View source for Chhattisgarhi language

{{short description|Indo-Aryan  language spoken in the Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{original research|date=June 2021}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox language
| name             = Chhattisgarhi
| nativename       = {{lang|hne-Deva|छत्तीसगढ़ी}}
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Chhattisgarh]] and a minority of speakers in [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| nation           = [[India]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 }}</ref>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|16.245190|3}} million, partial count
| date             = 2011 census
| speakers2        = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)
| ref              = <ref>{{cite news |date=2011 |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=8 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]]
| fam5             = [[Eastern Hindi]]
| script           = [[Devanagari]], [[Odia script|Odia]]
| dia1             = [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]]
| lc1              = hne
| ld1              = Chhattisgarhi
| lc2              = sgj
| ld2              = [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]]
| lingua           = 59-AAF-ta
| glotto           = chha1249
| glottorefname    = Chhattisgarhi
| image            = Chhattisgarhi language.svg
| imagecaption     = The word "Chhattisgarhi" written in Devanagari script
| imagescale       = 
}}

'''Chhattisgarhi''' ({{lang|hne-Deva|छत्तीसगढ़ी}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by approximately 16.25 million people from [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages of Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.chhattisgarhtourism.co.in/languages-of-chhattisgarh.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Chhattisgarh Tourism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024750/http://chhattisgarhtourism.co.in:80/languages-of-chhattisgarh.html |archive-date=2018-04-12 }}</ref> It is the co-official language of [[Chhattisgarh]] along with [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Include Chhattisgarhi in 8th schedule of constitution: CM Bhupesh Baghel to PM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Aug/16/include-chhattisgarhi-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-cm-bhupesh-baghel-to-pm-2183955.html|work=New Indian Express|date=16 August 2020|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> It is grouped within the [[Eastern Hindi languages]] and is counted by the Indian national census as a dialect of Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=6 June 2019|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* {{IPA|/r/}} can also be heard as a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|eː}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|aː}}
|}

* {{IPA|/ə/}} can also be heard as back {{IPA|[ʌ], [ɐ]}}. 
* Nasalization is also phonemically distinctive.

== Sample text ==
The following is a sample text in Chhattisgarhi, of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chhattisgarhi.htm |title=Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी) |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Omniglot}}</ref>

; Chhattisgarhi in Devanagari Script

<blockquote>सबो लोगन मन के गौरव अऊ अधिकार मन के मामला म जनम ले मिले स्वतंत्रता अऊ बरोबरी मिले हे। ओमन ल बुद्धि अऊ अन्तरात्मा के देन मिले हे अऊ ओमन ल एक दूसर ल परेम भाईचारा के भाव ले बेवहार करना चाही।</blockquote>

; Transliteration ([[ISO 15919|ISO]])
<blockquote>Sabo loɡan man ke ɡaurav aū adhikār man ke māmlā ma janam le mile svatantratā aū barobari mile he. Oman la buddhi aū antarātmā ke den mile he aū oman la ek dūsar la parem bhāīcārā ke bhāv le bevahār karnā cāhī.</blockquote>

; Transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])

<blockquote>səbo loɡən mən ke ɡɔrəʋ əuː əd̪ʰikaːr mən ke maːmlaː mə dʒənəm le mile sʋət̪ənt̪rət̪aː auː bərobəri mile he. omən lə bud̪d̪ʰi auː ant̪əraːt̪maː ke d̪en mile he auː omən lə ek d̪uːsər lə pərem bʰaːiːtʃaːraː ke bʰaːʋ le beʋəhaːr kərnaː tʃaːhiː</blockquote>

; Translation (grammatical)

<blockquote>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]

==Bibliography==
*G. A. Zograph: ''Languages of South Asia'', 1960 (translated by G.L. Campbell, 1982), Routledge, London.
*H. L. Kavyopadhyaya, G. A. Grierson and L. P. Kavya-Vinod. 1921. A grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialect of Eastern Hindi.
*Masica, Colin P. 1993. The Indo-Aryan languages. (Cambridge Language Surveys.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Boehm, Kelly Kilgo. 2022. A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chhattisgarhi-Speaking Peoples of India. SIL International.
*C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"
*C. K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
*C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
*Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog, "Prashashnik Shabdkosh Vol. I & II"

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[https://www.chhattisgarhimein.com/ Chhattisgarhi Language]

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= hne}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Culture of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]