View source for Chinatown

{{short description|Ethnic enclave of Chinese expatriates}}
{{Hatnote group|{{Redirect|Little China|the ideology|Little China (ideology)}}{{Other uses}}}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Chinatown - East Broadway.jpg
| piccap = [[New York City|New York]]'s Manhattan [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]] has the highest concentration of [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinese people]] outside of [[Asia]].<ref name="Manhattan Chinatown Largest Concentration Chinese Western Hemisphere" /><ref name="fact-sheet" /><ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns" />
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| y = Tòhngyàhngāai
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| s2 = 中国城
| t2 = {{linktext|中國城}}
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| w2 = Chung<sup>1</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup> chʻeng<sup>2</sup>
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| poj2 = Tiong-kok-siânn
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| s3 = 华埠
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| ci3 = {{IPAc-yue|w|aa|4|-|f|au|6}}
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| poj3 = Hôa-bú
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}}
{{Chinatown}}

'''Chinatown''' ({{lang-zh|t=唐人街}}) is a common term used to describe an [[ethnic enclave]] of [[Chinese people]] located outside of [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and [[Taiwan]], typically situated in an urban area. Chinatowns can be found around the world, including in [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Oceania]], and the [[Americas]]. The history of Chinatowns date back to the [[Tang dynasty]] in the 10th century, arising from the nation's important role in global trade.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The rise of merchant empires: long-distance trade in the early modern world, 1350 - 1750 ; [essays originally prepared for distribution and discussion at a conference on "The Rise of Merchant Empires" in October 1987] |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-45735-4 |editor-last=Tracy |editor-first=James D. |edition=Transferred to digital print. 1999 - [im Kolophon: Milton Keynes: Lightning Source, 2010] |series=Studies in comparative early modern history |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

[[Binondo]] in [[Manila]], established in 1594, is recognized as the world's oldest standing Chinatown. Notable early examples outside Asia include [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] in the United States and [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Melbourne's Chinatown]] in Australia, which were founded in the early 1850s during the [[California Gold Rush|California]] and [[Victorian gold rush|Victoria]] gold rushes, respectively. A more modern example, in [[Montville, Connecticut]], was caused by the displacement of Chinese workers in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York's Manhattan Chinatown]] following the [[September 11 attacks|September 11th attacks]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2dbKSxna6k|title=Connecticut's Unexpected Chinatowns|via=[[YouTube]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031214821/http://www.citylab.com/amp/article/440190/|archive-date=2016-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/news/20160722/fortune-friction-and-decline-as-casino-chinatown-matures|title=Fortune, friction and decline as casino 'Chinatown' matures|author=Philip Marcelo |agency=The Associated Press|website=The Bulletin}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Definition==
[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] defines "Chinatown" as "...{{nbsp}}a district of any non-Asian town, especially a city or [[seaport]], in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Chinatown|title=Definition of Chinatown|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228215015/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Chinatown|archive-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>  However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340 |title=Where You Live Chinatown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301230646/https://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340 |archive-date=2014-03-01 }}</ref> Some "Vietnamese" enclaves are in fact a city's "second Chinatown", and some Chinatowns are in fact [[pan-Asian]], meaning they could also be counted as a [[Koreatown]] or [[Little India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/littlesaigonssta0000agui |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/littlesaigonssta0000agui/page/33 33] |title=Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816654857 |last1=Juan |first1=Karin Aguilar-San |year=2009}}</ref> One example includes [[Asiatown, Cleveland|Asiatown]] in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. It was initially referred to as a [[Old Chinatown, Cleveland|Chinatown]] but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-Chinese [[Asian Americans]] who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a unifying factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese and Thai communities of Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p%3D713 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101411/http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p=713 |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

Further ambiguities with the term can include Chinese [[ethnoburb]]s which by definition are "...{{nbsp}}[[suburban]] ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-5743-9780824836719.aspx|title=Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303214959/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-5743-9780824836719.aspx|archive-date=2014-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/asians-in-thriving-enclaves-keep-distance-from-whites.html|title=Asians in Thriving Enclaves Keep Distance From Whites|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122212519/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/asians-in-thriving-enclaves-keep-distance-from-whites.html|archive-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>  An article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' blurs the line further by categorizing very different Chinatowns such as [[Chinatown, Manhattan]], which exists in an urban setting as "traditional"; [[Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley|Monterey Park's Chinatown]], which exists in a "suburban" setting (and labeled as such); and Austin, Texas's Chinatown, which is in essence a "fabricated" Chinese-themed mall. This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the term only described Chinatown in a city setting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/travel/chinatown-revisited.html|title=Chinatown Revisited|newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 January 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706171445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/travel/chinatown-revisited.html?_r=0|archive-date=2017-07-06|last1=Tsui |first1=Bonnie }}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Chinese emigration}}
[[Entrepôt|Trading centers]] populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Chinese emigration|Emigration]] to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the [[Treaty of Peking]] (1860), which opened China's borders to free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal [[Chinese province|provinces]] of [[Guangdong]] (Canton, Kwangtung) and [[Fujian]] (Fukien, Hokkien) in [[southeastern China]] – where the people generally speak [[Taishanese|Toishanese]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] (Chiuchow), and [[Hokkien]].  In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount of [[Chinese emigration]] to North America originated from four counties called [[Sze Yup]], located west of the [[Pearl River Delta]] in [[Guangdong]] province, making Toishanese a dominant [[Varieties of Chinese|variety]] of the [[Chinese language]] spoken in [[Chinatowns in Canada and the United States]].

As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed in them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as [[ethnic enclave]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town |title=From Chinatown to Ghost Town |publisher=NHPR |date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2013-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042729/http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town |archive-date=2013-11-01 }}</ref>

===In Asia===
{{See also|Parián}}
[[File:Arch of Goodwill, Santa Cruz, Manila (1).jpg|thumb|250px|Established in 1594, [[Binondo]] in [[Manila]] is home to the world's oldest Chinatown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radio86.com/travel/destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world |title=Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world |author=Geni Raitisoja |date=July 8, 2006 |access-date=January 12, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327040651/http://radio86.com/travel/destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world |archive-date=March 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByWDCwAAQBAJ&q=binondo+oldest+chinatown|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society|isbn=9781452226439|last=Wherry|first=Frederick F.|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|date=2015-09-01|page=355|access-date=2020-08-04}}</ref>]]
In the [[Spanish Philippines]], where the oldest surviving Chinatowns are located, the district where Chinese migrants (''[[sangley]]es'') were required to live is called a [[parián]], which were originally a marketplace for trade goods. Most of them were established in the late 16th century and became settlements of Chinese migrants due to the early Spanish colonial policy of ethnic segregation. There were numerous pariáns throughout the Philippines in various locations, the names of which still survive into modern district names. This include the [[Parián (Manila)|Parián de Arroceros]] of [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]] (which was eventually moved several times, ending up in [[Binondo]]). The term was also carried into [[Latin America]] by Filipino migrants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dela Cerna |first1=Madrilena |title=Parian in Cebu |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=188 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224131510/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=188 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Parian and the Spanish Colonial Economy |url=https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/ |website=Intramuros Administration, Republic of the Philippines |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214134/https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pacs.ph">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=John William |title=The Word Parian: An Etymological and Historical Adventure |journal=The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos (Part III) |date=2000 |volume=8 |pages=67–72 |url=https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/ |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214132/https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The central market place of [[Mexico City]] (now part of [[Zócalo]]) selling imported goods from the [[Manila galleons]] in the 18th and early 19th centuries was called "Parián de Manila" (or just "Parián").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Shirley |title=The Manila-Acapulco galleons: the treasure ships of the Pacific; with an annotated list of the transpacific galleons 1565 - 1815 |date=2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |location=Central Milton Keynes |isbn=9781456775438 |page=438}}</ref>

Along the coastal areas of [[Southeast Asia]], several Chinese settlements existed as early as the 16th century according to [[Zheng He]] and [[Tomé Pires]]' travel accounts. Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period, for instance, had a large Chinese population in Campo China. They settled down at port towns under the authority's approval for trading. After the European colonial powers seized and ruled the port towns in the 16th century, Chinese supported European traders and colonists, and created autonomous settlements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=腾讯网 |date=2024-11-11 |title=zh：舟山差点变"香港"？英国最想占的为何是舟山，而非香港？_腾讯新闻 |trans-title=en：Zhoushan almost became "Hong Kong"? Why did the UK want to occupy Zhoushan instead of Hong Kong? _Tencent News |url=https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20241111A07KTW00 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=news.qq.com |language=zh-CN}}</ref>

Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], [[Kobe]], [[Kuwana, Mie|Kuwana]], and [[Yokohama]], Japan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Takekoshi|first=Yosaburo|title=economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, Vol. 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=124}}</ref> [[Binondo]] in Manila, [[Hoi An]] and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam<ref>{{cite book|last=Li|first=Qingxin|title=Maritime Silk Road|year=2006|publisher=China International Press|page=157}}</ref> all existed in 1600. [[Glodok]], the Chinese quarter of [[Jakarta, Indonesia]], dates to 1740.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abeyesekere |first=Susan |title=Jakarta: A History|year=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press. All rights reserved|page=6 }}</ref>

Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century CE, with the first recorded Chinese settler in [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Calcutta]] named Young Atchew around 1780.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147|title=Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=31 July 2004|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147|archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> Chinatowns first appeared in the Indian cities of [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[Chinatown, Mumbai|Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]].

The [[Chinatown, Bangkok|Chinatown]] centered on [[Yaowarat Road]] in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center]]|url=http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html|title=The History of Chinatown Bangkok|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920194046/http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

===Outside of Asia===
[[File:Chinese Arch Little Bourke St Melbourne.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Chinatown, Melbourne]] is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the [[Western World]] and the oldest Chinatown in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|title=Chinatown Melbourne|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125022815/http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ABOUTMELBOURNE/HISTORY/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspxt|title=Melbourne's multicultural history|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930190838/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/melbourne-heritage/Pages/melbourne-heritage.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|title=World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131130906/http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The essential guide to Chinatown |url=https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |website=Melbourne Food and Wine Festival |date=3 February 2021 |publisher=Food + Drink Victoria |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234525/https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the [[Blue Funnel Shipping Line]], a [[cargo ship|cargo transport]] company established by [[Alfred Holt]]. The [[Commerce|commercial]] [[shipping line]] created strong [[Economic history of China (pre-1911)|trade]] links between the cities of [[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, and [[tea]].<ref name="LCBA">{{cite web|title=History of Liverpool Chinatown |publisher=The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association |url=http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |access-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> They settled near the docks in south Liverpool, this area was heavily bombed during World War II, causing the Chinese community moving to the current  location [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool Chinatown]] on Nelson Street.

The [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown in San Francisco]] is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.<ref>[https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 Documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106231830/https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 |date=2014-01-06 }}, KPIX-TV, 1963.</ref> The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]]<ref name="Foster 2001">{{cite book|author=Lee Foster|title=Northern California History Weekends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C|access-date=26 December 2011|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8|page=13}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> on the [[First transcontinental railroad in North America|Transcontinental Railroad]]. Since it started in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century.<ref>Roenfeld, R. (2019) [https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ "A History of Omaha's Chinatown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ |date=March 6, 2019 }}, NorthOmahaHistory.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</ref> Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from [[San Diego]] to [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 [[Gold Rush]].

Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the [[Western United States]] in states such as [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and [[Arizona]]. As the [[transcontinental railroad]] was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as [[St. Louis]], [[Chicago]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Butte, Montana]]. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in many [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast cities]], including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York City]], [[Chinatown, Boston|Boston]], [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] and [[Baltimore]]. With the passage of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], many [[American South|southern states]] such as [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.<ref name="Okihiro 2015">{{cite book|last=Okihiro|first=Gary Y.|title=American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-27435-8|page=201|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502225136/https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|archive-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>

The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when [[labor dispute]]s arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the [[Rock Springs Massacre]]. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed.

In Australia, the [[Victorian gold rush]], which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from the [[Guangdong]] area. A community began to form in the eastern end of [[Little Bourke Street]], [[Melbourne]] by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of the [[Melbourne Chinatown]], making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent [[Little Lon district|'Little Lon]]' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. The [[Australian gold rushes]] also saw the development of a Chinatown in [[Sydney]], at first around [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|title=Chinatown|website=Dictionary of Sydney|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427115045/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref> Nowadays, [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's Chinatown]] is centered on Dixon Street.

Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including [[Quartier Asiatique|Paris]] and [[Chinatown, London|London]], were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the [[Limehouse]] area of the [[East End of London]]<ref>Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 ''Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism, and Social Change''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165201/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 |date=February 12, 2024 }}. [[Routledge]]. pp. 45–58.</ref> at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the [[London Docklands|Docklands]]. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of [[opium den]]s and [[slum housing]].

France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of [[Wenzhou]], in the [[Zhejiang]] province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] and the [[13th arrondissement of Paris]].

{{Gallery |align=center
|File:2024-05-20 13 32 04 View west along East Broadway from the Manhattan Bridge in Manhattan, New York City, New York.jpg|[[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]], the largest concentration of [[Chinese people]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref name="Manhattan Chinatown Largest Concentration Chinese Western Hemisphere">{{cite web|url=https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|title=Chinatown New York|publisher=Civitatis New York|quote=As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|url-status=live |last1=Mancebo |first1=Ivanka Garcia }}</ref><ref name="fact-sheet" /> and one of [[Chinese Americans in New York City|nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City]],<ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns">{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|title=Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns|author=Stefanie Tuder|publisher=EATER NY|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of twelve in the surrounding [[New York metropolitan area]]|File: Brooklyn_Chinatown.png|[[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]], the [[Boroughs (New York City)|borough]] with the highest number of [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinatowns in New York City]]
|File:Chinatown, San Francisco, California, USA (52448126215).jpg|[[Chinatown, San Francisco]], the oldest Chinatown in the US
|File:Chinatown Gate Boston July 2025.jpg|[[Chinatown, Boston]], a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern [[engineering]] concepts
|File:Shops at Chinatown Square on May 24, 2025 1.jpg|The design of Chinatown Square in [[Chinatown, Chicago]] was inspired by the [[Forbidden City|Chinese Imperial Court]].
|File:Friendship Gate Chinatown Philadelphia from west.jpg|[[Chinatown, Philadelphia]], the recipient of significant [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] from both [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]<ref name="Chinese NYC to Philadelphia">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|title=Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia|author=Matt Katz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 20, 2018|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and China<ref name="Philadelphia Foreign Born">{{cite news|url=https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|title=Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990|author=Jeff Gammage|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=May 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|quote=China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data.|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180258/https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|File:Chinese Arch - geograph.org.uk - 1021559.jpg|[[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool's Chinatown]], the oldest Chinatown in Europe
}}

===1970s to the present===
By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the [[Vietnam War]] played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.

In 2001, the events of [[September 11 attacks|September 11]] resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]] to [[Montville, Connecticut]], due to the fall of the garment industry. Chinese workers transitioned to [[casino]] jobs fueled by the development of the [[Mohegan Sun]] casino.

In 2012, [[Chinatown, Tijuana|Tijuana's Chinatown]] formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. The [[La Mesa (Tijuana)|La Mesa District of Tijuana]] was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights to [[Shanghai]]. It has an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtaking [[Mexicali]]'s Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico.
{{Wide image|Chinatown 1.jpg|600px|3=<div align=center>The busy intersection of [[Main Street (Queens)|Main Street]] and [[Roosevelt Avenue]] in the [[Flushing Chinatown|Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)]], [[Downtown Flushing]], [[Queens]], [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]], one of the busiest [[pedestrian]] intersections in the world. The segment of Main Street between [[Kissena Boulevard]] and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the [[Long Island]] [[Long Island Rail Road|Rail Road]] [[Trestle bridge|trestle]] overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown.  Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world|author=Melia Robinson|website=Business Insider|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> Flushing is undergoing rapid [[gentrification]] by Chinese transnational entities,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments|title='Not what it used to be': in New York, Flushing's Asian residents brace against gentrification|author=Sarah Ngu|newspaper=[[The Guardian US]]|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2020|quote=The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&amp;T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese-American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813091230/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments|url-status=live}}</ref> and the growth of the business activity at the core of [[Downtown Flushing]], dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the Covid-19 pandemic.<ref name=FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html|title=Can the Hochul-Adams New New York Actually Happen?|author=Justin Davidson|publisher=Curbed - New York magazine|date=December 15, 2022|access-date=December 18, 2022|archive-date=December 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218183018/https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, [[Chinese emigration|illegal Chinese immigration]] to [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]], and especially to the city's Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.<ref name=NYCPrimaryChineseDestination>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html|title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border|author=Eileen Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 2023|access-date=November 24, 2023|quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city’s resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan...“New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community,” said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.|archive-date=November 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125055441/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html?searchResultPosition=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
</div>|dir=rtl}}
The [[New York metropolitan area]], consisting of [[New York City]], [[Long Island]], and nearby areas within the states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Pennsylvania]], is home to the largest Chinese-American population of any [[U.S. metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017,<ref name="NYC Chinese 1">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2020|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref> and including at least 12 Chinatowns, including nine in New York City proper alone.<ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns" /> Steady [[Chinese emigration|immigration from mainland China]], both legal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|date=13 April 2016|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=August 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808080130/http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200141/https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref> and illegal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary|title=Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities|author=John Marzulli|newspaper=New York Daily News |date=9 May 2011|access-date=March 3, 2019|location=New York|archive-date=2015-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034445/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516|url-status=dead}}</ref> has fueled Chinese-American population growth in the New York metropolitan area. New York's status as an alpha global city, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace are among the many reasons it remains a major international immigration hub. The [[Manhattan Chinatown]] contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the [[Western Hemisphere]],<ref name="fact-sheet">* {{cite web |url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet |website=Explore Chinatown |access-date=March 2, 2019 }}
* {{cite web 
 |url=http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html 
 |title=The History of New York's Chinatown 
 |author=Sarah Waxman 
 |publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc 
 |access-date=March 3, 2019 
 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html 
 |url-status=live 
 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web 
 |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf 
 |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4 
 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz 
 |publisher=Middle States Geographer 
 |year=2002 
 |volume=35 
 |pages=110–119 
 |work=Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers 
 |access-date=March 3, 2019 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf 
 |archive-date=October 29, 2012 
 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing Chinatown]] in [[Queens]] has become the world's largest Chinatown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout|title=Behind Illicit Massage Parlors Lie a Vast Crime Network and Modern Indentured Servitude|first1=Nicholas |last1=Kulish|first2=Frances |last2=Robles|first3=Patricia |last3=Mazzei|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2019|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043138/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has adversely affected tourism and business in Chinatown, San Francisco<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/|title=The country's oldest Chinatown is fighting for its life in San Francisco Covid-19 has decimated tourism in the neighborhood. Can its historic businesses survive?|author=Jada Chin|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 30, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202235502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chinatown, Chicago]], Illinois<ref>{{cite news|url=https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html|title=Chicago's Chinatown takes a hit as coronavirus fears keep customers away. Business is down as much as 50% at some restaurants|author=Robert Channick|newspaper=Herald & Review|date=February 12, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427124131/https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as others worldwide.

==Chinese settlements==
===History===
*People of [[Fujian]] province used to move over the [[South China Sea]] from the 14th century{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} to look for more stable jobs, in most cases of trading and fishery, and settled down near the port/jetty under approval of the local authority such as [[Magong]] ([[Penghu]]), [[Hoian]] ([[Vietnam]]), [[Songkla]] ([[Thailand]]), [[Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]), [[Banten]], [[Semarang]], [[Tuban]] ([[Indonesia]]), [[Manila]] (the [[Philippines]]), etc.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} A large number of this kind of settlements was developed along the coastal areal of the [[South China Sea]],{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} and was called "Campon China" by Portuguese account<ref>1613 Description of Malaca and Meridional India and Cathay composed by Emanuel Godinho de Eradia.</ref> and "China Town" by English account.<ref>"We firſt paſſed the lower ground, from thence round the Horſe Stable Hill, to the Hermitage, and ſo by the China Town and brick-ſhades," Modern Hiſtory: Bing a Continuation of the Universal History, Book XIV, Chap. VI. Hiſtory of the Engliſh Eaſt India Company, 1759.</ref>

===Settlement pattern===
*The settlement was developed along a jetty and protected by [[Mazu]] temple, which was dedicated for the Goddess of Sea for safe sailing. Market place was open in front of [[Mazu]] temple, and [[shophouses]] were built along the street leading from west side of the [[Mazu]] temple. At the end of the street, [[Tudigong]] (Land God) temple was placed. As the settlement prospered as commercial town, [[Kuan Ti]] temple would be added for commercial success, especially by people from Hong Kong and Guangdong province. This core pattern was maintained even the settlement got expanded as a city, and forms historical urban center of the Southeast Asia.<ref>Hideo Izumida, Chinese Settlements and China-towns along Coastal Area of the South China Sea: Asian Urbanization Through Immigration and Colonization, 2006, {{ISBN|4-7615-2383-2}}(Japanese version), {{ISBN|978-89-5933-712-5}}(Korean version)</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg|Hoian Settlement Pattern, Vietnam, 1991
File:Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg|Pengchau Settlement Pattern, Hong Kong, 1991
File:Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg|Chinese Settlement in Georgetown, Malaysia, 1991
File:Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg|Chinese Settlement in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991
File:Kucing-Tinhua1991.jpg|Tin Hau (Goddess of Sea) Temple in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991
File:Kucing-Todigong1991.jpg|[[Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching|To Di Gong (Land God) Temple]] at Kuching, 1991
</gallery>

==Characteristics==
The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns.

===Demographics===
The early Chinatowns such as those in [[San Francisco]] and [[Los Angeles]] in the United States were naturally destinations for people of Chinese descent as [[Chinese emigration|migration]] were the result of opportunities such as the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental Railroad drawing the population in, creating natural Chinese enclaves that were almost always 100% exclusively Han Chinese, which included both people born in China and in the enclave, in this case [[American-born Chinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm#CHI_HOS_4_1 |title=Chinatown Area Plan (San Francisco Chinatown) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519123247/http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm |archive-date=2014-05-19 }}</ref>  In some free countries such as the United States and Canada, housing laws that prevent [[Housing discrimination in the United States|discrimination]] also allows neighborhoods that may have been characterized as "All Chinese" to also allow non-Chinese to reside in these communities.  For example, the Chinatown in [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] has a sizeable non-Chinese population residing within the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Chinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html|title=Chinatown Philadelphia PA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702164650/http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Chinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html|archive-date=2014-07-02}}</ref>

A recent study also suggests that the demographic change is also driven by [[gentrification]] of what were previously Chinatown neighborhoods.  The influx of [[Luxury real estate|luxury housing]] is speeding up the gentrification of such neighborhoods. The trend for emergence of these types of natural enclaves is on the decline (with the exceptions being the continued growth and emergence of newer Chinatowns in [[Chinatowns in Queens|Queens]] and [[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] in New York City), only to be replaced by newer "Disneyland-like" attractions, such as a new Chinatown that will be built in the [[Catskills]] region of [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/china-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-York|title=China City Of America: New Disney-Like Chinese-Themed Development Plans To Bring $6 Billion To Catskills In New York State|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307120550/http://www.ibtimes.com/china-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-york|archive-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>  This includes the endangerment of existing historical Chinatowns that will eventually stop serving the needs of Chinese immigrants.

Newer developments like those in [[Norwich, Connecticut]], and the [[Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley|San Gabriel Valley]], which are not necessarily considered "Chinatowns" in the sense that they do not necessarily contain the Chinese architectures or Chinese language signs as signatures of an officially sanctioned area that was designated either in law or signage stating so, differentiate areas that are called "Chinatowns" versus locations that have "significant" populations of people of Chinese descent.  For example, [[San Jose, California]] in the United States has 63,434 people (2010 U.S. Census) of Chinese descent, and yet "does not have a [[Chinatowns in San Jose|Chinatown]]".  Some "official" Chinatowns have Chinese populations much lower than that.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |title=U.S. Census website |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Town-Scape===
{{Main|Chinese architecture}}

Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as ''[[Paifang]]'' (sometimes accompanied by [[imperial guardian lion]] statues on either side of the structure, to greet visitors).  Other Chinese architectural styles such as the Chinese Garden of Friendship in [[Sydney Chinatown]] and the [[Chinese stone lions]] at the gate to the [[Victoria, British Columbia]] Chinatown are present in some Chinatowns. [[Mahale Chiniha]], the Chinatown in [[Iran]], contains many buildings that were constructed in the Chinese architectural style.

Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the [[Republic of China]] and [[People's Republic of China]], or local governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of the Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches is often financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some of these structures span an entire intersection, and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made of [[wood]], [[masonry]] or [[steel]] and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design.

{{Gallery |align=center |title=Chinatown landmarks
|File:The Sydney Chinatown (16261772672).jpg|Entrance to [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney]]
|File:China Gate, Philadelphia.jpg|Paifang in [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]
|File:Chinatown, DC gate.jpg|[[Friendship Archway (Washington, D.C.)|Friendship Archway]] in the [[Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)|Chinatown]] of [[Washington, D.C.]]
|File:Nochi.jpg|Paifang in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|File:Paifang Boston Chinatown 1.jpg|[[Chinatown, Boston]] looking towards the paifang
|File:ChinatownGatePortland.jpg|Gate of Chinatown, [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]]
|File:Chinatown Arch Newcastle UK.jpg|Chinatown entry arch in [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Newcastle]], England
|File:2022-10-15_Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship,_Sydney_1.jpg|Chinese Garden of Friendship, part of [[Sydney Chinatown]]
||[[Chinese stone lions]] at the Chinatown gate in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada
|File:Chinatown Gate 1 Compressed.jpg|Harbin Gates in Chinatown of [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada
|File:Chinatown Vancouver.JPG|Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown of [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada
|File:ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG|The [[Chinese Cultural Centre (Calgary)|Chinese Cultural Centre]] in the [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canada [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]]
|File:Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG|Chinese Temple "Toong On Church" in [[Kolkata]], India.
|File:Yokohama_Chinatown_Emperor_Guan's_Shrine_1.jpg|Chinese Temple in [[Yokohama Chinatown]], Japan.
|Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch at Binondo.jpg|Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch in [[Manila]]}}

==Benevolent and business associations==
{{Main|Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association}}

[[File:Zhonghua Huiguan, San Francisco (6540).JPG|thumb|left|upright|Headquarters of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]]]]

A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common [[Chinese surname]] or belonging to a common clan, spoken [[Chinese dialect]], specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities.

Some examples include San Francisco's prominent [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] (中華總會館 ''Zhōnghuá Zǒng Huìguǎn''), aka [[Chinese Six Companies]] and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Republic of China]].

The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in [[Chinatown, London]]. [[Chinatown, Paris]] has an institution in the ''Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise'' and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former [[French Indochina]].

Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active.

==Names==

===English===
[[File:Boston Signs.jpg|thumb|upright|Official signs in [[Boston]] pointing towards "[[Chinatown, Boston|Chinatown]]"]]
"Chinatown" is the most common name in the English language today, but several alternate English names for Chinatown include '''China Town''' (generally used in [[British English|British]] and [[Australian English]]), '''The Chinese District''', '''Chinese Quarter''', '''Little Canton''', '''Little China''', and '''[[China Alley (disambiguation)|China Alley]]''' (an antiquated term used primarily in several [[rural]] towns in the [[American West|western United States]] for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of [[adobe]] construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community.

The earliest known use of the term "Chinatown" dates back to 1606, though it would not become widely used until centuries later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-09 |title=Definition of CHINATOWN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chinatown |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary - Chinatown |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/chinatown_n}}</ref> Its modern usage appears to have emerged in connection with thee [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinese quarter]] of [[Singapore]], which by 1844 was being called "China Town" or "Chinatown" by the British colonial government.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Simmond's Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany|date=Jan–Apr 1844|page=335|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14606011.html|title=Trade and Commerce in Singapore|access-date=2011-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222220928/http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14606011.html|archive-date=2011-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=1844-07-23|page= 2}}</ref> This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably "Kampong China" or possibly "Kota China" or "Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua".

The first modern appearance of the term "Chinatown" outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island of [[St. Helena]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hatfield|first=Edwin F.|title=St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope|url=https://archive.org/details/sthelenacapeofgo01hatf|year=1852|page=[https://archive.org/details/sthelenacapeofgo01hatf/page/197 197]}}</ref> The island was a regular way-station on the voyage to Europe and North America from Indian Ocean ports, including Singapore. Chinatowns in the [[United States]] were initially called "China Quarter",<ref>{{Citation |title=Chinatown |date=2015 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-economics-and-society/chpt/chinatown |access-date=2025-08-14 |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781452206905.n146 |isbn=978-1-4522-2643-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or "Little Canton" because most Chinese immigrants were [[Taishanese people]] from [[Guangdong]] province. "Little Canton" was also used in [[Australia]] and [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Ian |date=2004 |title="Our Neighbors but Not Our Countrymen": Christianity and the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Victoria (Australia) and California |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23613281 |journal=The Journal of American-East Asian Relations |volume=13 |issue=1–2 |pages=149–183 |doi=10.1163/187656106793645204 |jstor=23613281 |issn=1058-3947}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=world |first=Taiwan Panorama Magazine {{!}} An international, bilingual magazine for Chinese people around the |title=Mexicali: A Chinese Legend on the U.S.-Mexican Border |url=http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=9f43fb4b-3597-4de1-8cd6-e65c1371d042 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Taiwan Panorama Magazine {{!}} An international, bilingual magazine for Chinese people around the world |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref>

[[File:ChinatownSign.jpg|left|thumb|Sign inside [[Jefferson Station (Philadelphia)|Jefferson Station]] in [[Philadelphia]] pointing to "[[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Chinatown]]"]]
Inspired by its use in St. Helena,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinatown - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Chinatown |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> the term "Chinatown" was popularized in the United States by the [[San Francisco]] press beginning in 1853.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinatown {{!}} The Story of Chinatown |url=https://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinatown/resourceguide/story.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaper ''[[The Daily Alta California]]'' described a "pitched battle on the streets of [SF's] Chinatown".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1855-12-12|page= 1}}</ref>  Other ''Alta'' articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called "Chinatown" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1857-12-12|page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1858-06-04|page= 2}}</ref> By 1869, "Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada.  For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: "From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Defiance Democrat|date=1869-06-12|page= 5}}</ref>

In British publications before the 1890s, "Chinatown" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Ballarat Star|date=1861-02-16|page= 2}}</ref> and 1873 in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Tuapeka Times|date=1873-02-06|page= 4}}</ref> In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities "Chinatowns" is not older than the twentieth century.

===In Chinese===
[[File:Sign for Stowell Street - geograph.org.uk - 911781.jpg|right|thumb|Street sign in [[Chinatown, Newcastle]], with {{lang|zh|唐人街}} below the street name]]
In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], Chinatown is usually called {{lang|zh|唐人街}}, in [[Cantonese]] ''Tong jan gai'', in [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] ''Tángrénjiē'', in [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] ''Tong ngin gai'', and in [[Taishan dialect|Toisan]] ''Hong ngin gai'', literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". The [[Tang dynasty]] was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short [[Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia|Fisgard Street]] in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], Canada.

A more modern Chinese name is  {{lang|zh|華埠}} (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. ''Bù'', pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as ''fù'', usually means ''seaport''; but in this sense, it means ''city'' or ''town''.  ''Tong jan fau'' ({{lang|zh|唐人埠}}  "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of ''Chinatown''—''Zhōngguó Chéng'' ({{lang|zh|中國城}}) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns.

Chinatowns in Southeast Asia have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese, as there are large populations of people who are [[Overseas Chinese]], living within the various major cities of Southeast Asia. As the population of Overseas Chinese, is widely dispersed in various enclaves, across each major Southeast Asian city, specific Chinese names are used instead.

For example, in [[Singapore]], where 2.8 million ethnic Chinese constitute a majority 74% of the resident population,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Singapore Census of Population 2010, Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion|last=Singapore|first=Department of Statistics|publisher=Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore|year=2011|isbn=9789810878085|location=Singapore|pages=19|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213154440/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Chinese name for [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]] is ''Niúchēshǔi'' ({{lang|zh|牛車水}}, [[Hokkien]] [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|POJ]]: ''Gû-chia-chúi''), which literally means "ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]], (where 2 million ethnic Chinese comprise 30% of the population of [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]]<ref>Department of Statistics, Malaysia. [https://www.mycensus.gov.my/banci/www/index.php?&id=3&page_id=40&filename=penerbitan&aid=12 "Migration and Population Distribution 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206052225/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/banci/www/index.php |date=2020-02-06 }}, ''[[Government of Malaysia]]'', Malaysia, August 2014. Retrieved on 27 December 2019.</ref>) while officially known as [[Petaling Street]] (Malay: ''Jalan Petaling''), is referred to by Malaysian Chinese by its Cantonese name ''ci<sup>4</sup> cong<sup>2</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup>'' ({{lang|zh-hant|茨廠街}}, pinyin: ''Cíchǎng Jiē''), literally "tapioca factory street", after a [[tapioca]] starch factory that once stood in the area. In [[Manila]], [[Philippines]], the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū {{lang|zh-hant|岷倫洛區}}, literally meaning the "Mín and Luò Rivers confluence district" but is actually a [[transliteration]] of the local term ''Binondo'' and an allusion to its proximity to the [[Pasig River]].

===Other languages===
In [[Philippine Spanish]], the term used for Chinatown districts is '''''[[parián]]''''', a Spanish term derived from [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] {{lang|ceb|[[wikt:parian|parian]]}} ("market", "bazaar", or "trading place").<ref>{{cite web |title=Information about Heritage of Cebu Monument |url=https://guidetothephilippines.ph/destinations-and-attractions/heritage-of-cebu-monument |website=Guide to the Philippines |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="pacs.ph"/> In the rest of the [[Spanish Empire]], the Spanish-language term is usually '''''barrio chino''''' (''Chinese neighborhood''; plural: ''barrios chinos''), used in Spain and [[Latin America]]. (However, ''barrio chino'' or its [[Catalan language|Catalan]] cognate ''barri xinès'' do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.).

In Portuguese, Chinatown is often referred to as '''Bairro chinês''' (''the Chinese Neighbourhood''; plural: ''bairros chineses'').

In [[Francophone]] regions (such as France and [[Quebec]]), Chinatown is often referred to as '''''le quartier chinois''''' (''the Chinese Neighbourhood''; plural: ''les quartiers chinois''). The most prominent Francophone Chinatowns are located in [[Chinatown, Paris|Paris]] and [[Chinatown, Montreal|Montreal]].

The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is ''Khu người Hoa'' (Chinese district) or ''phố Tàu'' (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them.

In Japanese, the term "chūkagai" (中華街, literally "Chinese Street") is the translation used for [[Yokohama Chinatown|Yokohama]] and [[Nagasaki Chinatown]].

In [[Indonesia]], Chinatown is known as '''''Pecinan''''', a shortened term of ''pe-cina-an'', means everything related to the Chinese people. Most of these pecinans are usually located in [[Java]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQifRGYy55sC&q=Pecinan+Chinatown&pg=PA109|title=Cleavage, Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia|last1=Bunnell|first1=Tim|last2=Parthasarathy|first2=D.|last3=Thompson|first3=Eric C.|date=2012-12-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400754829|language=en|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=February 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165100/https://books.google.com/books?id=oQifRGYy55sC&q=Pecinan+Chinatown&pg=PA109#v=snippet&q=Pecinan%20Chinatown&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]].

==Locations==
[[File:Johannesburg-China Town1.jpg|thumb|Street scene of the Chinatown in [[Cyrildene]], [[Johannesburg]]]]

===Africa===
{{Main|Chinatowns in Africa}}

There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]].  South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa.  Derrick Avenue in [[Cyrildene]], [[Johannesburg]], hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown.

===America===
{{main|Chinatowns in the Americas}}

[[File:Celebrating Chinese New Year on 8th Avenue Sunset Park, Brooklyn.jpg|thumb|Celebrating [[Chinese New Year]] in [[Fuzhou Town, Brooklyn|Fuzhou Town]], [[Brooklyn]]]]
In the [[Americas]], which includes North America, Central America and South America, Chinatowns have been around since the 1800s.  The most prominent ones exist in the United States and Canada in [[New York City|New York]], [[Boston]], [[San Francisco]], [[Chicago]], [[Toronto]] and [[Vancouver]]. The [[New York City metropolitan area]] is home to the largest [[Chinese Americans in New York City|ethnically Chinese population outside of Asia]], comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017,<ref name="NYC Chinese 1"/> including at least 12 Chinatowns &ndash; six<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html |title=Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers |author=Kirk Semple |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=2014-10-03 |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219031916/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&sq=asians&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in [[Corona, Queens|Corona]] and [[Whitestone, Queens|Whitestone]], [[Queens]],<ref name="McGlinn">{{cite journal|url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City, 2000 |page=4 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn |journal=Middle States Geographer |year=2002 |volume=35 |issue=1153 |access-date=2014-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-29 }}</ref> and [[East Harlem|East Harlem, Manhattan]]) in [[New York City]] proper, and one each in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], [[Long Island]]; [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]], [[New Jersey]];<ref name="McGlinn" /> and [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey]], not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco]], a Pacific port city, has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="Bacon, Daniel page 50"/><ref name="Richards, Rand page 198"/><ref name="Morris p151-152" /> In Canada, The [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area]] is home to the 2nd largest ethnically Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising 694,970 individuals as of the 2021 Census. [[Chinatown, Vancouver|Vancouver's Chinatown]] is the country's largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vancouverchinatown.ca/ |title=Chinatown Vancouver Online |website=Vancouver Chinatown |access-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903032520/http://www.vancouverchinatown.ca/ |archive-date=2011-09-03 }}</ref>

[[Barrio Chino (Mexico City)|The oldest Chinatown in the Americas]] is in [[Mexico City]] and dates back to at least the early 17th century.<ref name="Mann 2012">{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Charles C.|author-link=Charles C. Mann|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA416|access-date=12 October 2012|year=2012|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-27824-1|page=416|archive-date=February 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165202/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA416#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1970s, new arrivals have typically hailed from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese and [[Latin]] parentage – and more recent immigrants from [[East Asia]]. Most [[Asian Latin American]]s are of [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] and [[Hakka people|Hakka]] origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America. Notable Chinatowns also exist in [[Barrio Chino (Lima)|Chinatown, Lima]], [[Peru]].

In [[Brazil]], the [[Liberdade (district of São Paulo)|Liberdade]] neighborhood in [[São Paulo]] has, along with a large Japanese community, an important Chinese community.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://portal.sescsp.org.br/online/artigo/9036_A+CHINATOWN+BRASILEIRA | title=A Chinatown brasileira | date=12 May 2015 | access-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://portal.sescsp.org.br/online/artigo/9036_A+CHINATOWN+BRASILEIRA | url-status=live }}</ref> There is a project for a Chinatown in the [[Mercado (neighbourhood of São Paulo)|Mercado]] neighborhood, close to the [[Municipal Market of São Paulo|Municipal Market]] and the commercial [[Rua 25 de Março]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apecc.com.br/revitalizacao-do-centro-de-sp-conheca-o-projeto-chinatown/ | title=Revitalização do Centro de SP: Conheça o projeto Chinatown | date=4 January 2023 | access-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www.apecc.com.br/revitalizacao-do-centro-de-sp-conheca-o-projeto-chinatown/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibrachina.com.br/o-globo-destaca-projeto-da-chinatown-sao-paulo/ | title=O Globo destaca projeto da Chinatown São Paulo | date=5 June 2023 | access-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www.ibrachina.com.br/o-globo-destaca-projeto-da-chinatown-sao-paulo/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao/2021/11/a-chinatown-paulistana.shtml | title=Opinião - José Ruy Gandra: A Chinatown paulistana | date=11 November 2021 | access-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-date=December 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao/2021/11/a-chinatown-paulistana.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|[[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan Chinatown]]
File:San Francisco China Town MC.jpg|[[San Francisco's Chinatown]]
File:Boston Chinatown Paifang.jpg|[[Chinatown, Boston]]
File:Friendship Gate Chinatown Philadelphia from east.jpg|[[Chinatown, Philadelphia]]
File: Chinatown in Portland, Oregon.jpg|[[Portland, Oregon]]'s Chinatown
File:Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg|[[Seattle Chinatown-International District]], [[Seattle]]
File:Vancouver's Chinatown.jpg|[[Chinatown, Vancouver|Vancouver Chinatown]]
File:Chinatown, Ottawa.jpg|Chinatown in Canada's Capital, [[Chinatown, Ottawa|Ottawa]]
Image:ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG|Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street
File:BarrioChino3.jpg|[[Barrio Chino (Buenos Aires)|Barrio Chino]], [[Buenos Aires]]
File:Chinatown,_Lima20060002.JPG|[[Barrio Chino (Lima)|Barrio Chino]], [[Lima]]
</gallery>

===Asia===
{{Main|Chinatowns in Asia}}

Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of [[overseas Chinese]] in [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from [[southern China]] – particularly the provinces of [[Guangdong]], [[Fujian]], and [[Hainan]] – and settled in countries such as [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Singapore]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]] centuries ago—starting as early as the [[Tang dynasty]], but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the [[Qing dynasty]]), and well into the 20th century. Today the Chinese diaspora in Asia is largely concentrated in Southeast Asia however the legacy of the once widespread overseas Chinese communities in Asia is evident in the many Chinatowns that are found across East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Vietnam houses the largest [[Chợ Lớn|Chinatown]] by size in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).

<gallery class="center">
File:Binh Tay market 20.jpg|[[Chợ Lớn]] Chinatown, [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
File:Chinatown, incheon 20230430 002.jpg|The Gate of the [[Incheon]] Chinatown, [[South Korea]]. This is the only official Chinatown in the country
File:Tyuukagaimon.jpg|[[Yokohama Chinatown]]'s Goodwill Gate in Japan
File:Yaowarat Road Bangkok.jpg|Chinatown in [[Bangkok]], Thailand
File:Kuan Yin Si, Bago, Myanmar.jpg|Kan Yin Temple (''Kwan Yin Si''), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school.
File:Liong.jpg|Chinatown gate performing an attraction [[Dragon dance]] in [[Glodok]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
File:Surabaya Chinatown.jpg|''Kya-Kya'' or ''Kembang Jepun'', [[Surabaya]]'s Chinatown, one of the oldest Chinatowns in Indonesia
File:Chinese New Year in Chinatown, Tangra, Kolkata, India.png|Chinese New Year celebrated in [[Chinatown, Kolkata]], India
File:Santa Cruz Binondo Metro Manila Districts 05.jpg|[[Binondo|Binondo Chinatown]] in [[Manila]]
</gallery>

===Australia and Oceania===
{{main|Chinatowns in Australia|Chinatowns in Oceania}}

The [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]] of [[Melbourne]] lies within the [[Melbourne central business district]] and centers on the eastern end of [[Little Bourke Street]]. It extends between the corners of [[Swanston Street|Swanston]] and [[Exhibition Street]]s.  Melbourne's Chinatown originated during the [[Victorian gold rush]] in 1851, and is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It has also been claimed to be the longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, but only because the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] all but destroyed the Chinatown in San Francisco in California.<ref name="Bacon, Daniel page 50">Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., page 50, Quicksilver Press, 1997</ref><ref name="Richards, Rand page 198">Richards, Rand: ''Historic San Francisco'', 2nd Ed., page 198, Heritage House Publishers, 2007</ref><ref name="Morris p151-152">
Morris, Charles: San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire, pgs. 151-152, University of Illinois Press, 2002</ref>

[[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's main Chinatown]] centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east to [[Darling Harbour]] in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown.

The [[Chinatown, Adelaide|Chinatown]] of [[Adelaide]] was originally built in the 1960s and was renovated in the 1980s. It is located near Adelaide Central Market and the [[Adelaide Central bus station]].

[[Chinatown, Gold Coast|Chinatown Gold Coast]] is a precinct in the Central Business District of [[Southport, Queensland]], that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations.

There are additional Chinatowns in [[Chinatown, Brisbane|Brisbane]], [[Chinatown, Perth|Perth]], and [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] in Australia.

<gallery class="center" |title="Chinatowns" in="" australia="" and="" oceania="">
File:Chinatownsyd.jpg|Paifang at [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney Chinatown]]
File:BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG|Paifang at [[Bendigo|Bendigo Chinese Precinct]]
File:Adelaide - SA (26089559218).jpg|[[Chinatown, Adelaide|Adelaide Chinatown]]
File:Lane of Chinatown (6760133489).jpg|[[Chinatown, Melbourne|Melbourne Chinatown]]
File:Chinese New Year celebration at Box Hill, Melbourne.jpg|Chinese New Year celebration  at [[Box Hill, Victoria|Box Hill Chinatown]]
File:Lion gate Chinatown Mall Duncan St Fortitude Valley P1020102.jpg|[[Chinatown, Brisbane|Brisbane Chinatown]]
</gallery>
<!-- Following removed because it may no longer be available: |File:Dr Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Statue in Melbourne's Chinatown.jpg| [[Sun Yat-Sen|Dr Sun Yat-Sen]] memorial statue in [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Melbourne Chinatown]] -->

===Europe===
{{Main|Chinatowns in Europe}}

Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is [[Chinatown, London]], England as well as major Chinatowns in [[Birmingham]], [[Liverpool]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], and [[Manchester]]. <span class="plainlinks">[[Berlin]], Germany has one established Chinatown in the area around Kantstrasse of [[Charlottenburg]] in the West.</span> [[Antwerp]], Belgium has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has been recognized by the local authorities since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be |title=China Town Antwerpen |website=Chinatown-antwerpen.be |access-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920075100/http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be/ |archive-date=2011-09-20 }}</ref> The city council of [[Cardiff]] has plans to recognize the Chinese Diaspora in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishchineseonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=28439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328180855/http://www.britishchineseonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=28439 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2012-03-28 |title=What happened to Cardiff Chinatown? - Discussion Board |website=Britishchineseonline.com |date=2005-10-05 |access-date=2011-09-11 }}</ref>

The [[Quartier Asiatique|Chinatown in Paris]], located in the [[13th arrondissement of Paris|13th arrondissement]], is the largest in Europe, where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled and in [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] in the northeast of Paris as well as in [[Lyon]]. In Italy, there is a Chinatown in [[Milan]] between Via Luigi Canonica and [[Via Paolo Sarpi]] and others in [[Rome]] and [[Prato]]. In the Netherlands, Chinatowns exist in [[Amsterdam]], [[Rotterdam]] and [[the Hague]].

In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. The [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Chinatown in Liverpool]] is the oldest Chinese community in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk |title=Liverpool and it's Chinese Children |website=Halfandhalf.org.uk |access-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002184856/http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk/ |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref>  The [[Chinatown, London|Chinatown in London]] was established in the [[Limehouse]] district in the late 19th century. The [[Chinatown, Manchester|Chinatown in Manchester]] is located in central Manchester.

<gallery class="center"|title=European Chinatowns>
File:MappaChinatownMilano.jpg|Map of Chinatown Milan
File:Liverpool China Town Chinese Arch.jpg|Gate of [[Chinatown, Liverpool]] England, is the largest multiple-span arch outside of China, in the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
File:Day 30 unsplashdaily (Unsplash).jpg|Wardour Street, [[Chinatown, London]]
File:China Court Restaurant. - geograph.org.uk - 707948.jpg|Chinese Quarter in [[Birmingham]], England
File:Nouvel an chinois à la Guillotière.JPG|Chinese new year celebration in [[Lyon]], France
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
Chinatowns have been portrayed in various films including ''[[The Joy Luck Club (film)|The Joy Luck Club]]'', ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'', ''[[Year of the Dragon (film)|Year of the Dragon]]'', ''[[Flower Drum Song (film)|Flower Drum Song]]'', ''[[The Lady from Shanghai]]'' and ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]''. Within the context of the last film "Chinatown" is used primarily as an [[extended metaphor]] for any situation in which an outside entity seeks to intervene without having the local knowledge required to understand the consequences of that intervention. The neighborhood or district is often associated with being outside the normal [[rule of law]] or isolated from the [[social norm]]s of the larger society.

Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the songs "[[Queen of Chinatown]]" by [[Amanda Lear]] and "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]" by [[Carl Douglas]] whose song lyrics says "...{{nbsp}}There was funky China men from funky Chinatown{{nbsp}}..."<ref>{{cite book|title=Kung Fu Fighting|author=Carl Douglas}}</ref>

The [[martial arts]] actor [[Bruce Lee]] is well known as a person who was born in the [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown of San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451|title=Bruce Lee's Huge Bronze Statue Turns Into a Mecca in L.A.'s Chinatown (VIDEO)|first=Liz|last=Ohanesian|date=12 February 2015|website=laweekly.com|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104233447/https://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> Other notable [[Chinese Americans]] such as politician [[Gary Locke]] and NBA player [[Jeremy Lin]] grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns.  Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters.

==Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide==
* [[San Francisco's Chinatown]] – [[Tin How Temple]] ({{lang|zh|天后古廟}}), [[Ma-Tsu Temple (San Francisco, California)|Ma-Tsu Temple]] ({{lang|zh|美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮}})
* [[Los Angeles Chinatown]] – [[Thien Hau Temple (Los Angeles)|Thien Hau Temple]] ({{lang|zh|天后宮}})
* [[Yokohama Chinatown]] – [[Yokohama Ma Zhu Miao]] ({{lang|zh|横濱媽祖廟}})
* [[Bangkok Chinatown]] – [[Leng Buai Ia Shrine]] ({{lang|zh|龍尾古廟}}), [[Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot]] ({{lang|zh|永福寺}}) & [[Wat Mangkon Kamalawat]] {{lang|zh|(龍蓮寺}})
* [[Latha Township|Yangon Chinatown]] – [[Kheng Hock Keong]] ({{lang|zh|慶福宮}}) & [[Guanyin Gumiao Temple]] ({{lang|zh|觀音古廟}})
* [[Glodok|Jakarta Chinatown]] - [[Kim Tek Ie Temple]] ({{lang|zh|金德院}})
* [[Petaling Street|Kuala Lumpur Chinatown]] – [[Sin Sze Si Ya Temple]] ({{lang|zh|仙四師爺廟}})
* [[Jonker Walk|Malacca Chinatown]] – [[Cheng Hoon Teng Temple]] ({{lang|zh|青云亭}})
* [[Singapore Chinatown]] - [[Thian Hock Keng|Thian Hock Keng temple]] ({{lang|zh|天福宮}})
* [[Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu|Terengganu Chinatown]] – [[Ho Ann Kiong Temple]] ({{lang|zh|护安宫}}) & [[Tian Hou Gong Temple]] ({{lang|zh|天后宮}})
* [[Davao Chinatown]] – [[Lon Wa Buddhist Temple]] ({{lang|zh|龙华寺}})

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Society}}
{{commons and category|Chinatown|Chinatowns}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Lists of Chinatowns]]
* [[List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations]]
* [[Ethnic enclave]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." ''Nevada Historical Society Quarterly'' 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese revolutionist Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community.
* [[Ki Longfellow]], ''China Blues'', [[Eio Books]] 2012, {{ISBN|0975925571}}, San Francisco's Chinatown during the 1906 earthquake and in the early 1920s. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130618184743/http://www.eiobooks.com/chinablues.html Eio Books])
* "Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, ''Melus'' (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns.
* Pan, Lynn. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994). Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc.
* Williams, Daniel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024028/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A17537-2004Feb29&notFound=true "Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' Foreign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Kwan |first1=Cheuk |title=Have you eaten yet? : stories from Chinese restaurants around the world |date=2023 |publisher=Pegasus Books |location=New York |isbn=9781639363346 |edition=First Pegasus Books cloth}}

{{Chinatowns}}
{{Ethnic enclaves}}
{{Overseas Chinese}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chinatowns| ]]
[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora]]