View source for Children's literature

{{Short description|Stories, books, magazines, and poems primarily written for children}}
{{For|the academic journal|Children's Literature (journal)}}
{{Redirect|Children's book |the A. S. Byatt novel|The Children's Book}}
{{Redirect|Children's story|the song|Children's Story}}
[[File:Fairy Tales (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century [[lithograph]] by [[Jessie Willcox Smith]].]]
[[File:Pinocchio.jpg|thumb|''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'' (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and [[List of best-selling books|one of the best-selling books]] ever published.<ref>...remains the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read... by Francelia Butler, ''Children's Literature'', Yale University Press, 1972.</ref>]]

'''Children's literature''' or '''juvenile literature''' includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are created for [[Child|children]]. In addition to conventional [[literary genre]]s, modern children's literature is classified by the intended age of the reader, ranging from [[picture books]] for the very young to [[young adult fiction]] for those nearing maturity.

Children's literature can be traced to traditional stories like [[fairy tale]]s, which have only been identified as children's literature since the eighteenth century, and songs, part of a wider [[oral tradition]], which adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Since the fifteenth century much literature has been aimed specifically at children, often with a moral or religious message. Children's literature has been shaped by religious sources, like Puritan traditions, or by more philosophical and scientific standpoints with the influences of Charles Darwin and John Locke.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lerer |first= Seth |url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere|title=Children's Literature: A Reader's History, from Aesop to Harry Potter |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=15 June 2008|isbn=978-0-226-47300-0|location=Chicago|oclc=176980408|url-access=registration}}</ref> The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" because many classic children's books were published then.

==Definition==
There is no single or widely used definition of children's literature.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|15–17}} It can be broadly defined as the body of written works and accompanying illustrations produced in order to entertain or instruct young people. The genre encompasses a wide range of works, including acknowledged classics of [[world literature]], [[picture books]] and easy-to-read stories written exclusively for children, and [[fairy tales]], [[lullabies]], [[fables]], [[folk song]]s, and other primarily orally transmitted materials or more specifically defined as [[fiction]], [[non-fiction]], [[poetry]], or [[drama]] intended for and used by children and young people.<ref>{{cite web |last=Library of Congress |title=Children's Literature |url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/chi.pdf |work=Library of Congress Collections Policy Statement |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063505/http://www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/chi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20thc>{{cite book |last=Chevalier |first=Tracy |title=Twentieth-Century Children's Writers |year=1989 |publisher=[[St. James Press]] |location=[[Chicago]] |isbn= 978-0-912289-95-3}}</ref>{{rp|xvii}} One writer on children's literature defines it as "all books written for children, excluding works such as [[comic book]]s, joke books, [[cartoon book]]s, and non-fiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials".<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|2006|p=2}}</ref> However, others would argue that [[children's comics]] should also be included: "Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children".<ref>Hatfield, C. "Abstract":, "Comic Art, Children's Literature, and the New Comic Studies." ''The Lion and the Unicorn'', vol. 30 no. 3, 2006, pp. 360–382. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/uni.2006.0031 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/202582/pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123227/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/202582/pdf|date=2018-12-15}}</ref>

The ''International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'' notes that "the boundaries of genre... are not fixed but blurred".<ref name="int.comp.ency">{{cite book |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Peter |title=International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature |year=1996 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P74RiK3CRGkC&pg=PP4 |isbn= 978-0-203-16812-7}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Some works defy easy categorization. [[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults. The series' extreme popularity led ''[[The New York Times]]'' to create a separate bestseller list for children's books.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Dinitia |title=The ''Times'' Plans a Children's Best-Seller List |journal=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 24, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/24/books/the-times-plans-a-children-s-best-seller-list.html |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621233421/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/24/books/the-times-plans-a-children-s-best-seller-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the widespread association of children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before [[printing]], and the root of many children's tales go back to ancient storytellers.<ref name=Arbuth>{{cite book |last=Arbuthnot |first=May Hill |title=Children and Books |year=1964 |publisher=[[Scott, Foresman Publishers|Scott, Foresman]] |location=United States}}</ref>{{rp|30}} [[Seth Lerer]], in the opening of ''Children's Literature: A Reader's History from Aesop to Harry Potter'', says, "This book presents a history of what children have heard and read.... The history I write of is a history of ''reception''."<ref name=lerer />{{rp|2}}

== History ==
<!--Note to future editors: This should not be a list of books published but an encyclopedic summary of significant advances and changes around the world. Please keep this from becoming a mere list. See note on talk page for order of information for this section-->
Early children's literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems, used to educate, instruct, and entertain children.<ref name="random">{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/024children.html|title=To Instruct and Delight A History of Children's Literature|publisher=Random History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715095313/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/024children.html|archive-date=July 15, 2012|access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref>
It was only in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of [[childhood]], that a separate genre of children's literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations, and [[Western canon|canon]].<ref name=nikola>{{cite book |editor-last=Nikolajeva |editor-first=María |editor-link=Maria Nikolajeva |title=Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZL9V1L9fEC&pg=PR9 |isbn= 978-0-313-29614-7}}</ref>{{rp|x-xi}} The earliest of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and simple ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.<ref>•Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.</ref>

In 1962, French historian [[Philippe Ariès]] argues in his book ''[[Centuries of Childhood]]'' that the modern concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as greatly different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment.<ref name=shav>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Zohar |author-link=Zohar Shavit |title=Poetics of Children's Literature |year=2009 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=978-0-8203-3481-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NerYSgnlnaIC&pg=PP10}}</ref>{{rp|5}} As evidence for this position, he notes that, apart from instructional and didactic texts for children written by [[cleric]]s like [[Bede|the Venerable Bede]] and [[Ælfric of Eynsham]], there was a lack of any genuine literature aimed specifically at children before the 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McMunn |first=Meradith Tilbury |author2=William Robert McMunn |title=Children's Literature in the Middle Ages |journal=[[Children's Literature (journal)|Children's Literature]] |year=1972| volume=1 |pages=21–29 |doi=10.1353/chl.0.0064|s2cid=146379422 }}</ref><ref name=brad>{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=Johanna |title=From Chapbooks to Plum Cake: The History of Children's Literature |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-34070-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65KJo_XpLoYC&pg=PA1 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|11}}

Other scholars have qualified this viewpoint by noting that there was a literature designed to convey the values, attitudes, and information necessary for children within their cultures,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Wilye |editor-first=Andrea Schwenke |title=Considering Children's Literature: A Reader |year=2008 |publisher=Broadview |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWTY0BK5jbIC&pg=PA43 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> such as the ''[[Play of Daniel]]'' from the twelfth century.<ref name=lerer />{{rp|46}}<ref name=kline>{{cite book |last=Kline |first=Daniel T. |title= Medieval Literature for Children |year=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8153-3312-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcxBsWXg9mYC&pg=PR4}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Pre-modern children's literature, therefore, tended to be of a [[didactic]] and [[Morality|moralistic]] nature, with the purpose of conveying [[Conduct book|conduct]]-related, educational and [[Religious book|religious]] lessons.<ref name=kline />{{rp|6–8}}

===Early-modern Europe===
[[File:Hornbook Mexican.png|left|thumb|An early Mexican [[hornbook]] pictured in Tuer's ''History of the Horn-Book'', 1896.]]
During the seventeenth century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them.<ref name=shav />{{rp|6–7}}<ref name=reynolds>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first= Kimberley |title=Children's Literature: A Very Short Introduction |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|9}} The English philosopher [[John Locke]] developed his theory of the [[tabula rasa]] in his 1690 ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]''. In Locke's philosophy, ''tabula rasa'' was the theory that the (human) mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's [[sense|sensory]] experiences. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. Locke himself emphasized the importance of providing children with "easy pleasant books" to develop their minds rather than using force to compel them: "Children may be cozen'd into a knowledge of the letters; be taught to read, without perceiving it to be anything but a sport, and play themselves into that which others are whipp'd for." He also suggested that picture books be created for children.

In the nineteenth century, a few children's titles became famous as classroom reading texts. Among these were the fables of Aesop and Jean de la Fontaine and Charles Perraults's 1697 ''Tales of Mother Goose''.<ref name="Lyons, Martyn 2011">Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.</ref> The popularity of these texts led to the creation of a number of nineteenth-century fantasy and fairy tales for children which featured magic objects and talking animals.<ref name="Lyons, Martyn 2011"/>

Another influence on this shift in attitudes came from [[Puritanism]], which stressed the importance of individual salvation. Puritans were concerned with the spiritual welfare of their children, and there was a large growth in the publication of "good godly books" aimed squarely at children.<ref name=random /> Some of the most popular works were by [[James Janeway]], but the most enduring book from this movement, still read today, especially in modernised versions, is ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (1678) by [[John Bunyan]].<ref>e. g. ''The New Amplified Pilgrim's Progress'' (both book and dramatized audio) – as retold by James Pappas. Published by Orion's Gate (1999) and ''The Evergreen Wood: An Adaptation of the "Pilgrim's Progress" for Children'' written by Linda Perry, illustrated by Alan Perry. Published by Hunt & Thorpe, 1997. [[The Pilgrim's Progress#Retellings]].</ref>

[[Chapbook]]s, pocket-sized pamphlets that were often folded instead of being stitched,<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|32}} were published in Britain; illustrated by [[Woodcut|woodblock printing]], these inexpensive booklets reprinted popular [[ballads]], historical re-tellings, and folk tales. Though not specifically published for children at this time, young people enjoyed the booklets as well.<ref name=reynolds />{{rp|8}} Johanna Bradley says, in ''From Chapbooks to Plum Cake'', that chapbooks kept imaginative stories from being lost to readers under the strict [[Puritan]] influence of the time.<ref name=brad />{{rp|17}}
[[File:Aforadam.png|thumb|The New England Primer]]
[[Hornbook]]s also appeared in England during this time, teaching children basic information such as the alphabet and the [[Lord's Prayer]].<ref name=questia>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia: Children's Literature |year=2009 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117011194 |access-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422190423/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117011194 |archive-date=2012-04-22 |url-status=dead |isbn= }}{{ISBN?}}</ref> These were brought from England to the [[British America|American colonies]] in the mid-seventeenth century.

The first such book was a [[catechism]] for children, written in verse by the Puritan [[John Cotton (Puritan)|John Cotton]]. Known as ''[[Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes]]'', it was published in 1646, appearing both in England and [[Boston]]. Another early book, ''[[The New England Primer]]'', was in print by 1691 and used in schools for 100 years. The [[Primer (textbook)|primer]] begins with "The young Infant's or Child's morning Prayer" and evening prayer. It then shows the alphabet, vowels, consonants, double letters, and syllables before providing a religious rhyme of the alphabet, beginning "In Adam's fall We sinned all...", and continues through the alphabet.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The New-England primer, improved; : for the more easy attaining the true reading of English. : To which is added the Assembly of Divines' Catechism |last=Tracy & Bliss, printer |date=1822 |publisher=Printed by Tracy & Bliss |oclc=191256117}}</ref> It also contained religious maxims, [[Acronym and initialism|acronyms]], spelling help and other educational items, all decorated by [[woodcut]]s.<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|35}}

In 1634, the ''[[Pentamerone]]'' from Italy became the first major published collection of European folk tales. [[Charles Perrault]] began recording [[fairy tale]]s in France, publishing his first collection in 1697. They were not well received among the French literary society, who saw them as only fit for old people and children. In 1658, [[John Amos Comenius]] in [[Bohemia]] published the informative illustrated ''[[Orbis Pictus]]'', for children under six learning to read. It is considered to be the first picture book produced specifically for children.<ref name=reynolds />{{rp|7}}

The first [[Denmark|Danish]] children's book was ''The Child's Mirror'' by [[Niels Bredal]] in 1568, an adaptation of a [[courtesy book]] by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] priest [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]. ''A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror'', an adaptation of a [[Germany|German]] book for young women, became the first [[Sweden|Swedish]] children's book upon its 1591 publication.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|700, 706}} Sweden published fables and a children's magazine by 1766.

In [[Italy]], [[Giovanni Francesco Straparola]] released ''[[The Facetious Nights of Straparola]]'' in the 1550s. Called the first European storybook to contain fairy-tales, it eventually had 75 separate stories and written for an adult audience.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Opie |first=Iona |author2=Peter Opie |author-link=Iona Opie |title=The Classic Fairy Tales |page=[https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0/page/20 20] |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-211559-1 |author2-link=Peter Opie |url=https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0/page/20}}</ref> [[Giulio Cesare Croce]] also borrowed from some stories children enjoyed for his books.<ref name=Silvey />{{rp|757}}

[[Russia]]'s earliest children's books, [[Primer (textbook)|primers]], appeared in the late sixteenth century. An early example is ''ABC-Book'', an [[alphabet book]] published by [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1571.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|765}} The first [[picture book]] published in Russia, [[Karion Istomin]]'s ''The Illustrated Primer'', appeared in 1694.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|765}} [[Peter the Great]]'s interest in [[Modernization|modernizing]] his country through [[Westernization]] helped Western children's literature dominate the field through the eighteenth century.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|765}} [[Catherine the Great]] wrote [[Allegory|allegories]] for children, and during her reign, [[Nikolai Novikov]] started the first juvenile magazine in Russia.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|765}}

===Origins of the modern genre===

[[File:NewberyPocketBook.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|[[John Newbery]]'s ''[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]'', originally published in 1744]]
The modern children's book emerged in mid-18th-century England.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/07/how-the-newbery-award-got-its-name/|title = How the Newbery Award Got Its Name|date = 2013-07-19|website = Today I Found Out|first = Emily|last = Upton|access-date = 2013-10-14|archive-date = 2019-04-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190405202512/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/07/how-the-newbery-award-got-its-name/|url-status = live}}</ref> A growing [[politeness|polite]] middle-class and the influence of [[John Locke|Lockean]] theories of childhood innocence combined to create the beginnings of childhood as a concept. In an article for the [[British Library]], professor MO Grenby writes, "in the 1740s, a cluster of London publishers began to produce new books designed to instruct and delight young readers. [[Thomas Boreman]] was one. Another was [[Mary Cooper (publisher)|Mary Cooper]], whose two-volume ''[[Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book]]'' (1744) is the first known [[nursery rhyme]] collection. But the most celebrated of these pioneers is [[John Newbery]], whose first book for the entertainment of children was ''[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]''."<ref name="Grenby"/>

Widely considered the first modern children's book, ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'' was the first children's publication aimed at giving enjoyment to children,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kodomo.go.jp/ingram/e/section1/index.html |title=Early Children's Literature: From moralistic stories to narratives of everyday life |access-date=2013-10-14 |archive-date=2013-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601231713/http://www.kodomo.go.jp/ingram/e/section1/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> containing a mixture of rhymes, picture stories and games for pleasure.<ref name=marks>{{cite book |last=Marks |first=Diana F. |title= Children's Book Award Handbook |year=2006 |publisher=[[Libraries Unlimited]] |location=Westport, Conn |page=201}}</ref> Newbery believed that play was a better enticement to children's good behavior than physical discipline,<ref>Townsend, John Rowe. ''Written for Children''. (1990). New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-446125-4}}, pp. 15–16.</ref> and the child was to record his or her behaviour daily. The book was child–sized with a brightly colored cover that appealed to children—something new in the publishing industry. Known as gift books, these early books became the precursors to the [[toy book]]s popular in the nineteenth century.<ref name="Lundin">{{cite journal |author=Lundin, Anne H. |year=1994 |title=Victorian Horizons: The Reception of Children's Books in England and America, 1880–1900 |journal=The Library Quarterly |volume=64 |pages=30–59 |doi=10.1086/602651|s2cid=143693178 }}</ref> Newbery was also adept at marketing this new genre. According to the journal ''[[The Lion and the Unicorn (journal)|The Lion and the Unicorn]]'', "Newbery's genius was in developing the fairly new product category, children's books, through his frequent advertisements... and his clever ploy of introducing additional titles and products into the body of his children's books."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Susina |first=Jan |title=Editor's Note: Kiddie Lit(e): The Dumbing Down of Children's Literature |journal=The Lion and the Unicorn |date=June 1993 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=v–vi |doi=10.1353/uni.0.0256|s2cid=144833564 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rose|1984|p=218}}</ref> Professor Grenby writes, "Newbery has become known as the 'father of children's literature' chiefly because he was able to show that publishing children's books could be a commercial success."<ref name="Grenby">{{cite news |last1=Grenby |first1=M O |title=The origins of children's literature |url=https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-childrens-literature |access-date=18 January 2020 |agency=British Library |date=15 May 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301053319/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-childrens-literature |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:GTShoesWoodcut.jpg|thumb|right|A [[woodcut]] of the eponymous Goody Two-Shoes from the 1768 edition of ''[[The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes]]''. It was first published in London in 1765.]]
The improvement in the quality of books for children and the diversity of topics he published helped make Newbery the leading producer of children's books in his time. He published his own books as well as those by authors such as [[Samuel Johnson]] and [[Oliver Goldsmith]];<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|36}}<ref name="Rose, 219">{{harvnb|Rose|1984|p=219}}</ref> the latter may have written ''[[The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes]]'', Newbery's most popular book.

Another philosopher who influenced the development of children's literature was [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who argued that children should be allowed to develop naturally and joyously. His idea of appealing to a children's natural interests took hold among writers for children.<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|41}} Popular examples included [[Thomas Day (writer)|Thomas Day]]'s ''[[The History of Sandford and Merton]]'', four volumes that embody Rousseau's theories. Furthermore, [[Maria Edgeworth|Maria]] and [[Richard Lovell Edgeworth]]'s ''[[Practical Education]]: The History of Harry and Lucy'' (1780) urged children to teach themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leader|first= Zachary|title = Reading Blake's Songs|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu5WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |page = 3|publisher = Routledge|date = 2015|isbn = 9781317381235}}</ref>

Rousseau's ideas also had great influence in Germany, especially on [[Philanthropinum|German Philanthropism]], a movement concerned with reforming both education and literature for children. Its founder, [[Johann Bernhard Basedow]], authored ''Elementarwerk'' as a popular textbook for children that included many illustrations by [[Daniel Chodowiecki]]. Another follower, [[Joachim Heinrich Campe]], created an adaptation of ''Robinson Crusoe'' that went into over 100 printings. He became Germany's "outstanding and most modern"<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|736}} writer for children. According to Hans-Heino Ewers in ''The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'', "It can be argued that from this time, the history of European children's literature was largely written in Germany."<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|737}}

[[File:Kinder title page.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Pages from the 1819 edition of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Kinder- und Haus-Märchen]]'' by the Brothers Grimm]]
The [[Brothers Grimm]] preserved and published [[Grimms' Fairy Tales|the traditional tales]] told in [[Germany]].<ref name=Silvey>{{cite book |editor-last=Silvey |editor-first=Anita |title=The Essential Guide to Children's Books and their Creators |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00silv |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-618-19082-9}}</ref>{{rp|184}} They were so popular in their home country that modern, realistic children's literature began to be looked down on there. This dislike of non-traditional stories continued there until the beginning of the next century.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|739–740}} In addition to their collection of stories, the Grimm brothers also contributed to children's literature through their academic pursuits. As professors, they had a scholarly interest in the stories, striving to preserve them and their variations accurately, recording their sources.<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|259}}

A similar project was carried out by the [[Norway|Norwegian]] scholars [[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen]] and [[Jørgen Moe]], who collected Norwegian fairy tales and published them as ''[[Norwegian Folktales]]'', often referred to as ''Asbjørnsen and Moe''. By compiling these stories, they preserved Norway's literary heritage and helped create the Norwegian written language.<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|260}}

Danish author and poet [[Hans Christian Andersen]] traveled through Europe and gathered many well-known fairy tales and created new stories in the fairy tale genre.<ref name=EB>Elias Bredsdorff, ''Hans Christian Andersen: the story of his life and work 1805–75'', Phaidon (1975) {{ISBN|0-7148-1636-1}}</ref>

In [[Switzerland]], [[Johann David Wyss]] published ''[[The Swiss Family Robinson]]'' in 1812, with the aim of teaching children about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. The book became popular across Europe after it was translated into French by [[Isabelle de Montolieu]].

[[E. T. A. Hoffmann]]'s tale "[[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]]" was published in 1816 in a German collection of stories for children, ''Kinder-Märchen''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nutcracker |last1=Hoffmann |first1=E. T. A. |last2=Sendak (illustrator) |first2=Maurice |publisher=Crown Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-385-34864-5 |location=New York, N.Y., US }}</ref> It is the first modern short story to introduce bizarre, odd and grotesque elements in children's literature and thereby anticipates Lewis Carroll's tale, ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kinder-Märchen von C. W. Contessa, F. de la Motte Fouqué, E. T. A. Hoffmann |editor-last=Ewers |editor-first=Hans-Heino |publisher=Philipp Reclam Jr. |year=1987 |isbn=978-3-15-028377-6 |location=Stuttgart, Germany |pages=347 (afterword)}}</ref> There are not only parallels concerning the content (the weird adventures of a young girl in a fantasy land), but also the origin of the tales as both are dedicated and given to a daughter of the author's friends.

===Golden age===
The shift to a modern genre of children's literature occurred in the mid-19th century; [[didacticism]] of a previous age began to make way for more humorous, child-oriented books, more attuned to the child's imagination. The availability of children's literature greatly increased as well, as paper and [[printing]] became widely available and affordable, the population grew and literacy rates improved.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|654–655}}

''[[Tom Brown's School Days]]'' by [[Thomas Hughes]] appeared in 1857, and is considered to be the founding book in the [[school story]] tradition.<ref name=knowles>{{cite book |last=Knowles |first= Murray |title=Language and Control in Children's Literature |year=1996 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mh6pCDCZ5EC&pg=PP7|isbn= 978-0-203-41975-5}}</ref>{{rp|7–8}} However, it was [[Lewis Carroll]]'s fantasy, ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. Regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children"<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|44}} and as a founding book in the development of fantasy literature, its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature in Britain and Europe that continued until the early 1900s. The fairy-tale absurdity of Wonderland has solid historical ground as a satire of the serious problems of the Victorian era. Lewis Carroll is ironic about the prim and all-out regulated life of the "golden" Victorian century.<ref name=knowles />{{rp|18}} One other noteworthy publication was [[Mark Twain]]'s book ''[[Tom Sawyer]]'' (1876), which was one of the first "boy books", intended for children but enjoyed by both children and adults alike. These were classified as such for the themes they contained, consisting of fighting and work.<ref>JulJulBulak, History of England in fifteenth century {{full citation needed|date=October 2019}}</ref> Another important book of that decade was ''[[The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby]]'', by Rev. [[Charles Kingsley]] (1862), which became extremely popular and remains a classic of British children's literature.

In 1883, [[Carlo Collodi]] wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'', which was translated many times. In that same year, [[Emilio Salgari]], the man who would become "the adventure writer par excellence for the young in Italy"<ref>Lawson Lucas, A. (1995) "The Archetypal Adventures of Emilio Salgari: A Panorama of his Universe and Cultural Connections New Comparison", ''A Journal of Comparative and General Literary Studies'', Number 20 Autumn</ref> first published his legendary character ''[[Sandokan]]''. In Britain, ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]'', by [[George MacDonald]], appeared in 1872 and 1883, and the adventure stories ''[[Treasure Island]]'' and ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]'', both by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], were extremely popular in the 1880s. [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' was first published in 1894, and [[J. M. Barrie]] told the story of [[Peter Pan (character)|Peter Pan]] in the novel  ''[[Peter and Wendy]]'' in 1911. [[Johanna Spyri]]'s two-part novel ''[[Heidi]]'' was published in Switzerland in 1880 and 1881.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|749}}

In the US, children's publishing entered a period of growth after the [[American Civil War]] in 1865. Boys' book writer [[William Taylor Adams|Oliver Optic]] published over 100 books. In 1868, the "epoch-making"<ref name=Arbuth />{{rp|45}} ''[[Little Women]]'', the fictionalized autobiography of [[Louisa May Alcott]], was published. This "[[coming of age]]" story established the genre of realistic family books in the United States. [[Mark Twain]] released ''Tom Sawyer'' in 1876. In 1880 another bestseller, ''[[Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings]]'', a collection of [[African American]] folk tales adapted and compiled by [[Joel Chandler Harris]], appeared.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|478}}

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a plethora of children's novels began featuring realistic, non-magical plotlines. Certain titles received international success such as Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island'' (1883), L. M. Montgomery's ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), and Louisa May Alcott's ''Little Women'' (1869).<ref name="Lyons, Martyn 2011"/>

==National traditions==
===United Kingdom===
[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 30.png|thumb|left|upright|Illustration from ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', 1865]]Literature for children had developed as a separate category of literature especially in the [[Victorian era]], with some works becoming internationally known, such as [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865) and its sequel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871). Another classic of the period is [[Anna Sewell]]'s animal novel ''[[Black Beauty]]'' (1877). At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, author and illustrator [[Beatrix Potter]] published ''[[The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'' in 1902. Potter went on to produce 23 children's books and become very wealthy. A pioneer of character merchandising, in 1903 she patented a [[Peter Rabbit]] doll, making Peter the first [[Brand licensing|licensed character]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Beatrix Potter Invented Character Merchandising |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-beatrix-potter-invented-character-merchandising-180961979/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=Smithsonian |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006132101/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-beatrix-potter-invented-character-merchandising-180961979/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peter Rabbit blazed a trail still well trod |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/peter-rabbit-blazed-a-trail-still-well-trod-c9zdfx2c6nk |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=[[The Times]] |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006143043/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/peter-rabbit-blazed-a-trail-still-well-trod-c9zdfx2c6nk |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professors of children's literature at Brigham Young University, write, "Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page."<ref name="Tunnell 80–86">{{Cite journal |last1=Tunnell |first1=Michael O. |last2=Jacobs |first2=James S. |date=2013-10-01 |title=The Origins and History of American Children's Literature |journal=The Reading Teacher |language=en |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1002/TRTR.1201 |issn=1936-2714}}</ref>

[[Rudyard Kipling]] published ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' in 1894. A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of [[Mowgli]], echoing Kipling's own childhood. In the latter years of the 19th century, precursors of the modern picture book were illustrated books of poems and short stories produced by English illustrators [[Randolph Caldecott]], [[Walter Crane]], and [[Kate Greenaway]]. These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books, and many of their pictures were in colour. Some British artists made their living illustrating novels and children's books, among them [[Arthur Rackham]], [[Cicely Mary Barker]], [[W. Heath Robinson]], [[Henry Justice Ford|Henry J. Ford]], [[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]], and [[George Cruikshank]]. In the 1890s, some of the best known fairy tales from England were compiled in [[Joseph Jacobs]]' ''English Fairy Tales'', including ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'', ''[[Goldilocks and the Three Bears]]'', ''[[The Three Little Pigs]]'', ''[[Jack the Giant Killer]]'' and ''[[Tom Thumb]]''.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales | first = Maria | last = Tatar | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzvhjL5_W8C&pg=PA206 | pages = 206–211 | isbn=978-0-393-05163-6}}</ref>
[[File:Peter Pan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter Pan statue]] in [[Kensington Gardens]], London]]
The [[Kailyard School]] of Scottish writers, notably [[J. M. Barrie]], creator of ''[[Peter Pan (character)|Peter Pan]]'' (1904), presented an idealised version of society and brought fantasy and folklore back into fashion. In 1908, [[Kenneth Grahame]] wrote the children's classic ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' and the [[Scouts]] founder [[Robert Baden-Powell]]'s first book, ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'', was published. Inspiration for [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]]'s novel ''[[The Secret Garden]]'' (1910) was the [[Great Maytham Hall]] Garden in Kent. While fighting in the trenches for the British Army in World War I, [[Hugh Lofting]] created the character of [[Doctor Dolittle]], who appears in a series of [[Doctor Dolittle#The books|twelve books]].

The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with [[World War I]]. The period before [[World War II]] was much slower in children's publishing. The main exceptions in England were the publications of ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'' by [[A. A. Milne]] in 1926, ''[[Toytown|Tales of Toytown]]'' by [[S.G. Hulme Beaman]] in 1928,<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Fiction 1900-1950|author=John Cooper, Jonathan Cooper|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|date=18 June 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Treasure Seekers and Borrowers: Children's books in Britain, 1900-1960|author=Marcus Crouch|publisher=The Library Association|date=December 1962}}</ref> the first ''[[Mary Poppins (book series)|Mary Poppins]]'' book by [[P. L. Travers]] in 1934, ''[[The Hobbit]]'' by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] in 1937, and the Arthurian ''[[The Sword in the Stone (novel)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' by [[T. H. White]] in 1938.<ref>Hunt, Peter (editor) (1996). ''International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature''. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|978-0-203-16812-7}}, pp. 682–683.</ref> Children's mass [[paperback]] books were first released in England in 1940 under the [[Puffin Books]] imprint, and their lower prices helped make book buying possible for children during World War II.<ref>Hunt, Peter (editor) (1996). ''International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature'', pp. 475–476.</ref> [[Enid Blyton]]'s books have been among the world's bestsellers since the 1930s, selling more than 600 million copies. Blyton's books are still enormously popular and have been translated into almost 90 languages. She wrote on a wide range of topics including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narratives and is best remembered today for her [[Noddy (character)|Noddy]], ''[[The Famous Five (novel series)|The Famous Five]]'', [[The Secret Seven]], and ''[[The Adventure Series]]''.<ref>Ray, Sheila G. (1982), ''The Blyton Phenomenon''. Andre Deutsch, {{ISBN|978-0-233-97441-5}}</ref> The first of these children's stories, ''[[Five on a Treasure Island]]'', was published in 1942.

[[File:Statue of C.S. Lewis, Belfast.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'']]
In the 1950s, the book market in Europe began to recover from the effects of the two world wars. An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings", with the major fantasy novelists [[C. S. Lewis]] and [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] as its main members. C. S. Lewis published the first installment of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series in 1950, while Tolkien is best known, in addition to ''The Hobbit'', as the author of  ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (1954). Another writer of fantasy stories is [[Alan Garner]] author of ''[[Elidor]]'' (1965), and ''[[The Owl Service]]'' (1967). The latter is an adaptation of the myth of [[Blodeuwedd]] from the ''[[Mabinogion]]'', set in modern [[Wales]] – it won Garner the annual [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] from the [[CILIP|Library Association]], recognising the year's best children's book by a British author.<ref name=medal1967>[http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=91 (Carnegie Winner 1967)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106194213/http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=91 |date=2013-01-06 }}. Living Archive: Celebrating the Carnegie and Greenaway Winners. [[CILIP]]. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</ref>

[[Mary Norton (author)|Mary Norton]] wrote ''[[The Borrowers (novel)|The Borrowers]]'' (1952), featuring tiny people who borrow from humans. [[Dodie Smith]]'s ''[[The Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' was published in 1956. [[Philippa Pearce]]'s ''[[Tom's Midnight Garden]]'' (1958) has Tom opening the garden door at night and entering into a different age.

[[File:MCM 2013 - Willy Wonka & Mad Hatter (8978291669).jpg|thumb|upright|Two people in costumes inspired by [[Willy Wonka]] (from Roald Dahl's ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]''), and the [[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Hatter]] (from Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'') in London]]
[[Roald Dahl]] wrote children's [[fantasy novels]] which were often inspired from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-man-who-liked-to-make-up-stories-2158052.html Once upon a time, there was a man who liked to make up stories ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130161349/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-man-who-liked-to-make-up-stories-2158052.html |date=2012-01-30 }} ''[[The Independent]]'' (Sunday, 12 December 2010)</ref> Dahl was inspired to write ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1964), featuring the eccentric chocolatier [[Willy Wonka]], having grown up near two chocolate makers in England who often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies into the other's factory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chocolate Wars, The inspiration for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/07/real-life-espionage-that-inspired-dahl-s-classic.html |access-date=27 July 2021 |magazine=Slate |quote=During Dahl's childhood, the two largest British candy firms, [[Cadbury]] and [[Rowntree's|Rowntree]], sent so many moles to work in competitors' factories that their spying became legendary |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727094207/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/07/real-life-espionage-that-inspired-dahl-s-classic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His other works include ''[[James and the Giant Peach]]'' (1961), ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' (1970), ''[[The BFG]]'' (1982), ''[[The Witches (novel)|The Witches]]'' (1983), and ''[[Matilda (novel)|Matilda]]'' (1988). Starting in 1958, [[Michael Bond]] published more than twenty humorous stories about [[Paddington Bear]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/daily/Happy-birthday-little-bear.4224656.jp |title=Happy birthday little bear – ''Sunderland Echo,'' 26 June 2008 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127024024/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/daily/Happy-birthday-little-bear.4224656.jp |archive-date=27 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Boarding schools in fiction|Boarding schools in literature]] are centred on older pre-adolescent and adolescent school life, and are most commonly set in English [[boarding school]]s. Popular [[school story|school stories]] from this period include [[Ronald Searle]]'s comic ''[[St Trinian's School|St Trinian's]]'' (1949–1953) and his illustrations for [[Geoffrey Willans]]'s ''[[Nigel Molesworth|Molesworth]]'' series, [[Jill Murphy]]'s ''[[The Worst Witch]]'', and the ''[[Jennings (novels)|Jennings]]'' series by [[Anthony Buckeridge]].

[[Ruth Manning-Sanders]]'s first collection, ''[[A Book of Giants]]'', retells a number of [[Giant (mythology)|giant stories]] from around the world. [[Susan Cooper]]'s ''[[The Dark Is Rising]]'' is a five-volume fantasy saga set in England and Wales. [[Raymond Briggs]]' children's picture book ''[[The Snowman (picture book)|The Snowman]]'' (1978) has been adapted as an animation, shown every Christmas on British television. The [[Wilbert Awdry|Reverend. W. Awdry]] and son [[Christopher Awdry|Christopher]]'s ''[[The Railway Series]]'' features [[Thomas the Tank Engine]]. [[Margery Sharp]]'s series ''[[The Rescuers (book)|The Rescuers]]'' is based on a heroic mouse organisation. The third [[Children's Laureate]] [[Michael Morpurgo]] published ''[[War Horse (novel)|War Horse]]'' in 1982. [[Dick King-Smith]]'s novels include ''[[The Sheep-Pig]]'' (1984). [[Diana Wynne Jones]] wrote the young adult fantasy novel ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (novel)|Howl's Moving Castle]]'' in 1986. [[Anne Fine]]'s ''[[Madame Doubtfire]]'' (1987) is based around a family with divorced parents. [[Anthony Horowitz]]'s [[Alex Rider|''Alex Rider'' series]] begins with ''[[Stormbreaker (novel)|Stormbreaker]]'' (2000).

[[File:J. K. Rowling 04-2010.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=photograph|[[J. K. Rowling]] reads from her novel ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'']]
[[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' is an epic trilogy of fantasy novels consisting of ''[[Northern Lights (Pullman novel)|Northern Lights]]'' (1995, published as ''The Golden Compass'' in North America), ''[[The Subtle Knife]]'' (1997), and ''[[The Amber Spyglass]]'' (2000). It follows the coming of age of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry, as they wander through a series of parallel universes. The three novels have won a number of awards, most notably the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize, won by ''The Amber Spyglass''. ''Northern Lights'' won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philip-pullman.com/index.php |title=Questions Frequently Asked |website=Philip Pullman |access-date=2019-05-14 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' fantasy sequence of seven novels chronicles the adventures of the adolescent [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]] [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]. The series began with ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' in 1997 and ended with the seventh and final book ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' in 2007; becoming the [[Best selling books|best selling book-series in history]]. The series has been translated into 67 languages,<ref name="Translations for Harry Potter">{{cite news |date=3 October 2008 |title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm |archive-date=11 March 2009 |access-date=17 October 2008 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dammann |first=Guy |date=18 June 2008 |title=Harry Potter breaks 400m in sales |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/jun/18/harrypotter.artsandentertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031062921/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/jun/18/harrypotter.artsandentertainment |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2008 |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |location=London}}</ref> so placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.<ref>{{cite web |author=KMaul |year=2005 |title=Guinness World Records: L. Ron Hubbard Is the Most Translated Author |url=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/kirkusreviews/tbs_landing.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308213411/http://www.kirkusreviews.com/kirkusreviews/tbs_landing.jsp |archive-date=8 March 2008 |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=The Book Standard}}</ref>

[[Neil Gaiman]] wrote the dark fantasy novella ''[[Coraline]]'' (2002). His 2008 fantasy, ''[[The Graveyard Book]]'', traces the story of a boy who is raised by the supernatural occupants of a graveyard. In 2001, [[Terry Pratchett]] received the Carnegie Medal (his first major award) for ''[[The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/print/0,,4460677-103690,.html|title= 'Pied Piper' brings belated literary reward | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=John | last=Ezard | date=12 July 2002 | access-date=8 November 2019 }}</ref> [[Cressida Cowell]]'s ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (novel series)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series was published between 2003 and 2015.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/22/cressida-cowell-how-to-train-your-dragon-philosophy-now-award-fight-against-stupidity "Children's author Cressida Cowell scoops philosophers' award for fight against stupidity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143633/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/22/cressida-cowell-how-to-train-your-dragon-philosophy-now-award-fight-against-stupidity |date=2018-06-12 }}. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 15 June 2017</ref>

====Adventure fiction====

[[File:Treasure-island01.png|thumb|upright|Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 [[coming-of-age]] pirate adventure ''[[Treasure Island]]'']]
While [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' in 1719 (spawning so many imitations it defined a genre, [[Robinsonade]]), adventure stories written specifically for children began in the nineteenth century. Early examples from British authors include [[Frederick Marryat]]'s ''[[The Children of the New Forest]]'' (1847) and [[Harriet Martineau]]'s ''The Peasant and the Prince'' (1856).<ref>[[Peter Hunt (literary critic)|Hunt, Peter]]. (Editor). ''Children's literature: an illustrated history''. Oxford University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-212320-3}} (pp. 98–100)</ref>

The Victorian era saw the development of the genre, with [[William Henry Giles Kingston|W. H. G. Kingston]], [[R. M. Ballantyne]] and [[G. A. Henty]] specializing in the production of adventure fiction for boys.<ref name="oxford">Butts, Dennis,"Adventure Books" in [[Jack Zipes|Zipes, Jack]], ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature''. Volume One. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-19-514656-1}} (pp.&nbsp;12–16).</ref> This inspired writers who normally catered to adult audiences to write for children, a notable example being [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s classic [[Piracy|pirate]] story ''[[Treasure Island]]'' (1883).<ref name="oxford" />

In the years after the First World War, writers such as [[Arthur Ransome]] developed the adventure genre by setting the adventure in Britain rather than distant countries. In the 1930s he began publishing his [[Swallows and Amazons series]] of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the English [[Lake District]] and the [[Norfolk Broads]]. Many of them involve sailing; fishing and camping are other common subjects.<ref>Hugh Brogan, ''The Life of Arthur Ransome''. Jonathan Cape, 1984</ref> [[Biggles]] was a popular series of [[adventure book]]s for young boys, about James Bigglesworth, a fictional pilot and [[adventurer]], by [[W. E. Johns]]. Between 1941 and 1961 there were 60 issues with stories about Biggles,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boysown.info/|title=Boys Own Paper featuring the work of Captain W E Johns|last=rogerharris@biggles.info|website=www.boysown.info|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2017-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609164007/http://boysown.info/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the 1960s occasional contributors included the BBC astronomer [[Patrick Moore]]. Between 1940 and 1947, W. E. Johns contributed sixty stories featuring the female pilot [[Worrals]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.girlsown.info/ |title=Girls Own Paper featuring the work of Captain W E Johns |last=rogerharris@biggles.info |website=www.girlsown.info |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2017-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520160249/http://girlsown.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

[[William Golding]]'s 1954 dystopian adventure novel ''[[Lord of the Flies]]'' focuses on a group of British boys stranded on an uninhabited island and their disastrous attempt to govern themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 100 best novels: No 74 – Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/16/lord-of-the-flies-100-greatest-novels-william-golding-mccrum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612123002/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/16/lord-of-the-flies-100-greatest-novels-william-golding-mccrum |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=10 July 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Evoking epic themes, [[Richard Adams]]'s 1972 survival and adventure novel ''[[Watership Down]]'' follows a small group of rabbits who escape the destruction of their warren and seek to establish a new home.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rachel Kadish|url=http://momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/10/speakingvolumes.html|title=Whose Parable Is It Anyway?|work=Moment Magazine|date=September–October 2011|access-date=10 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004081325/http://momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/10/speakingvolumes.html|archive-date=4 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Trease]] and [[Rosemary Sutcliff]] brought a new sophistication to the historical adventure novel.<ref name="oxford" /><ref>Hunt, 1995, (p. 208–209)</ref> [[Philip Pullman]] in the [[Sally Lockhart]] novels and [[Julia Golding]] in the [[Cat Royal]] series have continued the tradition of the historical adventure.<ref name="oxford" />

====Magazines and comics====
{{see also|Children's comics}}
[[File:Minnie the minx.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of [[Minnie the Minx]], a character from ''[[The Beano]]''. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with ''[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher|Dennis the Menace]]'' appearing on the cover.]]
An important aspect of British children's literature has been [[comic books]] and [[List of early-20th-century British children's magazines and annuals|magazines]]. Amongst the most popular and longest running comics have been ''[[The Beano]]'' and ''[[The Dandy]]'', both first published in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-19284222 |title=BBC News, 16 August 2012 |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909223416/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-19284222 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/pixar/11766202/Was-Pixars-Inside-Out-inspired-by-The-Beano.html |title=''The Telegraph'', 27 July 2015 |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412090211/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/pixar/11766202/Was-Pixars-Inside-Out-inspired-by-The-Beano.html |url-status=live }}</ref> British comics in the 20th century evolved from illustrated [[penny dreadful]]s of the Victorian era (featuring [[Sweeney Todd]], [[Dick Turpin]] and ''[[Varney the Vampire]]'').<ref>{{cite journal | url= https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000228860 | title= Horror Comics: The Nasties of the 1950s | author= John Sringhall | journal= [[History Today]] | issue= 7 | volume= 44 | date= July 1994 | access-date= 2010-10-23 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120504231008/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000228860 | archive-date= 4 May 2012 | url-status= live | df= dmy-all }}</ref> First published in the 1830s, according to ''The Guardian'', penny dreadfuls were "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young."<ref>{{cite news |title=Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/penny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy |access-date=3 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215447/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/penny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Robin Hood]] featured in a series of penny dreadfuls in 1838 which sparked the beginning of the mass circulation of Robin stories.<ref>{{cite book |title=Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |page=191}}</ref>

[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher|Dennis the Menace]] debuted in ''The Beano'' in 1951, while the popular stop-motion characters, [[Wallace and Gromit]], guest-starred in the comic every four weeks from 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beano.com/beano-max/issue-79|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023756/http://beano.com/beano-max/issue-79|url-status=dead|title=Issue 79 – The Beano|date=28 June 2013|archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Important early magazines or [[story papers]] for older children were the ''[[Boy's Own Paper]]'', published from 1879 to 1967<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philsp.com/data/data071.html#BOYSOWNMAGAZINEUK |title=Galactic Central |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614221614/http://www.philsp.com/data/data071.html#BOYSOWNMAGAZINEUK |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Girl's Own Paper]]'' published from 1880 until 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philsp.com/data/data207.html |title=Galactic Central |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223302/http://www.philsp.com/data/data207.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1890s, [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|half-penny]] publications succeeded the penny dreadfuls in popularity among British children. These included ''[[Halfpenny Marvel|The Half-penny Marvel]]'' and ''[[Union Jack (magazine)|Union Jack]]''. From 1896, the cover of the half-penny comic ''[[Illustrated Chips]]'' featured the long-running comic strip of the [[tramp]]s Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with its readers including a young [[Charlie Chaplin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Chris |title=The British Superhero |date=2017 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |page=22}}</ref>

Other story papers for older boys were ''[[The Hotspur]]'' (1933 to 1959) and ''[[The Rover (story paper)|The Rover]]'', which started in 1922 and was absorbed into ''Adventure'' in 1961 and ''[[The Wizard (DC Comics)|The Wizard]]'' in 1963, and eventually folded in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishcomics.20m.com/home.htm |title=British Comics |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221231/http://www.britishcomics.20m.com/home.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many prominent authors contributed to the ''Boy's Own Paper'': [[cricket]]er [[W.G. Grace]] wrote for several issues, along with authors Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] and [[R. M. Ballantyne]], as well as [[Robert Baden-Powell]], founder of the [[Scout Movement]]. Contributors to ''The Girl's Own Paper'' included [[Noel Streatfeild]], [[Rosa Nouchette Carey]], [[Sarah Doudney]] (1841–1926), [[Angela Brazil]], [[Richmal Crompton]], [[Fanny Fern]], and [[Baroness Orczy]].

The ''[[Eagle (British comics)|Eagle]]'' was a popular British comic for boys, launched in 1950 by [[Marcus Morris (publisher)|Marcus Morris]], an Anglican vicar from Lancashire. Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it was enormously successful; the first issue sold about 900,000 copies.<ref>Roger Sabin, ''Adult comics: an introduction'' (illustrated ed.), London: Taylor & Francis, 1993, p. 25.</ref><ref name="Science museum">{{Citation |title=Dan Dare and the Birth of Hi-Tech Britain |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/dan_dare.aspx |publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk |access-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721103622/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/dan_dare.aspx | archive-date=21 July 2010 }}</ref> Featured in colour on the front cover was its most recognisable story, "[[Dan Dare]], Pilot of the Future", created with meticulous attention to detail.<ref name="ODNB Hampson">{{Cite ODNB |last=Varah |first=Chad |author-link=Chad Varah |title=Hampson, Frank (1918–1985) |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31192 |access-date=16 June 2010 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31192}}</ref><ref name="Tribute">{{Citation |title=A Tribute to Frank Hampson 1918–1985 |url=http://www.tameside.gov.uk/blueplaque/frankhampson |publisher=tameside.gov.uk |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616221541/http://www.tameside.gov.uk/blueplaque/frankhampson |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times Hampson">{{Citation |last=Crompton |first=Alastair |title=Where Eagle dared |url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/598/936/79880174w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS201560409&dyn=5!xrn_10_0_CS201560409&hst_1?sw_aep=mclib |work=[[The Times]]|date=25 October 1985 |page=12 |issue=62278}}</ref> It was first published from 1950 to 1969, and relaunched from 1982 to 1994.<ref>Mike Conroy, ''500 great comicbook action heroes'' (illustrated ed.), London: Collins & Brown, 2002, pp. 362–363.</ref> Its sister comic was ''[[Girl (UK comics)|Girl]]'', whose early issues from 1951 featured the strip "Kitty Hawke and her All-Girl Air Crew". ''[[Roy of the Rovers]]'', an immensely popular comic strip featuring Roy Race, a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] for the fictional football team Melchester Rovers, first appeared in the ''[[Tiger (Fleetway)|Tiger]]'' in 1954.<ref>{{citation |title=The 10 best comic book footballers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/toptens/story/0,,1098267,00.html |newspaper=The Observer |date=30 November 2003 |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224192833/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/toptens/story/0,,1098267,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> First published by [[Martin Handford]] in 1987, more than 73 million ''[[Where's Wally?]]'' picture puzzle books had been sold around the world by 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Where's Wally founder tracks down a fortune |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jan/22/6 |access-date=6 August 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721172104/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jan/22/6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:The story of a word.jpg|thumb|''[[The Story of Mankind]]'' (1921) by [[Hendrik van Loon]], 1st [[Newbery Award]] winner]]
Children's literature has been a part of American culture since Europeans first settled in America. The earliest books were used as tools to instill self-control in children and preach a life of morality in Puritan society. Eighteenth-century American youth began to shift away from the social upbringing of its European counterpart, bringing about a change in children's literature. It was in this time that ''A Little Book for Little Children'' was written by T. W. in 1712. It includes what is thought to be the earliest nursery rhyme and one of the earliest examples of a textbook approaching education from the child's point of view, rather than the adult's.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bingham |author2=Scholt |title=Fifteen Centuries of Children's Literature |date=1980 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-22164-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fifteencenturies004198_0/page/99 99,107] |url=https://archive.org/details/fifteencenturies004198_0/page/99 }}</ref>

Children's magazines in the United States began with the ''Young'' ''Misses' Magazine'' (1806) of Brooklyn, New York.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |last=Tedder  |first=Henry Richard |wstitle=Periodicals |volume=21 |page=155}}</ref>

One of the most famous books of American children's literature is [[L. Frank Baum]]'s fantasy novel ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'', published in 1900. "By combining the English fondness for word play with the American appetite for outdoor adventure", Connie Epstein in ''International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature'' says Baum "developed an original style and form that stands alone".<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|479}} Baum wrote fourteen more Oz novels, and other writers continued the [[List of Oz books|Oz series]] into the twenty-first century.

Demand continued to grow in [[North America]] between World War I and World War II, helped by the growth of libraries in both Canada and the United States. Children's reading rooms in libraries, staffed by specially trained librarians, helped create demand for classic juvenile books. Reviews of children's releases began appearing regularly in ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' and in ''[[The Bookman (New York)|The Bookman]]'' magazine began to publish regular reviews of children's releases. The first Children's Book Week was launched in 1919. In that same year, [[Louise Seaman Bechtel]] became the first person to head a juvenile book publishing department in the country. She was followed by [[May Massee]] in 1922, and [[Alice Dalgliesh]] in 1934.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|479–480}} During this period, Black authors began writing and publishing books for African American children. Writers like Helen Adele Whiting (1885–1959) and [[Jane Dabney Shackelford]] (1895–1979) produced books designed to instill pride in Black history and culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nocera |first1=Amato |title="May We Not Write Our Own Fairy Tales and Make Black Beautiful?" African American Teachers, Children's Literature, and the Construction of Race in the Curriculum, 1920–1945 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=February 2023 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=32–58 |doi=10.1017/heq.2022.41|s2cid=256417001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[American Library Association]] began awarding the [[Newbery Medal]], the first children's book award, in 1922.<ref name=newbery>{{cite web |title=Newbery Awards |url=http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/newberymedal |access-date=May 5, 2012 |date=1999-11-30 |archive-date=2011-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024135429/http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/newberymedal.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Caldecott Medal]] for illustration followed in 1938.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldecott Medal Awards |url=http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecotthonors/caldecottmedal#30s |access-date=May 5, 2012 |date=1999-11-30 |archive-date=2019-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424050901/http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecotthonors/caldecottmedal#30s |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first book by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] about her life on the [[American frontier]], ''[[Little House in the Big Woods]]'' appeared in 1932.<ref name=Silvey />{{rp|471}} In 1937 [[Theodor Seuss Geisel|Dr. Seuss]] published his first book, entitled, ''[[And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street]]''. The [[young adult book]] market developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer [[John R. Tunis]]', the novel ''[[Seventeenth Summer]]'' by [[Maureen Daly]], and the ''[[Sue Barton (juvenile series)|Sue Barton]]'' nurse book series by [[Helen Dore Boylston]].<ref name=cart>{{cite book |last=Cart |first=Michael |title=Young Adult Literature: From Romance to Realism |year=2010 |publisher=[[ALA Editions]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4RJ8rOTTgC |isbn=978-0-8389-1045-0}}</ref>{{rp|11}}

The already vigorous growth in children's books became a boom in the 1950s, and children's publishing became big business.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|481}} In 1952, American journalist [[E. B. White]] published ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'', which was described as "one of the very few books for young children that face, squarely, the subject of death".<ref name=Silvey />{{rp|467}} [[Maurice Sendak]] illustrated more than two dozen books during the decade, which established him as an innovator in book illustration.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|481}} The [[Sputnik crisis]] that began in 1957, provided increased interest and government money for schools and libraries to buy science and math books and the non-fiction book market "seemed to materialize overnight".<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|482}}

The 1960s saw an age of new realism in children's books emerge. Given the atmosphere of social revolution in 1960s America, authors and illustrators began to break previously established taboos in children's literature. Controversial subjects dealing with alcoholism, death, divorce, and child abuse were now being published in stories for children. Maurice Sendak's ''[[Where the Wild Things Are]]'' in 1963 and [[Louise Fitzhugh]]'s ''[[Harriet the Spy]]'' in 1964 are often considered the first stories published in this new age of realism.<ref name="Tunnell 80–86" />

[[Esther Forbes]] in ''[[Johnny Tremain]]'' (1943) and [[Mildred D. Taylor]] in ''[[Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry]]'' (1976) continued the tradition of the historical adventure in an American setting.<ref name="oxford" /> The modern children's adventure novel sometimes deals with controversial issues like terrorism, as in [[Robert Cormier]]'s ''[[After the First Death]]'' in 1979, and warfare in the [[Third World]], as in [[Peter Dickinson]]'s ''AK'' in 1990.<ref name="oxford" />

In books for a younger age group, Bill Martin and John Archambault's ''[[Chicka Chicka Boom Boom]]'' (1989) presented a new spin on the [[alphabet book]]. [[Laura Numeroff]] published ''[[If You Give a Mouse a Cookie]]'' in 1985 and went on to create a series of similarly named books that is still popular for children and adults to read together.

[[Lloyd Alexander]]'s ''[[The Chronicles of Prydain]]'' (1964–1968) was set in a fictionalized version of medieval Britain.

===Continental Europe===
[[Johann David Wyss]] wrote the adventure novel ''[[The Swiss Family Robinson]]'' (1812). The period from 1890 until [[World War I]] is considered the Golden Age of Children's Literature in [[Scandinavia]]. [[Erik Werenskiold]], [[Theodor Kittelsen]], and [[Dikken Zwilgmeyer]] were especially popular, writing folk and fairy tales as well as realistic fiction. The 1859 translation into English by [[George Webbe Dasent]] helped increase the stories' influence.<ref>Peter Hunt, editor (1996). ''International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature''. Taylor & Francis, p. 705.</ref> One of the most influential and internationally most successful Scandinavian children's books from this period is [[Selma Lagerlöf]]s ''[[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils]]''. [[Astrid Lindgren]] (''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'') and [[Jostein Gaarder]] (''[[Sophie's World]]'') are two of the best-known Scandinavian writers internationally. In [[Finland]], some of the most significant children's book writers include [[Tove Jansson]] (''[[Moomins]]''), [[Oiva Paloheimo]] (''[[Tirlittan]]'') and [[Elina Karjalainen]] (''[[Uppo-Nalle]]'').

The interwar period saw a slow-down in output similar to Britain's, although "one of the first mysteries written specifically for children", ''[[Emil and the Detectives]]'' by [[Erich Kästner]], was published in Germany in 1930.<ref>Anita Silvey, (editor) (2002). ''The Essential Guide to Children's Books and their Creators''. New York: Houghton Mifflin, p. 315</ref>  German writers [[Michael Ende]] (''[[The Neverending Story]]'') and [[Cornelia Funke]] (''[[Inkheart]]'') achieved international success with their fantasy books.

The period during and following World War II became the Classic Age of the picture book in Switzerland, with works by [[Alois Carigiet]], [[Felix Hoffmann (illustrator)|Felix Hoffmann]], and [[Hans Fischer (painter)|Hans Fischer]].<ref>Peter Hunt, (editor) (1996). ''International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 683–685, 399, 692, 697, and 750.</ref> Nineteen sixty-three was the first year of the [[Bologna Children's Book Fair]] in Italy, which was described as "the most important international event dedicated to the children's publishing".<ref name=bologna>{{cite web|title=Italy {{!}} Bologna Children's Book Fair|url=http://culture360.org/event/italy-bologna-childrens-book-fair/|publisher=Culture360|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105134246/http://culture360.org/event/italy-bologna-childrens-book-fair/|url-status=live}}</ref> For four days it brings together writers, illustrators, publishers, and book buyers from around the world.<ref name=bologna />

===Russia and the Soviet Union===
[[File:Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png|thumb|Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books.]]
[[Russian folktale]]s were collected by [[Aleksandr Afanasyev]] in his three-volume ''Narodnye russkie skazki'', and a selection of these were published in ''Русские детские сказки'' (Russian Children's Fairy Tales) in 1871. By the 1860s, [[literary realism]] and non-fiction dominated children's literature. More schools were started, using books by writers like [[Konstantin Ushinsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]], whose ''Russian Reader'' included an assortment of stories, fairy tales, and fables. Books written specifically for girls developed in the 1870s and 1880s. Publisher and journalist [[Evgenia Tur]] wrote about the daughters of well-to-do landowners, while [[Alexandra Nikitichna Annenskaya]]'s stories told of middle-class girls working to support themselves. [[Vera Zhelikhovsky]], [[Elizaveta Kondrashova]], and [[Nadezhda Lukhmanova]] also wrote for girls during this period.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|767}}

Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the century. A ten-volume children's encyclopedia was published between 1913 and 1914. [[Vasily Avenarius]] wrote fictionalized biographies of important people like [[Nikolai Gogol]] and [[Alexander Pushkin]] around the same time, and scientists wrote for books and magazines for children. Children's magazines flourished, and by the end of the century there were 61. [[Lidia Charskaya]] and {{ill|Klavdiya Lukashevich|ru|Лукашевич, Клавдия Владимировна}} continued the popularity of girls' fiction. [[Realism (literature)|Realism]] took a gloomy turn by frequently showing the maltreatment of children from lower classes. The most popular boys' material was [[Sherlock Holmes]], and similar stories from detective magazines.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|768}}

The state took control of children's literature during the [[October Revolution]]. [[Maksim Gorky]] edited the first children's ''Northern Lights'' under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule. People often label the 1920s as the Golden Age of Children's Literature in Russia.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|769}} [[Samuil Marshak]] led that literary decade as the "founder of (Soviet) children's literature".<ref name=shray>{{cite book |editor-last=Shrayer |editor-first=Maxim |title=An Anthology of Jewish-Russian Literature: 1801–1953 |year=2007 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |isbn=978-0-7656-0521-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRrlV1Lc6qMC&pg=PA192}}</ref>{{rp|193}} As head of the children's section of the State Publishing House and editor of several children's magazines, Marshak exercised enormous influence by<ref name=shray />{{rp|192–193}} recruiting [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Osip Mandelstam]] to write for children.

In 1932, professional writers in the Soviet Union formed the [[USSR Union of Writers]], which served as the writer's organization of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]]. With a children's branch, the official oversight of the professional organization brought children's writers under the control of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|state]] and the police. [[Communism|Communist principles]] like [[Common ownership|collectivism]] and [[solidarity]] became important themes in children's literature. Authors wrote biographies about revolutionaries like [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] and [[Pavlik Morozov]]. [[Alexander Belyayev]], who wrote in the 1920s and 1930s, became Russia's first [[science fiction]] writer.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|770}} According to Ben Hellman in the ''International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'', "war was to occupy a prominent place in juvenile reading, partly compensating for the lack of adventure stories", during the Soviet Period.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|771}} More political changes in Russia after [[World War II]] brought further change in children's literature. Today, the field is in a state of flux because some older authors are being rediscovered and others are being abandoned.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|772}}

===China===
{{Main|Children's literature in China}}
The [[1911 Revolution]] and [[World War II]] brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China. Western science, technology, and literature became fashionable. China's first modern publishing firm, [[Commercial Press]], established several children's magazines, which included ''Youth Magazine'', and ''Educational Pictures for Children''.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|832–833}} The first Chinese children's writer was [[Sun Yuxiu]], an editor of Commercial Press, whose story ''The Kingdom Without a Cat'' was written in the language of the time instead of the classical style used previously. Yuxiu encouraged novelist [[Mao Dun|Shen Dehong]] to write for children as well. Dehong went on to rewrite 28 stories based on classical Chinese literature specifically for children. In 1932, [[Zhang Tianyi]] published ''Big Lin and Little Lin'', the first full-length Chinese novel for children.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|833–834}}

The [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] changed children's literature again. Many children's writers were denounced, but Tianyi and [[Ye Shengtao]] continued to write for children and created works that were aligned with [[Maoism|Maoist]] ideology. The 1976 death of [[Mao Zedong]] provoked more changes that swept China. The work of many writers from the early part of the century became available again. In 1990 came ''General Anthology of Modern Children's Literature of China'', a fifteen-volume anthology of children's literature since the 1920s.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|834–835}}

===Brazil===
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Sitio-characters.jpg|200px|thumb|The major characters of Brazilian writer Monteiro Lobato's works, illustrated by Manoel Victor Filho.]] -->
In Brazil, [[Monteiro Lobato]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lobato.globo.com/ |title=MONTEIRO LOBATO |access-date=2017-01-13 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425023720/http://lobato.globo.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> wrote a series of 23 books for children known as [[Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (novel series)|Sítio do Picapau Amarelo]] (The Yellow Woodpecker Ranch), between 1920 and 1940. The series is considered representative of Brazilian children's literature and the Brazilian equivalent to children's classics such as [[C. S. Lewis]], ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' and [[L. Frank Baum]]'s ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' series.{{according to whom|date=January 2017}} The concept was introduced in Monteiro Lobato's 1920 short story "A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado", and was later republished as the first chapter of "Reinações de Narizinho", which is the first novel of the series.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} The main setting is the "Sítio do Picapau Amarelo", where a boy (Pedrinho), a girl (Narizinho) and their living and thinking anthropomorphic toys enjoy exploring adventures in fantasy, discovery and learning. On several occasions, they leave the ranch to explore other worlds such as [[Neverland]], the mythological [[Ancient Greece]], an underwater world known as "Reino das Águas Claras" (Clear Waters Kingdom), and even the outer space. The "Sítio" is often symbolized by the character of [[Emilia (Sítio do Picapau Amarelo)|Emília]], Lobato's most famous creation.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===India===
[[File:Nandalal Bose 1913 The Home Tagore.jpg|thumb|''The Crescent Moon'' by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] illus. by [[Nandalal Bose]], Macmillan 1913]]
[[Christian missionaries]] first established the [[Calcutta School-Book Society]] in the 19th century, creating a separate genre for children's literature in the country. Magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|808}} In the latter half of the century, [[Raja Shivprasad]] wrote several well-known books in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|810}} A number of respected [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writers began producing [[Bengali literature]] for children, including [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], who translated some stories and wrote others himself. [[Nobel Prize]]-winner [[Rabindranath Tagore]] wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including one work illustrated by painter [[Nandalal Bose]]. They worked from the end of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth. Tagore's work was later translated into English, with Bose's pictures.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|811}} [[Behari Lal Puri]] was the earliest writer for children in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. His stories were [[Didacticism|didactic]] in nature.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|815}}

The first full-length children's book was ''Khar Khar Mahadev'' by [[Narain Dixit]], which was serialized in one of the popular children's magazines in 1957. Other writers include [[Premchand]], and poet [[Sohan Lal Dwivedi]].<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|811}} In 1919, [[Sukumar Ray]] wrote and illustrated [[Nonsense verse|nonsense rhymes]] in the [[Bengali language]], and children's writer and artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]] finished ''Barngtarbratn''. Bengali children's literature flourished in the later part of the twentieth century. Educator [[Gijubhai Badheka]] published over 200 books in the [[Children's literature in Gujarati language]], and many are still popular.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|812}} Other popular Gujarati children's authors were [[Ramanlal Soni]] and [[Jivram Joshi]]. In 1957, political cartoonist [[K. Shankar Pillai]] founded the [[Children's Book Trust]] publishing company. The firm became known for high quality children's books, and many of them were released in several languages. One of the most distinguished writers is Pandit [[Krushna Chandra Kar]] in [[Oriya literature]], who wrote many good books for children, including ''Pari Raija'', ''Kuhuka Raija'', ''Panchatantra'', and ''Adi Jugara Galpa Mala''. He wrote biographies of many historical personalities, such as ''Kapila Deva''. In 1978, the firm organized a writers' competition to encourage quality children's writing. The following year, the Children's Book Trust began a writing workshop and organized the First International Children's Book Fair in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|809}} Children's magazines, available in many languages, were widespread throughout India during this century.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|811–820}} [[Ruskin Bond]] is also a famous Anglo-Indian writer for children.

=== Argentina ===
[[File:Billiken 001 1919.jpg|thumb|Cover of the Argentine children's magazine ''[[Billiken (magazine)|Billiken]]'' N° 1 (1919)]]
The origins of the Argentine children's literature tradition can be traced back to the publication of ''[[Leyendas Argentinas]]'' (''Argentine Legends'') in 1906 by [[Ada María Elflein]], the Argentine daughter of [[German Argentines|German immigrants]]. Public schooling in [[Argentina]] was established in 1884 as free, compulsory and secular. With the [[Bible]] absent from schools, children's literature became an essential tool through which moral values could be taught. School reading books supported the instruction of civic morality, helping to fill the gap left by the displacing of the [[Catholic Church]] from its traditional position of imparting [[Morality|moral values]]. The commercial implications of this persisted into the 2000s, when Argentine publishing houses marketed [[Roald Dahl]] to teachers by highlighting the values which are transmitted by each of his books.

In 1918, [[Uruguay]]an author [[Horacio Quiroga]] published ''[[:es:Cuentos de la selva|Cuentos de la Selva]]'' (''Tales of the Jungle'') in [[Buenos Aires]]. A collection of short stories for children, about survival in the jungle of the Argentine [[Misiones Province|Province of Misiones]], bringing different types of animals into conflict or allegiance with each other and, occasionally, with humans. It was acclaimed due to the previous reputation Quiroga had obtained writing short stories for adults, particularly in ''[[:es:Cuentos de amor de locura y de muerte|Cuentos de amor de locura y de muerte]] (Tales of Love, Madness and Death)''. However, due to the lack of "moral content", the book was not read in schools.
[[File:Maria elena walsh stern.jpg|thumb|Children's books author [[María Elena Walsh|Maria Elena Walsh]] in 1952.]]
On the other hand, [[Constancio C. Vigil]] had much more success in Argentine schools, where his more moralizing stories were frequently read. He also created [[Editorial Atlántida]], an important publishing house and the country's leading magazine publisher and distributor, specially of magazines aimed to children such as ''[[Billiken (magazine)|Billiken]].'' Stories written by Vigil, such as ''[[:es:La hormiguita viajera|La Hormiguita Viajera]] (The Little Travelling Ant)'' and ''[[:es:El mono relojero (cuento)|El Mono Relojero]] (The Clockwork Monkey)'' were also read in schools in other countries of [[Latin America]], such as [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rea |first=Lauren |date=July 2019 |title=Trajectories in Argentine Children's Literature: Constancio C. Vigil and Horacio Quiroga |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2019.0292 |journal=International Research in Children's Literature |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.3366/ircl.2019.0292 |issn=1755-6198|url-access=subscription }}</ref><sup>1]</sup>

In the 1960s, [[María Elena Walsh|Maria Elena Walsh]] started publishing children's books, she was the daughter of a railway worker of [[Irish Argentines|Irish descent]], and she had become famous for her poetry and music. After years living in [[Paris]], she came back to Argentina when [[Juan Perón]]'s government was overthrown in the ''[[Revolución Libertadora]]'' (1955). She published the most beloved children's books in Argentina, which are read to this day, such as ''El Reino del Revés (The Upside Down Kingdom), Manuelita ¿dónde vas?'' (''Manuelita, Where Are You Going?'') and ''La Reina Batata (The Sweet Potato Queen).'' She also composed the famous children's song ''[[Manuelita la tortuga|Manuelita]].''

===Iran===
One of the pioneering children's writer in [[Persian language|Persian]] was [[Mehdi Azar-Yazdi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jamejamonline.ir/online/1560747366102980643/%D8%A8%D9%87-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A8-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA|title=به یاد مردی که قصههای خوب را برای بچههای خوب نوشت|date=April 18, 1393|website=fa}}</ref> His award-winning work, ''Good Stories for Good Children'', is a collection of stories derived from the stories in [[Classical Persian literature]] re-written for children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000401/040163eo.pdf |title=Image from UNESCO |access-date=2017-05-08 |archive-date=2017-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610220020/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000401/040163eo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2017}}
Originally, for centuries, stories were told by Africans in their native languages, many being told during social gatherings. Stories varied between mythic narratives dealing with creation and basic proverbs showcasing human wisdom. These narratives were passed down from generation to generation orally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shafii |first1=Zainab |title=Aesthetics of Children's Literature in Nigeria: a Study of Selected Books |url=http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7940/1/AESTHETICS%20OF%20CHILDREN%E2%80%99S%20LITERATURE%20IN%20NIGERIA%20A%20STUDY%20OF%20SELECTED%20BOOKS.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805183328/http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7940/1/AESTHETICS%20OF%20CHILDREN%E2%80%99S%20LITERATURE%20IN%20NIGERIA%20A%20STUDY%20OF%20SELECTED%20BOOKS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Zainab Shafii |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed a rise in the production of children's literature by its people,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Umer |first1=Marie Linton |title=Children's Literature in Nigeria Revolutionary Omissions |journal=Matatu |volume=17–18 |date=1997 |pages=191–206 |doi=10.1163/18757421-90000224}}</ref> the past three decades contributing the most to the genre. Most children's books depict the African culture and lifestyle, and trace their roots to traditional folktales, riddles, and proverbs. Authors who have produced such works include [[Chinua Achebe]], [[Cyprian Ekwensi]], [[Amos Tutuola]], [[Flora Nwapa]], and [[Buchi Emecheta]].

Achebe's ''[[Chike and the River]]'' (1966) introduced Nigerian storytelling to a global audience, while Ekwensi's ''The Drummer Boy'' (1960) highlighted traditional storytelling's moral lessons. The Noma Award-winning ''The Missing Clock'' (1981) by [[Adeleke Adeyemi|Mai Nasara]] brought further international recognition to Nigerian children's literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-life-after-winning-nigeria-prize-for-literature-by-mai-nasara/|first=Olukorede |last=Yishau |title=My life after winning Nigeria Prize for Literature, by Mai Nasara |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]|date=2024-04-07|access-date=2025-03-07}}</ref> The 1980s and 1990s saw further growth, with writers such as [[Adaeze Atuegwu]], who published multiple books as a teenager, inspiring a new wave of young Nigerian authors. Publishing companies also aided in the development of children's literature. Today, Nigerian children's literature continues to gain international recognition, blending traditional African narratives with contemporary themes.

==Classification==
Children's literature can be divided into categories, either according to [[Literary genre|genre]] or the intended age of the reader.

Much of children's literature is [[series fiction]] ([[book series]]).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Peter |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1RsBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Literary+series%22+encyclopedia&pg=PA537 |title=International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature |date=2004-08-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-43684-2 |pages= |language=en |chapter=Series fiction}}</ref>{{Rp|page=532}}
[[File:The return of Rama.jpg|thumb|A [[Abanindranath Tagore|Tagore]] illustration of a Hindu myth]]

===By genre===
A literary genre is a category of literary compositions. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, or length.  According to Anderson,<ref name="Anderson">{{harvnb|Anderson|2006}}</ref> there are six categories of children's literature (with some significant subgenres):
* [[Picture books]], including concept books that teach the [[alphabet]] or [[counting]] for example, pattern books, and [[wordless picture books|wordless books]]
* [[Literature|Traditional literature]], including folktales, which convey the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous civilizations. This genre can be further broken into sub genres: [[myth]]s, [[fable]]s, [[legend]]s, and [[fairy tale]]s
* [[Fiction]], including [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]], [[Literary realism|realistic fiction]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], [[science fiction]] and [[historical fiction]]
* [[Non-fiction]] which can include narrative non-fiction which is a true story written in the style of a novel
* [[Biography]] and [[autobiography]]
* [[Poetry]] and verse which can include novels written entirely in verse.

===By age category===
The criteria for these divisions are vague, and books near a borderline may be classified either way. Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print, and have many illustrations. Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer (if any) illustrations. The categories with an age range are these:
* [[Picture book]]s, appropriate for pre-readers or children ages 0–8
* [[Early reader]] books, [[appropriate for children]] ages 5–7. These are often designed to help children build their reading skills and help them make the transition to becoming independent readers
* [[Chapter book]]s, appropriate for children ages 7–10
* [[Middle grade fiction]], appropriate for children ages 8–12
* [[Young adult fiction]], appropriate for children ages 12–18

==Illustration==
[[File:orbispictus.JPG|thumb|A late 18th-century reprint of ''[[Orbis Pictus]]'' by [[Comenius]], the first children's picture book.]]
Pictures have always accompanied children's stories.<ref name=lerer>{{cite book |last=Lerer |first=Seth |title=Children's Literature: A Reader's History, from Aesop to Harry Potter |url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere |url-access=registration |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref>{{rp|320}} A [[papyrus]] from [[Diocese of Egypt (Late Antiquity)|Byzantine Egypt]], shows illustrations accompanied by the story of [[Hercules]]' labors.<ref>Cribiore, Raffaella, ''Gymnastics of the Mind'', p. 139 [[Princeton University]], 2001, cited in Lerer, Seth, ''Children's Literature'', p. 22, [[University of Chicago]], 2008.</ref> Modern [[Children's book illustration|children's books are illustrated]] in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in [[graphic novel]]s. Generally, artwork plays a greater role in books intended for younger readers (especially pre-literate children). Children's picture books often serve as an accessible source of high quality art for young children. Even after children learn to read well enough to enjoy a story without illustrations, they (like their elders) continue to appreciate the occasional drawings found in chapter books.

According to Joyce Whalley in ''The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'', "an illustrated book differs from a book with [[illustration]]s in that a good illustrated book is one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text."<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|221}} Using this definition, the first illustrated children's book is considered to be ''[[Orbis Pictus]]'' which was published in 1658 by the [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravian]] author [[Comenius]]. Acting as a kind of encyclopedia, ''Orbis Pictus'' had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in [[Latin]] and German. It was translated into English in 1659 and was used in homes and schools around Europe and Great Britain for many years.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|220}}

Early children's books, such as ''Orbis Pictus'', were illustrated by [[woodcut]], and many times the same image was repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustration was for the story.<ref name=lerer />{{rp|322}} Newer processes, including copper and steel [[engraving]] were first used in the 1830s. One of the first uses of [[Chromolithography]] (a way of making multi-colored prints) in a children's book was demonstrated in ''[[Struwwelpeter]]'', published in Germany in 1845. English illustrator [[Walter Crane]] refined its use in children's books in the late 19th century. [[File:Crane frog4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Walter Crane]]'s [[Chromolithography|chromolithograph]] illustration for ''[[The Frog Prince (story)|The Frog Prince]]'', 1874.]]

Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was [[etching]], used by [[George Cruikshank]] in the 1850s. By the 1860s, top artists were illustrating for children, including Crane, [[Randolph Caldecott]], [[Kate Greenaway]], and [[John Tenniel]]. Most pictures were still black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|224–226}} ''The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Their Creators'' credits Caldecott with "The concept of extending the meaning of text beyond literal visualization".<ref name=Silvey />{{rp|350}}

Twentieth-century artists such as [[Kay Nielson]], [[Edmund Dulac]], and [[Arthur Rackham]] produced illustrations that are still reprinted today.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|224–227}} Developments in printing capabilities were reflected in children's books. After World War II, [[Offset printing|offset lithography]] became more refined, and painter-style illustrations, such as [[Brian Wildsmith]]'s were common by the 1950s.<ref name="int.comp.ency" />{{rp|233}}

''Illustrators of Children's Books, 1744–1945'' (Horn Book, 1947), an extensively detailed four volume work by [[Louise Payson Latimer]], Bertha E. Mahony and Beulah Folmsbee, catalogs illustrators of children's books over two centuries.

==Scholarship==
Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature. Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in three different disciplinary fields: literary studies/cultural studies (literature and language departments and humanities), library and information science, and education. (Wolf, et al., 2011).

Typically, children's literature scholars from literature departments in universities (English, German, Spanish, etc. departments), cultural studies, or in the humanities conduct literary analysis of books. This [[literary criticism]] may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern, genre, period, or literary device and may address issues from a variety of critical stances (poststructural, postcolonial, New Criticism, psychoanalytic, new historicism, etc.). Results of this type of research are typically published as books or as articles in scholarly journals.

The field of Library and Information Science has a long history of conducting research related to children's literature.

Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings. They may also study topics such as home use, children's out-of-school reading, or parents' use of children's books. Teachers typically use children's literature to augment classroom instruction.

== Translation of children's literature ==
Translation of children's literature can emerge in various forms and necessitates to have a comprehension of the children's inner worlds and developmental factors. Hollindale in 1997 takes the attention on the experimental, dynamic, imaginative, interactive, and unstable nature of childness. Considering that the translation is carried out for children consequently requires to the necessities of the youngest readers and thus, the target text can be expected to involve considering effective content, creativity, the simplest of expression, and linguistic playfulness.<ref name=":2">Baker, M., & Saldanha, G. (2019). ''Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies''. Routledge.</ref>

Beyond age considerations, in the translation of children's literature, the translators are supposed to comprehend the changing status and essence of youth cultures. This arises from the phenomena that works translated for children can be fictions fundamentally produced both for adults and children, consisting of genres such as romances, fables, and fairytales. Besides, adults might be present in literary works for children as the disguise of a didactic narrator or ironic asides. This can have the power to change the implicit adult-child relationship in the source text. The visuals play an important role in children's literature for younger audience and these visuals might consist of comics, graphic novels, and picture books. Therefore, the translators are required to have an understanding of typography, visual coding and stylization.<ref name=":2" />

Accordingly, comprehending the multi-medial nature of children's literature and grasping how to compose text and images for promoting active child readers are fundamental for translators to produce effective target texts. Scholars such as Oittinen suggests that translators of children's literature would benefit from having a specialized training in arts along with translation studies. Puurtinen and Kreller highlights other aspects such as of sound, narrative structure, syntactic alterations, and textual elements like repetition and rhyme and they suggest these components possess crucial roles in translating children's literature. It can be said that these suggestions are being further on through critical developments such as edited volumes, reviews, and collections in the field opening the path for future research directions.<ref name=":2" />

==Distribution==
[[File:Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector 2020.png|thumb|Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector in 2020]]
The US reported revenue of US$4.7 billion from children's books in 2020, followed by Germany (US$2 billion), the UK (US$508 million), Spain (US$427 million) and France (US$406 million).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2020 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4616&plang=EN |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.wipo.int |publisher=[[WIPO]] |doi= 10.34667/tind.46277|language=en|author1= International Publishers Association (IPa)|author2= World Intellectual Property Organization}}</ref>

==Literary criticism==

Controversies often emerge around the content and characters of prominent children's books.<ref name= "cracked.com">{{cite web |last1=Arteaga |first1=Juan |last2=Champion |first2=John |title=The 6 Most Secretly Racist Classic Children's Books |url=http://www.cracked.com/article_19610_the-6-most-secretly-racist-classic-childrens-books_p2.html |website=CRACKED |access-date=8 December 2015 |date=2011-12-19 |archive-date=2015-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206082702/http://www.cracked.com/article_19610_the-6-most-secretly-racist-classic-childrens-books_p2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jalongo |first1=Mary Renk |title=Young Children and Picture Books |date=2004 |publisher=National Association for the Education of Young Children |location= Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-928896-15-9 |pages=17–20}}</ref> Well-known classics that remain popular throughout decades commonly become criticized by critics and readers as the values of contemporary culture change.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurie |first1=Alson |title=Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics |date=2003 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |page=38}}</ref><ref name="Adios Barbie">{{cite web |author=Sharon |title=Should We Ban "Little House" for Racism? |url=http://www.adiosbarbie.com/2012/04/should-we-ban-little-house-for-racism/ |website=Adios Barbie |access-date=8 December 2015 |date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170837/http://www.adiosbarbie.com/2012/04/should-we-ban-little-house-for-racism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Finan |first1=Victoria |title=BBC chooses best children's books of all time – do you agree? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/apr/03/best-childrens-books-of-all-time-international-childrens-books-day |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 October 2019 |date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210944/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/apr/03/best-childrens-books-of-all-time-international-childrens-books-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Critical analysis of children's literature is common through children's literary journals as well as published collections of essays contributed to by psychoanalysts, scholars and various [[literary critics]] such as [[Peter Hunt (literary critic)|Peter Hunt]].

=== Debate over controversial content ===
A widely discussed and debated topic by critics and publishers in the children's book industry is whether outdated and offensive content, specifically racial stereotypes, should be changed in new editions. Others argue instead that original content should remain but that publishers should add information to guide parents in conversations with their children about the problematic elements of the particular story.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Kavitha |title=Are some children's classics unsuitable for kids? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jul/22/childrens-classics-unsuitable-kids |work=The Guardian |date=23 July 2009 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213919/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jul/22/childrens-classics-unsuitable-kids |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The New York Times Magazine">{{cite news |last1=Marche |first1=Stephen |title=How to Read a Racist Book to Your Kids |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-to-read-a-racist-book-to-your-kids.html?_r=3 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123148/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-to-read-a-racist-book-to-your-kids.html?_r=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some see racist stereotypes as cultural artifacts that should be preserved.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCorquodale |first1=Duncan |title=Illustrated Children's Books |date=December 29, 2009 |publisher=Black Dog Publishing |location=London |page=78}}</ref> In ''The Children's Culture Reader'', scholar [[Henry Jenkins]] references [[Herbert R. Kohl]]'s essay "Should We Burn Babar?" which raises the debate whether children should be educated on how to think critically towards oppressive ideologies rather than ignore historical mistakes. Jenkins suggests that parents and educators should trust children to make responsible judgments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Henry |title=The Children's Cultural Reader |date=1998 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York and London |pages=31–32}}</ref>

Some books have been altered in newer editions and significant changes can be seen, such as illustrator [[Richard Scarry]]'s book ''[[Best Word Book Ever]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ha |first1=Thu-Huong |title=Spot the difference: This update to a classic children's book reimagines gender roles |url=http://qz.com/545860/richard-scarrys-update-to-a-classic-childrens-book-reimagines-gender-roles-for-boys-and-girls/ |website=Quartz |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209235057/http://qz.com/545860/richard-scarrys-update-to-a-classic-childrens-book-reimagines-gender-roles-for-boys-and-girls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Roald Dahl]]'s book ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]''.<ref name="The New York Times Magazine" /> In other cases classics have been rewritten into updated versions by new authors and illustrators. Several versions of ''[[Little Black Sambo]]'' have been remade as more appropriate and without prejudice.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

===Stereotypes, racism and cultural bias===
[[File:Story of Little Black Sambo.jpg|thumb|1900 edition of the controversial ''[[The Story of Little Black Sambo]]'']]
Popular classics such as ''[[The Secret Garden]]'', ''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'', ''[[Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up|Peter Pan]]'', ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' and ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' have been criticized for their [[racial stereotyping]].<ref name="cracked.com" /><ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Pippi Longstocking books charged with racism |date=9 November 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/09/pippi-longstocking-books-racism |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831172157/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/09/pippi-longstocking-books-racism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrd |first1=M. Lynn |title=Wild Things: Children's Culture and Ecocriticism: Somewhere Outside the Forest: Ecological Ambivalence in Neverland from The Little White Bird to Hook |date=May 11, 2004 |publisher=Wayne State UP |location= Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-3028-9 |page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richard |first1=Olga |last2=McCann |last3=Donnarae |title=The Child's First Books |date=1973 |publisher=H.W. Wilson Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8242-0501-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/childsfirstbooks00macc/page/19 19] |url=https://archive.org/details/childsfirstbooks00macc/page/19 }}</ref>

The academic journal ''Children's Literature Review'' provides critical analysis of many well known children's books. In its 114th volume, the journal discusses the cultural stereotypes in Belgian cartoonist [[Herge]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]]'' series in reference to its depiction of people from the Congo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Tom |title=Tintin |journal=Children's Literature Review |date=2006 |volume=114 |page=3}}</ref>

After the scramble for Africa which occurred between the years of 1881 and 1914 there was a large production of children's literature which attempted to create an illusion of what life was like for those who lived on the African continent. This was a simple technique in deceiving those who only relied on stories and secondary resources. Resulting in a new age of books which put a "gloss" on imperialism and its teachings at the time. Thus encouraging the idea that the colonies who were part of the African continent were perceived as animals, savages and inhuman-like. Therefore, needing cultured higher class Europeans to share their knowledge and resources with the locals. Also promoting the idea that the people within these places were as exotic as the locations themselves. Examples of these books include:
* Lou lou chez les negres (1929) – Lou Lou among the blacks{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* Baba Diène et Morceau-de-Sucre (1939)
* [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]] series promoting the French civilizing mission (1931)
* [[Tintin in the Congo|Tintin au Congo]] (1931) – Tintin goes to teach lessons in Congo about their country, Belgium

''[[The Five Chinese Brothers]]'', written by [[Claire Huchet Bishop]] and illustrated by [[Kurt Wiese]] has been criticized for its stereotypical caricatures of Chinese people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Mingshui |title=Multicultural Literature for Children and Young Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturallit00caim_0 |url-access=registration |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturallit00caim_0/page/67 67]&75|isbn=9780313312441 }}</ref> [[Helen Bannerman]]'s ''[[The Story of Little Black Sambo]]'' and [[Florence Kate Upton]]'s ''The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a [[Golliwogg]]'' have also been noted for their racist and controversial depictions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCorquodale |first1=Duncan |title=Illustrated Children's Books |date=December 29, 2009 |publisher=Black Dog Publishing |location=London |page=22}}</ref> The term ''sambo'', a racial slur from the [[American South]] caused a widespread banning of Bannerman's book.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last1=Jalongo |first1=Mary Renck |title=Young Children and Picture Books |date=2004 |publisher=National Association for the Education of Young Children |location=Washington, DC |page=17}}</ref> Author [[Julius Lester]] and illustrator [[Jerry Pinkney]] revised the story as ''Sam and the Tigers: A New Telling of Little Black Sambo'', making its content more appropriate and empowering for ethnic minority children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marcus |first1=Leonard S |title=Ways of Telling: Conversations on the Art of the Picture book |url=https://archive.org/details/waysoftellingfou00leon |url-access=registration |date=2002 |publisher=Dutton Children's |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/waysoftellingfou00leon/page/164 164]|isbn=9780525464907 }}</ref> Feminist theologian Eske Wollrad claimed [[Astrid Lindgren]]'s ''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'' novels "have colonial racist stereotypes",<ref name="The Guardian" /> urging parents to skip specific offensive passages when reading to their children. Criticisms of the 1911 novel ''[[The Secret Garden]]'' by author [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]] claim endorsement of racist attitudes toward black people through the dialogue of main character [[Mary Lennox]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Tom |title=The Secret Garden |journal=Children's Literature Review |date=2007 |volume=122 |pages=22–103}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Arteaga |first1=Juan |last2=Champion |first2=John |title=The 6 Most Secretly Racist Classic Children's Books |url=http://www.cracked.com/article_19610_the-6-most-secretly-racist-classic-childrens-books.html |website=Cracked |access-date=8 December 2015 |date=2011-12-19 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060241/http://www.cracked.com/article_19610_the-6-most-secretly-racist-classic-childrens-books.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sprat |first1=Jack |title=Exploring the Classics: The Secret Garden |url=https://treasuryislands.wordpress.com/2011/06/27/re-reading-a-classic-the-secret-garden/ |website=TreasuryIslands |access-date=8 December 2015 |date=2011-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211150012/https://treasuryislands.wordpress.com/2011/06/27/re-reading-a-classic-the-secret-garden/ |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hugh Lofting]]'s ''[[The Story of Doctor Dolittle]]'' has been accused of "white racial superiority",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Egoff|first1=Sheila A. |title=Thursday's Child: Trends and Patterns in Contemporary Children's Literature |date=1981 |publisher=American Library Association |location=Chicago, Ill. |page=248}}</ref> by implying through its underlying message that an ethnic minority person is less than human.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nodelman |first1=Perry |title=The Hidden Adult: Defining Children's Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKosfJZhUwQC |date=2008 |publisher=Johns Hopkins UP |location=Baltimore |page=71]|isbn=978-0-8018-8980-6 }}</ref>

The picture book ''[[The Snowy Day]]'', written and illustrated by [[Ezra Jack Keats]] was published in 1962 and is known as the first picture book to portray an African-American child as a protagonist. Middle Eastern and Central American protagonists still remain underrepresented in North American picture books.<ref name="Young Children and Picture Books">{{cite book |last1=Jalongo |first1=Mary Renck |title=Young Children and Picture Books |date=2004 |publisher=National Association for the Education of Young Children |location=Washington, DC |page=37}}</ref> According to the Cooperative Children's Books Center (CCBC) at University of Wisconsin Madison, which has been keeping statistics on children's books since the 1980s, in 2016, out of 3,400 children's books received by the CCBC that year, only 278 were about Africans or African Americans. Additionally, only 92 of the books were written by Africans or African Americans.<ref>{{cite web |date= 8 October 2019 |title= Publishing Statistics on Children's Books about People of Color and First/Native Nations and by People of Color and First/Native Nations Authors and Illustrators |url= https://ccbc.education.wisc.edu/books/pcstats.asp#USonly |website= Cooperative Children's Book Center |publisher= School of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison |access-date= 27 October 2019 |archive-date= 24 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191024142423/http://ccbc.education.wisc.edu/books/pcstats.asp#USonly |url-status= dead }}</ref> In his interview in the book ''Ways of Telling: Conversations on the Art of the Picture Book'', Jerry Pinkney mentioned how difficult it was to find children's books with black children as characters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marcus |first1=Leonard S |title=Ways of Telling: Conversations on the Art of the Picture book |url=https://archive.org/details/waysoftellingfou00leon |url-access=registration |date=2002 |publisher=Dutton Children's |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/waysoftellingfou00leon/page/157 157]|isbn=9780525464907 }}</ref> In the literary journal ''The Black Scholar'', Bettye I. Latimer has criticized popular children's books for their renditions of people as almost exclusively white, and notes that ''[[Dr. Seuss]]'' books contain few ethnic minority people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Latimer |first1=Bettye I. |title=Children's Books and Racism |journal=The Black Scholar |date=1973 |volume=4.8 |issue=9 |page=21|doi=10.1080/00064246.1973.11431316 }}</ref> The popular school readers ''Fun with [[Dick and Jane]]'' which ran from the 1930s until the 1970s, are known for their whitewashed renditions of the North American [[nuclear family]] as well as their highly gendered stereotypes. The first black family did not appear in the series until the 1960s, thirty years into its run.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kismaric |first1=Carole |last2= Heiferman |first2=Marvin |title=Growing up with Dick and Jane: Learning and Living the American Dream |date=1996 |publisher=Collins San Francisco |location=San Francisco |page=98}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shabazz |first1=Rika |title=Dick and Jane and Primer Juxtaposition in "The Bluest Eye" |url= http://africanakaleidoscopes.com/2014/12/dick-and-jane-and-primer-juxtaposition-in-the-bluest-eye/ |website=KALEIDO[SCOPES]: DIASPORA RE-IMAGINED|publisher=Williams College, Africana |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210225618/http://africanakaleidoscopes.com/2014/12/dick-and-jane-and-primer-juxtaposition-in-the-bluest-eye/ |archive-date=2015-12-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wards |first1=Jervette R. |title=In Search of Diversity: Dick and Jane and Their Black Playmates |journal=Making Connections |date=April 1, 2012 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2837334401/in-search-of-diversity-dick-and-jane-and-their-black |access-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210233751/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2837334401/in-search-of-diversity-dick-and-jane-and-their-black |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writer Mary Renck Jalongo In ''Young Children and Picture Books'' discusses damaging stereotypes of [[Native Americans in children's literature]], stating repeated depictions of indigenous people as living in the 1800s with feathers and face paint cause children to mistake them as fictional and not as people that still exist today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jalongo |first1=Mary Renck |title=Young Children and Picture Books |date=2004 |publisher=National Association for the Education of Young Children |location=Washington, DC |page=39}}</ref> The depictions of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people in [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]'s ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' and [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''[[Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up|Peter Pan]]'' are widely discussed among critics. Wilder's novel, based on her childhood in America's midwest in the late 1800s, portrays Native Americans as racialized stereotypes and has been banned in some classrooms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Tom |title=Laura Ingalls Wilder 1867–1957 |journal=Children's Literature Review |date=2006 |volume=111 |page=164}}</ref> In her essay, ''Somewhere Outside the Forest: Ecological Ambivalence in Neverland from The Little White Bird to Hook'', writer M. Lynn Byrd describes how the natives of Neverland in ''Peter Pan'' are depicted as "uncivilized", valiant fighters unafraid of death and are referred to as "redskins", which is now considered a racial slur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobrin |first1=Sidney I |title=Wild Things: Children's Culture and Ecocriticism |date=2004 |publisher=Wayne State UP |location=Detroit |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nodelman |first1=Perry |title=The Hidden Adult: Defining Children's Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Johns Hopkins UP |location=Baltimore, Md |page=[https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node/page/272 272]}}</ref>

===Imperialism and colonialism===
The presence of [[empire]] as well as pro-colonialist and [[imperialist]] themes in children's literature have been identified in some of the most well known children's classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley |title=Children's Literature from the Fin De Siecle to the New Millennium |date=2012 |publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Deborah Cogan |last2=Webb |first2=Jean |title=Introducing Children's Literature: From Romanticism to Postmodernism. London: Routledge |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nodelman |first1=Perry |title=The Hidden Adult: Defining Children's Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Johns Hopkins United Press |location=Baltimore |page=[https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node/page/272 272]}}</ref>

In the French illustrator [[Jean de Brunhoff]]'s 1931 picture book ''Histoire de Babar, le petit elephant (The Story of [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]], The Little Elephant)'', prominent themes of [[imperialism]] and [[colonialism]] have been noted and identified as propaganda. An allegory for French colonialism, Babar easily assimilates himself into the bourgeois lifestyle. It is a world where the elephants who have adapted themselves dominate the animals who have not yet been assimilated into the new and powerful civilization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Tom |title=Babar |journal=Children's Literature Review|date=2006 |volume=116 |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McCorquodale |first1=Duncan |title=Illustrated Children's Books |date=2009 |publisher= Black Dog Publishing |location=London |page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wieland |first1=Raoul |title=Babar The Elephant – Racism, Sexism, and Privilege in Children's Stories |date=9 February 2018 |url=http://goodmenproject.com/ethics-values/babar-the-elephant-racism-sexism-and-privilege-hesaid/ |website=The Good Men Project |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211123917/http://goodmenproject.com/ethics-values/babar-the-elephant-racism-sexism-and-privilege-hesaid/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gopnik |first1=Adam |title=Freeing the Elephants: What Babar brought |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/22/freeing-the-elephants |magazine=The New Yorker |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211162101/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/22/freeing-the-elephants |url-status=live }}</ref> [[H. A. Rey]] and [[Margret Rey]]'s ''[[Curious George]]'' first published in 1941 has been criticized for its blatant slave and colonialist narratives. Critics claim the man with the yellow hat represents a colonialist poacher of European descent who kidnaps George, a monkey from Africa, and sends him on a ship to America. Details such as the man in colonialist uniform and Curious George's lack of tail are points in this argument. In an article, ''The Wall Street Journal'' interprets it as a "barely disguised slave narrative."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=John J. |title=Curious George's Journey to the Big Scree |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113883544357862588 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=2 February 2006 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213029/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113883544357862588 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munson |first1=Kyle |title=Does monkey tale speak of slavery?|url=http://archive.desmoinesregister.com/article/20060210/LIFE01/602100343/Munson-Does-monkey-tale-speak-slavery- |website=The Des Moines Register |access-date=8 December 2015}}{{dead link |date=August 2017 |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peacock |first1=Scot |last2=Marion |first2=Allison |title=Margret and H. A. Rey |journal=Children's Literature Review |date=2004 |volume=93 |pages=77–99}}</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]], the author of ''[[Just So Stories]]'' and ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' has also been accused of colonial prejudice attitudes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCorquodale |first1=Duncan |title= Illustrated Children's Books |date=2009 |publisher=Black Dog Publishing |location=London |page=66}}</ref> Literary critic Jean Webb, among others, has pointed out the presence of British imperialist ideas in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Jean |last2=Thacker |first2=Deborah Cogan |title=Introducing Children's Literature: From Romanticism to Postmodernism |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Tom |title=The Secret Garden |journal=Children's Literature Review |date=2007 |volume=122 |page=33}}</ref> Colonialist ideology has been identified as a prominent element in Peter Pan by critics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobrin |first1=Sydney I |title=Wild Things: Children's Culture and Ecocriticism |date=2004 |publisher=Wayne State UP |location=Detroit |page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoddard Holms |first1=Martha |title=Peter Pan and the Possibilities of Child Literature |date= 2009 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick |page=138&144}}</ref>

===Gender roles and representation of women===
Some of the earliest children's stories that contain feminist themes are [[Louisa May Alcott]]'s ''[[Little Women]]'' and [[Frank L. Baum]]'s ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''. With many women of this period being represented in children's books as doing housework, these two books deviated from this pattern. Drawing attention to the perception of housework as oppressive is one of the earliest forms of the feminist movement. ''Little Women'', a story about four sisters, is said to show power of women in the home and is seen as both conservative and radical in nature. The character of Jo is observed as having a rather contemporary personality and has even been seen as a representation of the feminist movement. It has been suggested that the feminist themes in ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' result from influence of Baum's mother-in law, [[Matilda Gage]], an important figure in the [[suffragist]] movement. Baum's significant political commentary on capitalism, and racial oppression are also said to be part of Gage's influence. Examples made of these themes is the main protagonist, [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] who is punished by being made to do housework. Another example made of positive representations of women is in Finnish author [[Tove Jansson]]'s [[Moomin]] series which features strong and individualized female characters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurie |first1=Alison |title=Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics |date=2003 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |pages=18–20, 25–45 & 82}}</ref> In recent years, there has been a surge in the production and availability of [[feminist children's literature]] as well as a rise in [[gender neutrality]] in children's literature.

In addition to perpetuating stereotypes about appropriate behavior and occupations for women and girls, children's books frequently lack female characters entirely, or include them only as minor or unimportant characters.<ref name=":0" /> In the book ''Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics'', scholar [[Alison Lurie]] says most adventure novels of the 20th century, with few exceptions, contain boy protagonists while female characters in books such as those by [[Dr. Seuss]], would typically be assigned the gender-specific roles of receptionists and nurses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurie |first1=Alison |title=Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics |date=2003 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |pages=43 & 98}}</ref> The ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'' characters written by [[A. A. Milne]], are primarily male, with the exception of the character [[Kanga (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Kanga]], who is a mother to [[Roo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurie |first1=Alison |title=Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics |date=2003 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |pages=82}}</ref> Even animals and inanimate objects are usually identified as being male in children's books.<ref name=":0" /> The near-absence of significant female characters is paradoxical because of the role of women in creating children's literature.<ref name=":0" /> According to an article published in the ''Guardian'' in 2011, by Allison Flood, "Looking at almost 6,000 children's books published between 1900 and 2000, the study, led by Janice McCabe, a professor of sociology at Florida State University, found that males are central characters in 57% of children's books published each year, with just 31% having female central characters. Male animals are central characters in 23% of books per year, the study found, while female animals star in only 7.5%".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/06/gender-imbalance-children-s-literature |title=Study finds huge gender imbalance in children's literature |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2011-05-06 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2019-05-14 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2014-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209015357/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/06/gender-imbalance-children-s-literature |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the one hand ''Growing up with Dick and Jane'' highlights the heterosexual, [[nuclear family]] and also points out the gender-specific duties of the mother, father, brother and sister,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kismaric |first1=Carole |last2=Heiferman |first2=Marvin |title=Growing up with Dick and Jane: Learning and Living the American Dream |date=1996 |publisher=Collins San Francisco |location=San Francisco}}</ref> while ''Young Children and Picture Books'', on the other hand, encourages readers to avoid books with women who are portrayed as inactive and unsuccessful as well as intellectually inferior and subservient to their fellow male characters to avoid children's books that have repressive and [[sexist]] stereotypes for women.<ref name="Young Children and Picture Books" />

In her book ''Children's Literature: From the fin de siècle to the new millennium'', professor Kimberley Reynolds claims gender division stayed in children's books prominently until the 1990s. She also says that [[capitalism]] encourages gender-specific marketing of books and toys.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley|title=Children's Literature from the Fin De Siècle to the New Millennium |date=2012|publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=6}}</ref> For example, adventure stories have been identified as being for boys and domestic fiction intended for girls.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Deborah Cogan |last2=Webb |first2=Jean |title=Introducing Children's Literature: From Romanticism to Postmodernism. London: Routledge |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=53}}</ref> Publishers often believe that boys will not read stories about girls, but that girls will read stories about both boys and girls; therefore, a story that features male characters is expected to sell better.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Why are there so few girls in children's books? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/08/why-are-there-so-few-girls-in-childrens-books/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2016-01-08 |access-date=2016-01-09 |issn=0190-8286 |language=en-US |first=Jennie |last=Yabroff |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108235357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/08/why-are-there-so-few-girls-in-childrens-books/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The interest in appealing to boys is also seen in the Caldecott awards, which tend to be presented to books that are believed to appeal to boys.<ref name=":0" /> Reynolds also says that both boys and girls have been presented by limited representations of appropriate behaviour, identities and careers through the illustrations and text of children's literature. She argues girls have traditionally been marketed books that prepare them for domestic jobs and motherhood. Conversely, boys are prepared for leadership roles and war.<ref name="Northcote House">{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley |title=Children's Literature from the Fin De Siècle to the New Millennium |date=2012 |publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=5}}</ref> During the 20th century, more than 5,000 children's picture books were published in the U.S; during that time, male characters outnumbered female characters by more than 3 to 2, and male animals outnumbered female animals by 3 to 1.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=McCabe |first1=Janice |last2=Fairchild |first2=Emily |last3=Grauerholz |first3=Liz |last4=Pescosolido |first4=Bernice A. |last5=Tope |first5=Daniel |s2cid=15089732 |date=31 March 2011 |title=Gender in Twentieth-Century Children's Books: Patterns of Disparity in Titles and Central Characters |journal=Gender & Society |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=197–226 |issn=0891-2432 |doi=10.1177/0891243211398358}}
* {{Cite news |title=Why are there so few girls in children's books? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/08/why-are-there-so-few-girls-in-childrens-books/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2016-01-08 |first=Jennie |last=Yabroff |access-date=2016-01-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108235357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/08/why-are-there-so-few-girls-in-childrens-books/ |url-status=live }}</ref> No children's picture book that featured a protagonist with an identifiable gender contained only female characters.<ref name=":1" />

''I'm Glad I'm a Boy! I'm Glad I'm a Girl!'' (1970) by [[Whitney Darrow Jr.]] was criticized for narrow career depictions for both boys and girls. The book informs the reader that boys are doctors, policemen, pilots, and presidents while girls are nurses, meter maids, stewardesses and first ladies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Popova |first1=Maria |title=I'm Glad I'm a Boy! I'm Glad I'm a Girl! "Boys fix things. Girls need things fixed" |url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2014/01/20/im-glad-im-a-boy-im-glad-im-a-girl-darrow/ |website=brain pickings |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211054441/https://www.brainpickings.org/2014/01/20/im-glad-im-a-boy-im-glad-im-a-girl-darrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nancy F. Cott, once said that "gender matters; that is, it matters that human beings do not appear as neuter individuals, that they exist as male or female, although this binary is always filtered through human perception. I should add that when I say gender, I am talking about meaning. I am talking about something in which interpretation is already involved."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-united-states-history/classroom-resources/what-is-gender-history?course=ap-united-states-history |title=AP United States History: What Is Gender History? {{!}} AP Central – The College Board |date=2006-07-10 |website=AP Central |language=en |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727224958/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-united-states-history/classroom-resources/what-is-gender-history?course=ap-united-states-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

In her book ''La sua barba non è poi così blu... Immaginario collettivo e violenza misogina nella fiaba di Perrault''  (2014, translated into Spanish ''Su barba no era tan azul'' and winner of the first international CIRSE award 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unifg.it/notizie/premio-cirse-la-dottoranda-unifg-angela-articoni-tra-le-vincitrici |title=Premio CIRSE, la dottoranda UniFg Angela Articoni tra le vincitrici &#124; Università di Foggia |access-date=2021-07-10 |archive-date=2021-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710102948/https://www.unifg.it/notizie/premio-cirse-la-dottoranda-unifg-angela-articoni-tra-le-vincitrici |url-status=dead }}</ref>), Angela Articoni analyzes the fairy tale Bluebeard dwelling on the sentence pronounced by the protagonist to convince herself to accept marriage, an expression that recites to repeat the women victims of violence who hope to be able to redeem their prince charming.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://mag.unifg.it/index.php/it/lunifg-ricorda-angela-articoni-stimata-studiosa-di-letteratura-linfanzia|title = L'Unifg ricorda Angela Articoni, stimata studiosa di Letteratura per l'infanzia|date = 6 July 2021|access-date = 10 July 2021|archive-date = 10 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210710102544/https://mag.unifg.it/index.php/it/lunifg-ricorda-angela-articoni-stimata-studiosa-di-letteratura-linfanzia|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Effect on early childhood development===
[[Bruno Bettelheim]] in ''[[The Uses of Enchantment]]'', uses [[psychoanalysis]] to examine the impact that [[fairy tales]] have on the developing child. Bettelheim states the unconscious mind of a child is affected by the ideas behind a story, which shape their perception and guides their development.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bettelheim |first1=Bruno |title=The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales |date=2010 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=United States |page=6}}</ref> Likewise, author and illustrator [[Anthony Browne (author)|Anthony Browne]] contends the early viewing of an image in a [[picture book]] leaves an important and lasting impression on a child.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCorquodale |first1=Duncan |title=Illustrated Children's Books |date=December 29, 2009 |publisher=Black Dog Publishing |location=London |page=6}}</ref> According to research, a child's most crucial individual characteristics are developed in their first five years. Their environment and interaction with images in picture books have a profound impact on this development and are intended to inform a child about the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacCann |first1=Donnarae |last2=Richard |first2=Olga |title=The child's first books; a critical study of pictures and texts |url=https://archive.org/details/childsfirstbooks00macc |url-access=registration |date=1973 |publisher=Wilson |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/childsfirstbooks00macc/page/n27 1]& 107|isbn=9780824205010 }}</ref>

Children's literature critic [[Peter Hunt (literary critic)|Peter Hunt]] argues that no book is innocent of harbouring an [[ideology]] of the culture it comes from.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=Peter |title=Literature for Children Contemporary Criticism |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=18}}</ref> Critics discuss how an author's ethnicity, gender and social class inform their work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nodelman |first1=Perry |title=The Hidden Adult: Defining Children's Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Johns Hopkins United Press |location=Baltimore |page=[https://archive.org/details/hiddenadultdefin0000node/page/100 100]}}</ref> Scholar Kimberley Reynolds suggests books can never be neutral as their nature is intended as instructional and by using its language, children are embedded with the values of that society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley |title=Children's Literature from the Fin de Siècle to the New Millennium |date=2012 |publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=ix}}</ref> Claiming childhood as a culturally constructed concept,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley |title=Children's Literature from the Fin de Siècle to the New Millennium |date=2012 |publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=4}}</ref> Reynolds states that it is through children's literature that a child learns how to behave and to act as a child should, according to the expectations of their culture. She also attributes [[capitalism]], in certain societies, as a prominent means of instructing especially middle class children in how to behave.<ref name="Northcote House" /> The "image of childhood"<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Kimberley |title=Children's Literature from the Fin De Siècle to the New Millennium |date=2012 |publisher=Northcote House |location=Tavistock, Devon, U.K. |page=23}}</ref> is said to be created and perpetuated by adults to affect children "at their most susceptible age".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Egoff |first1=Sheila A. |title=Thursday's Child: Trends and Patterns in Contemporary Children's Literature |date=1981 |publisher=American Library Association |location=Chicago, Ill |page=247}}</ref> [[Kate Greenaway]]'s illustrations are used as an example of imagery intended to instruct a child in the proper way to look and behave.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In [[Roberta Seelinger Trites]]'s book ''Disturbing the Universe: Power and Repression in Adolescent Literature'', she also argues adolescence is a social construct established by ideologies present in literature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trites |first1=Roberta Seelinger |title=Disturbing the Universe Power and Repression in Adolescent Literature |date=2000 |publisher=U of Iowa |location=Iowa City |page=xi–xii}}</ref> In the study ''The First R: How Children Learn About Race and Racism'', researcher Debra Ausdale studies children in multi-ethnic daycare centres. Ausdale claims children as young as three have already entered into and begun experimenting with the race ideologies of the adult world. She asserts racist attitudes are assimilated<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ausdale |first1=Debra |last2=Feagin |first2=Joe R. |title=The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism |url=https://archive.org/details/firstrhowchildre00vana |url-access=registration |date=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Md|isbn=9780847688616 }}</ref> using interactions children have with books as an example of how children internalize what they encounter in real life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ausdale |first1=Debra |last2=Feagin |first2=Joe R. |title=The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism|url=https://archive.org/details/firstrhowchildre00vana |url-access=registration |date=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Md |pages=[https://archive.org/details/firstrhowchildre00vana/page/150 150–151]|isbn=9780847688616 }}</ref>

===Diversity in children's books===
Diversity has been a key topic in children's books and publishing in recent years, with social media movements such as [[We Need Diverse Books]] bringing this issue into the public consciousness. Books by and about marginalised groups - [[BIPOC]], LGBTQIA+, disabled, neurodivergent, religious minorities etc. - have been underrepresented in children's publishing. In the US, CCBC releases the numbers of children's and YA books by and about BIPOC published in the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccbc.education.wisc.edu/the-numbers-are-in-2019-ccbc-diversity-statistics/|title=The Numbers Are In: 2019 CCBC Diversity Statistics|date=June 16, 2020|website=Cooperative Children's Book Center}}</ref> 2019 saw the following stats:
* Black/African: 441 (11.9% of total books)
* First/Native Nations: 37 (1% of total books)
* Asian/Asian American: 325 (8.7% of total books)
* Latinx: 197 (5.3% of total books)
* Pacific Islander: 2 (0.05% of total books)
* Brown skin: 343 (9.2% of total books)
* White: 1,555 (41.8% of total books)
* LGBTQIAP+: 115 (3.1% of total books)
* Disability: 126 (3.4% of total books)
* Animal/Other: 1,085 (29.2% of total books)
In the UK, CLPE follow a similar survey. In 2020, they found a positive increase in children's books featuring a minority ethnic character from 10% in 2019 to 15% in 2020 and up significantly from the 4% reported in the inaugural report in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clpe.org.uk/research/clpe-reflecting-realities-survey-ethnic-representation-within-uk-childrens-literature-0|title=CLPE Reflecting Realities - Survey of Ethnic Representation within UK Children's Literature (November 2021) &#124; Centre for Literacy in Primary Education|website=clpe.org.uk}}</ref>
Outside the US and UK, efforts to track and promote diversity in children's literature are emerging. In Canada, the Festival of Literary Diversity (FOLD) was established in 2016 to highlight underrepresented voices in literature. In Australia, the Australian Children's Laureate Foundation has promoted cultural inclusivity through its national programs. Data collection on diversity in children's books remains limited in many non-Western countries.

Authors of colour are not well represented in children's authorship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/globalassets/resources/represents/booktrust-represents-diversity-childrens-authors-illustrators-report.pdf |title=Booktrust Represents: Representation of people of colour among children's book authors and illustrators, 2021 |access-date=2025-02-09 |archive-date=2025-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210213025/https://www.booktrust.org.uk/globalassets/resources/represents/booktrust-represents-diversity-childrens-authors-illustrators-report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the UK, research found that:
* In 2017, fewer than 6 per cent of children's authors and illustrators were people of colour (5.6%)
* In 2017, less than 2 per cent of these were British people of colour (1.98%)
* Between 2007 and 2017, white children's books creators had around twice as many books published compared to those of colour – an average of 4 books in comparison to approximately 2 books per person.
Subsequent reports have shown gradual improvements in representation, though disparities remain. According to the CLPE's ''Reflecting Realities'' report (2022), 20% of children's books published in the UK in 2021 featured a minority ethnic character, up from 4% in 2017. However, only 9% of children's books were created by authors or illustrators from minority ethnic backgrounds in the same year, indicating that representation within the publishing workforce has not kept pace with character diversity in books.<ref name="CLPE2022">{{Cite web|url=https://clpe.org.uk/publications-and-bookpacks/reflecting-realities-2022|title=CLPE Reflecting Realities 2022 Report}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Benefits of children's books==
Children's books are critical to child development, especially at preschool ages. Children have had limited engagement in social contexts at this age. Reading books will help them to prepare for future social interactions and real-life situations because reading helps language, cognitive, social, and emotional development.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Children's books increase language development by introducing new vocabulary and helping children to learn about using language in context.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nespeca |first1=Sue McCleaf |last2=Joan B |first2=Joan B |title=Picture Books Plus : 100 Extension Activities in Art, Drama, Music, Math, and Science, ALA Editions |date=2003 |publisher=American Library Association |location=Chicago}}</ref> Children are also exposed to various words and sentence structures when reading. Moreover, children's books enhance children's cognitive development in memory, attention, and imagination. Reading allows them to relate to their experience and understanding to make meaning of the sensory message, which is how the brain understands the world around them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald Connor |first1=Carol |title=The cognitive development of reading and reading comprehension |date=2016 |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781317439530}}</ref> Children's books also benefit children's social and emotional development. Reading books help "personal development and self-understanding by presenting situations and characters with which our own can be compared".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marriott |first1=Stuart |title=Picture books in the primary classroom |date=1991 |publisher=Chapman |location=London |isbn=1853961442}}</ref> Children's books often present topics that children can relate to, such as love, empathy, family affection, and friendship. Reading those books helps children to understand emotion and helps them transfer their learning to social contexts.

==Awards==
Many noted awards for children's literature exist in various countries, parts of the world, or for specific languages:
* [[Africa]] – In Africa, [[The Golden Baobab Prize]] runs an annual competition for African writers of children's stories.  It is one of the few African literary awards that recognizes writing for children and young adults. The competition is the only pan-African writing competition that recognizes promising African writers of children's literature. Every year, the competition invites entries of unpublished African-inspired stories written for an audience of 8- to 11-year-olds (Category A) or 12- to 15-year-olds (Category B). The writers who are aged 18 or below, are eligible for the Rising Writer Prize.
* [[Australia]] – In Australia, the [[Children's Book Council of Australia]] runs a number of annual [[List of CBCA Awards|CBCA book awards]]. There are also the annual [[Prime Minister's Literary Awards]] which since 2010 include categories for children's and young adult literature.
* [[Canada]] – In Canada, the [[Governor General's Awards#Governor General's Literary Awards|Governor General's Literary Award for Children's Literature and Illustration]], in English and French, is established. A number of the provinces' school boards and library associations also run popular "children's choice" awards where candidate books are read and championed by individual schools and classrooms. These include the [[Blue]] Spruce (grades K-2) Silver Birch Express (grades 3–4), Silver Birch (grades 5–6) Red Maple (grades 7–8) and White Pine (high school) in Ontario. Programs in other provinces include The Red Cedar and Stellar Awards in BC, the Willow Awards in Saskatchewan, and the Manitoba Young Readers Choice Awards. [[IBBY Canada]] offers a number of annual awards.
* [[China]] – In China, the [[National Outstanding Children's Literature Award]] is the highest award given to children's literature.
* [[Japan]] – In Japan, there are many awards for children's books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kodomo.go.jp/english/info/award/index.html|title=Major children's literature awards in Japan|website=International Library of Children's Literature, [[National Diet Library]]|access-date=February 16, 2021|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216214159/https://www.kodomo.go.jp/english/info/award/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Philippines]] – In the Philippines, The Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature for short story literature in the English and Filipino languages (Maikling Kathang Pambata) has been established since 1989. The Children's Poetry in the English and Filipino languages has been established since 2009. The Pilar Perez Medallion for Young Adult Literature was awarded in 2001 and 2002. The Philippine Board on Books for Young People gives major awards, which include the PBBY-Salanga Writers' Prize for excellence in writing and the PBBY-Alcala Illustrator's Prize for excellence in illustration. Other awards are The Ceres Alabado Award for Outstanding Contribution in Children's Literature; the Gintong Aklat Award (Golden Book Award); The Gawad Komisyon para sa Kuwentong Pambata (Commission Award for Children's Literature in Filipino) and the [[Philippine National Book Awards|National Book Award]] (given by the Manila Critics' Circle) for Outstanding Production in Children's Books and young adult literature.
* [[UK]] – In the United Kingdom and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] for writing and the [[Kate Greenaway Medal]] for illustration, the [[Nestlé Smarties Book Prize]], and the [[Guardian Award]] are a few notable awards.
* [[United States]] – In the United States, the [[American Library Association]] [[Association for Library Service to Children]] give the major awards. They include the [[Newbery Medal]] for writing, [[Michael L. Printz Award]] for writing for teens, [[Caldecott Medal]] for illustration, [[Golden Kite Award]] in various categories from the [[SCBWI]], [[Sibert Medal]] for informational, [[Theodor Seuss Geisel Award]] for beginning readers, [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] for impact over time, [[Batchelder Award]] for works in translation, [[Coretta Scott King Award]] for work by an African-American writer, and the [[Belpre Medal]] for work by a Latino writer. Other notable awards are the [[National Book Award]] for Young People's Literature and the [[Orbis Pictus Award]] for excellence in the writing of [[nonfiction]] for children.

International awards also exist as forms of global recognition. These include the [[Hans Christian Andersen Award]], the [[Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award]], [[Ilustrarte Bienale]] for illustration, and the [[Bologna Children's Book Fair|BolognaRagazzi Award]] for art work and design.<ref name=Bolog>{{cite web |title=Winners 2012: Fiction |url=http://www.bookfair.bolognafiere.it/en/boragazziaward/images_award |work=Bologna Children's Book Fair |publisher=BolognaFiere S.p.A. |access-date=July 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628135350/http://www.bookfair.bolognafiere.it/en/boragazziaward/images_award |archive-date=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> Additionally, bloggers with expertise on children's and young adult books give a major series of online book awards called The [[Cybils Awards]], or Children's and Young Adult Bloggers' Literary Awards.

==See also==
{{Portal|Children's and Young Adult Literature|Books}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Childhood in literature]]
* [[Book talk]]
* [[Children's literature criticism]]
* [[Children's poetry]]
* [[Disability in children's literature]]
* [[Feminist children's literature]]
* [[International Children's Digital Library]]
* [[Internet Archive's Children's Library]]
* [[Native Americans in children's literature]]
* [[Young adult fiction]]
'''Lists'''
* [[List of children's book series]]
* [[List of children's classic books]]
* [[List of children's literature authors]]
* [[List of children's non-fiction writers]]
* [[List of fairy tales]]
* [[List of illustrators]]
* [[List of publishers of children's books]]
* [[List of translators of children's books]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Nancy |title=Elementary Children's Literature |location=Boston |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-205-45229-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Jacqueline |title=The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children's Fiction (1993 ed.)|location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year= 1984 |isbn=978-0-8122-1435-2 }}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last = Bowler | first = Peter J. | author-link = Peter J. Bowler | title = Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QOs2q8n-fCQC | edition = illustrated | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-226-06863-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chapleau |first=Sebastien |title=New Voices in Children's Literature Criticism |location=Lichfield |publisher=Pied Piper Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-9546384-4-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fair |first=Thomas|url= https://www.rmmla.org/assets/docs/Journal-Archives/2010-2019/article_2-ThomasFair.pdf |title=19th-Century English Girls' Adventure Stories: Domestic Imperialism, Agency, and the Female Robinsonades |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature |volume=68, no. 2 |issue=Fall 2014 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |pages=142–58 |date=2014|doi=10.1353/rmr.2014.0039 |access-date=2025-02-07}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hahn |first=Daniel |title=The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature | year=2015 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-969514-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Huck |first=Charlotte |title=Children's Literature in the Elementary School, 7th ed. |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-07-232228-6}}
* <!-- Hudson 2018 --> {{cite book |editor-last=Hudson |editor-first=Aïda |title=[[Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography]] |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7711-2325-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Peter |title=Criticism, Theory, and Children's Literature |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-631-16231-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lesnik-Oberstein |first=Karin |year=1996 |chapter=Defining Children's Literature and Childhood |editor=Hunt, Peter |title=International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00hunt_0/page/17 17–31] |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-08856-5 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00hunt_0/page/17 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lesnik-Oberstein |first=Karin |title=Children's Literature: Criticism and the Fictional Child |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-811998-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lesnik-Oberstein |first=Karin |title=Children's Literature: New Approaches |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave|year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4039-1738-6}}
* {{citation |url=https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/ |author=May, James E. |title=Recent Studies (1985–2016) of Children's Literature, Chapbooks, and Works Related by Form or Audience and Printed 1660–1840 |via=[[Bibliographical Society of America]] |ref=none |access-date=2017-11-30 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041224/https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/ |url-status=dead }}. 2003– . (Bibliography) {{free access}}
* Penniman, J. H. (1921), ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22604 Children and Their Books]''  C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse, N. Y.
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Kimberley |year=2011 |title=Children's Literature: A Very Short Introduction |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956024-0}}
* {{Citation | last = Sharma | first = Prem Lata | title = The Psychology Of Teaching And Learning | volume = 17 | work = Sarup teaching learning series | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPM4EG89uWUC | location = Delhi | publisher = Sarup & Sons | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-81-7625-642-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Shelby |title=Handbook of Research in Children's and Young Adult Literature |location=Cambridge |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-415-96506-4}}
* {{Cite book |year=2006 |editor=Zipes, Jack |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514656-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_o5w8 }}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Choosing High Quality Children's Literature}}
{{Wikisource|Portal:Children's literature|Children's literature}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Children's literature}}
* [http://www.arnenixoncenter.org/ Arne Nixon Center for the Study of Children's Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107212151/http://www.arnenixoncenter.org/ |date=2010-01-07 }} at [[California State University, Fresno]]
* [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.shirley|Betsy Beinecke Shirley Collection of American Children's Literature]]. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
* [http://www.earlyliteracylearning.org/index.php Center for Early Literacy Learning (CELL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218110027/http://earlyliteracylearning.org/index.php |date=2017-12-18 }}
* [http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/childhood-and-childrens-literature ''Children's literature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617000643/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/childhood-and-childrens-literature |date=2016-06-17 }} at the British Library
* [https://www.benjamins.com/catalog/clcc Children's Literature, Culture, and Cognition (CLCC)]
* [http://www.dawcl.com/introduction.html Database of award-winning children's literature]
* [http://www.ibby.org/ International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY)]
* [http://www.child2000.org/literacy/ National Children's Literacy Website], US-based literacy resource site
* {{citation |url=https://www.newberry.org/childrens-books |series=Research Guides |title=Children's Books |publisher=Newberry Library |location=US |access-date=2017-11-27 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040740/https://www.newberry.org/childrens-books |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.planetpicturebook.com/ Planet Picture Book (picture books from around the world)]
* [http://www.scbwi.org/ The Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators]
* [https://www.degrummond.org/ de Grummond Children's Literature Collection], Special Collections at The University of Southern Mississippi

===Digital libraries===
* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/juv Baldwin Digital Library of Children's Literature]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=Children's+Literature Children's eTexts] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/digitalcoll/digitalcoll-children.html Digitized Children's Literature] at the [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/collection.php?CISOROOT=/HistChldBks Historic Children's Book Collection] at [[Ball State University]], Indiana – online access to children's books from the 20th and 19th centuries
* [http://www.childrenslibrary.org/ International Children's Digital Library] Repository of 2,827 children's books in 48 languages viewable over the Internet ([http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/results?locc=PZ more])
* [https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/osborne/ Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books] at [[Toronto Public Library]]
* [https://lib.usf.edu/special-collections/tampa/childrens-young-adult-literature/ University of South Florida Libraries: Children's Literature Collection] USF's digital collection currently houses 25,000 titles of American fiction from 1870 to the present. This is a growing collection, and more titles will be added over time.

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[[Category:Children's literature| ]]