View source for Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry

{{Short description|Anglo-Irish soldier (1778–1854)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = The Marquess of Londonderry
| image = File:Thomas Lawrence, Charles William (Vane-)Stewart, Later 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, 1812, oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, London.jpg
| alt = head of a clean-shaven young man
| caption = ''[[Portrait of Sir Charles Stewart]]'' by [[Sir Thomas Lawrence]], 1812
| CoA = 
| tenure = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| spouse = {{plainlist| 
* Lady Catherine Bligh
* [[Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry|Lady Frances Vane-Tempest]]
}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry]]
* [[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry]]
* [[Frances Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough]]
* [[Alexandrina Dawson-Damer, Countess of Portarlington]]
* [[Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest]]
* Lady Adelaide Vane
* Lord Ernest Vane-Tempest
}}
| issue-link = 
| father = [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry]]
| mother = [[Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry|Frances Pratt]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1778|05|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mary Street, Dublin|Mary Street]], [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1854|3|6|1778|5|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Londonderry House]], [[London]], England
| burial_place = [[Longnewton]], [[County Durham]], England
| honorific prefix = [[The Most Honourable]]
| honorific suffix = {{Post-nominals|sep=|country=GBR|KG|GCB|GCH|PC}}
}}

[[File:Shield of arms of Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCB, GCH, PC.png|thumb|right|Quartered arms of Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCB, GCH, PC]]

'''Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry''', {{Post-nominals|sep=,|country=GBR|KG|GCB|GCH|PC}} ({{ne|'''Stewart'''}}; 18 May 1778 – 6 March 1854), was an [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] nobleman, soldier and politician. He served in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], in the suppression of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], and in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. He excelled as a cavalry commander in the [[Peninsular War]] (1807–1814) under [[John Moore (British Army officer)|Sir John Moore]] and the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]].

On resigning from his post under Wellington in 1812, his half-brother [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]] helped him to launch a diplomatic career. He was posted to [[Prussia|Berlin]] in 1813, and then as ambassador to [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], where Castlereagh was the British plenipotentiary at the [[Congress of Vienna]].

He married Lady Catherine Bligh in 1804 and then, in 1819, [[Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry|Lady Frances Vane-Tempest]], a wealthy heiress, changing his surname to hers, thus becoming Charles Vane. In 1822 he succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, inheriting estates in the north of Ireland where, as an unyielding landlord, his reputation suffered in the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]. It was a reputation he matched as a coal operator on his wife's land in [[County Durham]]. In opposition to the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]], he insisted on his right to use child labour.

== Early life ==
Charles was born in Dublin{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 132, line 10]|ps=. "He (the Hon. Charles Stewart) was b. [born] 18&nbsp;May 1778 in Mary street, Dublin;"}} as the second son of [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry|Robert Stewart]] and the first son by his second wife [[Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry|Frances Pratt]]. His father's family was [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]] and had been a [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland|Presbyterian]] before converting to the [[Church of Ireland|established Anglican communion]] of the [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] aristocracy within whose ranks money (an [[East India Company|East-India]] fortune acquired through his first wife) enabled him to move. Robert Stewart was created Viscount Castlereagh in 1795 and the Marquess of Londonderry in 1816.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geohegan |first=Patrick |date=2009 |title=Robert Stewart |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/stewart-robert-a8310 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography}}</ref>

Charles's mother was English, a daughter of [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden]], a leading English jurist. His parents had married on 7&nbsp;June 1775.{{Sfn|Debrett|1838|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ru4UAAAAQAAJ/page/n591/ 518, right column, line 8]|ps=. "The marquess m. [married] 2ndly, 7 June 1775, Frances, eldest da. of Charles Pratt, 1st earl Camden, and sister to the present marquess Camden, and by her (who d. 18 Jan. 1833, æt. 82) had issue ..."}} Charles was brought up as an Anglican, a member of the [[Church of Ireland]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|Heesom|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198614063/page/95/ 95, line 13]|ps=. "Charles was raised as an Anglican, in contrast to the family's Presbyterian tradition."}}

Charles had a half-brother from his father's first marriage who played an important role in his life:
* [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Robert]] (1769–1822), known as "Lord Castlereagh", who achieved prominence as [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]]

In addition Charles had 11 full siblings, [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry#chldrn2|who are listed in his father's article]].

{{Chart top|width=auto|collapsed=no|align=right|clear=right|Family tree}}
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{{Tree chart|Txt|Txt=Charles Vane with his two wives, his parents, and other selected relatives.{{Efn|This family tree is based on the genealogies of the marquesses of Londonderry.{{Sfn|Burke|Burke|1909|p=[https://archive.org/details/b31363945/page/1148/ 1148–1150]|ps=. "Genealogy of the marquesses of Londonderry"}}{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n132/ 131–134]|ps=. "Genealogy of the marquesses of Londonderry"}} Also see the lists of children in the text.}}|boxstyle_Txt=border: 0 solid white; text-align: left;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart| | | |Alxnd|y|MryCw|boxstyle=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;
 |Alxnd=[[Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)|'''Alexander''']]<br />1699–1781
 |MryCw='''Mary<br />Cowan'''<br />d. 1788}}
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 |GrgL5=[[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry|George<br />'''5th<br />Marquess''']]<br />1821–1884|boxstyle_GrgL5=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;
 |MryEd='''Mary<br />Edwards'''<br />d. 1906}}
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In 1789, when he was 11, his father, Robert Stewart, was created Baron Londonderry.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13131 |date=9 September 1789 |page=597 |quote=His Majesty's Royal Letters have been received granting the dignity of a Baron of this Kingdom to the following gentlemen&nbsp;... The Right Honourable Robert Stewart, Baron Londonderry&nbsp;...}}</ref> 
In 1795, his father was further created Viscount Castlereagh<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=13821 |date=10 October 1795 |page=1052 |quote=To Robert Lord Londonderry, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, the Dignity of Viscount Castlereagh, of Castlereagh in the County Down}}</ref> and in 1796, he was finally elevated to Marquess of Londonderry in the [[Irish peerage]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette |issue=13922 |date=10 August 1796 |page=781 |quote=To Robert Lord Viscount Castlereagh, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name Stile and Title of Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry}}</ref>

== Military and parliamentary career ==
On 3 April 1791, at the age of 12, Charles Stewart entered the British Army as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was commissioned a lieutenant on 8&nbsp;January 1793 in this same unit.{{Sfn|Alison|1861a|p=[https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle06alisgoog/page/n38/ 4]|ps=. "... he entered the army on 3d April 1791 as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the same regiment on the 8th January 1793, and received a company in it on 7 August 1794."}} He saw service in 1794 in the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]] of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], and on the [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]] in 1795.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Londonderry, Charles William Stewart, 3rd Marquess of|volume=16|pages=968–969}}</ref>

He was lieutenant-colonel of the [[5th Royal Irish Dragoons]] by the time he helped put down the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]]. In 1803, Stewart was appointed ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

In 1800, Charles Stewart was elected in the Tory interest to the Irish House of Commons as member of parliament for [[Thomastown (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Thomastown borough]], [[County Kilkenny]], in place of George Dunbar,{{Sfn|House of Commons|1878|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=688 688 above]|ps=. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Dunbar, Gentleman at Large to the Lord-Lieutenant / Thomastown Borough"}} and after only two months exchanged this seat for that of [[County Londonderry (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|County Londonderry]],{{Sfn|House of Commons|1878|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=689 689]|ps=. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Conolly, who accepted office of Escheator of Munster / County Londonderry."}} being replaced at Thomastown by [[John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden|John Cradock]].{{Sfn|House of Commons|1878|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=688 688 below]|ps=. "Major General John Francis Cradock, in place of Mr. Stewart who accepted office of Escheator of Ulster / Thomastown Borough"}} After the abolition of the Irish Parliament with the [[Act of Union, 1800|Act of Union]] in 1801, In July and August 1802 Stewart was re-elected for the country in the [[1802 United Kingdom general election|first general election of the United Kingdom]] and sat until the parliament's dissolution in 1806.{{Sfn|House of Commons|1878|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=228 228]|ps=. "Charles Stewart, esq. / 21 July 1802 / County Londonderry."}} He was reelected again in 1806, in 1807, after which he became Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, and again in 1812. In July 1814 he was summoned to the House of Lords and replaced as MP for Londonderry by his uncle [[Alexander Stewart (1746–1831)|Alexander Stewart of Ards]].{{Sfn|House of Commons|1878|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=214 214] 228, 240, 256, 271|ps=. "Charles William Stewart esq. of Kilrea in the said city and county / 20 May 1807 / County Londonderry."}}

== Marriage and children ==
On 8&nbsp;August 1804 at the church of [[St George's, Hanover Square]], London, Charles Stewart married Lady Catherine Bligh.{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 132, line 38b]|ps=. "He m. [married] firstly, 8&nbsp;Aug. 1804 at St. Geo Han sq., Catherine 4th da. [daughter] of John (Bligh) 3rd Earl of Darnley [I.]&nbsp;...}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Catherine Bligh, Lady Charles Stewart |url=http://www.ntprints.com/image/420729/lady-catherine-bligh-lady-charles-stewart-portrait-miniature-by-anne-mee-and-james-heath-millington-c-1804 |publisher=National Trust |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152232/http://www.ntprints.com/image/420729/lady-catherine-bligh-lady-charles-stewart-portrait-miniature-by-anne-mee-and-james-heath-millington-c-1804 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was the 4th and youngest daughter of the [[John Bligh, 3rd Earl of Darnley|3rd Earl of Darnley]]. She was three years his senior. Lady Catherine died during the night of 10–11&nbsp;February 1812, of fever following a minor operation, while her husband was on his way home from Spain. They had one son:{{sfn|Lloyd|1898|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati54stepuoft/page/280/ 280, left column, top]|ps=. "She died on 8&nbsp;Feb. 1812, while he was on his way back from Spain&nbsp;..."}}

* [[Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry|Frederick William Robert Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1805–1872){{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 133, line 8]|ps=. "Frederick William Robert (Stewart), Marquess of Londonderry &c. [I. [Ireland]&thinsp;] also Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn, s. [son] and h. [heir], being only s. by first wife; b. [born] 7&nbsp;July 1805, in South street, Grosvenor sq.;"}}{{Sfn|Burke|1949|p=[https://archive.org/details/burkesgenealogic1949unse/page/1248/ 1248, line 9]|ps=. "Frederick William Robert, 4th Marquess of Londonderry, K.P., P.C., Lord-Lieut. co. Down&nbsp;..."}}

In 1819, he married Lady Frances Vane-Tempest, daughter and heiress of [[Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet]], and Anne MacDonnell, 2nd Countess of Antrim. She was 22 years his junior. They had six children:

* [[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry|George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1821–1884)
* [[Frances Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane]] (1822–1899); married [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough]].
* [[Alexandrina Dawson-Damer, Countess of Portarlington|Lady Alexandrina Octavia Maria Vane]] (1823–1874), godchild of Alexander I of Russia; married [[Henry Dawson-Damer, 3rd Earl of Portarlington]].
* [[Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest|Lord Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest]] (1825–1864), politician; became insane, and had to be medically restrained.
* Lady Adelaide Emelina Caroline Vane (c. 1830–1882); disgraced the family by eloping with her brother's tutor, Rev. Frederick Henry Law.
* Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1836–1885), fell in with a [[press-gang]] and had to be bought a commission in the army, from which he was subsequently [[Cashiering|cashiered]].

== Peninsular War ==
The remainder of his military career developed during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], more exactly in the [[Peninsular War]].

=== Corunna ===
The war started with the [[Battle of Corunna|Corunna Campaign]] (1808–1809), in which the British troops were commanded by [[John Moore (British Army officer)|Sir John Moore]]. In this campaign Charles Stewart commanded a brigade of cavalry, and played, together with [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|Lord Paget]], a prominent role in the cavalry clash of [[Battle of Benavente|Benavente]] where the French General [[Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes|Lefebvre-Desnouettes]] was taken prisoner.{{Sfn|Vane|1828|p=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeofpenin00lond/page/207/ 207]|ps=. "...&nbsp;Lord Paget and the writer of these pages arrived: when the former made haste to bring up the 10th hussars, whilst the latter put himself at the head of the detachments already in the field.&nbsp;... leaving in our hands the General Le Fevre their Colonel&nbsp;..."}}{{Sfn|Hugo|1838|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ao1WAAAAMAAJ/page/n297/ 109, left column]|ps=. "...&nbsp;le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes passa à gué cette rivière avec trois escadrons de chasseurs de la garde, et se trouva bientôt en face de toute la cavalerie Anglaise commandée par les généraux Stewart et Paget. Les Français malgré leurs courageux efforts, ne purent pas lutter contre de forces si supérieures, et repassèrent l'Esla, abandonnant aux Anglais une soixantaine d'hommes blessés ou démontés, parmi lesquels se trouvait le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes."}} He suffered from [[ophthalmia]] during the latter stages of the retreat.<ref>Macdonald, Janet. ''Sir John Moore: The Making of a Controversial Hero''. Pen and Sword, 2016. p.234</ref> Moore sent him back to London carrying dispatches for Castlereagh and other leading figures<ref>MacDonald p.237</ref> and he missed the climactic battle where British forces successfully managed to evacuate in the face of [[Marshal Soult]]'s army at which Moore was killed in action.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Wellesley's Spanish campaign ===
When British troops returned to the Iberian Peninsula after the Corunna Campaign, they were commanded by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]] (later the [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]). Charles Stewart was appointed, in April 1809, [[Adjutant General]] to Wellesley. This was an administrative job and not much to his liking, especially as Wellesley never discussed his decisions with subordinates.{{Sfn|Oman|1913|p=[https://archive.org/details/wellingtonsarmy100oman/page/157/ 157]|ps=. "He [Wellesley] did not wish to have a Gneisenau or a Moltke at his side: he only wanted zealous and competent chief clerks."}} Nevertheless, he sometimes managed to see action and distinguished himself, for example spontaneously leading a squadron cavalry charge at the [[Second Battle of Porto]] (May 1809), and further distinguishing himself at the [[battle of Talavera]] (July 1809), for which he received the thanks of the Parliament on 2&nbsp;February 1810, when he returned to England due to illness.<ref>{{Cite hansard |house=House of Commons |title=Thanks of the house to General Stewart |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1810/feb/05/thanks-of-the-house-to-general-stewart |date=5 February 1810 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205716/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1810/feb/05/thanks-of-the-house-to-general-stewart |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also excelled at [[Battle of Bussaco|Bussaco]] in September 1810 and at [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro|Fuentes de Oñoro]] (May 1811) where he took a French Colonel prisoner in single combat.{{Sfn|Alison|1861a|p=[https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle06alisgoog/page/n460/ 423] |ps=. "Sir Charles Stewart, who made Colonel La Motte, of the 18th Chasseurs, prisoner in single combat"}}

He resigned his position as Adjutant General in February 1812. Some say due to bad health,{{Sfn|Lloyd|1898|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati54stepuoft/page/278/ 278, right column, bottom]|ps=. "... a return of intermittent fever obliged him to go home in February, and he saw no further service in the Peninsula."}}{{Sfn|Alison|1861a|p=[https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle06alisgoog/page/n518/ 480]|ps=. "... and he became so seriously ill that Lord Wellington, much against both their wishes, insisted on his return. He embarked for Britain, accordingly, in the beginning of February 1812."}} but others say that Wellington fired him. Wellington apparently appreciated him as a soldier but judged him a "sad brouillon and mischief-maker" among his staff.{{Sfn|Jennings|1885|p=[https://archive.org/details/crokerpaperscorr01crokiala/page/346/ 346]|ps=. "Charles Stewart (third Marquis of Londonderry) was a sad brouillon and mischief-maker. I was obliged to get rid of him."}} He served [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I of Russia]] during 1813–1814. During his visit to St Petersburg in 1836, [[Nicholas I of Russia|Emperor Nicholas I]] honoured him with a medal commemorating the 1814 capture of Paris and invited him to a Christmas Day ceremony marking Russia’s liberation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.2.1837 Finlands Allmänna Tidning no 26, s. 1 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/396521?page=1 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi |language=fi}}</ref>

On 30 January 1813 he became a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Companion of the Bath]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=16699 |date=30 January 1813 |pages=227-228 |quote=Knights Companions of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath}}</ref> which made him Sir Charles Stewart. On 20&nbsp;November 1813, he was made [[Colonel]] of the [[25th Light Dragoons]], an honorary position.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Diplomatic career ==
His half-brother Robert had made a brilliant diplomatic and political career. Charles and his half-brother remained lifelong friends and wrote each other many letters. Robert helped Charles to start a diplomatic career.

=== Berlin ===
From May 1813 until the end of the war, Sir Charles was Envoy Extraordinary and [[Minister Plenipotentiary]] to Berlin,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=16729 |date=17 May 1813 |page=944 |quote=Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of His Majesty the King of Prussia}}</ref> and was also Military Commissioner with the allied armies, being wounded at the [[Battle of Kulm]] in August 1813.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Vienna ===
In 1814 he was also appointed Ambassador to Austria, a post he held for nine years (1814–1823). On 18&nbsp;June 1814, to make him more acceptable in Vienna, Stewart was ennobled as '''Baron Stewart''', of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in [[County Donegal]], by the Prince Regent.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{London Gazette |issue=16909 |date=18 June 1814 |page=1255 |quote=to grant the dignity of a baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland onto the Honourable Sir Charles William Stewart}}</ref> In the same year, he received [[honorary degree]]s from [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], was admitted to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]], and was appointed a [[Lord of the Bedchamber]] to the [[George III|king]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Lord Stewart, as he now was, attended the [[Congress of Vienna]] with his half-brother Lord Castlereagh as one of the British plenipotentiaries. He was not well regarded as he made a spectacle of himself with his loutish behaviour, was apparently rather often inebriated, and frequented prostitutes quite openly.{{Sfn|Zamoyski|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/ritesofpeacefall00zamo/page/345/ 345]|ps=. "The image of the British delegation was not improved by the behaviour of the ambassador. Lord Stewart, who drank and whored quite openly, touch up young women in public&nbsp;..."}} He earned himself the sobriquet of Lord [[Pumpernickel]] after a loutish character in a play in fashion.{{Sfn|Zamoyski|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/ritesofpeacefall00zamo/page/400/ 400]|ps=. "Lord Pumpernickel, as he had been dubbed after the character of a cretinous lout in a popular play running at the time&nbsp;..."}}

In the following years he also served as British observer at the congresses of [[Congress of Troppau|Troppau]], [[Congress of Laibach|Laibach]] and [[Congress of Verona|Verona]]. As the great powers were taking an increasingly reactionary approach, the British government sent Lord Stewart to observe, but not participate in the decisions.

=== Second marriage and children ===
[[File:Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|alt=Oil portrait of a lady|Engagement ''[[Portrait of Frances Vane]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1818]]

Before the end of his diplomatic career Lord Stewart had, on 3&nbsp;April 1819, married his second wife, [[Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry|Lady Frances Vane-Tempest]], a daughter and heiress of [[Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet|Sir Henry Vane-Tempest]],{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 132, line 40]|ps=. "He m. [married] secondly, 3&nbsp;April 1819 on which occasion he took by Royal lic. 5&nbsp;May 1829, the name of Vane in lieu of that of Stewart, Frances Anne Emily, da of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2d Bart. of Long Newton, co. Durham&nbsp;...K.G. 19&nbsp;June 1852."}} at her mother's house in [[Bruton Street]], [[Mayfair]], and took her surname of '''Vane''', by Royal licence, as had been stipulated in her father's will.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17480 |date=25 May 1819 |page=906 |quote=...&nbsp;may, in compliance with the provisions of the last will and testament of the said Sir Henry Vane, Bart. from henceforth continue to respectively use the surname of Vane only&nbsp;...}}</ref> He was henceforth known as Charles William Vane, whereas his son from his first marriage stayed Frederick Stewart.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

{{Anchor|chldrn2}} <!-- Referenced by the infobox issue-link -->
Children by Lady Frances Vane-Tempest:{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
# [[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry|George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1821–1884)
# [[Frances Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane]] (1822–1899); married [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough]].
# [[Alexandrina Dawson-Damer, Countess of Portarlington|Lady Alexandrina Octavia Maria Vane]] (1823–1874), godchild of Alexander I of Russia; married [[Henry Dawson-Damer, 3rd Earl of Portarlington]].
# [[Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest|Lord Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest]] (1825–1864), politician; became insane, and had to be medically restrained.
# Lady Adelaide Emelina Caroline Vane (c.&nbsp;1830–1882); disgraced the family by eloping with her brother's tutor, Rev. Frederick Henry Law.
# Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1836–1885), fell in with a [[press-gang]] and had to be bought a commission in the army, from which he was subsequently [[Cashiering|cashiered]].

Through his daughter Lady Frances, Lord Londonderry is the maternal grandfather of [[Lord Randolph Churchill]], and consequently a great-grandfather of [[Winston Churchill]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Castlereagh's suicide ===
[[File:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|thumb|''[[Portrait of Lord Castlereagh]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]]. Stewart was shocked by his elder brother's suicide in 1822 and resigned his post as Ambassador to Austria after the [[Congress of Verona]].]]
On 12&nbsp;August 1822, his half-brother committed suicide.{{Sfn|Burke|1869|p=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/page/704/ 704, left column, line 82]|ps=. "The [2nd] marquess d. at his seat at North Cray, 12 Aug. 1822&nbsp;..."}} He succeeded his half-brother as '''3rd Marquess of Londonderry''' in 1822. The following year Lord Londonderry was also created '''Earl Vane''' and '''Viscount Seaham''', of [[Seaham]] in the County Palatine of Durham, with remainder to the heirs male of the body of his second wife.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17909 |date=29 March 1823 |page=498}}</ref>

His half-brother's death also meant the end of his diplomatic career. He quit the diplomatic service in 1823. [[Queen Victoria]] had a low opinion of Londonderry's abilities as a civil servant. She said that he should, in her opinion, not be given any post of importance.{{Sfn|Urquhart|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cbFbkWP_XF4C&pg=PA68 68]|ps=. "Queen Victoria's mandate 'that Lord Londonderry should not be employed in any post of importance, as this would, in her opinion, be detrimental to the interests of the country'"}}

=== Residences ===
[[File:Wynyard Morris.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|alt=picture of the Wynyard Park Manor House |Wynyard Park, c.1880]]

Lord Londonderry used his new bride's immense wealth to acquire the [[Seaham Hall]] estate in [[County Durham]], developing the coalfields there. He also built the harbour at Seaham, to rival nearby [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]. He commissioned [[Benjamin Dean Wyatt|Benjamin Wyatt]] to build a mansion at [[Wynyard Park, County Durham|Wynyard Park]]. It was completed by [[Philip Wyatt]] in 1841 and cost £130,000 (equivalent to £10,772,000 in 2016) to build and furnish. Unfortunately, just as the mansion was being completed, a fire broke out and gutted the house; it was later restored and remodelled by [[Ignatius Bonomi]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The family also used their newfound wealth to redecorate their country seat in Ireland, [[Mount Stewart]], and bought Holdernesse House on London's [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]], which they renamed [[Londonderry House]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Declines Orange invitation ==
In 1836 the [[Orange Order]] was accused of plotting to place [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]] and Imperial Grand Master of the Orange Order, on the throne in place of [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] when his brother [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] died. Once the plot was revealed, the House of Commons called upon the King to disband the Order.<ref>"The Cumberland Plot"  New Zealand Tablet, Volume XXIX, Issue 5, 31 January 1901, Page 3</ref> Under pressure from [[Joseph Hume]], [[Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet|William Molesworth]] and [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]], the King indicated measures would have to be taken and the Duke of Cumberland was forced to dissolve the Orange lodges.<ref>Murphy, James H. Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria The Catholic University of America Press (2001) p18</ref>

Hume laid evidence before the House of Commons that the plotters had approached Londonderry. In July 1832, the Marquess had received a letter from Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Fairman, the Deputy Grand Secretary of the Orange Institution of Great Britain, advising him that following "a death of importance" (the passing of the King) the Orangemen would abandon their policy of "non-resistance" to the present "Popish Cabinet, and democratical Ministry" (the [[Reform Act 1832|parliamentary reform]] ministry of [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]]) and that "it might be political" for the Marquess to join them. Noting that there were already Orange lodges in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[South Shields]], and [[Darlington]], Fairman also suggested to Londonderry that to assume the role in Durham of County Grand Master might be advantageous to him "in a personal sense": his "pitmen" (the miners employed in his collieries) might be induced to organise lodges among themselves which would "prove a partial check against their entering into cabals [i.e. [[trade union]]s] hereafter".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ORANGE LODGES. (Hansard, 23 February 1836, pp 801-803)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/feb/23/orange-lodges|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=api.parliament.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130213301/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/feb/23/orange-lodges |archive-date=30 November 2020 }}</ref>

While he conceded that he wished the government should do more to check "the baneful influence of the Liberal and Radical associations", including trade unions, Londonderry went to some length in the House of Lords to deny any possible connection between himself and "the alleged project for altering the succession to the throne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ORANGE LODGES. (Hansard, 7 March 1836) pp. 1270-1271|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1836/mar/07/orange-lodges|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=api.parliament.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003150127/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1836/mar/07/orange-lodges |archive-date=3 October 2021 }}</ref> To Fairman he had replied: "the present state of liberal Whig feeling in this very Whig county, and the very refractory and insubordinate state of the pitmen, entirely preclude the possibility of successful efforts at this juncture". He had also spoken with [[Baron Kenyon|Lord Kenyon]] (his then house guest, who had led opposition to [[Catholic emancipation|Catholic Emancipation]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Machin|first=G. I. T.|date=1963|title=The No-Popery Movement in Britain in 1828-9|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020487|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=6|issue=2|pages=193–211|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00001060 |jstor=3020487 |s2cid=159628121 |issn=0018-246X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and had "no doubt" he would "convince his Royal Highness" (the Duke of Cumberland), as well as Fairman, "that the present moment is not the time when the object can be forwarded."<ref name=":0" />

== Industrialist and landlord ==
=== Mines and Collieries Act ===
[[File:Charles William Stewart 3rd Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|thumb|Marquess of Londonderry as a [[Knight of the Garter]], c. 1853–54]]
Londonderry led the opposition to the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842|Mines and Collieries Act of 1842]] in the House of Lords. He is reported to have raged furiously against any attempt to deny the collieries the use of child labour.{{Sfn|Kornitzer|1952|p=5}}{{Sfn|Cobden|1853|p=[https://archive.org/details/whiteslavesofeng00cobduoft/page/102/ 102, line 10]|ps=. "Lord Londonderry and some others spoke of them as 'bitten with a humanity mania.'"}} Speaking on behalf of the Yorkshire Coal-Owners Association, Londonderry said "With respect to the age at which males should be admitted into mines, the members of this association have unanimously agreed to fix it at eight years... In the thin coal mines it is more especially requisite that boys, varying in age from eight to fourteen, should be employed; as the underground roads could not be made of sufficient height for taller persons without incurring an outlay so great as to render the working of such mines unprofitable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=1997 |title=Child Labour in the Collieries (Primary Sources) |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ExamIR20.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Spartacus Educational |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211222334/http://spartacus-educational.com:80/ExamIR20.htm |archive-date=11 December 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Frances Anne (1800–1865), Marchioness of Londonderry, and Her Son, George 1828 Thomas Lawrence.jpg|thumb|Frances Vane (1800–1865), Marchioness of Londonderry, and her son, George. Thomas Lawrence c. 1828]]

Londonderry was a major participant in the [[Limitation of the Vend]], a long-standing [[price fixing]] combination of north eastern mine owners.  He was widely blamed for its eventual collapse.
{{further|Limitation of the Vend}}

=== Irish famine ===
By the time of the outbreak of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]] in 1845, Londonderry was one of the ten richest men in the United Kingdom. While many landlords made efforts to mitigate the worst effects of the famine on their tenants, Londonderry was criticised for meanness: he and his wife gave only £30 to the local relief committee but spent £15,000 renovating [[Mount Stewart]], their Irish home.{{Sfn|Kinealy|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GnksAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]|ps=. "Lord Londonderry and his wife made contributions of £20 and £10 to their local relief committees at the beginning of 1847. The following year the Londonderrys expended £15,000 renovating their home in Mount Stewart"}}

In contrast to his neighbour, the [[Arthur Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire|Marquess of Downshire]], he rejected rent reductions (for which he was excoriated by [[James MacKnight (agrarian reformer)|James MacKnight]] in the Presbyterian weekly, the ''Banner of Ulster'').<ref>Peter Brooke (1983), "Religion and secular thought 1800-75", in J.C. Beckett et al., ''Belfast, the Making of the City'', Appletree Press, {{ISBN|0-86281-100-7}}, Belfast, p. 117</ref> Invoking the admonitions of the Prime Minister [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord Russell]] and of his predecessor [[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]], he advised his tenants "to help themselves and heaven will help them": only the most "supine and inert" among them could be "suffering in any serious degree under the failure of the potato".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parkhill |first=Trevor |title=Politics and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland, 1750-1850 |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |isbn=9781903688687 |editor-last=Blackstock |editor-first=Alan |location=Belfast |pages=166–167 |chapter="Chivalrous rather than administrative": the carrier of the third marquess of Londonderry, soldier, diplomat, landlord. |editor-last2=Magennis |editor-first2=Eoin}}</ref>

During the [[Tenant Right League|tenant right campaign]] of the early 1850s, Londonderry insisted on his full rights and this alienated many of his tenants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.communities-ni.gov.uk/Buildings/buildview.aspx?id=6620|title=Scrabo Tower - Historic Buildings Details |publisher=Department for Communities|quote=In fact, rather than the object of the tenant affection, the 3rd Marquis, had alienated many of his tenantry through his unbending attitude during the Tenant Right campaign of the early 1850s. |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144807/https://apps.communities-ni.gov.uk/Buildings/buildview.aspx?id=6620 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was in disagreement over this question with his eldest son and heir [[Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry|Frederick]], who was more liberally inclined.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

=== Napoleon and Abd-el-Kader ===
Back in England, Londonderry befriended Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later [[Napoleon III]]) while the latter was exiled in London between 1836 and 1840. After Bonaparte had been elected president of France in 1851, Londonderry asked him to free [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd-el-Kader]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Miscellaneous |quote="Pardon me, my Prince, if I take the liberty to write to you&nbsp;..." |date=12 April 1851 |page=8 |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-april-1851/8/vigullaurnus |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233439/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-april-1851/8/vigullaurnus |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Late honours ===
[[Governor of County Londonderry]] from 1823, Londonderry was appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Durham]] in 1842 and the following year became Colonel of the [[Life Guards (British Army)|2nd Regiment of Life Guards]]. When Wellington, whom he admired greatly, died in 1852, his place as [[Knight of the Garter]] was given to Londonderry,{{Sfn|Alison|1861b|p=[https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle05alisgoog/page/n303/ 289]|ps=. "The Garter of Wellington having become vacant by his death, it was conferred, on the very day on which the intelligence was received [17 September 1852] on the Marquess of Londonderry."}} who was officially invested on 19 June 1853.{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 132, line 38a]|ps=. "K.G. 19&nbsp;June 1852."}}

== Death, memorials, and succession ==
[[File:CWVStewart.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|alt=Detail of the equestrian statue |Memorial statue by [[Raffaelle Monti]] in [[Durham, England|Durham]]]]

He died on 6&nbsp;March 1854 at Londonderry House and was buried in [[Longnewton]], County Durham.{{Sfn|Cokayne|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n133/ 133, line 3]|ps=. "he d. of influenza, 6&nbsp;March 1854, aged 75, at Holdernesse House, Park lane, and was bur. at Long Newton."}} His widow honoured him by the [[Raffaelle Monti#Works|Londonderry Equestrian Statue]] in Durham.<ref>Equestrian statue, monument to the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. {{Cite web |url=http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/NE/DUDU04.htm |title=Durham, DUDU04, Statue, Monument to Third Marquis of Londonderry |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618084110/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/NE/DUDU04.htm |archive-date=18 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Frederick built [[Scrabo Tower]] near Newtownards as a monument to the memory of his father. Of the 730 subscribers to the cost, just 450 were connected to the Stewart estate on which there were 1,200 tenants farmers and many associated employees (in 1850, organised in the all-Ireland [[Tenant Right League]], 700 of these tenants had signed an address demanding [[Tenant-right|tenant right]] and lower rents).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Julie Louise|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1795/1/1795.pdf?EThOS%20(BL)|title='Violently Democratic and Anti-Conservative'? An Analysis of Presbyterian 'Radicalism' in Ulster, c 1800-1852.|publisher=Department of History, Durham University (doctoral dissertation)|year=2005|pages=174–175}}</ref> Two-thirds of the cost of the tower was met by 98 subscribers (in a list headed by Emperor [[Napoleon III]]) most of whom were fellow gentry.*<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCavery |first=Trevor |date=1994 |title=Newtown - A history of Newtownards |publisher=The White Row Press |location=Belfast |isbn=978-1-870132-70-1|page=140a}}</ref>

He was succeeded as Marquess of Londonderry by his eldest son, Frederick Stewart, the only child from his first marriage, and as Earl Vane by George Vane, the eldest son from his second marriage. At Charles's death Frederick, therefore, became the 4th Marquess of Londonderry, whereas George became the 2nd Earl Vane. George was later to become the 5th Marquess after his half-brother had died childless.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Clear}}

{|{{Table|hide}}
!colspan=3|Timeline
|-
!align="left"|Age!!align="left"|Date!!align="left"|Event
|-
|0||1778, 18&nbsp;May||Born in Dublin<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen133 132, line 10]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|9 Sep 1789}}||1789, 9&nbsp;Sep||Father created Baron Londonderry<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13131 |date=9 September 1789 |page=597 |quote=The Right Honourable Robert Stewart, Baron Londonderry}}</ref>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|3 Apr 1791}}||1791, 3&nbsp;Apr||Joined the army<ref name="FOOTNOTEAlison1861a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsliveslordcastle06alisgoogpagen38 4]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|10 Oct 1795}}||1795, 10&nbsp;Oct||Father created Viscount Castlereagh<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|10 Aug 1796}}||1796, 10&nbsp;Aug||Father created Marquess Londonderry<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|8 Aug 1804}}||1804, 8&nbsp;Aug||Married Catherine Bligh.<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen133 132, line 38b]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|29 Dec 1808}}||1808, 29&nbsp;Dec||Excelled at the cavalry engagement of [[Battle of Benavente|Benavente]] during the [[Battle of Corunna|Corunna Campaign]]<ref name="FOOTNOTEVane1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnarrativeofpenin00londpage207 207]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|May 1811}}||1811, May||Excelled at [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro|Fuentes de Oñoro]]<ref name="FOOTNOTEAlison1861a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsliveslordcastle06alisgoogpagen460 423]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|Feb 1812}}||1812, Feb||Resigned from the army<ref name="FOOTNOTELloyd1898[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdictionaryofnati54stepuoftpage278 278, right column, bottom]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|1814}}||1814||Created Baron Stewart<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|3 Apr 1819}}||1819, 3&nbsp;Apr||Married Lady Frances Vane-Tempest<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen133 132, line 40]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|29 Jan 1820}}||''1820, 29&nbsp;Jan''||''Accession of [[George IV|King George&nbsp;IV]], succeeding [[George III|King George&nbsp;III]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/page/47/ 47, line 12]|ps=. "George&nbsp;IV&nbsp;... acc. 29&nbsp;Jan. 1820;"}}
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|6 Apr 1821}}||1821, 6&nbsp;Apr||Father died at Mount Stewart.{{Sfn|Burke|1869|p=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/page/704/ 704, left column, line 71]|ps=. "The [1st] marquess d. 8 Apr. 1821, and was s. by the son of his first marriage."}}
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|12 Aug 1822}}||1822, 12&nbsp;Aug||Succeeded [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Castlereagh]] as the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry<ref name="FOOTNOTEBurke1869[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenealogicalhera00inburkpage704 704, left column, line 82]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|18 Jan 1833}}||1833, 18&nbsp;Jan||Mother died.<ref name="FOOTNOTEDebrett1838[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Ru4UAAAAQAAJpagen591 518, right column, line 8]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|20 Jun 1837}}||''1837, 20&nbsp; Jun''||''Accession of [[Queen Victoria]], succeeding [[William IV|King William&nbsp;IV]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/page/47/ 47, line 29]|ps=. "Victoria&nbsp;... acc. 29&nbsp;Jan. 1820;"}}
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|Jun 1842}}||1842, Jun–Aug||Opposed the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842|Mines and Collieries Act of 1842]] at its readings in the House of Lords<ref name="FOOTNOTECobden1853[httpsarchiveorgdetailswhiteslavesofeng00cobduoftpage102 102, line 10]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|19 Jun 1853}}||1853, 19&nbsp;Jun||Made a [[Knight of the Garter]]<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen133 132, line 38a]"/>
|-
|{{Age|18 May 1778|6 Mar 1854}}||1854, 6&nbsp;Mar||Died in London<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen133 133, line 3]"/>
|}

=== Styles ===
Charles was styled:
# The Honourable Charles Stewart from 1789 until 1813 (because his father was created Baron Londonderry in 1789), 
# The Honourable Sir Charles Stewart from 1813 to 1814 (because he was made a Knight of the Bath), 
# The Right Honourable The Lord Stewart from 1814 to 1822 (because he was made a baron in his own right),
# The Most Honourable The Marquess of Londonderry.

== Works ==
The 3rd Marquess was a prolific writer and editor. He wrote books about his own military and diplomatic career and published many of his half-brother's papers.

=== War memoirs ===
The following two books describe the Napoleonic War as he saw them happen. The first describes his experience of the Peninsular War. The second the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], which forced Napoleon to abdicate:
* ''Narrative of the Peninsular War'' (London: Henry Colburn, 1828) [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofpenin00lond online at Internet Archive]
* ''Narrative of the War in Germany and France: In 1813 and 1814'' (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830) [https://archive.org/details/narrativewaring01londgoog online at Internet Archive]

=== Castlereagh papers ===
The 3rd Marquess also compiled, edited, and published many of the papers left by his half-brother and published them in the following twelve volumes, divided in three series.

The first series, consisting of four volumes, numbered 1 – 4, appeared in 1848 and 1849 under the title ''Memoirs and Correspondence''. The volumes are not marked "first series" on the title pages. They are:
* ''Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 1 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon01castuoft online at Internet Archive] - The Irish Rebellion
* ''Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon02castuoft online at Internet Archive] - Arrangements for a Union
* ''Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 3 (London: Henry Colburn, 1849) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon03castuoft online at Internet Archive] - Completion of the Legislative Union 
* ''Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 4 (London, Henry Colburn, 1849) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon04castuoft online at Internet Archive] - Concessions to Catholics and Dissenters: Emmett's Insurrection

The second series, consisting of four volumes, appeared in 1851 under the title ''Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers''. The volume numbers continue, despite being marked "2nd series" and are therefore 4 to 8. They are:
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Series 2, Volume 5 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon05cast online at Internet Archive] - Military and Miscellaneous
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Series 2, Volume 6 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon06cast online at Internet Archive] - Military and Miscellaneous
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Series 2, Volume 7 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) [https://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon07castuoft online at Internet Archive] - Military and Miscellaneous
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Series 2, Volume 8 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) [https://archive.org/details/correspondencede08castuoft online at Internet Archive] - Military and Miscellaneous

The third series appeared in 1853. The four volumes have the same title as the second series. The volume numbering is irregular. They are:
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 9 (London: John Murray, 1853) [https://archive.org/details/memoirsandcorre02unkngoog/ online at Internet Archive] - Military and Diplomatic
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 11 (London: John Murray, 1853) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b750557;view=1up;seq=11 online at Hathi Trust]
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Series 3, Volume 3 (London: John Murray, 1853) [https://archive.org/details/memoirsandcorre05castgoog/ online at Internet Archive] - Military and Diplomatic
* ''Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry'', Volume 12 (London: John Murray, 1853) [https://archive.org/details/memoirsandcorre18castgoog/ online at Internet Archive]
<!-- https://archive.org/details/memoirsandcorre11castgoog -->

== See also ==
* [[Marquess of Londonderry]] – for his title
* [[Marquess Camden|Earl Camden]] – for his maternal grandfather's title
* [[Vane-Tempest baronets]] – for the title of his father-in-law [[Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet|Sir Henry Vane-Tempest]]

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alison |first=Archibald |author-link=Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet |date=1861a |title=Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart the second and the third Marquesses of Londonderry |volume=1 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh and London |oclc=456774545 |url=https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle06alisgoog/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alison |first=Archibald |author-link=Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet |date=1861b |title=Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart the second and the third Marquesses of Londonderry |volume=3 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh and London |oclc=456774545 |url=https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle05alisgoog/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |date=1869 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |edition=31st |publisher=Harrison |location=London |oclc=1045624502 |url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |author1-link=Bernard Burke |last2=Burke |first2=Ashworth P. |date=1909 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage and Companionage |edition=71st |publisher=Harrison |location=London |oclc=28297274 |url=https://archive.org/details/b31363945/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |date=1949 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |edition=99th |publisher=Burke's Peerage Ltd. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/burkesgenealogic1949unse/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Cobden |first=John C. |date=1853 |title=The White Slaves of England |publisher=Miller, Orton and Maulligan |location=Auburn [N.Y.] and Buffalo |oclc=697840371 |url=https://archive.org/details/whiteslavesofeng00cobduoft/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Cokayne |first=George Edward |author-link=George Edward Cokayne |date=1893 |title=Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant |edition=1st |volume=V |publisher=[[George Bell and Sons]] |location=London |oclc=1180836840 |url=https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/}} – L to M
* {{Cite book|last=Debrett |first=John |author-link=John Debrett |editor-last=Courthope |editor-first=William |date=1838 |title=Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |edition=22nd |publisher=F. C. and J. Rivington |location=London |oclc=315551200 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ru4UAAAAQAAJ/}} – (later events)
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Fryde |editor-first=Edmund Boleslaw |editor-link=Edmund Fryde |editor2-last=Greenway |editor2-first=D. E. |editor3-last=Porter |editor3-first=S. |editor4-last=Roy |editor4-first=I. |date=1986 |title=Handbook of British Chronology |publisher=Offices of the Royal Historical Society |edition=3rd |series=Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 |location=London |isbn=0-86193-106-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/ |url-access=registration}} – (for timeline)
* {{Cite book|author=House of Commons |date=1878 |title=Return. Members of Parliament – Part II. Parliaments of Great Britain, 1705–1796. Parliaments of the United Kingdom, 1801–1874. Parliaments and Conventions of the Estates of Scotland, 1357–1707. Parliaments of Ireland, 1599–1800. |publisher=[[His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |location=London |oclc=13112546 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hugo |first=Abel |date=1838 |title=France militaire: histoire des armées françaises de terre et de mer de 1792 à 1837 |volume=4 |publisher=Delloye |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=23429738 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ao1WAAAAMAAJ/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jennings |first=Louis J. |date=1885 |title=The Croker Papers. The correspondence and Diary of the Late Right Honourable John Wilson Croker LL.D., FRS, Secretary to the Admiralty from 1809 to 1830 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |oclc=1042993826 |url=https://archive.org/details/crokerpaperscorr01crokiala/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kinealy |first=Christine |author-link=Christine Kinealy |date=2013 |title=Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of the Strangers |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4411-1758-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnksAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kornitzer |first=Margaret |date=1952 |title=Child Adoption in the Modern World |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8022-0885-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWk6AAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Lloyd |first=Ernest Marsh |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Sidney |editor-link=Sidney Lee |date=1898 |title=Stewart, Charles William third Marquis of Londonderry|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography]] |volume=LIV |publisher=[[Smith, Elder, & Co.]] |location=London |pages=278–281 |oclc=8544105 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati54stepuoft/278/}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Lloyd |first1=Ernest Marsh |last2=Heesom |first2=A. J. |editor1-last=Matthew |editor1-first=Colin |editor1-link=Colin Matthew |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=Brian |editor2-link=Brian Harrison (historian) |date=2004 |title=Vane, Charles William, third marquess of Londonderry (1778–1854) |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |volume=56 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |pages=95–98 |isbn=0-19-861406-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198614063/page/95/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|last=Oman |first=Charles |date=1913 |title=Wellington's Army, 1809-1814 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |location= New York |oclc=1158335402 |url=https://archive.org/details/wellingtonsarmy100oman/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Urquhart |first=Diane |date=2007 |title=The Ladies of Londonderry: Women and Political Patronage |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1-84511-410-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbFbkWP_XF4C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vane |first=Charles William |date=1828 |title=Narrative of the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1813 |publisher=Henry Colburn |location=London |oclc=755719969 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofpenin00lond/}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zamoyski |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Zamoyski |date=2007 |title=Rites of Peace, the Fall of Napoleon & the Congress of Vienna |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-06-077518-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/ritesofpeacefall00zamo/ |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs |mr-charles-stewart-1 |the Marquess of Londonderry}}

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{{S-end}}

{{Great Hunger}}

{{DNB poster|Stewart, Charles William}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Londonderry, Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of}}
[[Category:1778 births]]
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[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Kilkenny constituencies|Stewart, Charles, Lord]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Londonderry constituencies|Stewart, Charles, Lord]]
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