View source for Chibchan languages

{{Short description|Language family of Central and South America}}
{{Other uses|Chibcha language (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Chibchan
| region        = [[Mosquito Coast|Mosquitia]], [[Panama]], and [[Colombia]]
| familycolor   = American
| fam1          = [[Macro-Chibchan]] ?
| ethnicity     = 
| iso5          = cba
| date          = 2007
| speakers      = 257,500<ref>{{cite report|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2974192/view|title=Contributions to Chibchan historical linguistics|last=Pache|date=2018-12-05|access-date=2025-04-23|p=7}}</ref>
| child1        = [[Paya language|Pech]]
| child2        = Isthmus
| child3        = [[Votic languages|Votic]]
| child4        = Magdalena
| glotto        = chib1249
| glottorefname = Chibchan
| map           = Chibcha lang.png
| mapcaption    = <div style="text-align: center">Distribution of the Chibcha languages</div>
}}
The '''Chibchan languages''' (also known as '''Chibchano''') is a [[language family]] indigenous to the [[Isthmo-Colombian Area]], a [[Cultural area|geo-cultural region]] extending from [[Mosquito Coast|Mosquitia]] in eastern Central America to northern Colombia, and encompassing parts of Costa Rica and Panama. The name is derives from the now-extinct ''[[Chibcha language|Chibcha]]'' or ''Muisca'' language, once spoken on the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] present day Colombia. Recent genetic and linguistic evidence now indicate that the original nucleus of Chibchan languages and peoples might not have been in Colombia, but along the south-eastern coast of [[Mosquito Coast|Mosquitia]], where the greatest diversity of Chibchan languages has been identified.<ref>Pache, M. J. (2018, December 5). Contributions to Chibchan historical linguistics. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094</nowiki>

Page 18</ref>

==External relations==
A larger family called ''[[Macro-Chibchan]]'', which would contain the [[Misumalpan languages]], [[Xinca language|Xinca]], and [[Lenca language|Lenca]], was found convincing by Kaufman (1990).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaufman |first=Terrence |date=1990 |chapter=Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more |editor-first=Doris L. |editor-last=Payne |title= Amazonian Linguistics |pages=13–74 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70414-3}}</ref>

Based primarily on evidence from grammatical morphemes, Pache (2018, 2023) suggests a distant relationship with the [[Macro-Jê languages]].<ref name="Pache-Chibchan"/><ref name="Pache 2023">{{cite journal |last=Pache |first=Matthias |title=Evidence For A Chibcha-Jê Connection |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=89 |issue=2 |date=2023 |issn=0020-7071 |doi=10.1086/723641 |pages=219–253}}</ref>

 [[File:Chibchan languages map.svg|thumb|400x400px|A map showing approximately two dozen Chibchan languages in their approximate locations throughout Central America and northern South America]]

==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the [[Andaki language|Andaki]], [[Barbakoa languages|Barbakoa]], [[Choko languages|Choko]], [[Duho languages|Duho]], [[Paez language|Paez]], [[Sape language|Sape]], and [[Taruma language|Taruma]] language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>

==Classification==
The Costa Rican linguist [[Adolfo Constenla Umaña]] proposes a [[typology]] of Chibchan languages in four branches. From north to south,{{tree list}}
* '''Chibchan'''
** A
*** Waimí (Guaymi)
**** [[Guaymí language|Guaymí]] (Ngäbere, Movere) – 170,000 speakers, vulnerable in [[Panama]], endangered in [[Costa Rica]]
**** [[Buglere language|Buglere]] (Bokotá) – 18,000 speakers, endangered
*** {{extinct}}[[Boruca language|Borũca]] (Brunca)
*** [[Talamanca languages|Talamanca]]
**** {{extinct}}[[Huetar language|Huetar]] (Güetar)
**** [[Bribri language|Bribri]] (Talamanca), 7,000 speakers – vulnerable in [[Costa Rica]], endangered in [[Panama]]
**** [[Cabécar language|Cabécar]] (Talamanca) – 8,800 speakers, vulnerable
**** [[Teribe language|Teribe]] (Norteño) – 3,300 speakers, endangered
** B
*** [[Paya language|Pech]] (Paya) – 990 speakers, endangered
*** {{extinct}}[[Dorasque language|Dorasque]]
*** [[Votic languages|Votic]]
**** [[Rama language|Rama]] – 740 speakers, moribund
**** [[Maléku language|Maléku]] (Guatuso) – 750 speakers, endangered
**** {{extinct}}[[Corobicí language|Corobicí]] – northwestern Costa Rica
**** {{extinct}}[[Voto language|Voto]]
*** Guna–Colombian
**** [[Guna language|Guna]] (Dulegaya) – 60,600 speakers, vulnerable in [[Panama]], endangered in [[Colombia]]
**** Chibcha–Motilon
***** [[Barí language|Barí]] (Motilón) – 5,000 speakers, vulnerable
***** Chibcha–Tunebo
****** {{extinct}}[[Muisca language|Muisca]]
****** {{extinct}}[[Duit language|Duit]]
****** [[Uwa language|U'wa]] (Tunebo) – 2,550 speakers, endangered
****** {{extinct}}[[Guanes|Guane]] – Colombia
**** Arwako–Chimila
***** [[Chimila language|Chimila]] – 350 speakers, endangered
***** Arwako
****** [[Wiwa language|Wiwa]] (Malayo, Guamaca) – 1,850 speakers, endangered
****** {{extinct}}[[Kankuamo language|Kankuamo]]
****** [[Arhuaco language|Arhuaco]] (Ikʉ) – 8,000 speakers, vulnerable
****** [[Kogi language|Kogi]] ([[Cogui]]) – 9,910 speakers, vulnerable
{{tree list/end}}

The extinct languages of [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Old Catío]] and [[Nutabe language|Nutabe]] have been shown to be Chibchan (Adelaar & Muysken, 2004:49). The [[Tairona language|language of the Tairona]] is unattested, apart from a single word,{{Cn|date=June 2025}} but may well be one of the Arwako languages still spoken in the Santa Marta range. It is said to be used by the [[Kogi people]] as a shamanistic ritual language.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Atlas of the world's languages |date=2007 |editor-last=Asher |editor-first=R. E. |url=https://www.routledge.com/Atlas-of-the-Worlds-Languages/Asher-Moseley/p/book/9781315829845 |access-date=2024-12-17 |edition=2nd |place=London and New York |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-415-31074-1 |last2=Campbell |first2=Lyle |last3=Comrie |first3=Bernard |last4=Goddard |first4=Ives |last5=Golla |first5=Victor |last6=Irvine |first6=Arthur |last7=Kaufman |first7=Terrence |last8=Mackenzie |first8=J. Lachlan |last9=Mithun |first9=Marianne |editor2-last=Moseley |editor2-first=Christopher}}</ref> The [[Zenú]] {{a.k.a.}} Sinú language of northern Colombia is also sometimes included, as are the [[Malibu languages]], though without any factual basis. Zenú is also sometimes linked with the Chocoan languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the world's languages |last2=Asher |first2=Ronald E. |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-01925-5 |location=London}}</ref>

[[Adolfo Constenla Umaña]] argues that [[Cueva language|Cueva]], the extinct dominant language of Pre-Columbian Panama long assumed to be Chibchan based on a misinterpreted Guna vocabulary, was actually [[Choco languages|Chocoan]], but there is little evidence.

The [[Cofán language]] (Kofán, Kofane, A'ingae) of Ecuador and Colombia has been erroneously included in Chibchan due to borrowed vocabulary.
[[File:TayronaStatue-highlighted-.jpg|thumb|Monument to the Tairona people in [[Santa Marta]]]]
On the basis of shared grammatical innovations, Pache (2023) argues that [[Pech language|Pech]] is most closely related to the Arhuacic languages of northern Colombia, forming a Pech-Arhuacic subgroup.<ref name="Pache 2023 Pech">{{cite journal | last=Pache | first=Matthias | title=Pech and the Basic Internal Classification of Chibchan | journal=International Journal of American Linguistics | volume=89 | issue=1 | date=2023-01-01 | issn=0020-7071 | doi=10.1086/722240 | pages=81–103}}</ref>

=== Loukotka (1968) ===
Below is a full list of Chibchan language varieties listed by [[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles |url-access=registration}}</ref> Loukotka also included other language families, like [[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]], [[Kamëntšá language|Kamëntšá]] (Camsá), and [[Paezan languages|Paezan]], which are no longer accepted as Chibchan.

{{collapse top|expand=yes|Chibchan language varieties listed by [[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968)}}
;Rama group
*'''Rama''' – language spoken around [[Bluefields]] Lagoon and on the [[Escondido River (Nicaragua)|Rama River]], Nicaragua.
*'''Melchora''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan Melchoras River]], Nicaragua. (Unattested.)

;Guatuso group
*'''Guatuso''' – spoken on the [[Frío River (Costa Rica)|Frío River]], Costa Rica, now perhaps extinct.
*'''Guetar''' / '''Brusela''' – extinct language once spoken on the Grande River, Costa Rica.
*'''Suerre''' / '''Camachire''' / '''Chiuppa''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Tortuguero River]], Costa Rica. (Benzoni 1581, p.&nbsp;214, only five words.)
*'''Pocosi''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Matina River]] and around the modern city of [[Puerto Limón]], Costa Rica. (Unattested.)
*'''Voto''' – extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]], Costa Rica. (Unattested.)
*'''Quepo''' – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the [[Pacuare River]]. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. 1, p.&nbsp;238, only one single word.)
*'''Corobisi''' / '''Corbesi''' / '''Cueresa''' / '''Rama de Rio Zapote''' – spoken by a few individuals in Costa Rica on the [[Zapote River (Costa Rica)|Zapote River]]. (Alvarez in Conzemius 1930, pp.&nbsp;96–99.)

;Talamanca group
*'''Terraba''' / '''Depso''' / '''Quequexque''' / '''Brurán''' – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the [[Tenorio River]].
*'''Tirub''' / '''Rayado''' / '''Tiribi''' – extinct language spoken once in Costa Rica on the [[Virilla River]].
*'''Bribri''' / '''Lari''' – spoken on the [[Coca River]] and [[Sixaola River|Tarire River]], Costa Rica.
*'''Estrella''' – Spanish name of an extinct language, the original name of which is unknown, once spoken on the [[Estrella River]], Costa Rica.
*'''Cabecar''' – language spoken on the [[Moy River]], Costa Rica.
*'''Chiripó''' – language spoken in Costa Rica on the [[Matina River]] and [[Chirripó River]].
*'''Viceyta''' / '''Abiseta''' / '''Cachi''' / '''Orosi''' / '''Tucurrique''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Sixaola River|Tarire River]], Costa Rica.
*'''Brunca''' / '''Boruca''' / '''Turucaca''' – extinct language of Costa Rica, spoken on the Grande River and in the [[Boruca]] region.
*'''Coto''' / '''Cocto''' – extinct language once spoken between the sources of the [[Coto Brus River|Coto River]] and Grande River, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)

;Dorasque group
*'''Chumulu''' – extinct language once spoken in [[El Potrero, Veraguas]] (Potrero de Vargas), Panama.
*'''Gualaca''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Chiriqui River]], Panama.
*'''Changuena''' – once spoken in Panama, on the [[Changuena]] River.

;Guaymi group
*'''Muoi''' – extinct language once spoken in the Miranda Valley of Panama.
*'''Move''' / '''Valiente''' – now spoken on the [[Guaymi River]] and in the [[Veragua]] Peninsula.
*'''Norteño''' – dialect without an aboriginal name, spoken on the northern coast of Panama, now perhaps extinct.
*'''Penonomeño''' – once spoken in the village of [[Penonomé]].
*'''Murire''' / '''Bucueta''' / '''Boncota''' / '''Bogota''' – spoken in the Serranía de [[Tabasara River|Tabasara]] by a few families.
*'''Sabanero''' / '''Savaneric''' / '''Valiente''' – extinct dialect without aboriginal name, once spoken on the plains south of the Serranía de [[Tabasara River|Tabasara]].
*'''Pariza''' – extinct dialect spoken in the Conquest days on the [[Veragua]] Peninsula. (G. Espinosa 1864, p.&nbsp;496, only one single word.)

;Cuna group
*'''Coiba''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Chagres River]], Panama. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. I, pp.&nbsp;112–122; A. Santo Tomas 1908, pp.&nbsp;124–128, only five words.)
*'''Cuna''' / '''Bayano''' / '''Tule''' / '''Mandingo''' / '''San Blas''' / '''Karibe-Kuna''' / '''Yule''' – language spoken in eastern Panama, especially on the [[Bayano River]], in [[San Blas Islands|San Blas]] and the small islands on the northern coast.
*'''Cueva''' / '''Darien''' – extinct language Once spoken at the mouth of the [[Atrato River]], Colombia.
*'''Chochama''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Suegro River]], Panama. (Unattested.)

;Antioquia group
*'''Guazuzú''' – once spoken in the Sierra de [[San Jerónimo, Antioquia|San Jerónimo]], department of Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*'''Oromina''' / '''Zeremoe''' – extinct language once spoken south of the [[Gulf of Urabá]], Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*'''Catio''' – once spoken in the region of [[Dabaiba]], Colombia. (only a few words.)
*'''Hevejico''' – once spoken in the [[Tonusco]] and [[Ebéjico]] Valleys. (Unattested.)
*'''Abibe''' – once spoken in the Sierra de Abibe. (Unattested.)
*'''Buritaca''' – once spoken at the sources of the [[Sucio River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Caramanta''' – once spoken around the city of [[Caramanta]].
*'''Cartama''' – once spoken around the modern city of [[Cartama]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Pequi''' – once spoken in the [[Pequi]] region. (Unattested.)
*'''Arma''' – once spoken on the [[Pueblanco River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Poze''' – once spoken on the [[Pozo River]] and [[Pacova River]]. (Cieza de Leon 1881, p.&nbsp;26, only one single word.)
*'''Nutabé''' – once spoken in the San Andrés Valley.
*'''Tahami''' – once spoken on the [[Magdalena River]] and [[Tora River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Yamesi''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Nechi River]] and on the [[Porce River]]. (Simon 1882–1892, vol. 5, p.&nbsp;80, only one single word.)
*'''Avurrá''' – once spoken in the [[Aburrá Valley]]. (Piedrahita (Fernandez de Piedrahita) 1688, cap. 2, f. 9, only one single word.)
*'''Guamoco''' – once spoken around the modern city of [[Zaragoza, Antioquia]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Anserma''' / '''Humbra''' / '''Umbra''' – once spoken on the [[Cauca River]] around the city of [[Anserma, Caldas]]. (J. Robledo 1865, pp.&nbsp;389 and 392, only a few words.)
*'''Amachi''' – once spoken in the San Bartolomé Valley. (Unattested.)

;Chibcha group
*'''Chibcha''' / '''Muisca''' / '''Mosca''' – extinct language once spoken on the upper plateau of Bogotá and [[Tunja]], department of Cundinamarca, Colombia.
**'''Duit''' dialect – once spoken on the [[Tunja]] River and [[Tundama]] River.
*'''Tunebo''' / '''Tame''' – language now spoken by many tribes living in the area east of the Chibcha tribe. Dialects:
**'''Tegría''' – spoken on the [[Tegría River]], department of Boyaca. (Rochereau 1926–1927, 1946–1950, 1959.)
**'''Pedraza''' – spoken on the [[Pedraza River]].
**'''Boncota''' – spoken on the [[Boncota River]].
**'''Manare''' – spoken on the [[Manare River]].
**'''Sinsiga''' / '''Chita''' – spoken in the village of [[Chita, Boyacá]] and on the [[Chisca River]].
**'''Uncasica''' – spoken in the [[Sierra Librada]].
**'''Morcote''' – spoken on the [[Tocaría River]] and in the village of [[Morcote]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Chitarero''' – extinct language once spoken around the modern city of [[Pamplona, Norte de Santander|Pamplona]], department of Santander. (Unattested.)
*'''Lache''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Chicamocha River]] and in the Sierra de [[Chita, Boyacá|Chita]], department of Boyacá. (Unattested.)

;Motilon group
*'''Dobocubí''' / '''Motilon''' – spoken on the [[Tarra River]] and around the old mission of [[Atacarayo]], department of Norte de Santander, Colombia.
*'''Bartra''' / '''Cunaguasáya''' – spoken by a tribe on the [[Oro River]], [[Rincón River]], and Lora River in the [[Hydrography of Norte de Santander|Norte de Santander]] region.
*'''Mape''' – spoken by a little known tribe on the [[Catatumbo River]] and [[Agua Blanca River]] in the [[Hydrography of Norte de Santander|Norte de Santander]] region and in the state of Zulia, Venezuela.

;Arhuaco (Arwako) group
*'''Tairona''' / '''Teyuna''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Frio River]] and on the Caribbean coast, [[department of Magdalena]], Colombia, now a secret language of the priests in the Cagaba tribe.
*'''Zyuimakane''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Volador River]] in the same region. (Unattested.)
*'''Bungá''' – extinct language once spoken on the Santa Clara River. (Unattested.)
*'''Ulabangui''' – once spoken on the [[Negro River]], in the Santa Clara River region. (Unattested.)
*'''Cashingui''' – once spoken on the [[Palomino River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Masinga''' – once spoken on the Bonda River, in the [[Palomino River]] region. (Unattested.)
*'''Bonda''' / '''Matuna''' – once spoken on the Bonda River and Santa María River. (Holmer 1953a, p.&nbsp;313, only one single word; Preuss 1927, only a few toponyms.)
*'''Cágaba''' / '''Köggaba''' / '''Kaugia''' / '''Koghi''' – language spoken in the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] in the villages of San Andrés, San Miguel, San José, Santa Rosa, and Pueblo Viejo.
*'''Guamaca''' / '''Nábela''' / '''Sanha''' / '''Arsario''' – spoken in the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] region in the villages of El Rosario, [[Potrerito]], and [[Marocaso]].
*'''Bintucua''' / '''Ijca''' / '''Ika''' / '''Iku''' / '''Machaca''' / '''Vintukva''' – spoken in the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] region in the village of San Sebastián (near [[Atanquez]]).
*'''Atanque''' / '''Campanaque''' / '''Busintana''' / '''Buntigwa''' / '''Kallwama''' – spoken in the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]], in the village of [[Atanquez]].
*'''Upar''' / '''Eurpari''' / '''Giriguana''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[César River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Cariachil''' – once spoken between the [[Molino River]] and [[Fonseca River]]. (Unattested.)
*'''Ocanopán''' / '''Itoto''' – once spoken around [[Cerro Pintado]]. (Unattested.)

;Paya group
*'''Paya''' / '''Poyuai''' / '''Seco''' – language spoken on the [[Guayape River]] and between the [[Patuca River]] and [[Sico River]], Honduras.
{{collapsebottom}}

===Jolkesky (2016)===
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref>

({{extinct}} = extinct)

{{tree list}}
* '''Chibcha'''
** ''[[Pech language|Pech]]''
** '''Votic'''
*** ''[[Maleku language|Maleku]]''
*** ''[[Rama language|Rama]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Huetar language|Wetar]]''
** '''Isthmus'''
*** Boruka-Talamanca
**** ''[[Boruka language|Boruka]]''
**** Talamanca
***** ''[[Teribe language|Teribe]]''
***** Bribri-Kabekar
****** ''[[Bribri language|Bribri]]''
****** ''[[Kabekar language|Kabekar]]''
*** Doraske-Changena
**** {{extinct}}''[[Changena language|Changena]]''
**** {{extinct}}''[[Dorasque language|Doraske]]''
*** Guaymi
**** ''[[Buglere language|Buglere]]''
**** ''[[Ngäbe language|Ngäbe]]''
*** [[Guna language|Kuna]]
**** ''Kuna Paya-Pukuro''
**** ''Kuna San Blas''
** '''Magdalena'''
*** ''[[Barí language|Barí]]''
*** ''[[Chimila language|Chimila]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Nutabe language|Nutabe]]''
*** ''[[Tunebo language|U'wa]]''
*** Muisca
**** {{extinct}}''[[Guane language|Guane]]''
**** ''[[Muisca language|Muisca]]'' 
*** Sierra de Santa Marta
**** ''[[Kogi language|Kaggaba]]''
**** {{extinct}}''[[Tairona]]''
**** Wiwa-Ika
***** ''[[Ika language (Colombia)|Ika]]''
***** {{extinct}}''[[Kankuamo language|Kankuamo]]''
***** ''[[Wiwa language|Wiwa]]''
{{tree list/end}}

==Proto-language==<!---[[Proto-Chibchan]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Chibchan
| familycolor      = American
| ancestor         = 
| child1 = 
| target          = Chibchan languages
}}
Pache (2018) is the most recent reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan.<ref name="Pache-Chibchan">Pache, Matthias J. 2018. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094 Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics]''. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.</ref> Other reconstructions include Holt (1986).<ref>Holt, Dennis. 1986. ''The Development of the Paya Sound-System''. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.</ref>

Below are Proto-Chibchan vowels according to Pache (2018).<ref name="Pache-Chibchan">Pache, Matthias J. 2018. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094 Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics]''. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.</ref> The vowels in parentheses (*ĩ, *e, *o and *õ) appear to have been marginal in the proto-language. 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
|*i, *(ĩ)
|
|*u, *ũ
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|*(e)
|  
|*(o), *(õ)
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|*a, *ã
|
|}

Below are Proto-Chibchan consonants as described by Pache (2018).<ref name="Pache-Chibchan">Pache, Matthias J. 2018. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094 Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics]''. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.</ref> Notably, the proto-language lacked separate nasal stop phonemes and had one liquid consonant, *L, whose exact pronunciation is unknown. Pache speculates it could have been realized as one or more of the following: [ɾ, ɽ, ɺ, l, r].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Coronal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Labialization|Labiovelar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|plain]]}}
|*p
|*t
|*k
|*kʷ
|*ʔ
|-
! {{small|[[Prenasalized consonant|prenasal]]}}
|*ᵐb
|*ⁿd
|*ᵑɡ
|*ᵑɡʷ
| 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Affricate]]
|
|*ts
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative]]
| 
|*s
|
|
|*h
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|*L
|
| 
|
|}
===Constenla (1981)===
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by [[Adolfo Constenla Umaña|Constenla]] (1981):<ref>Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1981). ''Comparative Chibchan Phonology''. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.</ref>

{{collapse top|Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Constenla (1981)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Chibchan
|-
| arm, hand, shoulder || *ˈkuíkI, *ˈkuí-
|-
| ashes || *bur-, *buˈrṹ
|-
| at, in || *skA; *ki; *sə
|-
| at, in, towards || *ka
|-
| big (size or quantity) || *təˈĩ
|-
| bird || *dù
|-
| blood || *ApÍ
|-
| boat, craft || *huˈLù
|-
| body || *AˈpÀ
|-
| bone || *ˈkàrə
|-
| breasts || *kAʔ
|-
| breast || *ˈtsúʔ, *ˈtsúʔtsú
|-
| brother || *səˈkə
|-
| brother-in-law || *ˈuba; *ˈduáʔ
|-
| butterfly || *kuA-, *kuAʔ-
|-
| cedar (several trees of the ''[[Cedrela]]'' genus) || *uˈru
|-
| [[ceiba]] || *puLí, *puLíkI
|-
| child, young of an animal, egg || *əˈrə̀
|-
| child, young of an animal || *ˈuÁʔ-
|-
| cloth || *ˈsuá-
|-
| cloud || *ˈbõ̀, *bo-
|-
| cockroach || *ˈsóx-
|-
| cocoa || *kə́ˈhùʔ
|-
| come || *ˈda-; *ˈdI-
|-
| cook || *ˈdu-
|-
| cotton || *suˈhí
|-
| cough, catarrh || *ˈtóʔ
|-
| crocodile || *ˈkú-
|-
| cultivated field || *ˈtÌ
|-
| [[curassow]] (''[[Crax rubra]]'') || *ˈdubÍ
|-
| deer || *ˈsur, *ˈsurĩ̀
|-
| diminutive || *-ˈaːrə
|-
| dog || *ˈto
|-
| dove ([[common ground dove]]) || *ˈÚtu-
|-
| dry || *diˈsə-
|-
| dry season || *ˈduá-
|-
| eagle, hawk || *ˈpṹ
|-
| ear || *ˈkuhkə́, *ˈkuhkuə́
|-
| eat, drink || *ˈga-
|-
| egg, sprout, suckling || *ˈpú
|-
| [[emerald toucanet]] || *dəˈkər̃ə́
|-
| enter || *ˈdok-
|-
| excrement || *ˈgã́
|-
| eye || *úb
|-
| face || *uˈbə́
|-
| father || *ˈkáka
|-
| feline || *dəbə̃́; *kuLÁʔ
|-
| find || *ˈkũ
|-
| finger, hand || *ˈkU
|-
| firewood, fire, coal, live coal || *ˈgÌ
|-
| first person prefix || *də̃-
|-
| fish || *ˈuA; *dibÃ̀
|-
| five || *sAkẽ́
|-
| flesh || *gAtA
|-
| fly || *ˈkulu
|-
| foot || *sAˈkə̃
|-
| four || *bəhˈke
|-
| fruit || *ubə́
|-
| give birth || *ˈgU-
|-
| gnat (jején) || *buˈr̃ṹʔ
|-
| go || *ˈdA-
|-
| grease || *ˈkiə́
|-
| grind || *ˈuʔ
|-
| grindstone, to sharpen || *ˈiáʔ
|-
| grow, widen || *təˈlə-
|-
| guan (bird) || *ˈkũ̀
|-
| hand || *AtA; *guLÀ
|-
| head, hair || *ˈtsã̀
|-
| house || *ˈhu
|-
| how many || *ˈbi
|-
| hunger || *bAˈLi
|-
| I || *ˈda
|-
| [[jocote]] (''[[Spondias purpurea]]''), [[jobo]] (''[[Spondias mombin]]'') || *bəˈrə́ʔ
|-
| kill || *ˈguə
|-
| know, see || *sũ
|-
| lake || *iAˈbÁ
|-
| laugh || *ˈhaĩ
|-
| laurel (''[[Cordia alliodora]]'') || *ˈBúʔ
|-
| leaf || *ˈkə́
|-
| leg || *kəˈrə
|-
| liquid || *dí; *ˈli
|-
| lizard || *ulíʔ
|-
| louse || *ˈkṹ
|-
| maize || *ˈIBI
|-
| make || *gU
|-
| mayo (tree) || *bèk
|-
| monkey: [[howler monkey]] || *úriʔ
|-
| monkey: [[spider monkey]] || *dõ̀, *do-
|-
| monkey: [[white-faced monkey]] || *hòkI
|-
| moon, month || *siˈhíʔ
|-
| mother-in-law || *ˈgAkA
|-
| mouse || *ˈsuhkÌ
|-
| mouth || *ˈkahkə
|-
| mud || *ˈdÚ; *oˈr̃i
|-
| name || *ˈhaká
|-
| nape, neck || *duˈkurə
|-
| neck || *ˈgala
|-
| net || *kAˈlÁʔ
|-
| nose || *dəˈIkI
|-
| now || *ˈBə
|-
| old || *AˈkÍkI; *tAˈlá
|-
| one || *ˈé ?
|-
| otter || *doʔ
|-
| [[paca]] (''[[Agouti paca]]'') || *ˈkuri
|-
| [[peachpalm]] (''[[Bactris gasipaes]]'', ''[[Guilelma utilis]]'') || *ˈsúbaʔ
|-
| [[peccary]] (''[[Tayassu pecari]] spiradens'') || *siˈdĩ́ʔ
|-
| peel, undress || *ˈsu-
|-
| person || *ApÍ-
|-
| place, time, environment, land || *ˈká
|-
| plant || *ˈdi
|-
| [[poró]] tree, [[elequeme]] tree (synonyms) || *baˈlò
|-
| pot, vessel, jar || *ˈũ
|-
| pumpkin, squash || *Apì
|-
| rattle, maraca, colander, gourd cup (= object elaborated from a gourd) || *ˈtã́
|-
| reed || *kəˈru
|-
| rotten || *ˈdṹ
|-
| sand || *ˈu; *ˈuBA
|-
| say || *ˈguA-; *ˈgI
|-
| sea || *dAgÌ
|-
| second person prefix || *bi-
|-
| see || *ˈguəkI
|-
| seek || *ˈdí
|-
| seed, plant || *ˈpkua
|-
| seize, hold || *kaLUh-
|-
| seven || *ˈkúh-
|-
| shark || *tAˈLì
|-
| shrimp || *ˈkUs
|-
| sing || *ˈtA
|-
| six || *ˈted
|-
| skin, bark || *hukə́
|-
| sleep || *kAp-
|-
| small || *ˈ¢id
|-
| smell, odor || *hALÀ
|-
| snake || *tAkAbÌ
|-
| soil, earth, dirt, clay || *ˈtÁBA
|-
| son || *gAbÀ
|-
| spider || *óhk
|-
| squirrel || *kudã́
|-
| star || *bÌ-
|-
| stick (a spear), insert, put in || *ˈtsã
|-
| stone || *ˈhákI
|-
| sun || *dì; *ˈka; *dui
|-
| sweet || *bəˈlóʔ
|-
| tail || *ˈduhkI
|-
| tapir || *dAĩ́ʔ
|-
| take || *ˈgúʔ
|-
| tear || *ˈubə́diə
|-
| that || *ˈhéʔ; *ˈse; *ˈkue; *ˈdiÀ
|-
| third person || *i-; *A
|-
| this || *ˈdi-; *ˈhíʔ
|-
| three || *ˈbai
|-
| tobacco || *ˈdu, *ˈduə̀
|-
| tongue || *pkúʔ, *ˈpkuə́
|-
| tooth || *ˈtu; *aˈkə
|-
| toucan sp. || *Biˈli
|-
| tray (made of wood, used to wash) || *kuˈLIʔ
|-
| transitive verb marker || *Bə-
|-
| tree || *ˈkàr; *kaˈri
|-
| tree, trunk of a tree, wood || *ˈkarə́
|-
| tuber || *ˈtuʔ
|-
| turtle || *kuÌ; *uˈli
|-
| two || *ˈbU
|-
| uncle || *kəˈru
|-
| vulva || *ˈkÍ
|-
| water || *ˈdíʔ
|-
| we (inclusive) || *ˈsẽ́ʔ
|-
| weep || *ˈbo
|-
| what || *ˈhi
|-
| where || *biə
|-
| white || *buLu
|-
| wind || *ˈBur-
|-
| with || *uA; *tÁ
|-
| woodpecker || *soˈr̃o
|-
| woods, firewood || *ˈbUʔ
|-
| work || *hiBA
|-
| worm || *ˈgĩ́
|-
| you (sg.) || *ˈbáʔ
|-
| [[yucca]] || *ˈik
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

Proto-Chibchan horticultural vocabulary (Constenla 2012):<ref>Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2012. Chibchan languages. In Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona (eds.), ''The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide'', 391–440. Berlin: Mouton.</ref>

* *dihke 'to sow'
* *te<sup>1</sup> 'cultivated clearing'
* *ike 'manioc'
* *tuʔ 'tuber, yam' (''[[Dioscorea]]'' spp.; ''[[Xanthosoma sagittifolium]]'')
* *apì 'pumpkin, squash'
* *e, *ebe 'maize'
* *du, *dua<sup>1</sup> 'tobacco'
* *tã<sup>1</sup> 'rattles from gourd'
* *toka 'gourd cup'

===Pache (2018)===
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Pache (2018):<ref name="Pache-Chibchan"/>

{{collapse top|Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Pache (2018)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Chibchan
|-
| all || *ᵐbaⁿd-; *pii-ⁿda
|-
| [[allative]]/[[dative]] || *ka
|-
| angry || *uⁿdu
|-
| arm, wing, shoulder || *kwik
|-
| armadillo || *ⁿduʔ
|-
| ashes || *ᵐbũⁿd(ũ)
|-
| aspect, imperfective || *-e
|-
| aspect, perfective || *-o
|-
| back || *ⁿda(kiⁿd) ~ *ta(kiⁿd); *ᵑga(ⁿda)
|-
| bad || *ᵑgwahⁿd; *saⁿd(a)
|-
| basket, mochila || *si
|-
| bat || *(ⁿdu-)ku(ⁿd)
|-
| to bathe, swim || *hauᵐb ~ *aᵐbuʔ
|-
| to be || *ⁿda(i) ~ *ta(i)
|-
| beam of light, heat || *ᵐbaʔ
|-
| beautiful || *ⁿdu
|-
| bee, honey || *La
|-
| bee, wasp || *ᵐbuⁿd(u)
|-
| to begin, start, first || *pahⁿd-
|-
| belly || *ita ~ *iⁿda ~ *iaⁿd
|-
| big || *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd(i); *ᵐbu-ⁿda
|-
| bile, gall, bitter || *hakiʔ
|-
| bird, dove || *ⁿdu(ⁿd)
|-
| blood || *hapi ~ *apiʔ
|-
| to blow, fly || *kuʔ
|-
| body || *apa
|-
| bone, strong, hard || *kãⁿd-
|-
| bone, hard || *ⁿdaⁿdi ~ ⁿdaiⁿd- / saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd-
|-
| breast, teat || *kãʔ; *ʦuʔ
|-
| breath, wind || *ᵐbuⁿd-
|-
| brother || *ⁿdaᵐba; *ⁿdaka / *saka
|-
| brother-in-law || *(ⁿd-)uᵐba
|-
| butterfly, hat || *kwahkwah
|-
| calabash || *ⁿdãᵐbã / *sãᵐbã; *taukaʔ
|-
| to catch, grasp || *ka
|-
| cedar || *uⁿdu
|-
| [[chicha]] || *ᵐba
|-
| chicken || *aʦa-kaⁿda
|-
| child || *ᵑgwaʔ
|-
| child, small || *ʦu
|-
| clay, mud || *(taBi-)ⁿda
|-
| cloud, fog || *ᵐba-
|-
| coal, hot coal || *kuⁿda
|-
| cold, cold substance || *ⁿdaᵐba-
|-
| cold || *ʦãĩh
|-
| to come || *ⁿda
|-
| [[comitative]] || *ⁿda ~ *ta; *uˈa; *ᵐba
|-
| to cook || *Li; *ⁿdu
|-
| cosmos (sky, day, time, space, earth, place) || *kaʔ(k)
|-
| creeping animal || *ⁿda(ⁿd) / *sa(ⁿd)
|-
| to dance || *kwi
|-
| dark || *tuⁿdi ~ *tuiⁿd
|-
| dative || *ia
|-
| diarrhea || *ᵑga-ⁿdi(a)
|-
| to do, make || *õ
|-
| dog || *tau
|-
| dove || *ⁿdu-ᵐba(ⁿd)
|-
| dry || *ⁿdiⁿda / *ⁿdisa; *puⁿd-
|-
| dust || *kaʔ(k)-puⁿd-
|-
| earth, floor, mud || *taB(a)
|-
| to eat || *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd
|-
| egg, offspring || *La
|-
| eight || *hap-
|-
| to enter || *ⁿdaʔ-u
|-
| excrement || *ᵑga
|-
| exterior || *ᵐbaⁿd(a) ~ *ᵐbat(a)
|-
| face || *ᵑgwa(k)
|-
| face, eye, fruit || *uᵐba
|-
| father || *ka(ka)
|-
| father, uncle, ancestor || *ⁿdũ(-i)
|-
| feather, wing, arm, hand || *ᵑgak
|-
| feline || *ⁿdaᵐba; *ku(ⁿd-)
|-
| field for cultivation || *tai
|-
| fireplace || *ᵑga-u (ka[k])
|-
| firewood || *ᵑgi
|-
| fish || *ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg
|-
| flea || *ᵐbak-
|-
| foot, root || *kihʦa ~ *kihsa
|-
| four || *ᵐbahka(i)
|-
| friend, other || *pai
|-
| full || *(hi-)iⁿda ~ *(hi-)ita
|-
| to go || *ᵐb-; *ⁿdaʔ ~ *taʔ
|-
| god, wind || *siᵐba
|-
| to grow || *kuH ~ *ᵐbuH
|-
| hair, head || *ʦa
|-
| hand || *haⁿd- ~ *hat-
|-
| hand, arm || *ᵑguⁿdaʔ
|-
| hand, finger || *kuuʔ
|-
| to hear || *kuh
|-
| heart, liver, center || *ᵐbihⁿda ~ *ᵐbihta; *taH(ᵐba)
|-
| to holler || *ᵐbau(ⁿd) ~ *kau(ⁿd)
|-
| house || *hu
|-
| how much, how many || *ᵐbi-
|-
| human being || *ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd
|-
| hummingbird || *ᵐbiʦi ~ *ᵐbisi
|-
| hunger || *ᵐbaⁿdi
|-
| I || *ⁿdaH(ⁿd)
|-
| instrumental/locative || *ⁿdi
|-
| jealous || *ᵐbau(ⁿd)
|-
| to kill || *ᵑgua
|-
| to know || *ᵑgw-
|-
| lake, rain || [*ⁿdi-ɡwa]
|-
| to laugh || *haⁿd
|-
| leaf || *ka
|-
| lightning || *Guⁿdi ~ *GuiHⁿd
|-
| lip || *uk-ⁿda
|-
| liquid || *ⁿdiʔ-a
|-
| liver || *haiⁿd
|-
| locative || *ⁿda ~ *ta; *ki; *ʦika ~ *tsaik
|-
| to look for, look after || *ⁿdi
|-
| louse || *kũʔ
|-
| maize || *aiB ~ aBi
|-
| manioc || *i(k)
|-
| meat, flesh || *ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih
|-
| monkey || *huⁿdĩ ~ uⁿdĩʔ
|-
| moon || *siʔ
|-
| mosquito || *ʦuiⁿd
|-
| mother-in-law, daughter-in-law || *ᵑgak
|-
| mouth || *kah-ka
|-
| mouth, vagina || *ʦipi
|-
| name || *haka ~ *akaʔ
|-
| nape || *ⁿdu-kuⁿd(a) / *ⁿdu-kus(a)
|-
| neck || *ᵑgaⁿda
|-
| net || *kaⁿdaʔ
|-
| new || *(a-)ᵐbihⁿd- ~ *(a-)ᵐbiht-
|-
| night, dark || *ʦii
|-
| nine, ten || *uk(a)
|-
| nominalizer || *-ᵐba; *-ⁿd-; *-ka
|-
| nose || *ⁿdii(k)
|-
| (older) sibling, (older) sister || *ᵑgwi
|-
| only || *ᵐbii
|-
| open || *kah
|-
| pale || *siʔ-kwa
|-
| palm || *huka
|-
| path || *hi
|-
| to peel || *suʔ
|-
| possessed || *-i
|-
| post, pole || *ʦauⁿd ~ *tsuⁿda
|-
| pot || *hũ
|-
| prick, sting, point || *ⁿduk / *suk
|-
| pumpkin, squash || *apii(s)
|-
| to put || *eʔ
|-
| raptor || *pũʔ
|-
| rattle || *taʔ
|-
| raw || *tah(-ka)
|-
| red, yellow, ripe || *taʔBa
|-
| relational element || *ⁿd(i)-; *ʦ(i)-
|-
| rodent, large || *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd
|-
| rodent, small || *suh(-kui)
|-
| rope, string || *ki
|-
| round || *ᵐbiⁿd(i)
|-
| salt || *ⁿdaᵑg
|-
| sand || *uB(V)(-ta)
|-
| to scratch, rub || *ʦuH
|-
| to see || *su
|-
| seed || *ⁿduⁿd-
|-
| seed, fruit || *kwa
|-
| seven || *kuh
|-
| side || *suuⁿd
|-
| to sit (singular) || *ʦaʔ
|-
| six || *taiⁿd-
|-
| skin || *huka ~ *huBa ~ kuaʔ
|-
| to sleep || *kap-
|-
| small || *Buⁿd-; *ʦiⁿd(a)
|-
| smell || *Laʔ
|-
| snake || *takaᵐb- ~ *taᵐbak
|-
| soft || *ʦiⁿdi
|-
| son, child || *ᵑgaᵐba
|-
| to sow || *ⁿdihk-
|-
| spoon, ladle || *ʦuiⁿd ~ *ʦuⁿdi
|-
| to stand (singular) || *ⁿdu-
|-
| stick, bone, tree || *kaⁿd- ~ *kat-
|-
| stomach || *ⁿduaᵐbih
|-
| stone || *hak ~ *kaʔ
|-
| sun, day || *ⁿdi
|-
| sun, year || *ⁿdu-
|-
| to swallow, drink, eat || *-hu ~ *-uʔ
|-
| sweet potato || *Baiʔ
|-
| tail || *ᵐbaⁿd(a)-; *ⁿduh(k)
|-
| to take || *ᵑgu
|-
| to take out, pick up || *hapi ~ *apiʔ
|-
| tasty || *ᵐbaⁿd-
|-
| tear || *uᵐba ⁿdiʔa
|-
| that || *a
|-
| this || *hi ~ *iʔ
|-
| three || *ᵐbãʔ(ĩ)
|-
| throat || *ᵐbi-ⁿdaʔ
|-
| throat, hole || *kuHⁿdi ~ *kuiHⁿd ~ *BuHⁿdi
|-
| tobacco || *ⁿdua
|-
| tongue || *kuʔ(-Ba)
|-
| tooth (molar) || *haka
|-
| tooth || *ⁿduʔ
|-
| turkey, large [[galliform]] bird || *(ᵑg)uⁿd-
|-
| to turn around || *ᵐbuⁿd- ~ *kuⁿd-
|-
| turtle || *kwi
|-
| to twist || *ᵐbu
|-
| two || *ᵐbuuʔ
|-
| up, sky || *ᵐbii
|-
| urine || *huʦi ~ *huiʦ
|-
| valency-reducer || *a-; *aʔ-; *aⁿd-
|-
| to walk || *ⁿdai
|-
| to wash || *suh(k)
|-
| to watch || *ᵑguⁿda ~ *ᵑgwaⁿd
|-
| water, river || *ⁿdiʔ
|-
| to wear || *(ⁿd)iˈa
|-
| white, morning || *ᵐbuⁿd(u)
|-
| who, someone || *ⁿdi
|-
| wind || *ᵐbuⁿd-kaⁿd(a)
|-
| woman (adult) || *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *ᵐbuiⁿd ~ *ᵑguⁿdi ~ *ᵑguiⁿd
|-
| woman (young) || *ᵐbus-
|-
| worm || *ᵑgi
|-
| wound, trace || *saⁿda
|-
| to wrap || *ᵐbaʔk
|-
| you || *ᵐbaʔ
|-
| young, sprout || *pu
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Constenla Umaña, A. (1981). ''Comparative Chibchan Phonology''. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).
* Constenla Umaña, A. (1985). Las lenguas dorasque y changuena y sus relaciones genealógicas. ''Filologia y linguística'', 11.2:81–91.
* Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1991). ''Las lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal''. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José.
* Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1995). Sobre el estudio diacrónico de las lenguas chibchenses y su contribución al conocimiento del pasado de sus hablantes. ''Boletín del Museo del Oro'' 38–39: 13–56.
* ''Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha'', a journal of Chibchan linguistics, is published by the Universidad de Costa Rica.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Headland, E. (1997). ''Diccionario bilingüe con una gramatica Uw Cuwa (Tunebo)''. Bogotá: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Holt, Dennis (1986). ''The Development of the Paya Sound-System''. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles).
* Margery Peña, E. (1982). ''Diccionario español-bribri, bribri-español''. San José: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica.
* Margery Peña, E. (1989). ''Diccionario Cabécar-Español, Español-Cabécar''. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
* Pinart, A. L. (1890). ''Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque: Dialectos Chumulu, Gualaca y Changuina''. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Pinart, A. L. (1892). ''Vocabulario Guaymie: Dialectos Move-Valiente Norteño y Guaymie Penonomeño''. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 3). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Pinart, A. L. (1897). ''Vocabulario Guaymie: Dialectos Murıre-Bukueta, Mouı y Sabanero''. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 4). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Quesada, J. Diego (2007). ''The Chibchan Languages''. Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica. {{ISBN|9977-66-186-3}}.
* Quesada Pacheco, M. A.; Rojas Chaves, C. (1999). ''Diccionario boruca-español, español-boruca''. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

==External links==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions]]'''''}}
* [http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8207943/ Comparative Chibchan phonology] — 1981 dissertation by Adolfo Constenla.

{{Chibchan languages}}
{{Mesoamerican families}}
{{language families}}
{{North American languages}}
{{South American languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Chibchan languages| ]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Endangered Chibchan languages| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Central America]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast]]
[[Category:Macro-Chibchan languages]]