View source for Chimalpopoca

{{Short description|Third Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan}}
{{Other people}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name            =Chimalpopoca
| succession         =[[List of Tenochtitlan rulers|''Tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan]]
| image           =Chimalpopoca, the Third Aztec King (Reigned 1417–27) WDL6720.png
| caption         =Chimalpopoca as depicted in the [[Tovar Codex]].
| predecessor     =[[Huitzilihuitl]]
| successor       =[[Xihuitl Temoc]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Townsend|first=Camila|title=Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0190673062|location=Oxford|pages=42|language=English}}</ref> <br> [[Itzcoatl]]
| issue           =[[Tezozomoc (son of Chimalpopoca)|Tezozomoc]]
|spouse=Queen [[Matlalatzin]] 
| father          =Emperor [[Huitzilihuitl]]
| mother          =Empress [[Ayauhcihuatl]]
| birth_date   =1397
| death_date   =1427
|}}

'''Chimalpopoca''' ({{langx|nci|Chīmalpopōca}} {{IPA|nci|t͡ʃiːmaɬpoˈpoːka|}} for "smoking shield," {{audio|Chimalpopoka.ogg|modern Nahuatl pronunciation}}) or '''Chīmalpopōcatzin''' (1397–1427) was the third [[tlatoani|Emperor]] of [[Tenochtitlan]] (1417–1427).

== Biography ==
Chimalpopoca was born to the Emperor [[Huitzilihuitl]] and Queen [[Ayauhcihuatl]].

===Rule===
Chimalpopoca was crowned in 1417 (some sources say 1416 or 1418), at approximately 20 years old. At that time, Tenochtitlan was a tributary of the [[Tepanec]] city of [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]], which was ruled by his grandfather [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]]. This alliance, and the Mexicas' position within it, was strengthened by Tenochtitlan's loyalty during Tezozomoc's 1418 war with [[Ixtlilxochitl I]] of [[Texcoco (Aztec site)|Texcoco]]. The conquered city was granted to Tenochtitlan as a tributary.

[[File:Chimalpopoca huitzilopochtli.jpg|thumbnail|left|Chimalpopoca impersonating the god [[Huitzilopochtli]].]][[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]], displaced prince of Texcoco, was living in the mountains. Chimalpopoca interceded with Tezozomoc on his behalf, and Tezozomoc agreed to allow Netzahualcoyotl to live in Tenochtitlan under his protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Hungry Coyote. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Life+of+Hungry+Coyote.-a0141997129 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>

In 1426 Tezozómoc assisted Chimalpopoca in the construction of a new aqueduct. This aqueduct was of wood, and ran from the elevated place of [[Chapultepec]] to Tenochtitlan.

Chimalpopoca also had a causeway constructed to [[Tlacopan]]. The causeway contained openings spanned by wooden bridges, which were removed at night.

Also during his reign he dedicated a stone for sacrifices in the Tlacocomoco section of Tenochtitlan. The conquest of [[Tequizquiac]] is also attributed to him.

==Family==
[[File:Chimalpopoca prisoner.jpg|thumb|190px|Chimalpopoca (right) captured by the [[Tepanec]]s]]
Chimalpopoca was the son of [[Huitzilihuitl]], the previous ruler,<ref>[[Diego Durán|Durán]]'s ''[[Historia de las Indias de Nueva España]]'', [[Chimalpahin]]'s third and seventh ''Relaciones'', the ''[[Crónica Mexicayotl]]'', the ''[[Leyenda de los Soles]]'', [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl|Ixtlilxochitl]]'s ''[[Relaciones (Ixtlilxochitl)|Relaciones]]'' and his ''[[Historia Chichimeca]]'', the [[Codex Xolotl]] and the ''[[Crónica Mexicana]]''.</ref> but there are some sources<ref>[[Gerónimo de Mendieta|Mendieta]]'s ''[[Historia eclesiástica indiana]]'', [[Motolinia]]'s ''[[Memoriales]]'', the ''[[Origen de los Mexicanos]]'', the ''[[Relación de la Genealogía]]'', and the ''[[Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas]]''.</ref> that say he was a son of [[Acamapichtli]], the first ruler of Tenochtitlan, making him [[Huitzilihuitl]]'s brother. [[Gerónimo de Mendieta]], in his ''[[Historia eclesiástica indiana]]'', notes the discrepancy and concludes that Huitzilihuitl, Chimalpopoca and [[Itzcoatl]] (Chimalpopoca's successor) must have been brothers, based on his understanding of the Aztec system of [[order of succession|succession]].<ref>Gillespie (1989: pp. 12–14)</ref>

He had many wives and children. One of the wives was his cousin [[Matlalatzin]]. His son was [[Tezozomoc (son of Chimalpopoca)|Tezozomoc]], king of [[Ecatepec]].

Three versions of the family tree of the first Aztec rulers:
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | | ACA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ACA=[[Acamapichtli]]}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | HUI | | ITZ | | | HUI | | | | | | | | ACA | | | | |HUI=[[Huitzilihuitl]]|ITZ=[[Itzcoatl]]|ACA=[[Acamapichtli]]}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{Tree chart | CHI | | | | | CHI | | ITZ | | HUI | | CHI | | ITZ |CHI=Chimalpopoca|HUI=[[Huitzilihuitl]]|ITZ=[[Itzcoatl]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

Chimalpopoca was a grandson of Acamapichtli and [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]] and half-brother of [[Moctezuma I]].

==Death==
When Tezozomoc died in 1426 after a long reign, he was succeeded by his son Tayauh (also known as [[Tayatzin]]). However [[Maxtla]], ruler of [[Coyoacan]] and brother of Tayauh, usurped the throne. Chimalpopoca allied with Tayauh, and so Maxtla had Chimalpopoca killed, though the details remain unclear. Maxtla also raised the tribute required from Tenochtitlan as further punishment for Chimalpopoca's actions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Frederic |url=http://archive.org/details/aztecworld0000unse |title=The Aztec World |date=2008 |publisher=New York : Abrams; Chicago : in association with the Field Museum |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8109-7278-0 |editor-last=Brumfiel |editor-first=Elizabeth M. |pages=14–15 |language=en |chapter=Mexica Political History |editor-last2=Feinman |editor-first2=Gary M.}}</ref>

Maxtla subsequently named their brother, [[Itzcoatl]], the ''tlatoani'' of the region. However, Itzcoatl quickly allied himself with [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] of Texcoco and [[Totoquihuaztli I|Totoquihuatzin]] of Tlacopan, and they collectively took down Maxtla, who had remained the Tepanec king.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico|Biography}}
*[[List of Tenochtitlan rulers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*"Azcapotzalco", ''Enciclopedia de México'', vol. 2. Mexico City: 1987. {{in lang|es}}
*"Chimalpopoca", ''Enciclopedia de México'', vol. 4. Mexico City: 1987. {{in lang|es}}
*García Puron, Manuel, ''México y sus gobernantes'', vol. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984. {{in lang|es}}
*{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie|year=1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History  |publisher=Tucson & London |location=The University of Arizona Press |isbn=0-8165-1339-2}}
*Orozco Linares, Fernando, ''Gobernantes de México''. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, {{ISBN|968-38-0260-5}}. {{in lang|es}}
* {{cite book |author=Santamarina, Carlos |year=2006 |title=El sistema de dominación azteca. El Imperio Tepaneca |publisher= Fundación Universitaria Española |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-7392-619-5}} See cap. XIII: 373-402. {{in lang|es}}
* {{cite book|author=Hubert Howe Bancroft|authorlink=Hubert Howe Bancroft|title=The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: The native races. 1886|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofhuberthow19bancrich|year=1883|publisher=History Company}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chimalpopoca}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041750/http://thevisualhistory.com/TVH/index.html#ce1300 Chimalpopoca entry on The Visual History Project]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Huitzilihuitl]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Tlatoani]] of [[Tenochtitlan]]|years=1417–1427}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Itzcoatl]]}}
{{end}}
{{Tenochtitlan rulers}}

[[Category:Tenochca tlatoque]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in North America]]
[[Category:15th-century indigenous people of the Americas]]
[[Category:1397 births]]
[[Category:1427 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Aztec nobility]]