Lunar Module pilot on [[Apollo 13]]. Shortly before the mission, he caught [[rubella]] (German measles) from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As [[Ken Mattingly]] had no natural immunity to the disease, he was replaced as command module pilot by [[Jack Swigert]]. Mattingly was reassigned as command module pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. On this mission, Duke and [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] landed at the [[Descartes Highlands]], and conducted three [[extravehicular activities]] (EVAs). He served as backup Lunar Module pilot for [[Apollo 17]]. Duke retired from NASA on January 1, 1976.

Following his retirement from NASA, Duke entered the [[Air Force Reserve]] and served as a mobilization augmentee to the Commander, USAF Basic Military Training Center, and to the Commander, USAF Recruiting Service. He graduated from the [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces]] in 1978. He was promoted to [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in 1979, and retired in June 1986. He has logged 4,147 hours' flying time, of which 3,632 hours were in jet aircraft, and 265 hours were in space, including 21 hours and 38 minutes of EVA. Duke is a [[Born again|born-again Christian]] and [[young Earth creationist]].

==Early life and education==
Charles Moss Duke Jr. was born in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]],<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Charles Moss Duke Jr. |date=April 17, 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/17/archives/charles-moss-duke-jr.html |access-date=December 7, 2019 |page=24 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309010115/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/17/archives/charles-moss-duke-jr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> on October 3, 1935,{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=38}} the son of Charles Moss Duke, an insurance salesman, and his wife Willie Catherine {{nee}} Waters, who worked as a buyer for [[Best & Co.]]{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=22–23}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48898947/p-2y/|title=Obituaries: Willie Duke, Homemaker|date=April 17, 1995|newspaper=The Charlotte Observer|access-date=April 17, 2020|location=Charlotte, North Carolina|page=2Y|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|archive-date=March 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070723/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48898947/p-2y/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was followed six minutes later by his identical twin brother William Waters (Bill) Duke.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=22–23}} His mother traced her ancestry back to Colonel Philemon Waters, who fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=38}}

After the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into [[World War II]], his father volunteered to join the Navy, and was assigned to [[Naval Air Station North Island]] in [[California]]. The family moved to California to join him, but after a year he was shipped out to the South Pacific, and Willie took the boys to [[Johnston, South Carolina]], where her mother lived.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=22–23}} His father returned from the South Pacific in 1944, and was stationed at [[Naval Air Station Daytona Beach]], so the family moved there. In 1946, after the war ended, they settled in [[Lancaster, South Carolina]],{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=25}} where his father sold insurance, and his mother ran a dress shop.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Dys |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Lancaster's Future, Like Its Past, Is in the Stars |newspaper=Rock Hill Herald |location=Rock Hill, South Carolina |url=https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/article12239072.html |access-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-date=January 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127183237/https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/article12239072.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A sister, Elizabeth (Betsy), was born in 1949.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=26}}

[[File:Charles Duke USNA 1957.jpg|thumb|left|As a U.S. Naval Academy midshipman in 1957]]
As a boy, Duke and his brother Bill made model aircraft. A [[congenital heart defect]] caused Bill to drop out of strenuous sports, and eventually inspired him to pursue a career in medicine, but [[golf]] was a sport that they enjoyed together.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=24}} Duke was active in the [[Boy Scouts of America]] and earned its highest rank, [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] in 1946.{{sfn|Townley|2009|p=79}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf |title = Distinguished Eagle Scouts |publisher = Boy Scouts of America|access-date = November 4, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312002744/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf |archive-date = March 12, 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> He attended [[Lancaster High School (Lancaster, South Carolina)|Lancaster High School]]. Duke decided that he would like to pursue a military career. Since his father had served in the Navy, he wanted to go to the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]].{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=26–27}}

As a first step, Duke went to see his local [[congressman]], [[James P. Richards]], who lived in Lancaster. Richards said that he would be pleased to give Duke his nomination, as a local boy. Richards advised Duke that he would still need to pass the entrance examination, and recommended that he attend a military [[college-preparatory school|prep school]]. Duke and his parents accepted this advice, and chose the [[Admiral Farragut Academy]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], for his final two years of schooling. Duke sat the examination for Annapolis in the middle of his [[senior (education)|senior]] year, and soon after received a letter informing him that he had passed, and had been accepted into the class of 1957. The ''Lancaster News'' ran his picture on the front page along with the announcement of his acceptance. He graduated from Farragut as [[valedictorian]] and president of the senior class in 1953.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=26–27}}

Duke entered the Naval Academy in June 1953. He was no athlete, but played golf for the academy team. During a two-month summer cruise to Europe on the [[escort carrier]] {{USS|Siboney|CVE-112|6}}, he suffered from seasickness, and began questioning his decision to join the Navy. On the other hand, he greatly enjoyed a familiarization flight in an [[N3N]] seaplane, and began thinking of a career in aviation. The [[United States Air Force Academy]] had just been established and would not graduate its first class until 1959, so up to a quarter of the Annapolis class were permitted to volunteer for the [[United States Air Force]]. In fact, more than a quarter of the class of 1957 did so, and names were drawn from a hat. At his commissioning physical, Duke was shocked to find that he had a minor [[astigmatism]] in his right eye, which precluded him from becoming a [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]], but the Air Force said that it would still take him. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in naval sciences in June 1957, and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the Air Force.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=31–34}}

==Air Force==
In July 1957, Duke, along with the other graduates of Annapolis and [[West Point]] who had chosen the Air Force, reported to [[Maxwell Air Force Base]] in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], for two weeks' orientation. He was then sent to [[Spence Air Force Base]] in [[Moultrie, Georgia]], for primary flight training. The first three months involved classwork and training with the [[T-34 Mentor]], while the next three were with the [[T-28 Trojan]]; both were propeller-driven aircraft. For the next phase of his training, he went to [[Webb Air Force Base]] in [[Big Spring, Texas]], in March 1958 for training with the [[T-33 Shooting Star]], a jet aircraft. He graduated near the top of his class, and received his [[United States Aviator Badge|wings]] and a certificate identifying him as a distinguished graduate, which gave him a choice of assignments. He chose to become a fighter pilot. He completed six months' advanced training on the [[F-86 Sabre]] aircraft at [[Moody Air Force Base]] in [[Valdosta, Georgia]], where he was also a distinguished graduate.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=34–39}}

[[File:United States Air Force (USAF) Test Pilot School (TPS) Class 64C.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|ARPS Class 64-C. Duke is in the back row, third from the left.]]
Once again, Duke had his choice of assignments, and chose the [[526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]] at [[Ramstein Air Base]] in [[West Germany]]. This was at the height of the [[Cold War]], and tensions ran high, especially during the [[Berlin Crisis of 1961]]. Duke chose the assignment precisely because it was the front line. Four of the 526th's F-86 (and later [[F-102 Delta Dagger]]) [[fighter-interceptor]]s were always on alert, ready to scramble and intercept aircraft crossing [[Inner German border|the border]] from [[East Germany]].{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=40–45}}

As his three-year tour of duty in Europe came to an end, Duke considered that his best career option was to further his education, something that the USAF was encouraging. He applied to study [[aeronautical engineering]] at [[North Carolina State University]], but this was not available. Instead, he was offered a place at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in its [[Master of Science]] degree course in [[aeronautics]] and [[astronautics]]. He entered MIT in June 1962.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=40–45}}

It was in Boston that he met Dotty Meade Claiborne,<ref>{{cite news |title=Airplanes, Sensation of Flight Always an Attraction to Astronaut Charles Duke |newspaper=Manitowoc Herald-Times |location=Manitowoc, Wisconsin |date=April 12, 1972 |page=10 |via=Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=40305847 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144901/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=40305847 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=56–59}} a graduate of [[Hollins College]] and the [[University of North Carolina]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dotty and Charlie Duke |publisher=Duke Ministry For Christ |url=https://www.dukeministriesforchrist.org/about |access-date=December 8, 2019 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208053928/https://www.dukeministriesforchrist.org/about |url-status=live }}</ref> who had recently returned from a summer trip to Europe. They became engaged on [[Christmas Day]], 1962, and were married by her uncle, [[Randolph Claiborne]], the [[bishop]] of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta]], in the [[Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Philip (Atlanta)|Cathedral of Saint Philip]],{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=56–59}} on June 1, 1963.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=38}} They went to [[Jamaica]] for their honeymoon, but came down with [[food poisoning]].{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=61–63}}

While he was courting Dotty, Duke's grades had slipped, and he was placed on [[scholastic probation]], but the USAF allowed him to enroll for another term.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=61–63}} For his dissertation, Duke teamed up with a classmate, Mike Jones, to perform statistical analysis for the [[Project Apollo]] guidance systems. As part of this work, they got to meet astronaut [[Charles Bassett]]. Their work earned them an A, bringing his average up to the required B, and he was awarded his Master of Science degree in May 1964.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=64–65}}

For his next assignment, Duke applied for the USAF [[Aerospace Research Pilot School]] (ARPS), although he felt his chances of admission were slim given that he only barely met the minimum qualification. Nonetheless, orders came through for him to attend class 64-C, which commenced in August 1964 at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in California. The commandant at the time was [[Chuck Yeager]],{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=65–66}} and Duke's twelve-member class included [[Spence M. Armstrong]], [[Al Worden]], [[Stuart Roosa]] and [[Hank Hartsfield]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=62}} Peter Hoag topped the class; Duke tied for second place.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=73}} After graduating from ARPS in September 1965, Duke stayed on as an instructor teaching control systems and flying in the [[F-101 Voodoo]], [[F-104 Starfighter]], and T-33 Shooting Star aircraft.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=62}} While he was stationed at Edwards, his first child, Charles Moss Duke III, was born at the base hospital in March 1965.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=72}}

==NASA==
===Selection and training===
{{main|NASA Astronaut Group 5}}
On September 10, 1965, [[NASA]] announced that it was recruiting a [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|fifth group of astronauts]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=10}} Duke spotted a front-page article in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', and realized that he met all the requirements. He went to see Yeager and the deputy commandant, [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Robert Buchanan, who informed him that there were two astronaut selections in progress: one for NASA, and one for the USAF's [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] (MOL) program.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=74–75}} Nominations to NASA had to come through Air Force channels, so it got to pre-screen them. Buchanan told Duke that he could apply for both programs, but if he did, MOL would take him. Duke applied only to NASA, as did Roosa and Worden;{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|pp=13–15}} Hartsfield applied for both and was taken by MOL.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=23}}

[[File:Apollo 16 astronauts geology training 1971-06-10.jpg|thumb|Astronaut geology training. Duke (center) talks to geologist David Wones (second left)]]
Duke made the list of 44 finalists selected to undergo medical examinations at [[Brooks Air Force Base]] at [[San Antonio, Texas]]. He arrived there on January 26, 1966, along with two fellow aviators from Edwards, [[Joe Engle]] and [[Bill Pogue]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|pp=13–15}} Psychological tests included [[Rorschach test]]s; physical ones included [[encephalogram]]s, and sessions on [[treadmill]]s and in a [[human centrifuge]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|pp=17–19}} The eye problem that the Naval Academy had reported was not found.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=76}}

The final stage of the selection process was an interview by the seven-member selection panel. This was chaired by [[Deke Slayton]], with the other members being astronauts [[Alan Shepard]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] and [[Clifton Williams|C.C. Williams]], NASA test pilot [[Warren North]], and spacecraft designer [[Max Faget]]. These were conducted over a week at the [[Rice Hotel]] in Houston.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|pp=17–19}}{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=179–181}} In April 1966, a phone call from Slayton informed Duke that he had been selected.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=76}} NASA officially announced the names of the 19 men selected on April 4, 1966.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/|title=19 New Spacemen Are Named|last1=Thompson|first1=Ronald|newspaper=The High Point Enterprise|location=High Point, North Carolina|date=April 5, 1966|page=2A|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411105616/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/|url-status=live}}</ref> Young named the group the "Original Nineteen" in a parody of the original [[Mercury Seven]] astronauts.{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=181}}

Duke and his family moved to an apartment in [[League City, Texas]], but when Dotty became pregnant again, they bought a vacant lot in [[El Lago, Texas]], next door to astronaut [[Bill Anders]]. They met and befriended a young couple, Glenn and Suzanne House. Glenn was an [[architect]], and he agreed to design them a house for [[U.S. dollar|$]]300.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=90–91}} Ground was broken in February 1967, but the house was not completed before a second son, Thomas, was born in May.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=99}}

Astronaut training included four months of studies covering subjects such as [[astronomy]], [[orbital mechanics]] and spacecraft systems.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=90–91}} Some 30 hours of briefings were conducted on the [[Apollo command and service module]], and twelve on the [[Apollo Lunar Module]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2007|pp=105–107}} An important feature was training in [[geology]], so that astronauts on the Moon would know what rocks to look out for. This training in geology included field trips to the [[Grand Canyon]] and the [[Meteor Crater]] in [[Arizona]], [[Philmont Scout Ranch]] in [[New Mexico]], [[Horse Lava Tube System]] in [[Bend, Oregon]], and the ash flow in the [[Marathon Uplift]] in [[Texas]], and other locations, including [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2007|pp=103–105}} There was also jungle survival training in [[Panama]], and desert survival training around [[Reno, Nevada]]. Water survival training was conducted at [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] using the [[Dilbert Dunker]].{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2007|pp=109–111}}

Once their initial training was complete, Duke and Roosa were assigned to oversee the development of the [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle, as part of the Booster Branch of the [[Astronaut Office]], headed by [[Frank Borman]] and C.C. Williams.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=156}} He was part of the Mission Control team at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] that monitored the launch of [[Gemini 11]] on September 12, 1966, and [[Gemini 12]] on November 11, 1966. His personal responsibility was the [[Titan II]] booster.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=157}}{{sfn|Hacker|Grimwood|1974|pp=528–529}} They frequently traveled to [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], to confer with its director, [[Wernher von Braun]].{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=95}} NASA provided [[T-38 Talon]] aircraft for the astronauts' use, and like most astronauts, Duke flew at every opportunity.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=99}}

===Lunar Module specialist===
[[File:Moon Buggy Ap16-KSC-71PC-777.jpg|thumb|left|Young (right) and Duke maneuver a training version of the [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] in a field at the Kennedy Space Center built to resemble the lunar surface.]]
The Nineteen were divided into [[command and service module]] (CSM) and [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] (LM) specialists. Slayton asked each of them which specialty he preferred, but made the final decision himself. Once again, Duke received his choice, and became a Lunar Module specialist.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|pp=157–158}} He oversaw the development of the Lunar Module propulsion systems. A major concern was the [[ascent propulsion system]], which was a critical component of the mission that had to work for the astronauts to survive.<ref name="Oral"/> Testing at the [[White Sands Missile Range]] in 1966 indicated [[combustion instability]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=200–201}} [[George Low]], the Apollo Spacecraft Program manager, convened a committee to review the situation, and Duke became the Astronaut Office representative on it.<ref name="Oral"/> Although [[Bell Aircraft|Bell]] was confident that it could resolve the problems, NASA hired [[Rocketdyne]] to develop an alternative engine just in case. The committee ultimately decided to use Rocketdyne's injector system with Bell's engine.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=244–245}}

In 1969, Duke became a member of the support crew for [[Apollo 10]], along with Joe Engle and [[Jim Irwin]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=302}} During Projects [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] and [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=261}} The mission commander, [[Thomas P. Stafford|Tom Stafford]], selected Duke for his familiarity with the LM, especially its propulsion systems.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=95}} For this reason, Duke served as [[Flight controller#CAPCOM|CAPCOM]] for the LM orbit, activation, checkout, and rendezvous on Apollo 10.<ref name="Oral">{{cite interview |title=Charles M. Duke, Jr. Oral History |first=Charles |last=Duke |interviewer=Doug Ward |date=March 12, 1999 |publisher=NASA |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/DukeCM/DukeCM_3-12-99.htm |access-date=December 8, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810075553/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/DukeCM/DukeCM_3-12-99.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=72}}

It was unusual for someone to serve as CAPCOM on back-to-back missions, but for the same reason—familiarity with the LM—[[Neil Armstrong]], commander of [[Apollo 11]], asked Duke to reprise his role on that mission, which included the first crewed landing on the Moon. Duke told Armstrong that he would be honored to do so.<ref name="Oral"/> Duke's distinctive [[Southern American English|Southern drawl]] became familiar to audiences around the world, as the voice of a Mission Control made nervous by a long landing that almost expended all of the Lunar Module ''[[Lunar Module Eagle|Eagle]]''{{'}}s fuel. Duke's first words to the Apollo 11 crew on the surface of the Moon were flustered, "Roger, Twank...Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot!"<ref name="Oral"/>

===Apollo 13===
{{main|Apollo 13}}
[[File:Apollo 16 crew with LRV trainer (KSC-72PC-133).jpg|thumb|right|The Apollo 16 crew: Duke (left), John Young (center), and Ken Mattingly (right)]]
The next rung on the ladder after serving on a support crew was to serve on a backup crew. The pace of the early Apollo missions meant that multiple crews had to be training at the same time. Slayton developed a rotation scheme whereby the backup crew for one mission would become the prime crew for one three missions later, and then the backup for the one three missions after that. If the commander (CDR) declined the offer of another mission, the command module pilot (CMP), as the next most senior astronaut, would become the commander (CDR). Thus, the Apollo 10 crew became the backup crew for [[Apollo 13]]. Tom Stafford accepted the position of acting [[Chief of the Astronaut Office]], so the CMP, John Young, stepped up to replace him as CDR; [[Gene Cernan]] remained Lunar Module pilot (LMP), and [[Jack Swigert]], a command module specialist from the Nineteen, was designated the CMP. The intention was that this crew would eventually become the prime crew for [[Apollo 16]], but Cernan disagreed with this; he wanted to command his own mission. Slayton therefore assigned Duke, who was well known to Young from Apollo 10, in Cernan's place. After Michael Collins, the CMP of Apollo 11, declined the offer of command of the backup crew of [[Apollo 14]], Slayton gave this command to Cernan.{{sfn|Cernan|Davis|2000|pp=228–230}}{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=237–238}}{{sfn|Stafford|Cassutt|2002|pp=135–136}}

Full-time training for Apollo 13 commenced in July 1969,{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=115}} although the selection of the Apollo 13 and 14 crews was not officially announced until August 7.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=305}} The prime crew for Apollo 13 consisted of [[Jim Lovell]] (CDR), [[Fred Haise]] (LMP) and [[Ken Mattingly]] (CMP). The mission was originally scheduled to be flown in late 1969, but in view of the successful outcome of Apollo 11, it was postponed until March and then April 1970.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=115}} Two or three weeks before the launch date, Duke contracted [[rubella]] (German measles) from Paul House, the son of Glenn and Suzanne House. The disease is highly contagious, so the NASA doctors checked the prime crew. It was found that Lovell and Haise were immune to the disease, but Mattingly was not. The decision was taken to remove Mattingly and replace him with Swigert.<ref name="Oral"/>

The subsequent explosion on Apollo 13 greatly affected the backup crew, especially Mattingly, who felt that he should have been on board. Young, Mattingly and Duke worked in the simulators to develop emergency procedures for the crew, who were ultimately returned safely to Earth. Haise and Swigert teased Duke, calling him "[[Typhoid Mary]]". The measles incident resulted in procedures being changed; starting with Apollo 14, the crew would be quarantined for three weeks before the flight as well as afterward. In the event, only the Apollo 14 crew had to endure two periods of quarantine; with no signs of life on the Moon, the post-mission quarantine was discontinued in April 1971.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=116–118}}{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=223, 306}}{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=268}}

===Apollo 16===
{{Main|Apollo 16}}
[[File:Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke salutes the flag.jpg|thumb|right|Duke salutes the flag]]
{{quote box|align=right|width=25%|quote=I'm proud to be an American, I'll tell you. What a program and what a place and what an experience.|salign=right|source=Duke, saluting the U.S. flag on the surface of the Moon, April 21, 1972.<ref name="AS16 Day 1">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Eric |work=Apollo 16 Lunar Surface Journal |title=ALSEP Off-load |publisher=NASA |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.alsepoff.html |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714122624/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.alsepoff.html |url-status=live }}</ref> }}

====Training====
Young, Mattingly and Duke were officially named as the crew of Apollo 16, the fifth lunar landing mission, on March 3, 1971.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Apollo 16 Prime and Backup Crews |date=March 3, 1971 |id=MSC 71-09 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83123main_1971.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228041703/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83123main_1971.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Descartes Highlands]] were chosen as the landing site on June 3, 1971. This was the highest region on the near side of the Moon. It was believed to be volcanic in origin and mainly composed of [[basalt]], based upon the tones of gray observed from Earth. It was hoped that rock samples retrieved by Apollo 16 would provide clues about the processes that formed the highlands, and perhaps even show that such processes were still active.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=244}}{{sfn|Harland|1999|pp=179–180}}

Training was conducted in the Lunar Module simulator, which used a TV camera and a scale model of the landing area. Other activities included driving a training version of the [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] (LRV), and collecting geological samples. A final geological field trip was made to the [[Hawaii (island)|big island of Hawaii]] in December 1971. On the second day of the trip, Duke caught [[the flu]]. By New Year's Day he was so ill that he was unable to get out of bed, and asked the Astronaut Office to send someone to take him to the doctor at the Kennedy Space Center. The doctor took an X-ray that revealed [[pneumonia]] in both lungs and called an ambulance to take Duke to the [[Patrick Air Force Base]] hospital.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=138–142}}<ref name="Duke sick">{{cite press release |title=LM Pilot Charles M. Duke Hospitalized |id=MSC 72-02 |date=January 4, 1972 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225161721/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Duke feared that he might not recover in time for the launch, which was scheduled for March 17, 1972.<ref name="Duke sick"/> The spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicle had already been rolled out to [[Launch Pad 39A]] on December 13.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=229}} Luck was with Duke: [[Grumman]] engineers wanted more time to test the increased capacity of the LM's batteries; a fault was found with the explosive cords that separate the LM from the CSM that warranted their replacement; and a failure of a clamp in Duke's spacesuit during training required the modification of all three astronauts' suits. This caused the launch date to be postponed to the next launch window, on April 16.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Apollo 16 Mission Rescheduled |date=January 7, 1972 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225161721/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AS16 Flight Journal Day 1">{{cite web |work=Apollo 16 Flight Journal |first1=David |last1=Woods |first2=Tim |last2=Brandt |title=Apollo 16: Day 1 Part One |publisher=NASA |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap16fj/01_Day1_Pt1.html |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126150006/http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/01_Day1_Pt1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This proved fortunate when an error by launch pad technicians caused one of the CM's Teflon fuel tank bladders to rupture, and the entire space vehicle had to be returned to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]].{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|pp=518–519}}<ref>{{cite press release |title=Leak Develops in Apollo 16 Fuel System |date=January 25, 1972 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225161721/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83124main_1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Slayton noted that "there wasn't even any discussion of replacing him; that was one of the lessons we'd learned on 13."{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=276}}

The astronauts went into quarantine and were allowed out only to fly T-38s for an hour a day. The day before liftoff, the Apollo Program director, [[Rocco Petrone]] saw someone he believed to be Duke around the pool at the [[Holiday Inn]]. A furious Petrone called the crew quarters demanding to know why Duke had broken quarantine. The staff's protestations that Duke was still there and had not left did not placate Petrone, and they had to track down Duke in training, who suggested that Petrone might have seen his brother Bill.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=151–152}} When Apollo 16 was launched at 12:54 [[Eastern Standard Time]] (17:54 [[UTC]]) on April 16, 1972,{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=213}} Duke became the first twin to fly in space.{{sfn|Fierro|2005|p=24}}

[[File:Duke on the Craters Edge - GPN-2000-001132.jpg|thumb|left|Duke on lunar [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]] during Apollo 16, April 1972]]

====Outbound voyage====
The launch was normal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that of previous crews. The first and second stages of the Saturn V performed flawlessly, and the spacecraft entered [[low Earth orbit]] just under 12 minutes after liftoff. In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the [[environmental control system]] and the [[S-IVB]] third stage's attitude control system, but these were resolved or compensated for. After 1.5 orbits, it reignited for just over five minutes, propelling the craft towards the Moon at {{cvt|22000|mph|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=213}}<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |title=Apollo 16: Day One Part Three: Second Earth Orbit and Translunar Injection |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap16fj/03_Day1_Pt3.html |work=Apollo 16 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |first1=David |last1=Woods |first2=Tim |last2=Brandt |access-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023155334/http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/03_Day1_Pt3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In lunar orbit, the crew faced a series of problems. Duke was unable to get the S-band steerable antenna on the LM ''Orion'' to move in the [[aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw axis]], and therefore could not align it correctly. This resulted in poor communications with the ground stations, and consequently a loss of the computer uplink. This meant that Duke had to copy down 35 five-digit numbers and enter them into the computer. Correcting any mistake was a complicated procedure. Fortunately, the astronauts could still hear Mission Control clearly, although the reverse was not the case.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=153–154}}{{sfn|Mission Evaluation Team|1972|pp=14-45–14-48}}

When Young went to activate the [[reaction control system]], they suffered a double failure on the pressurization system.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=153–154}} Young described this as "the worst jam I was ever in".<ref name="Worst jam">{{cite web |title=Apollo 16: Day Five Part Two: Lunar Module Undocking and Descent Preparation; Revs 11 and 12 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap16fj/14_Day5_Pt2.html |work=Apollo 16 Flight Journal |first1=David |last1=Woods |first2=Tim |last2=Brandt |publisher=NASA |access-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224213414/http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/14_Day5_Pt2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A long debate between the astronauts and with Mission Control followed. It was the only time during the flight that Duke could recall arguing with Young.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=153–154}} Although they could not fix the problem, they were able to work around it by shifting propellant into the ascent storage tank. None was lost; it was just moved into another tank.<ref name="Worst jam"/>

[[File:The Apollo 16 Command and Service Modules.jpg|thumb|right|The Apollo 16 Command and Service Module (CSM), as seen from the Lunar Module (LM, out of view) above terrain on the lunar farside]]

With the preparations finished, Young and Duke undocked ''Orion'' from Mattingly in the CSM ''Casper''. Mattingly prepared to shift ''Casper'' to a circular orbit while Young and Duke prepared ''Orion'' for the descent to the lunar surface. At this point, during tests of the CSM's steerable rocket engine in preparation for the burn to modify the craft's orbit, a malfunction occurred in the engine's backup system, causing such severe oscillations that ''Casper'' seemed to be shaking itself to pieces. According to mission rules, ''Orion'' should have then re-docked with ''Casper'' in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use ''Orion''{{'}}s engines for the return trip to Earth. This was not done, and the two spacecraft flew on in formation.<ref name="NASA"/>{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=157–158}} A decision to land had to be made within five orbits (about ten hours), after which the spacecraft would have drifted too far to reach the landing site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apollo 16: Day Five Part Four: Rendezvous and Waiting. Revs 13 to 15 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap16fj/16_Day5_Pt4.html |work=Apollo 16 Flight Journal |first1=David |last1=Woods |first2=Tim |last2=Brandt |publisher=NASA |access-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224213423/http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/16_Day5_Pt4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Lunar surface====
After four hours and three orbits, Mission Control determined that the malfunction could be worked around and told Young and Duke to proceed with the landing.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=157–158}}<ref name="landing">{{cite web |title=Apollo 16: Day Five Part Five – Clearance for PDI – Again – and Landing, Revs 15 and 16 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap16fj/17_Day5_Pt5.html |work=Apollo 16 Flight Journal |first1=David |last1=Woods |first2=Tim |last2=Brandt |publisher=NASA |access-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224213429/http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/17_Day5_Pt5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the delay, powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule, and Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude {{cvt|5000|m}} higher than normal. At an altitude of about {{cvt|4000|m}}, Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety.<ref name="landing"/> ''Orion'' landed on the [[Cayley (crater)|Cayley Plains]], {{cvt|886|ft|m|order=flip}} northwest of the planned landing site, at 02:23:35 UTC on April 21.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=216}}

Duke became the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Greenville News |location=Greenville, South Carolina |date=March 5, 1972 |page=1-D |title=South Carolinan Scheduled to Be Tenth Man to Walk on the Moon |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40291501/the_greenville_news/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209061549/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40291501/the_greenville_news/ |url-status=live }}</ref> following Young, who became the ninth. Apollo 16 was the first scientific expedition to inspect, survey, and sample materials and surface features in the rugged lunar highlands. In a stay of 71 hours and 14 minutes, Duke and Young conducted three excursions onto the lunar surface, during which Duke logged 20 hours and 15 minutes in [[Extravehicular activity|extravehicular activities]]. These included the emplacement and activation of scientific equipment and experiments, the collection of nearly {{convert|213|lb|order=flip}} of rock and soil samples, and the evaluation and use of the LRV over the roughest surface yet encountered on the Moon.<ref name="retires"/><ref name="bio">{{cite web|title=Astronaut Bio: Charles Duke |date=May 1994 |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/duke-cm.html|publisher=NASA Johnson Space Center|access-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193857/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/duke-cm.html |archive-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref>

During their final few minutes on the surface, Duke attempted to set a lunar high jump record. He jumped about {{convert|0.81|m|order=flip}}, but overbalanced, and fell over backwards on his [[primary life support system]] (PLSS). It could have been a fatal accident; had his suit ruptured or PLSS broken, he might have died.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=206–207}} "That ain't very smart", Young noted.<ref>{{cite web |work=Apollo 16 Lunar Surface Journal |title=EVA-3 Closeout |publisher=NASA |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.clsout3.html |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714122626/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.clsout3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Return to Earth====
[[File:Charlie Duke's family portrait left on the surface of the moon.jpg|thumb|Family picture Duke left on the Moon]]
On the way back to Earth, Duke assisted in a deep-space EVA that lasted 1 hour and 23 minutes, when Mattingly climbed out of the ''Casper'' spacecraft and retrieved film cassettes from the service module. After a journey during which ''Casper'' had traveled {{convert|1208746|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}, the Apollo 16 mission concluded with a [[splashdown (spacecraft landing)|splashdown]] in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 UTC on April 27, and recovery by the [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Ticonderoga|CV-14|6}}.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=224–225}}

Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed. The most famous is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family taken by NASA photographer Ludy Benjamin. The reverse of the photo was signed and thumb printed by Duke's family and bore this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth, who landed on the Moon on the twentieth of April 1972."{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=147–148}}

The other item was a commemorative medal issued by the Air Force, which was celebrating its 25th anniversary in 1972. Duke was the only Air Force officer to visit the Moon that year. With the approval of the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]], [[General (United States)|General]] [[John Dale Ryan|John D. Ryan]], and the [[Secretary of the Air Force]], [[Robert Seamans]], Duke took two silver medallions commemorating the anniversary. He left one on the Moon and donated the other to the Air Force.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=147–148}} Today it is on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]], along with a Moon rock from the Apollo 16 mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Rock |work=National Museum of the United States Air Force™ |publisher=National Museum of the United States Air Force |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197701/moon-rock/ |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210214448/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197701/moon-rock/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Apollo 15 postal covers incident|Apollo 15 postal covers scandal]], Slayton replaced the Apollo 15 crew as the backup for the [[Apollo 17]] mission with the Apollo 16 one.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=279}} Duke became the backup LMP, Young the backup commander, and Roosa the backup CMP. They went into training again in June 1972, just two months after Duke and Young had returned from the Moon. There was only a slim chance that they would be called upon to fly the mission, and in the event were not. Duke never flew in space again.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=233–234}} He retired from NASA on January 1, 1976. He had spent 265 hours and 51 minutes in space.<ref name="retires">{{cite press release |title=Astronaut Duke to Leave NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83127main_1975.pdf |id=MSC 75-74 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213018/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83127main_1975.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{-}}

==Later life==
Following his retirement from NASA, Duke left active duty in the USAF as a colonel, and entered the [[United States Air Force Reserve|Air Force Reserve]]. He served as Mobilization Augmentee to the Commander, [[United States Air Force Basic Military Training|Air Force Basic Military Training Center]] and to the Commander, USAF Recruiting Service.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Air Reservist |page=12 |title=Filling the Gap |issn=0002-2535 |volume=XXXIV |issue=5 |date=May–June 1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u-iVPG9TW0C&pg=RA4-PA12 |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003063212/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u-iVPG9TW0C&pg=RA4-PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated from the [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces]] in 1978 and was promoted to [[Brigadier General (United States)|brigadier general]] the following year.<ref name="Professional profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.charlieduke.net/professional_profile.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821010354/http://www.charlieduke.net/professional_profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 21, 2012 |title=Professional Profile |publisher=Charlieduke.net |access-date=May 13, 2015 }}</ref> He retired in June 1986.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2017|p=270}} He has logged 4,147 hours of flying time, of which 3,632 hours was in jet aircraft.<ref name="bio"/>

Duke had always been fond of [[Coors Beer]], which was available in Texas only around [[Dallas]] and [[El Paso]] at the time. In 1975, he heard that the company was thinking of expanding into the rest of Texas. He formed a partnership with former Olympic basketball player [[Dick Boushka]], and they drew up a business plan and put in a bid for the new Coors distributorship in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. Coors declined their bid, but offered the distributorship in San Antonio instead, which they accepted.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=238–239}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hurt III |first1=Harry |title=Muscling in on Texas Beer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HywEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |magazine=Texas Monthly |issn=0148-7736 |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=73–75, 84–85, 110–113 |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003063211/https://books.google.com/books?id=HywEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111 |url-status=live }}</ref> The house in El Lago was sold, and Duke and his family moved to [[New Braunfels, Texas|New Braunfels]], a community not far from San Antonio,{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|p=254}} where, {{asof|lc=y|March 2024}}, he and wife Dotty remain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apollo 16 Moonwalker Is First Astronaut to be Named Texan of the Year |publisher=collectSPACE |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-120319a-apollo-astronaut-duke-texan-year.html |access-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203224711/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-120319a-apollo-astronaut-duke-texan-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fell |first1=Ben |title=The last of the Moon men: the stories of the surviving Apollo astronauts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g9yde95yyo |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=25 March 2024 |date=4 March 2024}}</ref> His brother Bill died in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Duke Obituary (2010) - Lancaster, SC - The Herald |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/heraldonline/name/william-duke-obituary?id=11306286 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref>

The Coors distributorship was very successful, but Duke became bored and frustrated with it, and decided to sell in February 1978. He and Boushka realized a handsome profit from what had become a thriving business. He joined a friend, Ken Campbell, in real estate ventures.{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=256–257, 272–273}} His subsequent business ventures include being president of the Orbit Corporation from 1976 to 1978; director of the Robbins Company from 1986 to 1989 and Amherst Fiber Optics in 2000; chairman of Duke Resources from 1988 to 1993 and Texcor from 1989 to 1994, and of the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation from 2011 to 2012. He was also a consultant for [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="Professional profile"/>

In 1978, Duke became a committed [[born again|born-again]] [[Christianity|Christian]]. Duke wrote in his autobiography that his temper, ego, single-minded devotion to work, and greed had ruined his relationship with his wife and his children, and that his marriage teetered on the verge of divorce in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with Dotty suffering from [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and having considered [[suicide]] at one point. Duke stated that his marriage and his relationship with his children improved considerably after he committed his life to [[Jesus]],{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=239–243}} and both Duke and Dotty—who became a Christian before him—credit God with making their lives much more complete and joyful, with Duke being active in Christian ministry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/5851433/Video-Interviews-with-the-men-on-the-moon-Charlie-Duke.html|title=Video: Charlie Duke – Interviews with the Men on the Moon|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=July 17, 2009|access-date=July 26, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054448/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/5851433/Video-Interviews-with-the-men-on-the-moon-Charlie-Duke.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dukes are members of Christ Our King Anglican Church, an [[Anglican Church in North America]] congregation in New Braunfels.<ref name="duke-anglican">{{cite news |last1=Thebeau |first1=Rachel |title=FROM WALKING ON THE MOON TO WALKING WITH JESUS: THE STORY OF ASTRONAUT AND ANGLICAN, CHARLIE DUKE |url=https://anglicanchurch.net/from-walking-on-the-moon-to-walking-with-jesus-the-story-of-astronaut-and-anglican-charlie-duke/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=The Apostle Online |publisher=Anglican Church in North America |date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> Duke also is an active [[Young Earth creationism|young Earth creationist]].<ref name="duke-yec">{{cite news |last1=Swift |first1=Earl |title=The surprising voyage of Charlie Duke: An astronaut reaches for heaven |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/21/apollo11-astronaut-charlie-duke-reflects-on-mission-and-god/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Retropolis |publisher=The Washington Post |date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:CharlesDukeMontrouge2021.jpg|thumb|Charles Duke on stage during the first occurrence of festival ''Explor'Espace'' in [[Montrouge]], France, on 6 November 2021.]]

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Charlie Duke.jpg|thumb|right|Duke in 2017]]
In 1973, Duke received an [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] of [[Philosophy]] from the [[University of South Carolina]], an Honorary Doctorate of [[Humanities]] from [[Francis Marion University]] in 1990,<ref name="bio"/> and an Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from [[Clemson University]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clemson.edu/registrar/documents/graduation-programs/grad-december-2012.pdf |publisher=Clemson University |title=Graduation Thursday December 20, 2012 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213154/https://www.clemson.edu/registrar/documents/graduation-programs/grad-december-2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Other honors include the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] in 1972,{{sfn|Gawdiak|Fedor|1994|p=399}} [[Manned Spacecraft Center]] Certificate of Commendation in 1970, the [[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]] with [[Oak leaf cluster]], the [[Legion of Merit]], [[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]]' [[Iven C. Kincheloe Award]] in 1972, [[American Astronautical Society]] Flight Achievement Award for 1972, [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]' Haley Astronautics Award for 1973, [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] [[Vladimir Komarov|V. M. Komarov]] Diploma in 1973, and the Boy Scouts of America [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] in 1975.<ref name="bio"/> [[International Olympic Committee]] President [[Thomas Bach]] presented the Sky is the Limit Trophy to Duke in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/astronaut-charles-duke-who-brought-the-olympic-spirit-to-the-moon-honoured-by-the-ioc|title=Astronaut Charles Duke Who Brought the Olympic Spirit to the Moon Honoured by the IOC – Olympic News|date=December 13, 2018|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=December 15, 2018|archive-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221091118/https://www.olympic.org/news/astronaut-charles-duke-who-brought-the-olympic-spirit-to-the-moon-honoured-by-the-ioc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Duke was named [[South Carolina]] Man of the Year in 1973,<ref name="bio"/> inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame in 1973, and the [[New Mexico Museum of Space History|International Space Hall of Fame]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/|title=Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts|last1=Sheppard|first1=David|newspaper=El Paso Times|location=El Paso, Texas|date=October 2, 1983|page=18|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=March 27, 2019|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091656/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of 24 Apollo astronauts who were inducted into the [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/charles-m-duke-jr/ |title=Charlie Duke |publisher=Astronaut Scholarship Foundation |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006055917/http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/charles-m-duke-jr/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/|title=Ceremony to Honor Astronauts|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|page=2B|date=October 2, 1997|last1=Meyer|first1=Marilyn|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was inducted into the Texas Science Hall of Fame in 2000,<ref name="Texan of the Year"/> and the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalaviation.org/national-aviation-hall-fame-reveals-class-2019/ |title=National Aviation Hall of Fame Reveals "Class of 2019" |date=November 30, 2018 |publisher=National Aviation Hall of Fame |access-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213200/https://www.nationalaviation.org/national-aviation-hall-fame-reveals-class-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His name is inscribed on [[The Astronaut Monument]] in Iceland, where they conducted some of their geological training.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042808/http://www.explorationmuseum.com/2015/07/astronauts-revisit-training-area-and-explore-a-new-lava-flow/ |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |url=http://www.explorationmuseum.com/2015/07/astronauts-revisit-training-area-and-explore-a-new-lava-flow/ |title=Apollo Astronauts Revisit Training Area in Iceland and Explore a New Lava Flow |first=Orly |last=Orlyson |publisher=The Exploration Museum }}</ref> In December 2019, he was named Texan of the Year for 2020.<ref name="Texan of the Year">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-120319a-apollo-astronaut-duke-texan-year.html|title=Apollo 16 moonwalker is first astronaut to be named Texan of the Year|date=December 3, 2019|publisher=collectSPACE|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203224711/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-120319a-apollo-astronaut-duke-texan-year.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Asteroid [[26382 Charlieduke]] was named in his honor. The official {{MoMP|26382|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on May 18, 2019.<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |publisher = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |access-date = June 3, 2019 |archive-date = October 7, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007190852/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
Duke was the subject of the documentary ''Lunar Tribute'', which premiered at the [[American Museum of Natural History]]'s [[Hayden Planetarium]] on October 20, 2017. At a panel after the screening, [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] noted that Duke was the youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke responded that at age 82, he still was.<ref>{{cite web |first=Doris Elin |last=Urrutia |date=October 24, 2017 |title=New Film 'Lunar Tribute' Tells Moonwalker's Story with Drums |website=Space.com |url=https://www.space.com/38553-lunar-tribute-film-moonwalker-charlie-duke.html |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210215841/https://www.space.com/38553-lunar-tribute-film-moonwalker-charlie-duke.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He joined the Back to Space organization in 2018 as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://backtospace.com/the-team/#cd|title=Back To Space {{!}} The Team|date=February 5, 2018|publisher=Back To Space|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062654/https://backtospace.com/the-team/#cd|url-status=live}}</ref> He was featured prominently in the BBC World Service Podcast, ''13 Minutes to the Moon'', released in 2019 to mark 50 years since the Apollo 11 mission.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC World Service – 13 Minutes to the Moon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xttx2 |publisher=BBC |access-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720073107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xttx2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, [[country music]] duo The Stryker Brothers released the song "Charlie Duke Took Country Music To The Moon", which tells the true story of how Duke brought two [[Cassette tape|audio cassette tapes]] of country music to play during the Apollo 16 mission.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/stryker-brothers-robert-earl-keen-randy-rogers-784295/|title=Inside Robert Earl Keen, Randy Rogers' Fictional Stryker Brothers Duo|last=Gage|first=Jeff|date=January 25, 2019|newspaper=Rolling Stone|access-date=July 24, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724164804/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/stryker-brothers-robert-earl-keen-randy-rogers-784295/|url-status=live}}</ref> Duke's friend Bill Bailey, a [[disc jockey]] at [[Houston]]-area country music [[Radio broadcasting|radio]] station [[KIKK]], had enlisted several country stars of the time to provide personalized recordings for the astronauts. The tapes were introduced by [[Merle Haggard]], and other artists included [[Porter Wagoner]], [[Dolly Parton]], [[Buck Owens]], [[Jerry Reed]], [[Chet Atkins]], and [[Floyd Cramer]].<ref name="Rolling Stone"/>{{sfn|Duke|Duke|1990|pp=80–81}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/out-of-this-world-what-its-really-like-to-to-walk-on-the-moon-395203.html|title=Out of This World: What It's Really Like to Walk on the Moon|date=October 23, 2007|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=July 24, 2019|location=London|archive-date=June 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607193108/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/out-of-this-world-what-its-really-like-to-to-walk-on-the-moon-395203.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

"The Stryker Brothers" was the [[stage name]] for a collaboration between [[Robert Earl Keen]] and [[Randy Rogers Band|Randy Rogers]], but the two initially kept their identities secret, with promotional material claiming that the music originated from two actual brothers who had died in a prison fire.<ref name="Rolling Stone"/> Duke appeared in an online video asserting that he got to know the brothers as children at the home of disc jockey Bailey, and that he gave them a copy of the tapes following his return from the Moon.<ref>{{cite video |last=Stryker Brothers|title=#SearchForTheStrykers from Astronaut, Charlie Duke (Part One)|date=August 28, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=INbEsv-thNE|access-date=July 24, 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> In reality, Duke met Rogers at an event in New Braunfels, where both men live.<ref name="Rolling Stone"/>

Duke is a character in episode 34 of the fictional youth audio adventure series Jonathan Park. The script was based on an interview conducted with Duke by the series production team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creationadventurefamily.com/Episode032.html|title=Jonathan Park and Destination Moon|access-date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=June 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605120231/http://www.creationadventurefamily.com/Episode032.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon  (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'', Duke was played by [[J. Downing]].

In the 2019 [[alternate history]] web television series ''[[For All Mankind (TV series)|For All Mankind]]'', he is played by Ben Begley.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Benson |first1=Charles D. |last2=Faherty |first2=William Barnaby |title=Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations |publisher=NASA |year=1978 |series=NASA History Series |location=Washington, DC |id=SP-4204 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790003956.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613005652/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790003956.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Courtney G. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson |first3=Loyd S. Jr. |title=Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html |access-date=July 20, 2010 |series=NASA History Series |date=1979 |publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-486-46756-6 |oclc=4664449 |lccn=79001042 |id=SP-4205 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111613/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cernan |first1=Eugene |author-link1=Eugene Cernan |first2=Don |last2=Davis |title=The Last Man on the Moon: Astronaut Eugene Cernan and America's Race in Space |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-312-26351-5 |lccn=98048206 |oclc= 45049476 }}
* {{cite book |last = Collins |first = Michael |year = 2001 |orig-year=1974| title = Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys|title-link=Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |location=New York |publisher = Cooper Square Press |isbn = 978-0-8154-1028-7 |oclc=45755963 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Duke |first1=Charlie |last2=Duke |first2=Dottie |title=Moonwalker |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville |date=April 1990 |isbn=978-0-8407-9106-1 |oclc=20826452 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/moonwalker00duke }}
* {{cite book |last=Fierro |first=Pamela |title=The Everything Twins, Triplets, and More Book: From Seeing the First Sonogram to Coordinating Nap Times and Feedings – All You Need To Enjoy Your Multiples |date=2005 |location=Avon, Massachusetts |publisher=Adams Media |isbn=978-1-4405-2321-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Gawdiak |first1=Ihor |last2=Fedor |first2=Helen |title=NASA Historical Databook, Volume IV: NASA Resources 1969–1978 |publisher=NASA |year=1994 |location=Washington, D.C. |id=SP-4012 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940029443.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501044410/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940029443.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hacker |first1=Barton C. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |title=On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini |chapter=Charting New Space Lanes |chapter-url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/ch14-2.htm |publisher=NASA |series=NASA History Series |id=SP-4203 |date=September 1974 |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113132344/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |oclc=3821896 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harland |first=David M. |author-link=David M. Harland |title=Exploring the Moon: the Apollo Expeditions |year=1999 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |location=Chichester |isbn=1-85233-099-6 |oclc=982158259 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mission Evaluation Team |title=Apollo 16 Mission Report |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/A16_MissionReport.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |date=August 1972 |publisher=NASA |location=Houston, Texas |oclc=565883045 |id=MSC-07230 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721181752/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/A16_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |access-date=June 12, 2013 |series=NASA History Series |year=2000 |publisher=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-16-050631-4 |lccn=00061677 |id=SP-2000-4029 |oclc=829406439 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606114042/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Shayler |first1=David J. |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin |author-link2=Colin Burgess (author) |title=NASA's Scientist Astronauts|publisher=Praxis Publishing |location=Chichester |isbn=978-0-387-21897-7 |oclc=1058309996 |year=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shayler |first1=David J. |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin <!-- |author-link2=Colin Burgess (author) --> |title=The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding vthe Space Frontier in the Late Sixties |year=2017 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |location=Chichester |isbn=978-3-319-51012-5 |oclc=1023142024 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Slayton |first1=Donald K. "Deke" |author-link1=Deke Slayton |first2=Michael |last2=Cassutt |author-link2=Michael Cassutt |title=Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle |publisher=Forge (St. Martin's Press) |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-85503-1 |oclc=29845663 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay }}
* {{cite book |last1=Stafford |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas P. Stafford |last2=Cassutt |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Cassutt |title=We Have Capture |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |date=2002 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-58834-070-2 |oclc=49558824 }}
* {{cite book |last = Townley |first = Alvin |title = Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts |year=2009 |publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-312-36653-7 |oclc=266971032 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine|title='I've been there'|magazine=The Telegraph Magazine|first=Mick|last=Brown|location=London|publisher=Daily Telegraph |pages=48–51, 53–54|date=July 20, 2019|oclc=69022829|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaikin |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Chaikin |title=A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts |date=1994 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-81446-6 |oclc=29548704 |lccn=93048680 |ref=none |title-link=A Man on the Moon }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Charlie Duke}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|0241169}}
* {{C-SPAN|1027526}}

{{People who have traveled to the Moon|state=expanded}}
{{NASA Astronaut Group 5|state=expanded}}
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