View source for Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond

{{short description|British politician and military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Grace (style)|His Grace]]
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|PC|FRS}}
| name             = The Duke of Richmond
| image            = Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox by George Romney.jpg
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = {{circa|1777}} portrait of Richmond by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]]
| order            = [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]]
| term_start       = 23 May 1766
| term_end         = 29 July 1766
| predecessor      = [[Henry Seymour Conway]]
| successor        = [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|The Earl of Shelburne]]
| monarch          = [[George III]]
| primeminister    = [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|The Marquess of Rockingham]]
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1735|2|22|df=y}}
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1806|12|29|1735|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Westminster]], London
| death_place      = [[Goodwood House|Goodwood]], [[Sussex]]
| resting_place    = [[Chichester Cathedral]]
| parents          = [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and Lennox]] <br /> [[Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox|Lady Sarah Cadogan]]
| spouse           = [[Lady Mary Bruce]]
| issue            = 
| allegiance       = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] <br /> [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| branch           = [[British Army]] <br /> [[Militia (Great Britain)|British Militia]]
| serviceyears     = 1752–1806
| rank             = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit             = 
| commands         = [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|33rd Regiment of Foot]]<br>[[72nd Regiment of Foot (1758)|72nd Regiment of Foot]]<br>[[Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia|Sussex Militia]]
| battles          = [[Seven Years' War]]
| awards           = [[Knight of the Garter]]
}}

[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC|FRS}} (22 February 1735 – 29 December 1806), styled '''Earl of March''' until 1750, was British politician and military officer. Associated with the [[Rockingham Whigs]], Richmond briefly served as [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] for a three-month period in 1766. His support for the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] during the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] along with concession in Ireland and parliamentary reform in Britain led Richmond to be nicknamed "the Radical Duke". He is believed by many to be the source of the second parchment copy of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], known as ''the [[Sussex Declaration]]''. Richmond went on to be a reforming [[Master-General of the Ordnance]] first in the [[first Rockingham ministry]] and then in the [[first Pitt ministry]].

==Early life==

He was the eldest surviving son and heir of [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and Lennox]], of Goodwood and of Richmond House, by his wife [[Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond|Lady Sarah Cadogan]], elder daughter and co-heiress of [[William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan]].<ref name=heathcote199>Heathcote, p. 199.</ref> Educated at [[Westminster School]] and [[Leiden University]], he succeeded to the [[duke]]dom and other [[Noble title|family title]]s in August 1750.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16451?docPos=3 |title=Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/16451 |access-date=21 June 2014 |last1=Lowe |first1=William C. }}</ref>

==Career==
[[Image:Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond.jpg|thumb|upright|1758 portrait of Richmond by [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]]]]
[[File:George Stubbs, 1759, 'Racehorses Exercising'.jpg|thumb|"Racehorses exercising at Goodwood", 1759 painting by [[George Stubbs]] depicting jockeys and grooms sporting Richmond's gold trimmed scarlet livery]]

Commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[Coldstream Guards|2nd Regiment of Foot Guards]] in March 1752,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=9147|date=7 March 1752|page=3}}</ref> he was promoted [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the [[Lancashire Fusiliers|20th Regiment of Foot]] on 18 June 1753<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=9279|date=23 June 1753|page=2}}</ref> studying the fortified towns of the [[Low Countries]] under his military tutor, Captain [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]], appointed on the recommendation of [[Colonel]] [[James Wolfe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/carleton_guy_5E.html|title=Carleton, Guy (1st Baron Dorchester)|website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> On 11 December 1755, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf |title=Lists of Royal Society Fellows |publisher=Royal Society |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> 

Promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|33rd Regiment of Foot]] on 7 June 1756,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=9590|date=8 June 1756|page=2}}</ref> a 2nd Battalion (2nd/33rd) was raised in 1757 redesignated the following year as a regiment, the [[72nd Regiment of Foot (1758)|72nd Foot]], with Richmond as its commanding officer, while his younger brother [[Lord George Lennox]] took command of the 33rd Regiment (1st/33rd).<ref name=heathcote199/> In May 1758 he was appointed [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] of the 72nd Foot Regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=9789|date=6 May 1758|page=2}}</ref>

Richmond took part in the [[raid on Cherbourg]] in August 1758 and served as [[Aide-de-Camp]] to [[Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Prince Frederick of Brunswick]] at the [[Battle of Minden]] in August 1759.<ref name=odnb/> Promoted [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] on 9 March 1761, at the end of the [[Seven Years' War]] he oversaw the 72nd Foot's disbandment in 1763.<ref>Brereton & Savoury, p. 41.</ref> 

Appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Sussex]] by [[George III]] on 18 October 1763,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10357|date=15 October 1763|page=1}}</ref> Richmond was sworn of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] in 1765 being posted to the [[Louis XV|court of Louis XV]] in [[Paris]] as [[List of ambassadors of Great Britain to France|British ambassador extraordinary]], and in the following year he served briefly in the [[Rockingham Whigs|Rockingham Whig]] [[British government|administration]] as [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Southern Secretary of State]], resigning office on the accession of [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|Pitt the Elder]] in July 1766.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted [[Lieutenant-General]] on 30 April 1770<ref name=heath200>Heathcote, p. 200.</ref> and served briefly as parliamentary [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader]] of the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] in [[His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition|Opposition]] in 1771 when [[Mary Watson-Wentworth, Marchioness of Rockingham|Rockingham's wife]] was ill.<ref name=odnb/> Richmond's strongly pro-Patriot sympathies earned him the epithet "the Radical Duke."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare |title=Rare parchment manuscript of US Declaration of Independence found in England |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>

In policy debates leading up to the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]], Richmond was a firm supporter of the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]], initiating the parliamentary debate in 1778 which called for the removal of British forces from the rebelling colonies, during which Pitt (now [[Earl of Chatham]]) died from a heart condition.<ref name=odnb/> Nevertheless, as [[Lord-Lieutenant]], he raised the [[Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia|Sussex Militia]] for home defence, taking personal command as [[Colonel (United Kingdom)#Colonel of the Regiment|Colonel]] (until 1804, resigning in view of his advanced age).<ref>Western, pp. 199, 213, 311, 327.</ref><ref>Hay, p. 344.</ref>

Richmond also advocated a policy of concession in [[Ireland]], coining the phrase "a Union of Hearts" which remained in use long after his political lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus-educational.com/PRrichmond.htm |title=Duke of Richmond |publisher=Spartacus Educational |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> In 1779 Richmond brought forward a motion for retrenchment of the Civil List, and in 1780 he embodied in a Bill proposals for parliamentary reform, which included male suffrage, annual parliaments and equal electoral areas.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Richmond, Earls and Dukes of |volume=23 |page=306 |first=Ronald John |last=McNeill |author-link=Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun}}</ref><ref name=odnb/> In 1787, he was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Charles+Lennox |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=American Philosophical Society Member History |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref>

Richmond joined the [[Second Rockingham ministry]] as [[Master-General of the Ordnance]] in March 1782;<ref name="EB1911"/> he was appointed a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] on 17 April 1782<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12288|date=16 January 1782|page=1}}</ref> and promoted to the rank of full [[General]] on 20 November 1782.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12391|date=23 September 1782|page=1}}</ref> He resigned as Master-General when the [[Fox–North coalition]] came to power in April 1783.<ref name=odnb/>

In January 1784 he joined the [[First Pitt the Younger ministry]] as Master-General of [[Board of Ordnance|the Ordnance]]; in this role he reformed the [[Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom|Department of State]], introducing salaries for office holders, establishing a survey of the [[South Coast Plain|South Coast]] (which led to the formation of the [[Ordnance Survey]]) and introducing new artillery (leading to the formation of the [[Royal Horse Artillery]]).<ref name=odnb/> As Master-General, Richmond's operational headquarters was at the [[Royal Arsenal]], Woolwich, where he oversaw the [[Royal Military Repository]] (established 1778) under its first Commandant, [[Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet|Sir William Congreve]].<ref name="RAM History">{{cite web | title=Our History | publisher=Royal Artillery Museum | url=https://www.royalartillerymuseum.com/about-us/our-history}}</ref> Richmond supervised Congreve's development of the Repository's artillery collection and his gunpowder experiments at the Royal Laboratory, including improvements in powder manufacture and the establishment of facilities at Portsmouth and Plymouth for powder recovery.<ref name="Morriss">{{cite book | title=The Foundations of British Maritime Ascendancy: Resources, Logistics and the State, 1755-1815 | url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsbriti00morr | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Morriss, Roger | year=2010 | location=Cambridge | page=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsbriti00morr/page/n458 440]| isbn=9780521768092 }}</ref><ref name="Klein Spary">{{cite book | title=Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe: Between Market and Laboratory | publisher=University of Chicago Press | editor1=Klein, Ursula | year=2010 | location=Chicago | editor2=Spary, E. C.|isbn=9780226439686}}</ref> In 1794, Richmond formally established the [[Corps of Royal Artillery Drivers]] by Royal Warrant to provide professional teams for field artillery, complementing his earlier formation of the Royal Horse Artillery and ending the reliance on civilian contractors for moving guns.<ref>{{cite book | title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58209/58209-h/58209-h.htm | publisher=Project Gutenberg | author=Duncan, Francis | year=1879}}</ref> He further commissioned London gunsmith [[Henry Nock]] to design and manufacture a new "Duke of Richmond's musket" to replace the [[Brown_Bess#Variations|traditional British army muskets]]. The first practical example of using [[interchangeable parts]], just as Nock succeeded in producing the weapon at scale Richmond lost his post as Master-General, ending the prospect of the weapon being adopted officially. However, similar designs continued to be associated with the Duke.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hood |first1=Jamie |last2=Harding |first2=David |last3=Williams |first3=David |title=‘The Duke’s Lock’: a study of the interchangeability of Henry Nock’s Board of Ordnance ‘screwless’ lock. Part 3: adaptation, adjustment and legacy |journal=Arms & Armour |date=3 July 2025 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=306-7 |doi=10.1080/17416124.2025.2572193 |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17416124.2025.2572193 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

By now developing strongly [[Tory]] persuasions, his alleged desertion of the Reform cause led to accusations of [[apostasy]] and an attack on him by [[James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale|Lord Lauderdale]] in 1792, which almost led to a duel.<ref name=odnb/><ref name="EB1911"/> In November 1795, when [[Thomas Hardy (political reformer)|Thomas Hardy]] and [[John Horne Tooke]] were charged with [[treason]] and cited his publications on reform in their defence, Richmond became perceived as a liability to HM Government and was dismissed in February 1795.<ref name=odnb/> 

Appointed [[Regimental colonel|Colonel]] of the [[Royal Horse Guards]] on 18 July 1795,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13796|date=14 July 1795|page=741}}</ref> he was promoted as [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] on 30 July 1796.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13918|date=2 August 1796|page=743}}</ref> On 15 June 1797 he raised a [[Yeomanry]] [[Artillery battery|Artillery Troop]], the [[Sussex Yeomanry|Duke of Richmond's Light Horse Artillery]], at his [[Goodwood House|Goodwood]] [[Estate (land)|estate]]. The Troop was equipped with his own design of a [[Gun carriage|Curricle gun carriage]].<ref>Barlow & Smith, p. 7.</ref>

In retirement, Richmond developed the [[family seat]] enhancing [[Goodwood House|Goodwood]]'s reputation as a sporting estate by adding, alongside his father's [[Goodwood Cricket|cricket pitch]], the famous [[Goodwood Racecourse]].<ref name=odnb/> He was also a [[patron of art]]ists such as [[George Stubbs]], [[Pompeo Batoni]], [[Anton Raphael Mengs]], [[Joshua Reynolds]] and [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goodwood.co.uk/goodwood-house/the-collection/painting-collection.aspx |title=Goodwood House painting collection |publisher=Goodwood |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref>

==Marriage==
[[Image:Duchess of Richmond, 1775 stipple engraving.jpg|thumb|upright|1775 stipple engraving of Mary by [[William Wynne Ryland]] after an [[Angelica Kauffman]] portrait]]

On 1 April 1757, he married [[Lady Mary Bruce]] (died 1796), youngest daughter and co-heiress of [[Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury]], and his third wife, [[John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll#Marriage and children|Lady Caroline Campbell]].<ref name=heathcote199/> The wedding was held at the house of [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Henry Seymour Conway|Henry Conway]] in [[St James's#Street name etymologies|Warwick Street, St James's]], with the consent of the Major-General, one of Lady Mary's guardians, by special licence of the [[Dean of Canterbury|Dean and Chapter]] of [[Canterbury Cathedral]], given the then vacancy of the See of Canterbury, and performed by [[Frederick Keppel (bishop)|the Hon. and Revd Frederick Keppel]], then [[Canon of Windsor]] and the future [[Bishop of Exeter]].<ref>''The Register of Marriages solemnized in the Parish Church of St James within the Liberty of Westminster & County of Middlesex. 1754-1765.'' No. 811. 1 April 1757.</ref> The marriage failed to produce any legitimate issue.<ref name=heathcote199/>

==Mistresses and illegitimate issue==

===Mrs Mary Bennett===
As acknowledged in his Will the Duke had three illegitimate daughters (Elizabeth, Caroline and Mary)<ref name=peill>{{cite book |last=Peill |first=James|author-link=James Peill |title=Glorious Goodwood: A Biography of England's Greatest Sporting Estate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpZ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161 |year=2019 |publisher=Little Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-4721-2823-2 |page=161}}</ref> by Mrs Mary Bennett (1765–1845), described as "his housekeeper",<ref name=odnb/> also known at sometime as Mrs Mary Blesard,<ref>{{cite web |title=Grant of an annuity from Lord John George Lennox to James Brownson of Norwich, esq., secured on properties [named] in Sussex |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5d00ba73-e4ca-495f-b65d-58f9af68b9d5 |publisher=National Archives |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> 30 years his junior.<ref name=peill/> To his daughters he bequeathed the sum of £10,000 each, and to Mrs Bennett he bequeathed his estate at [[Earl's Court|Earl's Court, Kensington]].<ref name=peill/>
*Mary Bennett, who at the age of 19 married Colonel [[William Light]] (1786–1839), founder of the [[City of Adelaide]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Samela |date=22 November 2011 |title=First lady Maria recognised at last |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/first-lady-maria-recognised-at-last/news-story/2b5ace10d24a77d2589982f5a1db9205 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The Advertiser}}</ref>
*Caroline Bennett (9 August 1806–5 September 1836), who married her first cousin Captain [[Henry Edward Napier]], son of [[George Napier|Colonel the Hon. George Napier]] and [[Lady Sarah Lennox]], sister of the 3rd Duke. Captain Napier was the author of ''Florentine History from the earliest Authentic Records to the Accession of Ferdinand the Third, Grandduke of Tuscany'', and a brother of General [[Sir Charles James Napier]], conqueror of [[the Sindh]]. She died at the [[Villa La Pietra|Villa Capponi]] in Florence and her inscribed gravestone survives in the "[[English Cemetery, Florence|English Cemetery]]" or Cimitero di Pinti at [[Florence]], next to that of her mother.<ref>{{cite web |author=julia |url=http://www.florin.ms/epitaphs.html |title=epitaphs |publisher=Florin.ms |access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

===Vicomtesse de Cambis===
By his French mistress [[List of French royal mistresses|Gabrielle-Charlotte-Françoise d'Alsace de Hénin-Liétard]] (Vicomtesse de Cambis;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodwood.com/globalassets/venues/downloads/gh-summer-exhibition-2013---the-french-connection.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.goodwood.com}}</ref> died 1809<ref>Died at Richmond Green in Surrey, apparently in the household of Lady Ailesbury and her daughters ([http://favoritesroyales.canalblog.com/archives/2012/09/02/25017462.html ''Elle s'établit à Richmond Green et elle prit en affection une certaine lady Ailesbury et ses filles''])</ref>), wife of General Jacques-François de Cambis (1727–1792), [[seigneur]] d'[[Orsan]],<ref>[https://palisep.fr/bibliotheque/jougla/tome_01.pdf ''Grand Armorial de France'', Henri Jougla de Morenas, Tome I (1934), p. 165]</ref> niece of [[Thomas Philip Wallrad de Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace|Cardinal d'Alsace]] and sister of the [[Charles-Alexandre de Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace|Prince de Chimay]],<ref>She had also been the mistress of Edward Gibbon ([https://books.google.com/books?id=5HJODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2747 Edward Gibbon: History Books, Essays & Autobiographical Writings])</ref> the Duke had another illegitimate daughter:

[[File:HenrietteLeClerc byGeorgeRomney 1796 GoodwoodHouse.png|thumb|upright|1796 portrait of Henrietta by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]]]]

*Henrietta Anne le Clerc (1773–1846), variously called "a protégée of the Duchess" and "a long acknowledged daughter of His Grace".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gentleman's Magazine, 1807 |year=1807 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkX4LDZHS3IC&pg=PA91}}</ref> The 3rd Duke referred to her in his Will as ''"Miss Henrietta Anne le Clerc, who resides with me and though Christened by the name of Anne only, is called Henrietta and whom I have [educated?] from her childhood"'', and bequeathed her an annual income of £2,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Literary Panorama, and National Register, Volume 2 |year=1807 |page=1088 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2Y3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1359-IA14}}</ref> In 1778, aged 5, Henrietta had been brought from [[France]] by the Duke's sister [[Lady Louisa Conolly]], to live at [[Goodwood House]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald|Brian Fitzgerald]] |year=1957 |series=Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster (1731–1814) |volume=3 |title=Letters of Lady Louisa Conolly and William, Marquis of Kildare (2nd Duke of Leinster) |publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission |isbn=9780903532211}}</ref>{{rp|265}} It was in Henrietta's bedroom at [[Richmond House]] where the fire started in 1791 which destroyed that building.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Register of 1791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sntxGUEMdgsC&pg=RA2-PA46 |last1=Burke |first1=Edmund |year=1824}}</ref> By the Duke's will she received the life tenure of [[Lavant House|West Lavant Park]] and other lands and farms on the Goodwood Estate. On 28 March 1808, at [[St James's Church, Piccadilly|St James's Church, Westminster]], she married Lieutenant-General John Dorrien (1758–1825), late [[Royal Horse Guards]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/40dcdb89-fc53-4f5b-8d32-7083e2701330 |title=Release by Charles Dorrien of Ash Dean in West-bourne, esq. &#124; The National Archives |publisher=Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5d00ba73-e4ca-495f-b65d-58f9af68b9d5 |title=Grant of an annuity from Lord John George Lennox to James Brownson of Norwich, esq., secured on properties [named&#93; in Sussex. &#124; The National Archives |publisher=Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Obituary, The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 95, Part 1; Volume 137 |year=1825 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fq5Go5vwIAC&pg=PA477}}</ref> by whom she had a son, Charles Dorrien.<ref>[https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/files/declaration/files/drp_aug_2017_research_trip_summary.pdf harvard.edu]</ref> After her husband's death she turned to the management of her [[Estate (land)|estate]], where she bred [[Merino sheep]] as well as hunting with [[Crawley and Horsham Hunt|Colonel Wyndham's foxhounds]].<ref>"Goodwood: The French Connection".</ref>

==Death, burial and succession==

The 3rd Duke died at Goodwood on 29 December 1806 being buried in [[Chichester Cathedral]], Sussex.<ref name=heath200/> As he left no legitimate issue he was succeeded in his [[Hereditary title|peerage title]]s by his nephew, [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox]].<ref name=heath200/>

==The Sussex Declaration==
[[File:Declaration of independence chichester.jpg|thumb|The ''Sussex Declaration'' at Chichester archives]]

On April 21, 2017, the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration Resources Project]] announced the discovery at [[West Sussex Record Office]] in [[Chichester]], [[England]], of a second parchment manuscript copy of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Amy B. |title=A rare copy of the Declaration of Independence has been found — in England |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/04/24/a-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-has-been-found-in-england/ |access-date=April 24, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=24 April 2017}}</ref> Named the "Sussex Declaration" by historians [[Danielle Allen]] and Emily Sneff, it differs from the National Archives version<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration www.archives.gov]</ref> (which the finders refer to as the "Matlack Declaration") in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States. How this manuscript arrived in [[England]] is as yet unknown, but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |title=Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England |work=The Guardian |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/resources/sussex-dec |title=The Sussex Declaration |work=Declaration Resources Project |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> The ''Sussex Declaration'' is thought probably to have been brought back to [[England]] by the Duke of Richmond.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/rare-parchment-american-declaration-independence-found-chichester-records-office-858171 |title=Rare Parchment American Declaration of Independence Found in Chichester Records Office |date=24 April 2017 |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>

==Memorials==
Both [[Richmond County, North Carolina]] and [[Richmond County, Georgia]] are named in the 3rd Duke's memory.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/r.pdf |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins |publisher=Winship Press |author=Krakow, Kenneth K. |year=1975 |location=Macon, GA |page=188 |isbn=0-915430-00-2}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
|image = [[File:Coat of arms of Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond.png|280px]]
|crest = On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or crowned with a Ducal Coronet Gules and gorged with a Collar compony of four pieces Argent and Gules charged with two Roses of the Last; (Richmond crest with Lennox collar and coronet). 
|coronet = [[Coronet|That]] of a [[Duke]]
|escutcheon = The Royal Arms of [[King Charles II of England]] (''viz.'' [[Quartering (heraldry)|grand-quarterly]]: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a Bordure compony Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded Proper and the Last; in pretence, an [[Inescutcheon]] Gules charged with three Buckles Or (for [[Duke of Aubigny|Aubigny]]).
|supporters = [[Dexter and sinister|Dexter]]: A Unicorn Argent armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a Collar compony;<br/>Sinister: An Antelope Argent, also armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a Collar compony (as in the Crest).
|orders = Surrounding the Shield, the [[Order of the Garter|Garter]] [[circlet]]: <br>''Honi soit qui mal y pense'' (''Shame be to him who thinks evil of it'')
|motto = ''En la rose Je fleuris'' ([[French language|French]]: "Like the rose, I flourish")
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment |last1=Brereton |first1=J. M. |last2=Savoury |first2=A. C. S. |publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment |year=1993 |isbn=978-0952155201}}
*{{cite book |last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=Barnsley |year=1999 |isbn=0-85052-696-5}}
* L. Barlow & R. J. Smith, ''The Uniforms of the British Yeomanry Force 1794–1914, 1: The Sussex Yeomanry Cavalry'', London: Robert Ogilby Trust/Tunbridge Wells: Midas Books, ''ca'' 1979, {{ISBN|0-85936-183-7}}.
* [http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/Miscellaneous-Volumes/library/An-Epitomized-History-of-the-Militia/files/assets/basic-html/page1.html Col George Jackson Hay, ''An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force)'', London:United Service Gazette, 1905.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004439/http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/Miscellaneous-Volumes/library/An-Epitomized-History-of-the-Militia/files/assets/basic-html/page1.html |date=11 May 2021 }}
* J. R. Western, ''The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century: The Story of a Political Issue 1660–1802'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.

==External links==
*{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Lennox, Charles (1735-1806)|volume=33}}
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-new | regiment}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[72nd Regiment of Foot]] | years=1758–1763}}
{{s-non | reason=Regiment disbanded}}
|-
{{succession box|title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance]] | before=[[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|The Viscount Townshend]] | after=[[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|The Viscount Townshend]] | years=1782–1783}}
{{succession box|title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance]] | before=[[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|The Viscount Townshend]] | after=[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|The Marquess Cornwallis]] | years=1784–1795}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Henry Seymour Conway|Rt Hon. Henry Seymour Conway]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[Royal Horse Guards|Royal Regiment of Horse Guards]] | years=1795–1806}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland|The Duke of Northumberland]]}}

{{s-dip}}
{{succession box|title=[[British Ambassador to France|HM Ambassador to the Kingdom of France]]|before=[[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford|The Earl of Hertford]]|after=[[William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford|The Earl of Rochford]]|years=1765–1766}}

{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] | before=[[Henry Seymour Conway|Rt Hon. Henry Seymour Conway]] | after=[[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|The Earl of Shelburne]] | years=1766}}

{{s-hon}}
{{succession box|title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Sussex]] | before=[[Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont|The Earl of Egremont]] | after=[[Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk|The Duke of Norfolk]] | years=1763–1806}}

{{s-reg|en}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Richmond]]|creation=3rd creation|years=1750–1806}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Charles Lennox<br><small>''(4th Duke)''</small>]]}}

{{s-reg|sct}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Charles Lennox<br><small>''(4th Duke)''</small>]]}}

{{s-reg|fr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Charles Lennox<br><small>''(2nd Duke)''</small>]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Aubigny]]|years=1777–1806}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Charles Lennox<br><small>''(4th Duke)''</small>]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke Of}}
[[Category:1735 births]]
[[Category:1806 deaths]]
[[Category:33rd Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:Coldstream Guards officers]]
[[Category:Sussex Militia officers]]
[[Category:Royal Horse Guards officers]]
[[Category:Lancashire Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Sussex Yeomanry officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Dukes of Lennox|203]]
[[Category:Dukes of Richmond|303]]
[[Category:Dukes of Aubigny]]
[[Category:Earls of March (1675 creation)|Charles]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Sussex]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Great Britain to France]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for the Southern Department]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Burials at Chichester Cathedral]]
[[Category:Lennox family|Charles]]