View source for China and the United Nations

{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox United Nations membership
| nation         = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| image_flag     = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| membership     = Full member
| since          = {{start date|1945|10|24|df=yes}}
| represented_by = 
*[[Nationalist government|National Government]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]<br />(1945–1948)
*[[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitutional]] [[Government of the Republic of China]]<br />(1948–[[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|1949]])
*[[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitutional]] [[Government of the Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]]<br />(1949–1971)
*[[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Central People's Government]] of the [[Government of China|People's Republic of China]]<br />(1971–present)
| former_names   = 
| sc_seat        = [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent]]
| representative_title = [[Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]]
| representative = [[Fu Cong]]
}}

{{Politics of China |expanded = Foreign }}

China is one of the [[member states of the United Nations|members]] of the [[United Nations]] and is one of five [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]] of its [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]]. One of the victorious [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] of [[World War II]] (the Chinese theatre of which was the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]), the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) joined the UN as one of its founding member countries in 1945. The subsequent resumption of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the government of Republic of China and the rebel forces of the Chinese Communist Party, led to the latter's victory on the mainland and the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|establishment of the People's Republic of China]] (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of [[mainland China]] was soon under its control{{NoteTag|[[Battle of Chamdo|Tibet]] and the island of [[Battle of Hainan Island|Hainan]] were acquired in 1950.}} and the ROC government (then referred to in the West as "Nationalist China") [[retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|retreated]] to the [[geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]].

The [[One-China policy]] advocated by both governments<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bulsara |first=Sanket |date=1995 |title=Out in the Cold: The Politics of Taiwan's Exclusion from the UN |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42761198 |journal=Harvard International Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=52–84 |jstor=42761198 |issn=0739-1854 |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620161151/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42761198 |url-status=live }}</ref> dismantled the solution of dual representation but, amid the [[Cold War]] and [[Korean War]], the [[United States]] and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations until 1971, although they were persuaded to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]'s independence in 1961. The PRC sought to be recognized by the United Nations from the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=James |date=2020-10-21 |title=When the PRC won the 'China' seat at the UN |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2020/10/21/when-the-prc-won-the-china-seat-at-the-un/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The China Project |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142801/https://thechinaproject.com/2020/10/21/when-the-prc-won-the-china-seat-at-the-un/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but at least until 1961, the United States managed to keep the PRC out of the UN.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Appleton |first=Sheldon |date=1962 |title=The United Nations "China Tangle" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753249 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=164 |jstor=2753249 |issn=0030-851X |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753249 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668|General Assembly Resolution 1668]] which demanded a majority of two thirds for the recognition of new members was adopted<ref>Torelli, Angela (2012). p. 158.</ref> in 1961. Canada and other allies of the United States individually shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC, which the US opposed.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Torelli |first=Angela |date=2012 |title=The Costs of Realism: The Nixon Administration, the People's Republic of China, and the United Nations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23613339 |journal=The Journal of American-East Asian Relations |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=159–160 |doi=10.1163/18765610-01902001 |jstor=23613339 |issn=1058-3947 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624030712/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23613339 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some attempted to recognize both Chinas separately, which both Chinas opposed, each declaring itself the only legitimate representative of China.<ref name=":7" /> Annual motions to replace the ROC with the PRC were introduced first by the Soviet Union, then India and also Albania, but these were defeated.<ref name=":7" />

Amid the [[Sino-Soviet split]] and [[Vietnam War]], United States President [[Richard Nixon]] entered into negotiations with [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist Party Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]], initially through a secret 1971 trip undertaken by [[Henry Kissinger]] to visit [[Zhou Enlai]]. On 25 October 1971, a motion to recognize the People's Republic of China as the sole legal China, initiated by 17 UN members led by Albania, was passed as [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]]. It was supported by most of the [[communist state]]s (including the [[Soviet Union]]) and [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned countries]] (such as [[India]]), but also by some [[NATO]] countries, such as the United Kingdom and Italy. After the [[Accession of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations|PRC was seated]] on 15 November 1971, Nixon [[1972 Nixon visit to China|personally visited mainland China]] the next year, beginning the normalization of [[China–United States relations|PRC–USA relations]]. The Republic of China maintained the view it was the sole legitimate representative of China until 1988, but eventually turned to a foreign policy which sought international recognition through a so-called [[checkbook diplomacy]].<ref name=":5" /> These moves have been opposed and mostly blocked by the People's Republic of China, forcing the Republic of China to join international organizations under other names, including "[[Chinese Taipei]]" at the [[International Olympic Committee]].

The Republic of China's most recent request for admission was turned down in 2007,<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24iht-taiwan.1.6799766.html?_r=0|title=UN rejects Taiwan application for entry|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 July 2007 |access-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021301/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24iht-taiwan.1.6799766.html?_r=0|archive-date=2017-12-26|url-status=live}}
</ref> but a number of European governments—led by the United States—protested to the UN's [[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs|Office of Legal Affairs]] to force the global body and its secretary-general to stop using the reference "Taiwan is a part of China".<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |title=UN told to drop 'Taiwan is part of China': cable |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2016-10-16 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322023458/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |archive-date=2015-03-22 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

== Activity ==
[[File:Chiang Kai-shek ratified the Charter of the United Nations 19450824.jpg|left|thumb|China was honored for its long struggle on [[Second Sino-Japanese War|the War of Resistance against Axis Power]] since [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japanese aggression in Northeast China]] as the first signatory to affix the [[United Nations Charter]] on 24 August 1945. [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] was the representative of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref name="UNorigin"/><ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html|title=1945: The San Francisco Conference |publisher=United Nations|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112180024/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html|archive-date=2017-01-12|url-status=live}}
</ref>]]

The Government of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) (now Taiwan) used its [[United Nations Security Council veto power|Security Council veto]] only once, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia as a part of China.<ref name="unveto">
{{cite web| url=https://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf| publisher=聯合國| script-title=zh:因常任理事国投反对票而未获通过的决议草案或修正案各段| language=zh| access-date=2017-06-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814195147/http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf| archive-date=2016-08-14| url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="bbcveto">
{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm|title=The veto and how to use it|work=BBC News |access-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726080318/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm|archive-date=2010-07-26|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="gpveto">
{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html|title=Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council|publisher=Global Policy Forum|access-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508103405/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html|archive-date=2013-05-08|url-status=live}}
</ref> During the 1950s the PRC began to demand to be recognized by the UN instead of the Government of the ROC.

The UN seat for "China" was originally occupied and represented by delegates of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], and due to [[UN Resolution 2758]], these delegates were expelled and replaced with delegates from the [[China|People's Republic of China]] on 25 October 1971.<ref name="UN_ARES2758XXVI_page1">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-2758(XXVI) |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=26 |resolution_number=2758 |highlight=rect_485,223_914,684 |page=1 |accessdate=7 October 2008|date=25 October 1971|title=Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations}}</ref> As a result of the Republic of China losing the UN China seat, the country became referred to as "Taiwan" by other countries since Taiwan covers 99% of the ROC-controlled territories.

{{As of|2012|6}}, the [[China|People's Republic of China]] had used its Security Council veto eight times, fewer than all other countries with the veto: in 1972 to veto the admission of [[Bangladesh]] (which it recognized as a province of Pakistan), in 1997 to veto ceasefire observers to Guatemala (which recognised the ROC as the legitimate government of China),<ref name="UN_SPV3730_1997">{{UN document |docid=S-PV-3730 |date=10 January 1997 |type=Verbatim Report |body=Security Council |meeting=3730 |accessdate=2007-07-27 page=17 |anchor=pg017-bk01 }}</ref> in 1999 to veto an extension of observers to the [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] (same),<ref name="UN_SPV3982_1999">{{UN document |docid=S-PV-3982 |date=25 February 1999 |body=Security Council |year=1999 |meeting=3982 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> in 2007 (in conjunction with Russia) to veto criticizing [[Myanmar]] (Burma) on its human rights record,<ref name="UN_SPV5619_2007">{{UN document |docid=S-PV-5619 |date=12 January 2007 |body=Security Council |year=2007 |meeting=5619 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> in 2008 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Zimbabwe,<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/11/zimbabwe.sanctions/ |title=Russia, China veto U.N. sanctions on Zimbabwe |work=CNN |date=2008-07-12 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100225/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/11/zimbabwe.sanctions/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}
</ref> in 2011 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Syria,<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/05/russia-china-veto-syria-resolution|title=Russia and China veto UN resolution against Syrian regime|work=The Guardian|date=5 October 2011|access-date=2016-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202092231/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/05/russia-china-veto-syria-resolution|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=live}}
</ref> and in February 2012 (with Russia) to veto for the second time a draft resolution calling for foreign military [[interventionism (politics)|intervention]] in [[Syria]].<ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-16890107 | work=BBC News | title=Russia and China veto resolution on Syria at UN | date=4 February 2012 | access-date=2018-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017112348/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-16890107 | archive-date=2018-10-17 | url-status=live }}
</ref>

The ROC co-founded the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] (UNRRA) in 1943 (prior to the establishment of UN).<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://qks.ncu.edu.cn/Jwk_xbskb/CN/abstract/abstract30467.shtml | title=蒋廷黻对创建联合国善后救济总署的贡献 | trans-title=Jiang Tingfu's Contribution to Building UNRRA | author1=Wang Chun-long | author2=Lu Qi-ying | issue=5 | page=111 | journal=南昌大学学报(人文社会科学版) | volume=43 | access-date=2013-06-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113111724/http://qks.ncu.edu.cn/Jwk_xbskb/CN/abstract/abstract30467.shtml | archive-date=2014-11-13 | url-status=live }}</ref> UNRRA provided supplies and services to areas under occupation by the Axis Powers. The largest project undertaken by UNRRA was the China program which had a total estimated cost of $658.4 million. UNRRA China Office was opened in Shanghai at the end of 1944, and operated until the official termination of the office on 31 December 1947. Final work and responsibilities were finished by March, 1948.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=united-nations-relief-and-rehabilitation-administration-china-office-cr.xml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142156/http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=united-nations-relief-and-rehabilitation-administration-china-office-cr.xml | url-status=dead | archive-date=2014-04-13 | title=United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. China Office }}</ref> UNRRA cooperated with [[Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]], led by [[Jiang Tingfu]], to distribute relief supplies in China.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Imperialism, Transnationalism, and the Reconstruction of Post-war China: UNRRA in China, 1944–71 | author=Rana Mitte | journal=Past & Present | issue=suppl 8 |
pages=51–69 | doi=10.1093/pastj/gts034| year=2013 }}</ref> UNRRA functions were later transferred to several UN agencies, including the [[International Refugee Organization]] and the [[World Health Organization]].

[[Peng Chun Chang]] of ROC was the vice-chairman of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] that drafted the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>
{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/drafters.shtml | title=The Drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights | publisher=United Nations | access-date=2017-06-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031101126/http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/drafters.shtml | archive-date=2015-10-31 | url-status=live }}
</ref> [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], as the driving force behind the Declaration, recalled in her memoirs:

{{blockquote|Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality. The Declaration, he said, should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach&nbsp;... at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism!}}

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly as Resolution 217 A(III) on 10 December 1948, as the result of the experience of the Second World War.<ref>
{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/history.shtml | title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights – History of the Document | publisher=United Nations | access-date=2017-06-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708030052/http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/history.shtml | archive-date=2014-07-08 | url-status=live }}
</ref> The ROC was one of the 48 states that voted for it.

On 1 February 1951, after cease fire negotiations failed, United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 498 and called the intervention of the People's Republic of China in Korea an act of aggression.<ref>
{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm | title=Resolution 498(V) Intervention of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China in Korea | publisher=United Nations | date=1951-02-01 | access-date=2017-06-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm | archive-date=2017-05-25 | url-status=live }}
</ref>

{{As of|2012|6}}, China had sent 3,362 military personnel to 13 UN peacekeeping operations in its first dispatch of military observers to the United Nations peacekeeping operations since military team to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. For 2013–2015, China ranked seventh among member states for contributing 3.93% of the United Nations Peacekeeping operations.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Financing peacekeeping |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/financing.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625074033/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/financing.shtml |archive-date=2017-06-25}}
</ref> By 2019, it was the tenth largest contributor but was providing more troops, police officers, and military observers than any other permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=221 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref> As of 2022, it was providing roughly 20% of the UN peacekeeping standby force, more than all other Security Council members combined.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=236 |oclc=1331741429 }}</ref>

The [[International Criminal Court]] is a permanent [[tribunal]] to prosecute individuals for [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]], [[war crimes]], and the [[crime of aggression]]. The court has jurisdiction if a situation is referred to the court by the [[United Nations Security Council]]. As of May 2013, 122 states have  ratified or acceded to the [[Rome Statute]] that established the Court, but the PRC is not one of them. The PRC, as well its neighbouring rival India, has been critical of the court, as is the US which is also a non-signatory nation.<ref>
{{cite journal | title=China's Attitude Towards the ICC | author1=Lu Jianping | author2=Wang Zhixiang | journal=Journal of International Criminal Justice | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=608–620 | date=2005-07-06 | doi=10.1093/jicj/mqi056 }}
</ref>

Since the mid-2010s, China has sought more leadership roles and policy influence in UN bodies.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=163}} Chinese diplomats have held leadership roles in the Food and Agriculture Organization, Interpol, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the UN Industrial Development Organization, and the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=163}}

China is active in its diplomacy with the [[International Telecommunication Union|International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), the UN agency in charge of establishing common standards for telecommunications technologies.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}} China is an active participant in the agency's work, is a significant donor,<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=82}} and Chinese experts have held leadership roles in the ITU.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=163}} China seeks to obtain support in the ITU for China's [[Internet Protocol|internet protocol]].<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=82}}

Institutional connections between China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]] and multiple UN bodies have also been established.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=164}} UN Secretary General [[António Guterres]] has praised the BRI for its capacity to advance the [[Sustainable Development Goals|UN's sustainable development goals]].<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus" />{{Rp|page=164}}

In United Nations bodies, China argues for a way of looking at the concept of universal human rights that differs from the Western view.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=CPC Futures: The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|chapter=The CPC as a Global Force: A Long-Term View|author=Richard McGregor |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |editor1=Frank N. Pieke |editor2=Bert Hofman |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |location=Singapore |pages=177 |oclc=1354535847 |quote=The Western concept focuses on political values and rights. China, in line with its own domestic politics, insists that this is too narrow and that human rights norms should be focused on economic outcomes, material well-being and the inviolability of national sovereignty.  }}</ref> China's view is that a focus on political rights and values is a too narrow view of human rights, and should instead focus on economic outcomes, material well-being of people, and national sovereignty.<ref name=":4" />

On 4 July 2024, China rejected Western human rights reform recommendations at a U.N. Human Rights Council session but accepted nearly 70% of suggestions from allies. Critics argue this acceptance rate is misleading due to lobbying efforts, while the U.S. and UK expressed disappointment, and Russia and Gambia praised China's approach.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Farge |first1= Emma|date=4 July 2024|title=China rejects key Western calls for human-rights reforms at U.N. meeting |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-rejects-key-western-calls-human-rights-reforms-un-meeting-2024-07-04/|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

Publishing in 2024, academic Sun Yi states that China has "played an increasingly dynamic role in energizing" the UN's [[Intangible cultural heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]] Cooperation program.<ref name=":Sun">{{Cite book |last=Sun |first=Yi |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |chapter=Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia |jstor=jj.15136086 |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref>{{Rp|page=157}}

=== Voting trends ===
China works hard to cultivate favorable votes from African countries at the United Nations.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement |last2=Eisenman |first2=Joshua |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21001-0 |location=New York |author-link=David H. Shinn}}</ref>{{Rp|page=29}} It has often been successful, and the voting pattern of the Africa countries which rotate on the Security Council and African members of the Human Rights Council generally align more frequently with China than with the United States, France, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|pages=29–30}}

The General Assembly votes of African countries and China have also generally aligned.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|pages=30–31}} As part of China's view of [[South–South cooperation|South-South cooperation]], it often seeks to base its UN voting behavior on the positions of regional groupings in the global South like the [[Arab League]] or the [[African Union]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=82}} Where there are differences among African countries, China generally encourages those countries to reach a regional consensus.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=109}}

Within the United Nations Security Council, China is generally aligned with the other permanent members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=192 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref>  From 1991 to 2020, its disagreements with the United States have primarily come over issues related to the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, with those disagreements increasing over time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=193 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref> These areas of increasing disagreement often involve the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Palestinian-Israeli conflict]] and matters of state sovereignty, as discussed below.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=208 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref>

Before its entry to the UN, China viewed UN peacekeeping missions negatively, regarding them as an attempt to infringe on countries' sovereignty.<ref name=":2" /> After its UN entry, China's opposition to such missions was generally verbal, rather than reflected in its votes; it chose not to participate in such decisions rather than actively using its votes against them.<ref name=":2" />

Thus, China rarely used its veto power before 2011.<ref name=":0" /> It instead used abstention to avoid express disapproval without directly confronting its fellow permanent members.<ref name=":0" /> Also prior to 2011, China was increasingly open to the concept of [[responsibility to protect]], especially in relation to [[Sudan]] and [[Darfur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=207 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref>

These trends began to change following the [[Arab Spring|Arab awakening]] and the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|NATO invasion of Libya]] in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> China voted yes on [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970|UNSCR 1970]] to refer [[Muammar Gaddafi]] to the [[International Criminal Court]], but abstained on [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSCR 1973]], which established a no-fly zone and authorized sanctions against Libya.<ref name=":1" /> Shortly after the vote, NATO invaded Libya, resulting in the overthrow of Gaddafi, his public execution, a civil war that continues through 2022.<ref name=":1" /> China has since "held up Libya as an example of the United States and the rest of the West using humanitarian concerns to justify aggression and regime change by force."<ref name=":1" /> Its views on territorial sovereignty have thus hardened since 2011.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, for example, between 2010 and 2020 China vetoed ten resolutions regarding [[Syria]]<ref name=":0" /> and takes a more vocal position in the UN regarding matters of sovereignty.<ref name=":1" />

From 1991 to 2020, the vast majority of China's abstentions and all of its vetoes have occurred on issues that involve territorial integrity, primarily sanctions and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.<ref name=":0" /> In her analysis of China's security council voting behavior, Professor Dawn C. Murphy concludes, "These votes directly correspond to China's promotion of the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|Five Principles]], especially the principles of mutual respect for territory and sovereignty and mutual noninterference in the internal affairs of other states."<ref name=":0" />

China consistently opposes sanctions,<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=82}} although there have been some exceptions. For example, in addition to the Libyan sanctions discussed above,<ref name=":3" /> China voted in favor of sanctioning North Korea in 2006 for its nuclear program.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=237 |oclc=1331741429 }}</ref> China has also voted yes on seven sanctions votes against [[Iran]] in relation to its [[Nuclear program of Iran|developing nuclear program]].<ref name=":0" /> Its atypical votes regarding Iran may arguably be explained by a desire not to confront the United States on a matter that the United States believes to be a vital national interest.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Republic of China in the United Nations (1945–1971) ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2017}}<!--five paragraphs have no citations-->
{{Infobox United Nations membership
| nation         = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| image_flag     = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
| membership     = Former full member
| former_names   = 
| start          = {{start date|1945|10|24|df=yes}}
| end            = {{end date|1971|11|15|df=yes}}
| sc_seat        = [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent]]
| representative_title = [[Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations|Permanent Representatives]]
| representative = [[Guo Taiqi]] (first)<br />[[Tsiang Tingfu]]<br />[[Liu Chieh]] (last)
}}
[[File:Original United Nations.jpg|thumb|left|First UN poster, 1942. The flags of the wartime "big four" come first, then the others in alphabetical order.]]

The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) was a [[Charter|charter member]] of the [[United Nations]] and one of five [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members of the Security Council]] until 1971. The ROC joined the [[United Nations]] as a founding member on 24 October 1945. 

The "Big Four" victors of [[World War II]] ([[Nationalist government|Nationalist China]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]) <ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html
 |title        = The UN Security Council
 |publisher    = United Nations Foundation
 |access-date  = 2013-04-18
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html
 |archive-date = 2012-06-20
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref> were the founding members of the [[United Nations]] that drafted the [[United Nations Charter]] in 1944, which was ratified on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries.<ref>
{{cite web |
url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/ |
title=History of the United Nations |
quote=In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August–October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries |
publisher=United Nations |
access-date=2017-06-28 |
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702220359/http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/ |
archive-date=2017-07-02 |
url-status=live }}
</ref> China, in recognition of its long-standing fight against aggression, was accorded the honor of being
the first to sign the UN Charter.<ref name="UNorigin">{{cite book | chapter=1. Origin and Evolution | chapter-url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1946-47YUN/1946-47_P1_CH1.pdf | title=1946–47 Yearbook of the United Nations | page=33 | publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information | access-date=2013-06-21 | archive-date=2011-07-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143749/http://unyearbook.un.org/1946-47YUN/1946-47_P1_CH1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]] had acknowledged China's war effort in World War II and stated his desire to allow China to "play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity" in the world.<ref>
{{cite web |
url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1942roosevelt-sacrifice.html |
author=Franklin D. Roosevelt |
title=A Call for Sacrifice |
publisher=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |
date=April 28, 1942 |
access-date=2013-04-19 |
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011235802/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1942roosevelt-sacrifice.html |
archive-date=2013-10-11 |
url-status=live }}
</ref> Thus, despite opposition from other leaders, especially [[Winston Churchill]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAun.htm |title=United Nations |access-date=2011-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229200941/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAun.htm |archive-date=2011-12-29 }}</ref> China became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945.

In 1949, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) won the [[Chinese Civil War]] in [[mainland China]] and established the People's Republic of China (PRC), claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. The ROC government retreated to the [[island of Taiwan]] (which it gained control of in 1945 at the end of hostilities in WWII), [[Quemoy]] Island, and the [[Matsu Islands]]. The ROC legally claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China until 1988,<ref name=":5" /> and during the 1950s and 1960s this claim was accepted by the United States and most of its allies. While the PRC was an ally of the Soviet Union, the United States sought to prevent the Communist bloc from gaining another permanent seat in the Security Council. To protest the exclusion of the PRC, Soviet representatives [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|boycotted the UN]]<ref name="soviet union, country study">{{cite book|author=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|title=Soviet Union: a country study|year=1994|publisher=The Division|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0160363802|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/445 445]|edition=2nd|editor=Raymond E. Zickel|chapter=10: Foreign Policy|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/445}}</ref> from January to August 1950. The [[Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations|Soviet UN ambassador]] [[Yakov Malik]] threatened the Soviets would not feel bound by UN decisions taken in presence of representatives of the Kuomintang<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=1950-04-19 |title=Soviet Russia's Boycott of the United Nations |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18156943 |access-date=2023-06-23 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816025135/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18156943 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Government of the ROC.<ref name=":6" /> The [[Soviet Union boycott of the United Nations|boycott led to the Soviets]] not being able to veto the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 82|UN resolution]] which allowed an intervention of [[Korean War|UN military forces in Korea]].

[[File:Wu Xiuquan in NewYork.jpg|thumb|250px|In November 1950, [[Wu Xiuquan]] (first from the left in the front row), representing the People's Republic of China spoke at the UN Security Council.]]
The ROC complained to the UN against the Soviet Union for violating the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance]] and the United Nations Charter in 1949; as a result, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed Resolution 291 and 292, referring the complaint "to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly for continuous examination and study".<ref>{{cite book | chapter=III. Political and Security Questions | chapter-url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1948-49YUN/1948-49_P1_CH3.pdf | title=1948–49 Yearbook of the United Nations | pages=294–298 | publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information }}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1952, the United Nations General Assembly found that the Soviet Union prevented the National Government of the ROC from re-establishing Chinese authority in [[Manchuria]] after [[Japan]] surrendered, and gave military and economic aid to the CCP, who founded the PRC in 1949, against the National Government of the ROC. [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505|Resolution 505]] was passed to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 countries supporting, 9 countries opposing, 24 countries abstaining, and 2 countries non-voting. The resolution also affirmed the ROC as the "Central Government of China".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=N3355488R898C.36026&profile=voting&uri=link=3100028~!211895~!3100029~!3100070&aspect=alpha&menu=search&ri=2&source=~!horizon&term=A%2FRES%2F505%28VI%29&index=Z791AZ |title=UNBISnet |website=Unbisnet.un.org:8080 |date=1945-08-14 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190908/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=N3355488R898C.36026&profile=voting&uri=link=3100028~!211895~!3100029~!3100070&aspect=alpha&menu=search&ri=2&source=~!horizon&term=A%2FRES%2F505%28VI%29&index=Z791AZ |archive-date=2017-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[:s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505]].</ref>

The ROC used its veto only once. Recognition of the Soviets' violation of their friendship treaty abrogated its recognition of [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]'s independence. It therefore vetoed its admission into the United Nations on 13 December 1955, claiming it—as [[Outer Mongolia]]—to be an integral part of China.<ref name="unveto"/><ref name="bbcveto"/><ref name="gpveto"/> Mongolia's application had been tabled at the UN on 24 June 1946, but had been blocked by Western countries, as part of a protracted Cold War dispute about the admission of new members to the UN. The General Assembly, by Resolution 918 (X) of 8 December 1955, had recommended to the Security Council that this dispute should be ended by the admission, in a single resolution, of a list of eighteen countries. On 14 December 1955, the Security Council adopted a compromise proposed by the Soviet Union, and the General Assembly, by Resolution 995 (X), admitted sixteen countries into UN, omitting Mongolia and Japan from the list.<ref>{{cite book |
chapter-url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1955YUN/1955_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf |
chapter=Admission of New Members |
title=1955 Yearbook of the United Nations |
publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information |
location=New York}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/10/ares10.htm | title=Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly during its Tenth Session | publisher=United Nations | access-date=2017-06-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035943/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/10/ares10.htm | archive-date=2017-02-08 | url-status=live }}
</ref>
This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961, when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania, in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.<ref>{{cite book
 |chapter-url  = https://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1961&bookpage=166
 |title        = 1961 Yearbook of the United Nations
 |chapter      = Questions Relating to Organs of the United Nations, Membership, and the United Nations Charter
 |year         = 1962
 |pages        = 166–168
 |publisher    = United Nations Department of Public Information
 |location     = New York
 |doi          = 10.18356/18cabd24-en
 |isbn         = 9789210602082
 |access-date  = 2021-12-22
 |archive-date = 2021-12-22
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20211222010350/https://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1961&bookpage=166
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> The same year, [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668]] made China's representation an "important question" requiring a two-thirds majority vote to alter.

The 1954 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR).<ref name="nobel">
{{cite web |title=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees – History |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1954/refugees-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019021745/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1954/refugees-history.html |archive-date=2016-10-19 |access-date=2017-06-13 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}
</ref> The Nobel Foundation noted that UNHCR, among other contributions, was asked by the UN General Assembly (Resolution 1167<ref>
{{cite web |date=26 November 1957 |title=Chinese refugees in Hong Kong |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ae69ee618.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142912/http://www.unhcr.org/3ae69ee618.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2013-06-22 |publisher=UN General Assembly}}
</ref> and 1784<ref>
{{cite web |title=The problem of Chinese refugees in Hong Kong |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f0673c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144602/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f0673c.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2013-06-22 |publisher=UN General Assembly}}
</ref>), in 1957 and again in 1962, to assist Chinese refugees in Hong Kong<ref>{{cite journal |author=Edvard Hambro |year=1957 |title=Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong |journal=The Phylon Quarterly |publisher=Clark Atlanta University |volume=18 |issue=1st Qtr |pages=69–81 |doi=10.2307/273076 |jstor=273076}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gil Loescher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUFjvAZjmvEC&pg=PA23 |title=The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The Politics and Practice of Refugee Protection into the 21st Century |date=April 8, 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203928394 |page=23 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172919/https://books.google.com/books?id=qUFjvAZjmvEC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref> whose numbers are estimated at over one million. UNHCR assistance was also given to needy refugees among the Chinese refugees in Macao, and the Tibetan refugees in India and Nepal.<ref name="nobel" /> India hosted some 110,000 Tibetan refugees as of the end of 2001.<ref>
{{cite web |date=May 30, 2003 |title=India: Information on Tibetan refugees and settlements |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f51f90821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150314/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f51f90821.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services}}
</ref> UNHCR estimates that there are 15,000 Tibetans who arrived in Nepal prior to 1990 and were recognized by the Government as refugees.<ref>
{{cite web |title=2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Nepal |url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e487856.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429170742/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e487856.html |archive-date=2013-04-29 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees}}
</ref>

From the 1960s onwards, nations friendly to the PRC, led by the [[People's Republic of Albania]] under [[Enver Hoxha]], moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to expel the "representatives of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]" (an implicit reference to the ROC) and permit the PRC to represent China at the UN. Every year the United States was able to assemble enough votes to block this resolution. Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the [[One-China policy]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler|title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|first=Sigrid|last=Winkler|date=June 2012|access-date=2016-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408133833/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler|archive-date=2016-04-08|url-status=live}}
</ref>

On 29 September 1960, Nepali PM [[BP Koirala]] proposed UN general  assembly to make PRC a member of UN: <blockquote> In our opinion, the United Nations can neither become universal nor can it reflect the political realities existing in the world today until the People's Republic of China is given its rightful place in the organization. The United Nations will not be able to fulfill effectively some of its most important purposes and functions until the People's Republic of China is brought in.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A/PV.878 - E - A/PV.878 -Desktop|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/PV.878|access-date=2021-10-31|website=undocs.org|archive-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031102914/https://undocs.org/en/A/PV.878|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

The admission of newly independent developing nations in the 1960s gradually turned the General Assembly from being Western-dominated to being dominated by countries sympathetic to the PRC.  Not only the newly founded developing countries, but also most of the Western countries eventually decided to recognise the PRC. During the 1950s and 1960s, United Kingdom, [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], and [[France]] shifted their recognition of China from the ROC to the PRC. In the early 1970s, [[Canada]], [[Turkey]], and more western countries established diplomatic relations with the PRC, and severed diplomatic relations with the ROC.

In a Security Council meeting on 9 February 1971, Somalia objected to the credentials of the representative of Republic of China as the representative occupying the United Nations seat for China, and ROC and the United States responded that the question of China's representation should not be dealt with in the Security Council.<ref name="UNYB1971">{{cite book
 |url          = http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1971index.html
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20130616040323/http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1971index.html
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = 2013-06-16
 |title        = 1971 Yearbook of the United Nations
 |chapter      = Questions relating to Asia and the Far East:Representation of China in the United Nations
 |chapter-url  = http://unyearbook.un.org/1971YUN/1971_P1_SEC1_CH8.pdf
 |format       = PDF
 |publisher    = United Nations Department of Public Information
 |location     = New York
 |page         = 132
 |access-date  = 2013-05-09
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |
url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/UN_membership.shtml |
title=Becoming a member of the United Nations |
publisher=United Nations News Centre |
access-date=2017-06-28 |
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101064657/http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/UN_membership.shtml |
archive-date=2017-11-01 |
url-status=live }}
</ref>

On 15 July 1971, 17 UN members requested that a question of the "Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations" be placed on the provisional agenda of the twenty-sixth session of the [[UN General Assembly]], claiming that the PRC, a "founding member of the United Nations and a permanent member of the [[UN Security Council|Security Council]], had since 1949 been refused by systematic manoeuvres the right to occupy the seat to which it is entitled [[ipso jure]]". On 25 September 1971, a draft resolution, A/L.630 and Add.l and 2, was submitted by 23 states including 17 of the states which had joined in placing the question on the agenda, to "restore to the People's Republic of China all its rights and expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek." On 29 September 1971, another draft resolution, A/L.632 and Add.l and 2, sponsored by 22 members, was proposed declaring that any proposal to deprive the Republic of China of representation was an important question under [[s:Charter of the United Nations#Article 18|Article 18]] of the UN Charter, and thus would require a two-thirds [[supermajority]] for approval. A/L.632 and Add.l and 2 was rejected on 25 October 1971 by a vote of 59 to 55, with 15 abstentions.

[[Saudi Arabia]] submitted a proposition allowing the ROC to retain its seat at the UN and its affiliated organizations "until the people of the Island of Taiwan are enabled by a referendum or a plebiscite" under the auspices of the UN to choose among three options: continued independence as a [[sovereign state]] with a neutral status defined by a treaty recorded by the UN; a [[confederation]] with the PRC; or a [[federation]] with the PRC,<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2007/11/01/2003385749 |title=Taipei Times |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2007-11-01 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002658/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2007/11/01/2003385749 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}
</ref> but was not supported by the United States.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/ONU_edward_keefer.pdf |title=The Nixon Administration and the United Nations : "It's a Damned Debating Society" |author=Dr Edward C. Keefer |website=Dip0lomatic.gouv.fr |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173344/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/ONU_edward_keefer.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

Seeking to place more diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union, United States president [[Richard Nixon]] sent his national security advisor [[Henry Kissinger]] on two trips to the People's Republic of China in July and October 1971 (the first of which was made in secret via [[Pakistan]]) to confer with Premier [[Zhou Enlai]], then in charge of [[History of foreign relations of China|Chinese foreign policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID%3D2483%26AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1 |title=US-China Institute :: News & features :: Getting to beijing: Henry kissinger's secret 1971 trip |access-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151050/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2483&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=2014-10-06 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last=Dube |first=Clayton |title=Getting to Beijing: Henry Kissinger's Secret 1971 Trip |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2483 |publisher=USC U.S.-China Institute |access-date=July 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190513/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2483 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |title=The White House Years }}</ref> His trips paved the way for the groundbreaking [[Nixon visit to China 1972|1972 summit]] between Nixon, Zhou, and CCP Chairman [[Mao Zedong]], as well as the [[Sino-American relations|formalization of relations]] between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility in favour of a tacit strategic anti-Soviet alliance between China and the United States.

On 25 October 1971, the United States moved that a separate vote be taken on the provisions in the resolution "to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupied at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it" in the draft resolution. By this the United States was proposing that while the credentials of the PRC representatives would be accepted and the PRC would be seated as China's representative with a seat on the Security Council, the ROC would continue to enjoy representation in the General Assembly. The proposition was legally untenable.<ref name="Pakistan Horizon 1971 pp. 75-79">CHINA'S REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS by Khurshid Hyder - 
Pakistan Horizon; Vol. 24, No. 4, The Great Powers and Asia (Fourth Quarter, 1971), pp. 75-79
Published by: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs</ref> Being China a founding member, the ROC had been a member of the United Nations; the presence of its representatives at the UN having always been predicated on its claim to represent China.<ref name="Pakistan Horizon 1971 pp. 75-79"/> The motion was rejected by a vote of 61 to 51, with 16 abstentions.  The representative of ROC made a declaration that the rejection of the 22-power draft resolution calling for a two-thirds majority was a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter which governed the expulsion of Member States and that the delegation of the Republic of China had decided not to take part in any further proceedings of the General Assembly.<ref name="UNYB1971"/>  With the support from 26 African [[UN Member States]]{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} and in accordance with Article 18 of the UN Charter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter4.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter IV: The General Assembly |access-date=2010-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128023816/http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter4.shtml |archive-date=2010-11-28 }}</ref> the Assembly then adopted [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|Resolution 2758]], with 76 countries supporting, 35 countries opposing, 17 countries abstaining, and 3 countries non-voting, withdrawing recognition of the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek as the legitimate representative of China, and recognizing the Government of PRC as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations.<ref>{{UN document |docid=A-RES-2758(XXVI) |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=26 |resolution_number=2758 |highlight=rect_485,223_914,684 |page=1 |accessdate=2016-04-24|date=25 October 1971|title=Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=13YX406V32110.6519&profile=voting&uri=link=3100028~!204865~!3100029~!3100070&aspect=alpha&menu=search&ri=4&source=~!horizon&term=A%2FRES%2F2758%28XXVI%29&index=Z791AZ |title=UNBISnet |website=Unbisnet.un.org:8080 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901184824/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=13YX406V32110.6519&profile=voting&uri=link%3D3100028~%21204865~%213100029~%213100070&aspect=alpha&menu=search&ri=4&source=~%21horizon&term=A%2FRES%2F2758%28XXVI%29&index=Z791AZ |archive-date=2016-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At a Security Council meeting on 23 November 1971, after the General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, the President of the council and the other representatives made statements welcoming the representatives of the People's Republic of China. The ROC lost not only its Security Council seat, but any representation in the UN.<ref name="UNYB1971"/>

{{hidden begin|title=Voting records of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 505 and 2758|titlestyle=background:pink; text-align:center;}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: left; float: center;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan=3 | Voting records of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 505 and 2758
|-
! Member state || Resolution 505 || Resolution 2758
|-
| {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1973}} [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978)|Afghanistan]] || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania|name=Albania}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Algeria|name=Algeria}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Argentina|name=Argentina}} || Abstention || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Australia|name=Australia}} || Abstention || No
|-
| {{flag|Austria|name=Austria}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Bahrain|name=Bahrain}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Barbados|name=Barbados}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Belgium|name=Belgium}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan|name=Bhuttan}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Bolivia}} [[History of Bolivia (1964–1982)|Bolivia]] || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Botswana|name=Botswana}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Brazil|1889|name=Brazil}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Burma|1948}} [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|Burma]] || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Burundi|1967|name=Burundi}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Byelorussian SSR|name=Byelorussian SSR}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Cameroon|1961|name=Cameroon}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Canada|name=Canada}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Central African Republic|name=Central African Republic}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Dominion of Ceylon|name=Ceylon}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Chad|name=Chad}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Presidential Republic (1925–73)|Chile]] || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Republic of China|name=China}} || Yes || Non-voting
|-
| {{flag|Colombia|name=Colombia}} || Yes || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of the Congo|name=Congo (Brazzaville)}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|COD|1966}} [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo (Leopoldville)]] || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Costa Rica|name=Costa Rica}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flagicon|Republic of Cuba (1902–59)}} [[Cuba]] || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus|1960|name=Cyprus}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|name=Czechoslovakia}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Dahomey|name=Dahomey}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Denmark|name=Denmark}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic|name=Dominican Republic}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Ecuador|name=Ecuador}} || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Egypt|1958|name=Egypt}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|El Salvador|name=El Salvador}} || Non-voting || No
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Equatorial Guinea (without coat of arms).svg}} [[Equatorial Guinea]] || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopia}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Fiji|name=Fiji}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Finland|name=Finland}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|France|name=France}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Gabon|name=Gabon}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Gambia|name=Gambia}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Ghana|name=Ghana}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Greece|1970}} [[Greek junta|Greece]] || Yes || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala|name=Guatemala}} || Abstention || No
|-
| {{flag|Guinea|name=Guinea}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Guyana|name=Guyana}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Haiti|1964}} [[Duvalier dynasty|Haiti]] || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Honduras|name=Honduras}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Hungarian People's Republic|name=Hungary}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Iceland|name=Iceland}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|India|name=India}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia|name=Indonesia}} || No || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Pahlavi dynasty|name=Iran}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|name=Iraq}} || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ireland|name=Ireland}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Israel|name=Israel}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Italy|name=Italy}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ivory Coast|name=Ivory Coast}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Jamaica|name=Jamaica}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Japan|1870|name=Japan}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Jordan|name=Jordan}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Kenya|name=Kenya}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Khmer Republic|name=Khmer Republic}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait|name=Kuwait}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of Laos|name=Laos}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon|name=Lebanon}} || Yes || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho|1966|name=Lesotho}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Liberia|name=Liberia}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flagdeco|Libya|1969}} [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)|Libyan Arab Republic]] || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg|name=Luxembourg}} || Abstention || Abstention
|-
| {{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy Republic|Madagascar]] || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Malawi|name=Malawi}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia|name=Malaysia}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Maldives|name=Maldives}} || Not member state yet || Non-voting
|-
| {{flag|Mali|name=Mali}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Malta|name=Malta}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Mauritania|name=Mauritania}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Mauritius}} [[Mauritius (1968–1992)|Mauritius]] || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Mexico|name=Mexico}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Mongolian People's Republic|name=Mongolia}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Morocco|name=Morocco}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flaglist|Kingdom of Nepal|name=Nepal}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands|name=Netherlands}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand|name=New Zealand}} || Abstention || No
|-
| {{flag|Nicaragua|name=Nicaragua}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Niger|name=Niger}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria|name=Nigeria}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Norway|name=Norway}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Oman|1970|name=Oman}} || Not member state yet || Non-voting
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan|name=Pakistan}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Panama|name=Panama}} || Yes || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay|1954|name=Paraguay}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Peru|name=Peru}} || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Philippines]] || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Polish People's Republic|1928|name=Poland}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Estado Novo (Portugal)|name=Portugal}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Qatar|name=Qatar}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|1965|name=Romania}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Rwanda|1962|name=Rwanda}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia|name=Saudi Arabia}} || Abstention || No
|-
| {{flag|Senegal|name=Senegal}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Sierra Leone|name=Sierra Leone}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Singapore|name=Singapore}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]] || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|South Africa|1928|name=South Africa}} || Non-voting || No
|-
| {{flag|Soviet Union|1955|name=Soviet Union}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Francoist Spain|name=Spain}} || Not member state yet || Abstention
|-
| {{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[History of Sudan (1969–85)|Sudan]] || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Swaziland|name=Swaziland}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Sweden|name=Sweden}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ba'athist Syria|1963|name=Syrian Arab Republic}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Thailand|name=Thailand}} || Yes || Abstention
|-
| {{flag|Togo|name=Togo}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago|name=Trinidad and Tobago}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Tunisia|name=Tunisia}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Turkey|name=Turkey}} || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Uganda|name=Uganda}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian SSR|name=Ukrainian SSR}} || No || Yes
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Tanzania|name=United Republic of Tanzania}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|United States|name=United States}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Upper Volta|name=Upper Volta}} || Not member state yet || No
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay|name=Uruguay}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela|1954|name=Venezuela}} || Yes || No
|-
| {{flag|North Yemen|name=Yemen}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|South Yemen|name=Democratic Yemen}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}} || Abstention || Yes
|-
| {{flag|Zambia|1964|name=Zambia}} || Not member state yet || Yes
|}
{{hidden end}}

==== Efforts to reintroduce the ROC to the UN ====
{{see also|Taiwan and the United Nations}}{{Politics of Taiwan}}
Following the adoption of Resolution 2758, the Republic of China was no longer represented by a [[Permanent Representative]] at the UN. UN Secretary-General [[U Thant]] sent a message to the PRC government asking him to send a delegation to Security Council soon.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=1971-10-28|title=Thant Asks China to Name Delegate to Council Soon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/28/archives/thant-asks-china-to-name-delegate-to-council-soon-thant-urges-china.htmlfirst=Tad|last=Szulc|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref> In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary-General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China, and thus it does not permit the ROC to become a party to treaties for which it is the depository.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/FC/English.pdf|title=FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES|year=2003|access-date=2016-04-25|publisher=United Nations|quote=Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331070613/https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/FC/English.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-31|url-status=live}}
</ref>

In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the [[specialized agencies]], applying for [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer status]], applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN.<ref name=Lindemann>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw3IBAAAQBAJ|title=Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations: Taiwan's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China|year=2014|first=Björn Alexander|last=Lindemann|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|pages=258|isbn=9783658055271|access-date=2016-04-26|archive-date=2023-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172852/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw3IBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Taiwan's attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC.<ref name=europers>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLcDLDQsgy0C|title=European Perspectives on Taiwan|first1=Jens|last1=Damm|first2=Paul|last2=Lim|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|pages=160–63|quote=By mid 2009, 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN, but, in each of these cases, the General Assembly's General Committee, which sets the Assembly's agenda, decided against even raising the question during the Assembly's session.|isbn=9783531943039|access-date=2016-04-26|archive-date=2023-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172905/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLcDLDQsgy0C|url-status=live}}</ref>

While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 President [[Chen Shui-bian]] submitted a formal application under the name "Taiwan" for full membership in the UN.<ref name="A/62/193">{{UN document |docid=A/62/193 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=62|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2007-08-17|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-second session: Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations}}{{dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/605874|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the 62nd session :: urging the Security Council to process Taiwan's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations : letter dated 8 August 2007 from the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration of Kiribati addressed to the Secretary-General : Addendum|date=20 August 2007|via=digitallibrary.un.org|access-date=3 February 2024|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213073713/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/605874|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 September 2007, over 3,000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rallied in front of the UN building in New York City,<ref>
[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2007/09/17/122921/New-York.htm New York rally for United Nations bid draws record numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013022802/http://chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2007/09/17/122921/New-York.htm |date=2007-10-13 }}, [[The China Post]], September 17, 2007
</ref> and over 300,000 Taiwanese people rallied in Taiwan,<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070915/ts_afp/taiwanpoliticsunreferendum{{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref> all in support of the ROC joining the UN. The ROC also won the backing of many [[Members of the European Parliament]] on this issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theparliament.com/EN/News/200709/c0c87a80-4bda-4334-bbda-9ae6f6bb4e12.htm |title=Theparliament.com - Taiwan UN bid wins backing of MEPs |access-date=2007-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128110323/http://www.theparliament.com/EN/News/200709/c0c87a80-4bda-4334-bbda-9ae6f6bb4e12.htm |archive-date=2007-11-28 }}</ref>  However, the application was rejected by the [[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]] citing General Assembly Resolution 2758,<ref>
{{cite web| url=https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2007/db070723.doc.htm| title=Transcript: Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General| publisher=United Nations| date=23 July 2007| access-date=2017-06-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102215325/http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2007/db070723.doc.htm| archive-date=2012-11-02| url-status=live}}
</ref> without being forwarded to the Security Council.  [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] stated that:
{{Blockquote|The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/?nid=1053| title=Secretary-General's press encounter with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger| publisher=United Nations| date=27 July 2007| access-date=2016-04-24| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220053609/http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/?nid=1053| archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>}}

Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=26680&ctNode=1028&mp=6 |title=Talking points for Taiwan's UN Membership Application |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109022444/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=26680&ctNode=1028&mp=6 |archive-date=2009-01-09 }}</ref> The ROC argued that Resolution 2758 merely transferred the UN seat from the ROC to the PRC, but did not address the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN.  The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=26682&ctNode=1028&mp=6| title=President Chen Shui-bian's Letters to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 (Office of the President)| publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904110812/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=26682&ctNode=1028&mp=6| archive-date=2009-09-04}}</ref> contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm |title=Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council |publisher=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502062010/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm |archive-date=2012-05-02 }}</ref> The ROC emphasized that the United Nations has never taken a formal stance regarding the sovereignty of Taiwan.  On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the [[One-China policy|one-China principle]]".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-07/24/content_6425429.htm| title=China praises UN's rejection of Taiwan's application for membership| agency=Xinhua News Agency| date=24 July 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111170303/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-07/24/content_6425429.htm| archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref>  A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that autumn's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application.<ref name="A/62/193"/>

Ban Ki-moon also came under fire for this statement from the United States via non-official channels.  There are unconfirmed reports that Ban's comments prompted the US to restate its position regarding the status of Taiwan. A [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] article suggests that the US may have presented a [[démarche]] stating among others that:<blockquote>If the UN Secretariat insists on describing Taiwan as a part of the PRC, or on using nomenclature for Taiwan that implies such status, the United States will be obliged to disassociate itself on a national basis from such position."<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/asiaandthepacific/bg2146.cfm|title=Taiwan's "Unsettled" International Status: Preserving U.S. Options in the Pacific|last=Tkacik|first=John J. Jr.|date=19 June 2008|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=2009-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727011735/http://www.heritage.org/Research/asiaandthepacific/bg2146.cfm|archive-date=2009-07-27|url-status=unfit}}
</ref></blockquote>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' criticized Ban Ki-moon for rejecting the ROC's July 2007 application and regarded Ban's interpretation of Resolution 2758 (that Taiwan was part of China) as erroneous.<ref>King of the U.N., The Wall Street Journal 2007-08-13</ref>  Nevertheless, Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon's statement reflected long-standing UN convention to deny the ROC representation and is mirrored in other documents promulgated by the United Nations. For example, the UN's ''"Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, Handbook"'', 2003 (a publication which predated his tenure in Office) states:

<blockquote>[r]egarding the Taiwan Province of China, the Secretary-General follows the General Assembly's guidance incorporated in [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|resolution 2758 (XXVI)of the General Assembly of 25 October 1971]] on the restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. The General Assembly decided to recognize the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations. Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.<ref>{{cite book
 |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/fc/english.pdf
 |title=Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, Handbook
 |year=2003
 |website=treaties.un.org
 |publisher=United Nations
 |isbn=92-1-133572-8
 |access-date=2021-12-21
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312032445/https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/fc/english.pdf
 |archive-date=2012-03-12}}
</ref></blockquote>

In 2008, [[2008 Republic of China United Nations membership referendum|two referendums by the ROC]] on joining the UN failed because of low voter participation. That autumn the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" be allowed to have "meaningful participation" in the UN [[specialized agencies]].<ref>{{UN document |docid=A/63/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=63|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2008-08-22|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-third session: Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies}}</ref> Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda when the United Nations subcommittee ruled it would not let the General Assembly consider the ROC's application to join UN activities.<ref name=europers/><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTP7324920080918|title=U.N. again throws out Taiwan bid for recognition|last1=Jennings|first1=Ralph|last2=Le|first2=Yu|date=18 September 2008|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928125244/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTP7324920080918|archive-date=2008-09-28|url-status=live}}
</ref>  Shortly after this, the United States and the national governments of the European Union expressed their support for "Taiwan" (none of them [[Diplomatic recognition|recognises]] the ROC) to have "meaningful participation" in [[UN specialized agencies]], such as the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/20/2003423709 |title=Foreign ministry hails UN support from US and EU |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2016-10-16 |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215106/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/20/2003423709 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live }}
</ref>  In May 2009, the [[Department of Health (Republic of China)|Department of Health of the Republic of China]] was invited by the [[World Health Organization]] to attend the 62nd [[World Health Assembly]] as an observer under the name "[[Chinese Taipei]]". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN-affiliated agency]] since 1971, as a result of the improved [[cross-strait relations]] since [[Ma Ying-jeou]] became the [[President of the Republic of China]] a year before.<ref>
{{cite news| url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/18/Taiwan-attends-WHA-as-observer/UPI-68411242697115/| title=Taiwan attends WHA as observer| work=United Press International| date=18 May 2009| access-date=2016-04-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426205540/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/18/Taiwan-attends-WHA-as-observer/UPI-68411242697115/| archive-date=2016-04-26| url-status=live}}
</ref>

In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/09/24/not-even-asking|title=Not even asking|date=2009-09-24|access-date=2016-04-24|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412205629/http://www.economist.com/node/14506556|archive-date=2016-04-12|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918015312/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F9%2F4%2Fworldupdates%2F2009-09-04T114346Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-422179-1&sec=Worldupdates|date =September 4, 2009 | title=Taiwan drops annual U.N. bid as China relations warm|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F9%2F4%2Fworldupdates%2F2009-09-04T114346Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-422179-1&sec=Worldupdate|archive-date =2009-09-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2013 United States congressional report describes US bipartisan "One China" policy as follows:

<blockquote>The United States has its own "one China" policy (vs. the PRC's "one China" principle) and position on Taiwan's status. Not recognizing the PRC's claim over Taiwan nor Taiwan as a sovereign state, United States policy has considered Taiwan's status as unsettled.<ref>
{{cite web | title=U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues | author1=Shirley A. Kan | author2=Wayne M. Morrison | page=4 | url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/202880.pdf | date=January 4, 2013 | publisher=Congressional Research Service | access-date=2017-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211949/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/202880.pdf | archive-date=2017-12-31 | url-status=live }}
</ref></blockquote>

Since [[Tsai Ing-wen]] took office in 2016, there are growing number of renewed attempts to join the United Nations in its own right under the name "Taiwan" but this was prevented by the PRC.  [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Antony Blinken]] supported Taiwan's participation in the UN in 2021, the 50th anniversary of the ROC's membership replaced with the PRC at the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/trip-07122019150928.html | title=Taiwan's President Pushes for UN Membership During US Trip | access-date=2022-02-13 | archive-date=2022-02-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213141706/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/trip-07122019150928.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/china-says-taiwan-has-no-right-to-join-un-after-us-nod | title=China says Taiwan 'has no right' to join UN, after US nod | access-date=2022-02-13 | archive-date=2022-02-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213141703/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2021/10/27/china-says-taiwan-has-no-right-to-join-un-after-us-nod | url-status=live }}</ref> Similar attempts to join the [[World Health Organization]] in 2023 were rebuffed.<ref name="2023who">{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/23/outcry-as-world-health-organization-locks-out-taiwan-under-pressure-from-china |language=en-GB |last=Davidson |first=Helen |title=Outcry as World Health Assembly locks out Taiwan under pressure from China |date=2023-05-23 |accessdate=2023-05-27 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816025123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/23/outcry-as-world-health-organization-locks-out-taiwan-under-pressure-from-china |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== People's Republic of China in the United Nations (since 1971) ===
{{stack|[[File:Voting res 2758.svg|thumb|600px|Voting situation in the UN general assembly respect to resolution 2758 (1971).]]}}

The People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly called [[China]] today, [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|was admitted into the UN in 1971]] on the 21st time of voting on its application. The PRC was admitted into the UN on a vote of 76 in favor, 35 opposed, and 17 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title |title=Top News, Latest headlines, Latest News, World News & U.S News |website=UPI.com |access-date=2016-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212064553/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title |archive-date=2009-02-12 }}</ref>  In a letter to the United Nations on September 29, 1972, the PRC asserted that it had no obligation to honor multilateral treaties that may have been ratified by the Republic of China under the governance of Chiang Kai-shek, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx?#%22China%22 |title=Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the UN Secretary-General |access-date=2019-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610022419/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx#%22China%22 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=China and the International Human Rights System
|author=Sonya Sceats with Shaun Breslin
|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/r1012_sceatsbreslin.pdf
|year=2012
|page=3
|publisher=Chatham House
|isbn=978-1-86203-273-6
|access-date=2019-11-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013190108/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/r1012_sceatsbreslin.pdf
|archive-date=2019-10-13
|url-status=live
}}</ref> though the PRC in 1971 affirmed acceptance of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by virtue of simply becoming UN members.<ref>{{Cite journal
 |last=Moore
 |first=Greg
 |date=January 2001
 |title=China's Cautious Participation in the UN Human Rights Regime
 |journal=Human Rights & Human Welfare
 |volume=1
 |issue=1
 |pages=23–24
 |url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/hrhw/vol1/iss1/6
 |access-date=2019-11-05
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105191842/https://digitalcommons.du.edu/hrhw/vol1/iss1/6/
 |archive-date=2019-11-05
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

In the 1960s and early 1970s that the United States' close ally, [[Pakistan]], especially under the presidency of [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], was carrying out messenger diplomacy to the PRC's entry into the UN by the United States' diplomacy to People's Republic of China in the time of [[Sino-Soviet split]]. This involved secret visits by United States officials to the PRC. In 1971, [[Henry Kissinger]] made a secret visit to the PRC through Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting Kissinger's Secret Trip to Beijing {{!}} US-China Institute |url=https://china.usc.edu/revisiting-kissingers-secret-trip-beijing |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=china.usc.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112150647/https://china.usc.edu/revisiting-kissingers-secret-trip-beijing |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1974, China announced its [[Three Worlds Theory]] at the UN.<ref name=":Laikwan">{{Cite book |last=Laikwan |first=Pang |title=One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty |date=2024 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=9781503638815 |location=Stanford, CA}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}}

Since the early 1980s, and particularly since 1989, by means of vigorous monitoring and the strict maintenance of standards, United Nations human rights organizations have encouraged China to move away from its insistence on the principle of noninterference, to take part in resolutions critical of human rights conditions in other nations, and to accept the applicability to itself of human rights norms and UN procedures. Even though China has continued to suppress political dissidents at home, and appears at times resolutely defiant of outside pressure to reform, Ann Kent argues that it has gradually begun to implement some international human rights standards.<ref>
{{cite book
|title=China, the United Nations, and Human Rights-The Limits of Compliance
|author=Ann Kent
|url=https://archive.org/details/chinaunitednatio0000kent
|year=1999
|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press
|isbn=978-0-8122-1681-3
|access-date=2013-05-09
|url-access=registration
}}
</ref> On [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China|human rights]] issues, the PRC has been increasingly influential by the bargaining of its robust [[macroeconomics]] growth<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Vincelette|first1=Gallina Andronova|last2=Manoel|first2=Alvaro|last3=Hansson|first3=Ardo|last4=Kuijs|first4=Louis|title=China : Global Crisis Avoided, Robust Economic Growth Sustained|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3918|website=World Bank Group [[Open Knowledge Repository]]|series=Policy Research Working Papers |publisher=[[World Bank Group]]|access-date=5 October 2015|date=2010|doi=10.1596/1813-9450-5435 |s2cid=167990418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006014722/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3918|archive-date=2015-10-06|url-status=live|hdl=10986/3918|hdl-access=free}}
</ref> for the domestic [[social equality]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/03/19/results-profile-china-poverty-reduction|title=Results Profile: China Poverty Reduction|work=World Bank|access-date=2014-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908090556/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/03/19/results-profile-china-poverty-reduction|archive-date=2014-09-08|url-status=live}}
</ref> In 1995, they won 43 percent of the votes in the General Assembly; by 2006 they won 82 percent.<ref name=adbusters />

Until the 1980s, China was skeptical of UN Security Council resolutions on peace and security, tending to view them as a mechanism for great power interference in other countries.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=82}} Beginning in 1982, China started to contribute financially to peacekeeping operations and in 1990 contributed peacekeepers for the first time.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=82}}

When an enlargement of the Security Council was discussed in 1995, China encouraged African states to demand seats for themselves as a counter-move to Japan's ambitions, and thereby nullified the Japanese initiative.<ref name="adbusters">
Mark Leonard: [http://www.adbusters.org/magazine/79/unrestricted_warfare.html Deft Moves at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313111504/http://www.adbusters.org/magazine/79/unrestricted_warfare.html |date=2009-03-13 }} , Adbusters.org, February 6, 2009.
</ref>

China held its first joint training course with the United Nations Peacekeeping Department in 2016.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=238}}

In 2019, the United Nations Human Rights Office was accused of handing over since 2013 lists of names of human rights activists that included [[Sinicization of Tibet|Tibetan]] and [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] dissidents, some of whom were U.S. nationals and residents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Evansky|first=Ben|date=2019-12-14|title=UN Human Rights Office accused of helping China keep an eye on dissidents|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-human-rights-office-china-dissidents|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Fox News|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104044731/https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-human-rights-office-china-dissidents|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] denied the accusation but then confirmed the sharing of names but refuted that it had resulted in harmful effects on the human rights defenders in question. This was discussed in a [[States General of the Netherlands]] parliamentary session.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aanhangsel van de Handelingen|publisher=Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal|url=https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=12daaf04-0209-4750-aae1-af0fdbc1dbbe&title=Nader%20antwoord%20op%20vragen%20van%20de%20leden%20Van%20Helvert%20en%20Omtzigt%20over%20de%20toekenning%20van%20de%20speciale%20editie%20van%20de%20mensenrechtentulp%20aan%20de%20Hoge%20Commissaris%20voor%20de%20Mensenrechten%20Zeid%20Ra%27ad%20Al%20Hussein%20en%20de%20rol%20van%20de%20commissaris%20in%20de%20schandelijke%20behandeling%20van%20klokkenluider%20Anders%20Kompass%2C%20die%20ernstig%20seksueel%20misbruik%20van%20kinderen%20door%20vredestroepen%20in%20de%20Centraal%20Afrikaanse%20Republiek%20aan%20de%20orde%20stelde.pdf|pages=5–6|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109145220/https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=12daaf04-0209-4750-aae1-af0fdbc1dbbe&title=Nader%20antwoord%20op%20vragen%20van%20de%20leden%20Van%20Helvert%20en%20Omtzigt%20over%20de%20toekenning%20van%20de%20speciale%20editie%20van%20de%20mensenrechtentulp%20aan%20de%20Hoge%20Commissaris%20voor%20de%20Mensenrechten%20Zeid%20Ra%27ad%20Al%20Hussein%20en%20de%20rol%20van%20de%20commissaris%20in%20de%20schandelijke%20behandeling%20van%20klokkenluider%20Anders%20Kompass%2C%20die%20ernstig%20seksueel%20misbruik%20van%20kinderen%20door%20vredestroepen%20in%20de%20Centraal%20Afrikaanse%20Republiek%20aan%20de%20orde%20stelde.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, China called the assessment of the [[UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang]] regarding [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|human rights abuses against the Uyghurs]] "invalid and illegal."<ref name="CNN 1">{{Cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Simone |date=1 September 2022 |title=China may have committed 'crimes against humanity' in Xinjiang, UN report finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/asia/un-xinjiang-china-bachelet-report-intl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901113753/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/asia/un-xinjiang-china-bachelet-report-intl/ |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last1=Cumming-Bruce |first1=Nick |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin |date=31 August 2022 |title=U.N. Says China May Have Committed 'Crimes Against Humanity' in Xinjiang |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/31/world/asia/un-china-xinjiang-uyghurs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901014137/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/31/world/asia/un-china-xinjiang-uyghurs.html |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-01 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=China's treatment of Uyghurs may be crime against humanity, says UN human rights chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/31/china-uyghur-muslims-xinjiang-michelle-bachelet-un |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901063704/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/31/china-uyghur-muslims-xinjiang-michelle-bachelet-un |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Taiwan|China|Politics}}
{{Commons}}
* [[One-China policy]]
** [[History of the Republic of China]]
*** [[Nationalist government (Republic of China)]]
*** [[Republic of China (1912–49)]]
** [[History of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[UN Chinese Language Day]]
* Article 33 of [[United Nations Charter]]<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33.shtml |title=Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs — Codification Division Publications |access-date=2018-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101035627/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33.shtml |archive-date=2018-11-01 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url = http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=..%2Frepertory%2Fart33%2Fenglish%2Frep_orig_vol2_art33.pdf&lang=E |title=Official document of the United Nations |access-date=2019-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015523/http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=..%2Frepertory%2Fart33%2Fenglish%2Frep_orig_vol2_art33.pdf&lang=E |archive-date=2018-01-25 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
{{clear right}}

== Note ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Foreign relations of the Republic of China}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
{{United Nations' relations with its Member States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China And The United Nations}}
[[Category:China and the United Nations| ]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of China]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Taiwan]]
[[Category:1971 in China]]