View source for Cheng-Han

{{Short description|Chinese dynastic state from 304 to 347}}
{{distinguish|Chen Han}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = 成 (304–338),<br>漢 (338–347)
| conventional_long_name = Cheng-Han (成漢)
| common_name            = Cheng-Han
| era                    = <!--- Use: "Napoleonic Wars", "Cold War", etc. --->
| status                 = Empire
| status_text            = <!--- A free text to describe status the top of the infobox. Use sparingly. --->
| empire                 = <!--- The empire or country to which the entity was in a state of dependency --->
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates 
      only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"-->| year_start             = 304
| year_end               = 347
| year_exile_start       = <!--- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government - status="Exile") --->
| year_exile_end         = <!--- Year of end of exile (leave blank if still in exile) --->
| event_start            = [[Li Xiong]]'s claim of princely title
| date_start             = 
| event_end              = <!--- Default: "Disestablished" --->
| date_end               = <!--- Optional: Date of disestablishment --->
| event1                 = Li Xiong's claim of imperial title
| date_event1            = 306
| event2                 = Name change to Han
| date_event2            = 338
| event3                 = 
| date_event3            = 
| event4                 = 
| date_event4            = 
| event_pre              = [[Li Te (Cheng Han)|Li Te]]'s proclamation of [[Chinese era name|era name]] "Jianchu" (建初)
| date_pre               = 303
| event_post             = [[Li Shi (emperor)|Li Shi]]'s death
| date_post              = 361
<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->| p1                     = Jin dynasty (266–420)#Western Jin (266–316){{!}}Western Jin
| flag_p1                = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) --->
| image_p1               = <!--- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] --->
| p2                     = 
| flag_p2                = 
| p3                     = 
| flag_p3                = 
| p4                     = 
| flag_p4                = 
| p5                     = 
| flag_p5                = 
| s1                     = Jin dynasty (266–420)#Eastern Jin (317–420){{!}}Eastern Jin
| flag_s1                = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{s1}}}.svg" (size 30) --->
| image_s1               = <!--- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] --->
| s2                     = 
| flag_s2                = 
| s3                     = 
| flag_s3                = 
| s4                     = 
| flag_s4                = 
| s5                     = 
| flag_s5                = 
| image_flag             = <!--- Default: Flag of {{{common name}}}.svg --->
| flag                   = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common name}}} --->
| flag_type              = <!--- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --->
| image_coat             = <!--- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common name}}}.svg --->
| symbol                 = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common name}}} --->
| symbol_type            = <!--- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --->
| image_map              = Sixteen Kingdoms 338 AD (2).jpg
| image_map_caption      = Cheng-Han (Cheng) in southwestern China
| image_map2             = <!-- If second map is needed - does not appear by default -->
| image_map2_caption     = 
| capital                = [[Chengdu]]
| capital_exile          = <!-- If status="Exile" -->
| latd                   = 
| latm                   = 
| latNS                  = 
| longd                  = 
| longm                  = 
| longEW                 = 
| national_motto         = 
| national_anthem        = 
| common_languages       = [[Ba–Shu Chinese]]
| religion               = 
| currency               = [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]]<br>([[Ancient Chinese coinage]])
<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->| leader1                = [[Li Xiong]]
| leader2                = [[Li Ban]]
| leader3                = [[Li Qi (emperor)|Li Qi]]
| leader4                = [[Li Shou]]
| leader5                = [[Li Shi (emperor)|Li Shi]]
| year_leader1           = 304–334
| year_leader2           = 334
| year_leader3           = 334–338
| year_leader4           = 338–343
| year_leader5           = 343–347
| title_leader           = Emperor
| representative1        = <!--- Name of representative of head of state (eg. colonial governor) --->
| representative2        = 
| representative3        = 
| representative4        = 
| year_representative1   = <!--- Years served --->
| year_representative2   = 
| year_representative3   = 
| year_representative4   = 
| title_representative   = <!--- Default: "Governor"--->
| deputy1                = <!--- Name of prime minister --->
| deputy2                = 
| deputy3                = 
| deputy4                = 
| year_deputy1           = <!--- Years served --->
| year_deputy2           = 
| year_deputy3           = 
| year_deputy4           = 
| title_deputy           = <!--- Default: "Prime minister" --->
<!--- Legislature --->| legislature            = <!--- Name of legislature --->
| house1                 = <!--- Name of first chamber --->
| type_house1            = <!--- Default: "Upper house"--->
| house2                 = <!--- Name of second chamber --->
| type_house2            = <!--- Default: "Lower house"--->
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->| stat_year1             = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --->
| stat_area1             = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated --->
| stat_pop1              = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --->
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| stat_year5             = 
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| stat_pop5              = 
| footnotes              = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
| today                  = [[China]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
'''Cheng-Han''' ({{zh|s=成汉|t=成漢|p=Chéng Hàn}}; 303 or 304 – 347) was a [[Dynasties in Chinese history|dynastic state of China]] listed as one of the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] in Chinese historiography. Ruled by the Li clan of the [[Ba-Di]] people, its territory was based in what is modern-day [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]], China. The name Cheng-Han collectively refers to the state of '''Cheng''' (成; ''Chéng'') or '''Dacheng''' (大成; ''Dàchéng''), founded by [[Li Xiong]] in 304 (or by [[Li Te]] in 303) and the state of '''Han''' (漢; ''Hàn'') founded by [[Li Shou]] in 338. The state is also less commonly known as '''Later Shu''' (後蜀; ''Hòu Shǔ'').

== History ==

=== Background ===
The Li clan were originally [[Bandun Man|Cong]] people from Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; in present-day [[Nanchong]], Sichuan) in present-day Sichuan.<ref>Kleeman, 2.</ref> When the Han chancellor, [[Cao Cao]] conquered [[Hanzhong]] in 215, Li Hu (李虎) led his family to surrender and migrated to [[Lüeyang County|Lüeyang Commandery]], where they mingled with the local [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]] tribes. Their people became known as the Ba-Di, with “[[Ba (state)|Ba]]” referring to their ancestral homeland.<ref>Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 24. {{ISBN|0-8248-2465-2}}.</ref> In 296, the Di chieftain, [[Qi Wannian]], led a tribal rebellion against the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Western Jin dynasty]]. The rebellion devastated the [[Guanzhong]] region, creating an influx of Han and non-Han refugees fleeing south into [[Hanzhong]] and Sichuan.

Among the refugees, the Li clan grew to prominence after the Inspector of [[Yizhou (Southwest China)|Yi]], [[Zhao Xin (Jin dynasty)|Zhao Xin]] rebelled in 299. They joined him and served as key generals, but later overthrew him and took the provincial capital, [[Chengdu]] in 300. [[Li Te]] submitted to Jin in light of the Jin army’s arrival led by the new provincial inspector, [[Luo Shang]], but from this point on, he acted as a representative for the influential refugee families in the region.

Tension grew between Li Te and Luo Shang due to an order from the imperial court demanding the refugees to return to their homes. The refugees were reluctant to make the journey, as the north was reportedly still unstable. Li Te negotiated with Luo Shang to extend their stay, but the latter soon grew frustrated by the delay and tried to force a move. In 301, Luo Shang’s forces attacked the refugees and began Li Te's rebellion.

=== Cheng (304–338) ===
[[File:Cheng-Han Human Figurine.png|thumb|Cheng-Han Human [[Figurine]], excavated from the Tomb of Cheng-Han, [[Chengdu]] in 1985]]
Li Te had much success against the Jin forces and reached the outskirts of Chengdu in 303. Shortly after, he declared a new reign era, which hinted his intention of founding a new state but was suddenly killed in an ambush. Nonetheless, his brother, [[Li Liu (Cheng-Han)|Li Liu]] succeeded him, followed by Li Te’s son, [[Li Xiong]]. In 304, Li Xiong ousted Luo Shang from Chengdu, where he declared himself the King of Chengdu. His declaration is seen by most historians as the beginning of the Cheng-Han dynasty, although there is also the view that the state began with Li Te’s proclamation. Regardless, the Cheng was the first of the Sixteen Kingdoms to be founded, followed closely by the [[Xiongnu]]-led [[Han-Zhao]] dynasty in the north.

Li Xiong elevated himself to Emperor of Cheng in 306. Luo Shang, now commanding from Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day [[Chongqing]]), continued to threaten Cheng, but after his death in 310, the Jin forces became disarray, allowing Cheng to dispatch them and consolidate their rule. Cheng became a refuge for people fleeing from the disorder in northern China, with some of them becoming officials in their administration. Notably, in 314, a group of rebelling refugees in Hanzhong surrendered the region to Cheng. Li Xiong and his family were also followers of the [[Way of the Five Pecks of Rice]], and [[Taoism]] was popular in Sichuan and Hanzhong. He appointed the Taoist hermit, [[Fan Changsheng]] as his Prime Minister, with his son, [[Fan Ben]], later succeeding him.

For most of his reign, Li Xiong maintained peace and stability within his state, but issues arose following his death in 334. Intending to pass the throne to the line of his late elder brother, [[Li Dang (Cheng-Han)|Li Dang]], Li Xiong chose his nephew [[Li Ban]] to succeed him, a decision that angered his own sons. Meanwhile, the Cheng court was also divided on the direction of the state; as Cheng had many Han Chinese officials serving under them, and with the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Eastern Jin dynasty]] firmly established in the east, some ministers believed that Cheng should be a vassal of Jin while others wanted to maintain its independence. In 334, shortly after ascending the throne, Li Ban was killed and usurped by Li Xiong’s son, [[Li Qi (emperor)|Li Qi]].

=== Han (338–347) ===
In 338, Li Qi’s father's cousin, [[Li Shou]] forced him to abdicate and took the throne for himself. Li Shou renamed the state from Cheng to Han, named so after his peerage and wanting to distance himself from Li Xiong's line. For this reason, historiographers collectively refer to Li Xiong and Li Shou’s states as Cheng-Han. Li Shou initially promised to only rule for a few years before submitting to Jin to appease the court but soon reneged on his words. Instead, he imitated his rule after the [[Later Zhao]] dynasty in the north by imposing harsher laws, taxes and [[Corvée|corvee labor]] on his citizens and building lavish palaces.

Li Shou died in 343 and was succeeded by his son [[Li Shi (emperor)|Li Shi]]. His reign was plagued by a succession crisis, a popular revolt by one of his generals and a sudden influx of [[Rau peoples|Rau people]] entering his territory. The tumulous situation in Han caught the attention of the Jin commander, [[Huan Wen]], who was looking to elevate his own prestige. In 346, Huan Wen set off to conquer Han, and in 347, he reached Chengdu and forced Li Shi to surrender, ending the Cheng-Han dynasty. Li Shi was sent to [[Jiankang]], capital of Eastern Jin, where he lived before dying of natural causes in 361.

==Rulers of Cheng-Han==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Temple name]]
! [[Posthumous name]]
! Personal name
! Durations of reign
! [[Chinese era name|Era names]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Cheng''' 303 or 304 – 338
|-
| Shizu 
| Jing 
| [[Li Te (Cheng Han)|Li Te]]
| 303
| Jianchu (建初) or Jingchu (景初) 303<br>
|-
| –
| –
| [[Li Liu (Cheng Han)|Li Liu]]
| 303
| –
|-
| Taizong
| Wu 
| [[Li Xiong]]
| 303–334
| Jianxing (建興) 304–306<br>Yanping (晏平) 306–311<br>Yuheng (玉衡) 311–334<br>
|-
| –
| –
| [[Li Ban]] 
| 334
| Yuheng (玉衡) 334<br>
|-
| –
| – 
| [[Li Qi (emperor)|Li Qi]]
| 334–338
| Yuheng (玉恆) 335–338<br>
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Han''' 338–347
|-
| Zhongzong 
| Zhaowen
| [[Li Shou]]
| 338–343
| Hanxing (漢興) 338–343<br>
|-
| –
| –
| [[Li Shi (emperor)|Li Shi]]
| 343–347
| Taihe (太和) 343–346<br>Jianing (嘉寧) 346–347<br>
|}

==Family tree==

{{Cheng Han rulers family tree}}

==See also==
*[[Ba (state)|Ba]]
*[[Di (Wu Hu)]]
*[[List of past Chinese ethnic groups]]
*[[Five Barbarians|Wu Hu]]
*[[Sixteen Kingdoms]]
*[[Huan Wen]]
*[[Sichuan]]
*[[Eight Immortals from Sichuan]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Kleeman, Terry F., ''Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom'', {{ISBN|0-8248-1800-8}}.
{{refend}}

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{{16 Kingdoms}}
{{Sichuan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Han}}
[[Category:Cheng Han| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:304 establishments]]
[[Category:4th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:347 disestablishments]]
[[Category:4th-century disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]