View source for Checkmate

{{Short description|Winning game position in chess}}
{{About|the position in chess|a list of checkmates|Checkmate pattern|other uses|Checkmate (disambiguation)}}
[[File:CheckmateProper.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|[[White and Black in chess|Black]] is checkmated and loses the game.]]

'''Checkmate''' (often shortened to '''mate''') is any game position in [[chess]] and other chess-like games in which a player's [[king (chess)|king]] is in [[Check (chess)|check]] (threatened with {{chessgloss|capture}}) and there is no possible escape. Checkmating the opponent wins the game.

In chess, the king is never actually captured. The player loses as soon as their king is checkmated. In formal games, it is usually considered good etiquette to [[Resign (chess)|resign]] an inevitably lost game before being checkmated.<ref>{{harvnb|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=336}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|2009|p=526}}</ref>

If a player is not in check but has no legal moves, then it is ''[[stalemate]]'', and the game immediately ends in a [[Draw (chess)|draw]]. A checkmating move is recorded in [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] using the hash symbol "#", for example: 34.Qg3#. 
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==Examples==
A checkmate may occur in as few as two moves on one side with all of the [[chess piece|pieces]] still on the [[chessboard|board]] (as in [[fool's mate]], in the [[chess opening|opening]] phase of the game), in a [[chess middlegame|middlegame]] position (as in the 1956 game called the [[The Game of the Century (chess)|Game of the Century]] between [[Donald Byrne]] and [[Bobby Fischer]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1008361 |title=D. Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> or after many moves with as few as three pieces in an [[chess endgame|endgame]] position.

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|header= [[Fool's mate]]
|footer= White has been checkmated.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzdorfer|2003|p=92}}</ref>
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|footer= White is checkmated after 41...Rc2#.<ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|Nunn|Emms|2004|p=216}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}

==Etymology==
The term ''checkmate'' is, according to the ''Barnhart [[Etymology|Etymological]] Dictionary'', an alteration of the [[Persian language|Persian]] phrase "shāh māt" ({{lang|fa|شاه مات|rtl=yes}}), which means "the King is helpless".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=May 29, 2010|last=Harper|first=Douglas|author2=Dan McCormack}}</ref> Persian "māt" applies to the king but in Sanskrit "māta", also pronounced "māt", applied to his kingdom "traversed, measured across, and meted out" thoroughly by his opponent; "māta" is the past participle of "mā" verbal root.<ref>Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary</ref> Others maintain that it means "the King is dead", as chess reached Europe via the [[Arab world]], and Arabic ''māta'' ({{lang|ar|مَاتَ|rtl=yes}}) means "died" or "is dead".<ref>{{harvnb|Hooper|Whyld|1992}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1949|p=70}}</ref> Moghadam traced the [[etymology]] of the word ''mate''. It comes from a Persian verb ''mandan'' ({{lang|fa|ماندن|rtl=yes}}), meaning "to remain", which is cognate with the Latin word {{lang|la|maneō}} and the Greek ''menō'' ({{lang|grc|μένω}}, which means "I remain"). It means "remained" in the sense of "abandoned" and the formal translation is "surprised", in the military sense of "ambushed".<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1949|pp=70–71}}</ref> "Shāh" ({{lang|fa|شاه|rtl=yes}}) is the Persian word for the monarch. Players would announce "Shāh" when the king was in check. "Māt" ({{lang|fa|مات|rtl=yes}}) is a Persian adjective for "at a loss", "helpless", or "defeated". So the king is in ''mate'' when he is ambushed, at a loss, helpless, defeated, or abandoned to his fate.<ref>{{harvnb|Murray|2012|p=159}}</ref>

In modern Persian, the word ''mate'' depicts a frozen, open-mouthed, staring, confused, and unresponsive person—the words "stupefied" or "stunned" bear close correlation. So a possible alternative would be to interpret ''mate'' as "unable to respond". A king being in ''mate'' (shah-mat) then means a king is unable to respond, which would correspond to there being no response that a player's king can make to the opponent's final move. This interpretation is much closer to the original intent of the game: not to kill a king but to leave him with no viable response other than surrender, which better matches the [[History of chess#Iran .28Persia.29|origin story detailed in the Shahnameh]].

In modern parlance, the term ''checkmate'' is a [[metaphor]] for an irrefutable and strategic victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/checkmate |title=Checkmate – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2010-08-13 |access-date=2012-06-18}}</ref>

==History==
In early Sanskrit chess ({{abbr|c.|circa}} 500–700), the king could be {{chessgloss|captured}} and this ended the game. The [[Persian people|Persians]] (c. 700–800) introduced the idea of warning that the king was under attack (announcing ''check'' in modern terminology).  This was done to avoid the early and accidental end of a game. Later, the Persians added the additional rule that a king could not be moved into check or left in check. As a result, the king could not be captured,<ref name=dav22>{{harvnb|Davidson|1949|p=22}}</ref> and checkmate was the only decisive way of ending a game.<ref name=dav6364>{{harvnb|Davidson|1949|pp=63–64}}</ref>

Before about 1600, the game could also be won by capturing all of the opponent's pieces, leaving just a [[bare king]]. This style of play is now called ''annihilation'' or ''robado''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of Chess|last=Davidson|first=Henry|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=2012|isbn=9780307828293}}</ref> In [[Medieval times]], players began to consider it nobler to win by checkmate, so annihilation became a half-win for a while, until it was abandoned.<ref name=dav6364 />

==Two major pieces==
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess qll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess rll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
Two {{chessgloss|major pieces}} ([[queen (chess)|queens]] or [[rook (chess)|rooks]]) can easily {{chessgloss|forced mate|force}} checkmate on the edge of the board using a technique known as the ''ladder checkmate''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ago|first=Beauknowsin #chess • 3 Years|date=2017-10-26|title=Chess Lessons for Beginners #1 – The Ladder Checkmate!|url=https://steemit.com/chess/@beauknows/chess-lessons-for-beginners-1-the-ladder-checkmate|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Steemit}}</ref> The process is to put the two pieces on adjacent {{chessgloss|ranks}} or {{chessgloss|files}} and force the king to the side of the board by using one piece to check the king and the other to cut it off from going up the board.<ref name=pand1820>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|1988|pp=18–20}}</ref> In the illustration, White checkmates by forcing the Black king to the edge, one row at a time. The ladder checkmate can be used to checkmate with two rooks, two queens, or a rook and a queen.<ref name=pand1820 />

[[File:Major-pieces-mate.gif|thumb|left|Checkmate using a queen and rook. 1.Qg5+ Ke4 2.Rf4+ Ke3 3.Qg3+ Ke2 4.Rf2+ Ke1 5.Qg1#<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|pp=7–8}}</ref>]]
{{Clear}}

==Basic checkmates==
There are four fundamental checkmates when one side has [[bare king|only their king]] and the other side has only the minimum {{chessgloss|material}} needed to force checkmate, i.e. (1) one [[queen (chess)|queen]], (2) one [[rook (chess)|rook]], (3) two [[bishop (chess)|bishops]] on opposite-colored squares, or (4) a bishop and a [[knight (chess)|knight]]. The king must help in accomplishing all of these checkmates.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|p=33}}</ref>  If the winning side has more material, checkmates are easier.

The checkmate with the queen is the most common, and easiest to achieve. It often occurs after a [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] has [[promotion (chess)|queened]]. A checkmate with the rook is also common, but a checkmate with two bishops or with a bishop and knight occurs infrequently. The two-bishop checkmate is fairly easy to accomplish, but the [[bishop and knight checkmate]] is difficult and requires precision.

===King and queen===
{| style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess qll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
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The first two diagrams show representatives of the basic checkmate positions with a [[queen (chess)|queen]], which can occur on any edge of the board. Naturally, the exact position can vary from the diagram. In the first of the checkmate positions, the queen is directly in front of the opposing king and the white king is protecting its queen. In the second checkmate position, the kings are in [[Opposition (chess)|opposition]] and the queen mates on the {{chessgloss|rank}} (or {{chessgloss|file}}) of the king.

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|The white king can also be on f6 or g6.<ref name=pand09p22>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=22}}</ref>
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|Right triangle mate
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|The queen can also be on the marked squares.<ref name=pand09p23>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}</ref>
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|Cornered mate
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|The queen can also be on the marked squares.<ref name=pand09p23 />
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|Outer row mate
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|{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}
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With the side with the queen to move, checkmate can be forced in at most ten moves from any starting position, with [[optimal play]] by both sides, but usually fewer moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=16}}</ref> In positions in which a pawn has just [[promotion (chess)|promoted]] to a queen, at most nine moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Levy|Newborn|1991|p=144}}</ref>

In the position diagrammed, White checkmates easily by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to {{chessgloss|forcing   move|force}} the king to the edge of the board:

:{{pad}}'''1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5+{{efn|7.Kc5 wins two moves faster.}} Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9. Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7{{chessAN|#}}'''<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=4–5}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

'''Avoid stalemate'''

The winning side must be careful to not [[stalemate]] the opposing king, whereas the defender would like to get into such a position. There are five general types of stalemate positions that can occur, which the stronger side must avoid. The first two are more common.<ref name=fine03p2>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|p=2}}</ref>
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|This is stalemate if Black is to move. Also stalemate if the queen is on one of the marked squares.
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{{clear}}

===King and rook===
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess rll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
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|A cornered checkmate with the rook<ref name=pand09p36>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=36}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}
The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a [[rook (chess)|rook]], which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that it cannot be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be in a corner.

With the side with the rook to move, checkmate can be forced in at most sixteen moves from any starting position.<ref name=fine03p2 />  Again, see [[wikibooks:Chess/The Endgame|Wikibooks – Chess/The Endgame]] for a demonstration of how the king and rook versus king mate is achieved.

In the third diagram position, White checkmates by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:

:'''1. Kd3+ Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4{{chesspunc|!}} Kc6 4. Re6+ Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6 Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6#''' (second checkmate position, rotated).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=1–4}}</ref>

'''Avoid stalemate'''

There are two stalemate patterns:<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=2–3}}</ref>
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===King and two bishops {{anchor|Two bishops}}===
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess bll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess bld45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
The '''two bishops checkmate''' is the checkmate of a [[bare king|lone]] king by the opponent's two bishops and king.{{efn|"Against one knight or one bishop the defender cannot lose even if he wants to."{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=1}}}} 
The superior side is able to {{chessgloss|forced move|drive}} the lone king into a corner and {{chessgloss|forced mate|force mate}} using the two bishops and king collaboratively. The only stipulation is that the two bishops must move on opposite-colored squares.{{efn|Only an [[underpromotion]] can result in bishops on same-colored squares.}}{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=4|ps=, "Two bishops of the same color cannot administer mate; a mating position is not even conceivable. The same holds true of nine (or more!) bishops all of one color."}} Accomplishing the mate requires a maximum of 19 moves.
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|+ Checkmates with two bishops 
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate via forcing opponent's king in a corner
|}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
| tleft
|
|  |kd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |bl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |kl|  |bl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate via a side square adjacent to a corner square
|}}
{{col-end}}
|}

The king and bishops cooperate to drive the enemy king to an edge of the board, and then into a corner to deliver the mate.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=1}} "The process, though a bit lengthy, is fascinating because it gives us a glimpse of the power of the two bishops on the open board."<ref>{{cite book |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |authorlink=Fred Reinfeld |title=The Complete Chess Course |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & Company, Inc]] |year=1959 |page=330 |isbn=0385004648 }}</ref>

Three basic checkmate positions are possible via the two bishops checkmate.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=3}} The first is a checkmate in the corner. The second position is a checkmate on a side square next to the corner square (this position can theoretically occur anywhere along an edge, but can only be forced adjacent to a corner). With the side with the bishops to move, checkmate can be forced in at most nineteen moves,<ref name=muller01p17>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=17}}</ref> except in some very rare positions (0.03% of the possible positions).<ref name=speel7>{{harvnb|Speelman|Tisdall|Wade|1993|p=7}}</ref> The third position, checkmating the king on an edge square that is neither a corner nor its adjacent side squares, is possible but not forceable.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=3}}

It is not too difficult for two bishops to force checkmate, with the aid of their king. Two principles apply:
{{unordered list|style=list-style-position:inside
 |The bishops are best when they are near the {{chessgloss|center}} of the board and on adjacent diagonals. This cuts off the opposing king.
 |The king must be used aggressively, in conjunction with the bishops.
}}
{{Clear}}

{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-valign="top"
|
|
{{Chess diagram  
|tright
|From Seirawan
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |kd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bl|kl|  |bl|  |  
|Two bishops and king can force mate. 
|}} 
|}
In the position from Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to a corner, and then checkmates. It can be any side of the board and any corner. The process is:

:'''1. Ke2 Ke4''' (Black tries to keep his king near the center) '''2. Be3 Ke5''' (forcing the king back, which is done often) '''3. Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6''' (Black tries a different approach to stay near the center) '''6. Bc4''' (White has a fine position; the bishops are centralized and the king is active) '''6... Kc6''' (Black avoids going toward the side) '''7. Ke5 Kd7''' (Black is trying to avoid the a8-corner) '''8. Bd5''' (keeping the black king off c6) '''8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6!''' (an important move that forces the king to the edge of the board) '''10... Ke8''' (Black is still avoiding the corner) '''11. Ke6''' (now the black king cannot get off the edge of the board) '''11... Kd8 12. Bc6''' (forcing the king toward the corner) '''12... Kc8''' (Black's king is confined to c8 and d8; the white king must cover a7 and b7) '''13. Kd5''' (13. Ke7{{chesspunc|?}} is [[stalemate]]) '''13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8''' (now White must allow the king to move into the corner) '''16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7!''' (an important move that forces the king toward the corner) '''17... Kb8 18. Bd7!''' (the same principle as the previous move) '''18... Ka8 19. Bd8''' (White must make a move that gives up a [[tempo (chess)|tempo]]; this move is such a move, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6, or Ka6) '''19... Kb8 20. Bc7+ Ka8 21. Bc6#''' (as the first diagram in this section).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=5–7}}</ref>

This is not the shortest forced checkmate from this position. Müller and Lamprecht give a fifteen-move solution; however, it contains an inaccurate move by Black (according to [[endgame tablebase]]s).<ref name=muller01p17 />

'''Avoid stalemate'''
{{Chess diagram  
|tleft
|From Silman
|kd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |xx|kl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|1.Kb6 would be stalemate.
}}
<br />One example of a stalemate is this position, where 1.Kb6 (marked with the x) would be stalemate.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|p=191}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===King, bishop and knight===
{{Main|Bishop and knight checkmate}}
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess bll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
Of the basic checkmates, this is the most difficult one to {{chessgloss|forced mate|force}}, because these two pieces cannot form a linear barrier to the enemy king from a distance. Also, the checkmate can be forced only in a corner that the bishop controls.<ref name=speel7 /><ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=18}}</ref>

{| align="left"
|-valign="top"
|+ Checkmates with a bishop and a knight 
|
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{{Chess diagram small
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
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| 
}}
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|  
}}
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|}
Two basic checkmate positions are shown with a [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] and a [[knight (chess)|knight]], or the [[bishop and knight checkmate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzdorfer|2003|p=155}}</ref> The first position is a checkmate by the bishop, with the black king in the corner. The bishop can be on other squares along the diagonal, the white king and knight have to be on squares that attack g8 and h7. The second position is a checkmate by the knight, with the black king on a side square next to the corner. The knight can be on other squares that check the black king. The white king must be on a square to protect the bishop and cover a square not covered by the knight.

With the side with the bishop and knight to move, checkmate can be forced in at most thirty-three moves from any starting position,<ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=19}}</ref> except those in which the defending king is initially [[fork (chess)|forking]] the bishop and knight and it is not possible to defend both. However, the [[Bishop and knight checkmate|mating process]] requires accurate play, since a few errors could result in a [[draw (chess)|draw]] either by the [[fifty-move rule]] or [[stalemate]].

Opinions differ as to whether or not a player should learn this checkmate procedure.  [[James Howell (chess player)|James Howell]] omits the checkmate with two bishops in his book because it rarely occurs but includes the bishop and knight checkmate. Howell says that he has had it three times (always on the defending side) and that it occurs more often than the checkmate with two bishops.<ref>{{harvnb|Howell|1997|p=138}}</ref>  On the other hand, [[Jeremy Silman]] includes the checkmate with two bishops but not the bishop plus knight checkmate because he has had it only once and his friend [[John L. Watson|John Watson]] has never had it.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|pp=33,188}}</ref> Silman says: "... mastering it would take a significant chunk of time. Should the chess hopeful really spend many of his precious hours he's put aside for chess study learning an endgame he will achieve (at most) only once or twice in his lifetime?"
{{Clear}}

'''Avoid stalemate'''
{{Chess diagram  
|tleft
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|nl|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |kd|  |bl|  |  |  |  
|After 1.Na3+?, 1...Kc1! draws.
}}
This position is an example of a stalemate, from the end of a 1966 [[endgame study]] by A. H. Branton. White has just moved 1.Na3+? If Black moves 1...Kc1!, then White must move his bishop to save it because if the bishop is {{chessgloss|captured}}, the position is a draw because of the {{chessgloss|insufficient material}} rule.  But after any bishop move, the position is a stalemate.<ref>{{harvnb|Roycroft|1972|p=246}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Common checkmates==
===Back-rank mate===
{{Main|Back-rank checkmate}}
{{Chess diagram  
|tleft
|From Burgess, p. 16
|  |  |  |xx|  |  |kd|  
|  |  |  |rl|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |kl|  |  |  
|White wins with 1.Rd8#.
}}
<br />
A [[back-rank checkmate]] is a checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank (that is, the row on which the pieces [not pawns] stand at the start of the game) in which the mated king is unable to move up the board because the king is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) on the second rank.<ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|2009|p=16}}</ref> An example of a back-rank checkmate is shown in the diagram. It is also known as the ''corridor mate''.
{{Clear}}

===Scholar's mate===
{{Main|Scholar's mate}}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}	
{{col-break}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=r1bqkb1r/pppp1Qpp/2n2n2/4p3/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR
|size=26
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= Scholar's Mate—Black is checkmated.
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram
|tleft
|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |ql|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl
|Scholar's Mate – Black is checkmated.
}}  -->
{{col-break}}
[[File:scholars mate animation.gif|frame|left|Animation demonstrating Scholar's Mate]]
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}

The [[scholar's mate]] (also known as the four-move checkmate) is the checkmate achieved by the moves:

:'''1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|e4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5|e5]] 2. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5|Qh5]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6|Nc6]] 3. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Bc4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Nf6??]] 4. [[wikibooks:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Qxf7|Qxf7#]]'''

The moves might be played in a different order or in slight variation, but the basic idea is the same: the queen and bishop combine in a simple mating attack on f7 (or f2 if Black is performing the mate).<ref>{{harvnb|Hooper|Whyld|1992|pp=358–59}}</ref> There are also other ways to checkmate in four moves.

===Fool's mate===
{{Main|Fool's mate}}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}	
{{col-break}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=rnb1kbnr/pppp1ppp/8/4p3/6Pq/5P2/PPPPP2P/RNBQKBNR
|size=26
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= Fool's Mate—White is checkmated.
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram
| tleft
|
|rd|nd|bd|  |kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|qd
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|Fool's Mate – White is checkmated.
}} -->
{{col-break}}
[[File:fools mate animation.gif|frame|left|Animation demonstrating Fool's Mate]]
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}

The [[fool's mate]], also known as the two-move checkmate, is the quickest possible checkmate. A prime example consists of the moves:

:'''1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. f3|f3]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. f3/1...e5|e5]] 2. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. f3/1...e5/2. g4|g4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. f3/1...e5/2. g4/2...Qh4|Qh4#]]'''

resulting in the position shown.<ref>{{harvnb|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=143}}</ref> (The pattern can have slight variations, for example [[White and Black in chess|White]] might play f4 instead of f3 or move the g-[[pawn (chess)|pawn]] first, and Black might play ...e6 instead of ...e5.)

===Smothered mate===
{{Main|Smothered mate}}
{| align="right" 
|-valign="top" 
|+ Timman vs. Short, 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1124489 |title=Timman vs. Short, Tilburg 1990 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref>
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}	
{{col-break}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=4r2k/2pRP1pp/2p5/p4pN1/2Q3n1/q5P1/P3PP1P/6K1
|size=23
|align=tright
|reverse=false
|header=  
|footer=  Smothered mate after 27.Nf7+ Kg8 28.Nh6+ Kh8 29.Qg8+ Rxg8 30.Nf7#.
}}
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{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=6rk/2pRPNpp/2p5/p4p2/6n1/q5P1/P3PP1P/6K1
|size=23
|align=tright
|reverse=false
|header=  
|footer=  Final position 
}}
{{col-end}}
|}

<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
| '''Timman vs. Short, 1990'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1124489 |title=Timman vs. Short, Tilburg 1990 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref>
|  |  |  |  |rd|  |  |kd
|  |  |pd|rl|pl|  |pd|pd
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  
|pd|  |  |  |  |pd|nl|  
|  |  |ql|  |  |  |nd|  
|qd|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|  |pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
| Smothered mate after 27.Nf7+ Kg8 28.Nh6+ Kh8 29.Qg8+ Rxg8 30.Nf7#.
}} -->
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tright
| '''Timman vs. Short, final position'''

|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|kd
|  |  |pd|rl|pl|nl|pd|pd
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  
|pd|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |nd|  
|qd|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|  |pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
| Smothered mate
}} -->
A [[smothered mate]] is a checkmate delivered by a [[knight (chess)|knight]] in which the mated [[king (chess)|king]] is unable to move because it is surrounded (or ''smothered'') by its own pieces.<ref>{{harvnb|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=376}}</ref>

The mate is usually seen in a corner of the board, since fewer pieces are needed to surround the king there. The most common form of smothered mate is seen in the adjacent diagram. The knight on f7 delivers mate to the king on h8 which is prevented from escaping the [[check (chess)|check]] by the [[rook (chess)|rook]] on g8 and the pawns on g7 and h7. Similarly, White can be mated with the white king on h1 and the knight on f2.
{{Clear}}

==Rare checkmates==
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess pdl45.svg]]
|}
In some rare positions it is possible to force checkmate with a king and knight versus a king and pawn.

===Stamma's mate===
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/8/p2N4/k1K5/8
|size=23
|align=tright
|reverse=false
|header=Stamma's mate
|footer=White wins with either side to move.
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
| tright
|Stamma's mate
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|kd|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White wins with either side to move.
}} -->

In the diagram showing Stamma's mate (named for [[Philipp Stamma]]), White to move wins:<ref>{{harvnb|Emms|2004|p=122}}</ref>
: '''1. Nb4+ Ka1'''
: '''2. Kc1 a2'''
: '''3. Nc2#'''

White also wins if Black is to move first:
: '''1... Ka1'''
: '''2. Nc1 a2'''
: '''3. Nb3#'''

{{Clear}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/3N4/8/8/8/p7/k2K4/8
|size=23
|align=tright
|reverse=false
|header= Nogueiras vs. Gongora, 2001
|footer= White to move wins.
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
| tright
|Nogueiras vs. Gongora, 2001
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |nl|  |  |  |  
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|kd|  |  |kl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White to move wins
}} -->

This checkmate occurred in [[Jesús Nogueiras]]–[[Maikel Gongora]], 2001 [[Cuban Chess Championship|Cuban Championship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1218922 |title=Nogueiras vs. Gongora, Las Tunas 2001 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |date=2005-02-08 |access-date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> (see diagram), which proceeded:

: '''81. Kc2 Ka1'''
: '''82. Nc5 Ka2'''
If 82...a2 then 83.Nb3#.
: '''83. Nd3'''
Reaching the position in the first diagram, with Black to move.
: '''83... Ka1'''
: '''84. Nc1 {{chessAN|1–0}}'''
Black [[resign (chess)|resigned]] here; play would have continued 84...a2 85.Nb3#.<ref>{{harvnb|Snape|2003|p=55}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/8/p7/k1KN4/8
|size=23
|align=tright
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= White to move wins.
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
| tright
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White to move wins
}} -->

A similar position with the knight on d2 is more than 500 years old, identified as "Partito n. 23" by Luca Pacioli, in his ''MS De ludo scachorum'' (Latin for "The game of chess"), dated 1498 and recently reprinted (Gli scacchi) by Aboca Museum Edizioni.

:'''1. Nf3 Ka1'''
:'''2. Nd4 Ka2'''
:'''3. Ne2 Ka1'''
:'''4. Nc1 a2'''
:'''5. Nb3#'''
{{Clear}}

===Unusual mates===
There are also positions in which a king and a knight can checkmate a king and a bishop, knight, or rook; or a king and a bishop can checkmate a king with a bishop on the other color of squares or with a knight, but the checkmate cannot be forced if there is no other material on the board (see the diagrams for some examples).<ref name=pand09p63>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=63}}</ref> Nevertheless, it keeps these {{chessgloss|material}} combinations from being ruled a [[draw (chess)|draw]] because of "insufficient mating material" or "impossibility of checkmate" under the [[FIDE]] [[rules of chess]]. The [[U.S. Chess Federation]] rules are different. In a typical position with a {{chessgloss|minor piece}} versus a minor piece, a player would be able to claim a draw if they have a limited amount of time left.<ref>{{harvnb|Just|Burg|2003|pp=49, 291}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}
{{col-break}}
<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=6bk/8/6K1/4B3/8/8/8/8
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=<ref name=pand09p63 />
|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|Pandolfini
|  |  |  |  |  |  |bd|kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
{{col-break}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=7k/5KBn/8/8/8/8/8/8
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header= Pandolfini
|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|Pandolfini
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |kl|bl|nd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
{{col-break}}
{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/8/KN6/8/kb6
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header= Pandolfini
|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
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|kl|nl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|kd|bd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
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{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/8/6N1/5K1n/7k
|size=23
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|reverse=false
|header= Pandolfini
|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |nl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |kl|  |nd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
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{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/8/1N6/r7/k1K5
|size=23
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|header= &nbsp;
|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
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|  |nl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|rd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|kd|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
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{{chess diagram-fen
|fen=7k/5K2/5NN1/8/8/8/8/8
|size=23
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|footer= Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}}
<!-- {{Chess diagram small
| tleft
|&nbsp;
| =
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |kl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|nl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate, but cannot be forced
}} -->
{{col-end}}
{{Clear}}

===Two and three knights===
;Two knights
{{Main|Two knights endgame}}
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
| tleft
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |kl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|nl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate positions are possible to construct, but they cannot be forced.
|}} 
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
| tleft
|
|  |kd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|nl|kl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |nl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Checkmate cannot be forced. Here, ...Ka8?? allows checkmate (Nbc7#), but ...Kc8 avoids it.
}} 
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |nl|  |  |  
|  |kd|  |nl|  |  |  |  
|White cannot force checkmate because of stalemate.
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Clear}}

It is impossible to ''force'' checkmate with a king and two knights, although checkmate positions are possible (see the first diagram). In the second diagram, if Black plays 1...Ka8{{chesspunc|??}} White can checkmate with 2.Nbc7#, but Black can play 1...Kc8 and escape the threat. The defender's task is easy – they simply have to avoid moving into a position in which they can be checkmated on the next move, and they always have another move available in such situations.<ref>{{harvnb|Speelman|Tisdall|Wade|1993|p=11}}</ref>

In the third diagram, one knight is guarding c1, leaving the other knight to try to checkmate. After 1.Ndc3+ Ka1, White needs to get the knight on e2 to c2. But if White plays 2.Nd4, Black is [[stalemate]]d.<ref name=pand09p59>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=59}}</ref>

Under some circumstances, two knights and a king can force checkmate against a king and pawn (or rarely more pawns). The winning plan, quite difficult to execute in practice, is to blockade the enemy pawn(s) with one of the knights, maneuver the enemy king into a stalemated position, then bring the other knight over to checkmate.<ref name=pand09p59 /> (See [[Two knights endgame]].)

;Three knights
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
Three knights and a king can force checkmate against a lone king within twenty moves (assuming that the lone king cannot quickly win a knight).<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|1941|pp=5–6}}</ref>  These situations are generally only seen in [[chess problems]], since at least one of the knights must be a [[promotion (chess)|promoted piece]], and there is rarely a reason to promote a pawn to a piece other than a queen (see [[underpromotion]]).

==See also==
{{Portal|Chess}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Boden's Mate]]
* [[Checkmate patterns]]
* [[Chess problem]]
* [[Chess theory]]
* [[Hisshi]] (brinkmate)
* [[Ideal mate]]
* [[Légal Trap]]
* [[Model mate]]
* [[Pawnless chess endgame]]
* [[Pure mate]]
* [[Two knights endgame]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

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{{Refend}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{wikibooks|Chess/The Endgame}}

{{chess}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rules of chess]]
[[Category:Chess checkmates|*]]
[[Category:Chess terminology]]
[[Category:Chess endgames]]
[[Category:Chess theory]]
[[Category:Victory]]