View source for Chinatown, Manhattan

{{Short description|Neighborhood in New York City}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = {{unbulleted list|Chinatown, Manhattan|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|曼哈頓華埠 / 曼哈頓唐人街}}}}}}
| settlement_type    = [[List of Manhattan neighborhoods|Neighborhood]]
| image_skyline      = 2024-05-20 13 32 04 View west along East Broadway from the Manhattan Bridge in Manhattan, New York City, New York.jpg
| imagesize          = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = View west along [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] from the Manhattan Bridge in 2024
| image              = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| anthem             = <!-- location ------------------>
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-lat=40.715|frame-long=-73.997|zoom=12|type=line<!--shape-->|stroke-color=#000|stroke-width=1|id=Q866332}}
| map_caption        = Location in New York City
| coordinates        = {{Coord|40.715|-73.997|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|United States}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|New York}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[City]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|New York City}}
| subdivision_type3  = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Manhattan]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Community boards of Manhattan|Community District]]
| subdivision_name4  = [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan 3]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web|title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles | url                      = https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/3 | website                  = communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov | publisher                = New York City Department of City Planning | access-date              = March 18, 2019 | archive-date             = March 6, 2020 | archive-url              = https://web.archive.org/web/20200306134633/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/3 | url-status               = live}}</ref>
<!-- established --------------->| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1  = 
| founder            = 
| named_for          = <!-- area ---------------------->
| area_total_sq_mi   = 0.768
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=PLP5/>

<!-- population ---------------->| population_footnotes = <ref name=PLP5/>
| population_total   = 47,844
| population_as_of   = 2010
| population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto -->
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool -->
| population_note    = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=PLP3A/>
| demographics1_title1 = Asian
| demographics1_info1 = 63.9%
| demographics1_title2 = White
| demographics1_info2 = 16.3%
| demographics1_title3 = Hispanic
| demographics1_info3 = 13.4%
| demographics1_title4 = Black
| demographics1_info4 = 4.8%
| demographics1_title5 = Other
| demographics1_info5 = 1.6%

<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 = [[Median household income|Median income]]
| demographics2_info1 = $68,657
| timezone1          = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1        = −5
| timezone1_DST      = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = −4
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = 10002, 10013
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
| area_code          = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]]
| module             = {{Infobox Chinese
|child=yes
|title='''Chinatown, Manhattan'''
|pic=
|piccap=
|picsize=300px
|s=曼哈顿华埠
|t=曼哈頓華埠
|showflag=stp
|p=Mànhādùn Huábù
|w=Man<sup>4</sup>-ha<sup>1</sup>-tun<sup>4</sup> hua<sup>2</sup> pu<sup>4</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|m|an|4|.|h|a|1|.|d|un|4|-|h|ua|2|.|b|u|4}}
 | bpmf                     = ㄇㄢˋ ㄏㄚ ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄅㄨˋ
|h=Man ha dunˋ faˇ pu
|j=Maan6 haa1 deon6 waa1 bou6
|y=Maahn hā deuhn Wā bouh
|ci={{IPAc-yue|m|aan|6|.|h|aa|1|.|d|eon|6|-|w|aa|1|.|b|ou|6}}
|gr=
 | poj                      = 
 | buc                      = Man-ha-tún huà-pú
|tp=
|s2=曼哈顿唐人街
|t2=曼哈頓唐人街
|p2=Mànhādùn Tángrénjiē
|w2=Man<sup>4</sup>-ha<sup>1</sup>-tun<sup>4</sup> t'ang<sup>2</sup> jen<sup>2</sup> chieh<sup>1</sup>
 | mi2                      = {{IPAc-cmn|m|an|4|.|h|a|1|.|d|un|4|-|t|ang|2|.|r|en|2|.|j|ie|1}}
 | bpmf2                    = ㄇㄢˋ ㄏㄚ ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄊㄤˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝ
|h2=Man ha dunˋ tongˇ nginˇ gieˊ
|j2=Maan6 haa1 deon6 tong4 jan4 gaai1
|y2=Maahn hā deuhn Tòhng yàhn gāai
 | ci2                      = {{IPAc-yue|m|aan|6|.|h|aa|1|.|d|eon|6|-|t|ong|4|.|j|an|4|.|g|aai|1}}
}}
{{Infobox NRHP
 | embed                    = yes
 | name                     = Chinatown and Little Italy Historic District
 | nrhp_type                = hd
 | refnum                   = 10000012
 | added                    = February 12, 2010
}}
}}

[[Manhattan]]'s '''Chinatown'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|t=曼哈頓華埠 / 曼哈頓唐人街|s=曼哈顿华埠 / 曼哈顿唐人街|p=Mànhādùn huábù / Mànhādùn tángrénjiē|j=Maan6 haa1 deon6 waa1 bou6 / Maan6 haa1 deon6 tong4 jan4 gaai1}}}} is a [[Neighborhoods in Manhattan|neighborhood]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City, bordering the [[Lower East Side]] to its east, [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] to its north, [[Civic Center, Manhattan|Civic Center]] to its south, and [[Tribeca]] to its west. With an estimated population of 90,000 to 100,000 people, Chinatown is home to the highest concentration of [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinese people]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name=ManhattanChinatownLargestConcentrationChineseWesternHemisphere>{{cite web|last1=Mancebo |first1=Ivanka Garcia |url=https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|title=Chinatown New York|publisher=Civitatis New York|quote=As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fact-sheet">* {{cite web |url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528160253/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2005 |url-status=live |title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet |publisher=www.explorechinatown.com |access-date=April 11, 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html |title=The History of New York's Chinatown |author=Sarah Waxman |publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc |access-date=April 11, 2016 |quote=Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side. |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Manhattan's [[Chinatown]] is also one of the oldest [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] [[ethnic enclave]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/foodculture/i-went-on-a-tour-of-manhattans-chinatown-and-discovered-some-of-the-most-unusual-groceries-ive-ever-seen/ss-BBpjFQA |title=I went on a tour of Manhattan's Chinatown and discovered some of the most unusual groceries I've ever seen |author=Marina Nazario |website=Business Insider |date=February 10, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005157/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/foodculture/i-went-on-a-tour-of-manhattans-chinatown-and-discovered-some-of-the-most-unusual-groceries-ive-ever-seen/ss-BBpjFQA |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Manhattan Chinatown is one of [[Chinese Americans in New York City|nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City]],<ref name=NycNineChinatowns>{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|title=Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns|author=Stefanie Tuder|publisher=EATER NY|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of twelve in the [[New York metropolitan area]], which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=January 27, 2019 |title=American FactFinder – Results |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chinatown is also a densely populated neighborhood, with over 141,000 residents living in its vicinity encompassing 1.7 square miles, "of which 28.1% identified as Asian" in 2023.<ref name="furmancenter.org">{{cite web | url=https://furmancenter.org/neighborhoods/view/lower-east-side-chinatown | title=Lower East Side/Chinatown Neighborhood Profile | access-date=November 20, 2023 | archive-date=October 6, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006003035/https://furmancenter.org/neighborhoods/view/lower-east-side-chinatown | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603809-nyc-manhattan-community-district-3-chinatown-lower-east-side-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 3—Chinatown & Lower East Side PUMA, NY|publisher=Census Reporter|access-date=June 18, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118140610/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603809-nyc-manhattan-community-district-3-chinatown-lower-east-side-puma-ny/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, Chinatown was primarily populated by [[Cantonese]] speakers. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, large numbers of [[Fuzhounese]]-speaking immigrants also arrived and formed a sub-neighborhood annexed to the eastern portion of Chinatown east of [[The Bowery]], which has become known as [[Little Fuzhou]] subdivided away from the primarily Cantonese populated original longtime established Chinatown of Manhattan from the proximity of [[The Bowery]] going west, known as [[Little Hong Kong/Guangdong]]. As many Fuzhounese and Cantonese speakers now speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]—the official language in [[Mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]]—in addition to their native [[Chinese language|languages]], this has made it more important for Chinatown residents to learn and speak Mandarin.<ref name="Chinesechange">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/nyregion/22chinese.html |title=In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin |author=Kirk Semple |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 21, 2009 |access-date=April 11, 2016 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714084739/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/nyregion/22chinese.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although now overtaken in size by the rapidly growing [[Flushing Chinatown]] (located in the New York City [[boroughs of New York City|borough]] of [[Queens]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5 |title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world |author=Melia Robinson |website=Business Insider |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn Chinatown]], the Manhattan Chinatown remains a dominant cultural force for the [[Han Chinese|Chinese diaspora]], as home to the [[Museum of Chinese in America]] and as the [[headquarters]] of numerous publications based both in the U.S. and China that are geared to [[overseas Chinese]].

Chinatown is part of [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan Community District 3]], and its primary [[ZIP Code]]s are 10013 and 10002.<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 5th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department]].

==Location==
[[File:Chinatown NYC map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Boundary approximations]]
{{OSM Location map
 |coord={{Coord|40.7164|-73.9953}}
 |float=right
 |zoom=15
 |width=400 |height=240
 |scalemark=20
 |shape1=n-square
  |shape-color1=#f00
  |shape-outline1=#ffffff
  |mark-size1=20
 |mark-coord1 ={{Coord|40.7182|-74.0028}}
 |mark-title1 =[[Pearl River Mart]]

 |mark-coord2 ={{Coord|40.7184|-74.0005}} |shape-color2=#000 |shape2=n-circle
 |mark-title2 =[[Canal Street station (New York City Subway)|Canal Street station]]

 |mark-coord3 ={{Coord|40|42|58|N|73|59|58|W}}
 |mark-title3 =[[Museum of Chinese in America]]

 |mark-coord4 ={{Coord|40.7152|-74.0001}} |shape-color4=#0a0
 |mark-title4 =[[Columbus Park (Manhattan)|Columbus Park]] / Dr. Sun Yat-sen Plaza

 |mark-coord5 ={{Coord|40.7150|-73.9989}}
 |mark-title5 =[[Mott Street|Mott]] & Pell ([[Mott Street#Little Hong Kong|Little Hong Kong]])

 |mark-coord6 ={{Coord|40|42|52.3|N|73|59|56.5|W}}
 |mark-title6 =[[Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic (Manhattan)|Church of the Transfiguration]]

 |mark-coord7 ={{Coord|40|42|49|N|73|59|53|W}} |shape-color7=#0a0
 |mark-title7 =[[Chatham Square]] / Kimlau Square

 |mark-coord8 ={{Coord|40|42|53|N|73|59|46|W}}
 |mark-title8 =[[Confucius Plaza]]

 |mark-coord9 ={{Coord|40.7182|-73.9939}} |shape-color9 =#000 |shape9 =n-circle
 |mark-title9 =[[Grand Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|Grand Street station]]

 |mark-coord10={{Coord|40.7145|-73.9902}} |shape-color10=#000 |shape10=n-circle
 |mark-title10=[[East Broadway station]]

 |mark-coord11={{Coord|40|42|52|N|73|59|16|W}}
 |mark-title11=[[Little Fuzhou]]

 |fullscreen-option=1
 |caption=Selected locations in Chinatown, Manhattan&nbsp;<small>{{flatlist|
* {{color box|#f00|Points of interest|#fff|border=silver}}
* {{color box|#0a0|Parks and open spaces|#fff|border=silver}}
* {{color box|#000|Transit|border=silver}} }}</small>
 |auto-caption=1
}}
{{clear left}}
Although a New York Business Improvement District has been identified for support,<ref name="cityland">{{cite web |url=http://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/#more-10820 |title=Chinatown BID approved despite opposition |author=City Council |publisher=citylandnyc.org |access-date=September 7, 2012 |date=October 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110192701/http://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/#more-10820 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinatown has no officially defined borders. The following streets are commonly considered the approximate borders:<ref name="capitalnewyork1">{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question |title=The Chinatown Question; |last=Hay |first=Mark |date=July 12, 2010 |work=Capital |access-date=September 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101135519/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question |archive-date=November 1, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Hester Street (Manhattan)|Hester Street]] or [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] to the north,<ref name="capitalnewyork1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nychinatown.org/storefronts/delancey.html |title=A Journey through Chinatown |publisher=RK Chin |access-date=September 7, 2013 |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104173139/http://www.nychinatown.org/storefronts/delancey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> bordering or overlapping [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]
* [[Worth Street]] to the southwest, bordering [[Civic Center, Manhattan|Civic Center]]
* [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] to the southeast, bordering [[Two Bridges, Manhattan|Two Bridges]]
* [[Essex Street]] to the east, bordering or overlapping the [[Lower East Side]]
* [[Lafayette Street (Manhattan)|Lafayette Street]] to the west, bordering [[Tribeca]]

The historic core of Chinatown is bounded by Chatham Square/Bowery, Worth, Baxter, and Canal.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sonsofyellowempe00panl_1/page/304/mode/2up |url=https://archive.org/details/sonsofyellowempe00panl_1/ |title=Sons of the Yellow Emperor: The Story of the Overseas Chinese |author=Pan, Lynn |date=1990 |publisher=Secker & Warburg |location=London |isbn=0-436-35374-1 |chapter=15: Chinatowns |pages=296–315 |url-access=registration}} - Article on book: ''[[Sons of the Yellow Emperor]]''</ref>{{rp|304}} Mott (south of Canal), Mulberry, Bayard, Pell, Doyers, and Worth were settled by Chinese immigrants starting in the 1870s.<ref name=NRHP-Howe>{{cite web |url=https://twobridges.org/wp-content/uploads/chinatown-little-italyhd-nrn-final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123234740/https://twobridges.org/wp-content/uploads/chinatown-little-italyhd-nrn-final.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |url-status=live |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Chinatown and Little Italy Historic District |author=Howe, Kathy |date=December 22, 2009 |publisher=New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|59;64}} The local branch of the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] was founded at 10 Chatham Square in 1883 and later moved to the building at 16 Mott Street, now considered the "City Hall of Chinatown".<ref name=NRHP-Howe/>{{rp|67}}
{{clear}}

==Citywide demographics==
{{See also|List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations|Chinese Americans in New York City|Chinatowns in New York City}}
[[File:Chinatown - East Broadway.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Little Fuzhou]] (on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]]) is seen from the [[Manhattan Bridge]].]]
The Manhattan Chinatown is one of [[Chinese Americans in New York City|nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City]], as well as one of twelve in the [[New York metropolitan area]], which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, enumerating an estimated 779,269 individuals as of 2013;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150104214440/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> the remaining Chinatowns are located in the boroughs of [[Queens]] (up to four, depending upon definition)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, p. 115 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 115, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date=September 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Brooklyn]] (three) and in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], all on [[Long Island]] in [[New York State]]; as well as in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 6 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date=December 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey|Parsippany-Troy Hills]] in [[New Jersey]]. In addition, Manhattan's [[Little Fuzhou]], an enclave populated primarily by more recent [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigrants]] from the [[Fujian Province]] of China, is technically considered a part of Manhattan's Chinatown, albeit now developing a separate identity of its own.

A new and rapidly growing Chinese community in [[East Harlem]], [[Uptown Manhattan]], nearly tripled in population between the years 2000 and 2010, according to [[U.S. Census]] figures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |title=East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224002454/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |archive-date=February 24, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Barron |first=Laignee |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |title=Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs |newspaper=NY Daily News |date=August 8, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |location=New York |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308154521/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |title=Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges |author=Calvin Prashad |publisher=apaforprogress.org |date=August 8, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010909/http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |archive-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/east-harlem-building-collapse.html?hp |title=At Least 3 Killed in Gas Blast on East Harlem Block; 2 Buildings Leveled |author=Marc Santora |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312215505/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/east-harlem-building-collapse.html?hp |url-status=live }}</ref> This neighborhood has been described as the precursor to a new [[Commuter town|satellite]] Chinatown within Manhattan itself,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/nyregion/chinese-moving-to-east-harlem-some-from-chinatown.html?hpw&_r=1& |title=Chinese Moving to East Harlem in a Quiet Shift From Downtown |author=J. DAVID GOODMAN |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429193524/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/nyregion/chinese-moving-to-east-harlem-some-from-chinatown.html?hpw&_r=1& |url-status=live }}</ref> which upon acknowledged formation would represent the second Chinese neighborhood in Manhattan, the tenth large Chinese settlement in New York City, and the twelfth within the overall New York City metropolitan region.

As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017,<ref name="NYCChineseA1">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~016 |title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Chinese alone – New York City, New York |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004442/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~016 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as the primary destination for [[Chinese emigration|new Chinese immigrants]],<ref name="2012ChineseImmigration">{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403073333/http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City is subdivided into official municipal [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]], which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with [[Chinatown, Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] and [[Chinatown, Flushing|Queens]], adjacently located on [[Long Island]], leading the fastest growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047lk.html |title=Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York QuickLinks |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304220709/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047lk.html |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36081lk.html |title=Queens County (Queens Borough), New York QuickLinks |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225014329/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36081lk.html |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States.

{{NYC Chinatowns|manhattan=yes}}

==History==

===Ah Ken and early Chinese immigration===
{{Main|Ah Ken}}
{{US Census population
| 1990 = 51439
| 2000 = 59320
| 2010 = 52613
| footnote = Asian American population<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aaldef.org/Chinatown%20Then%20and%20Now%20AALDEF.pdf|title=Chinatown Then and Now|access-date=March 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812204205/http://aaldef.org/Chinatown%20Then%20and%20Now%20AALDEF.pdf|archive-date=August 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

[[Ah Ken]] is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1850s; he is the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to Chinatown. As a Cantonese businessman, Ah Ken eventually founded a successful [[cigar]] store on [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]].<ref name="Moss">Moss, Frank. ''The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the Present Time''. London: The Authors' Syndicate, 1897. (pg. 403)</ref><ref name="Harlow">Harlow, Alvin F. ''Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street''. New York and London: D. Appleton & Company, 1931. (pg. 392)</ref><ref name="Hemp">Hemp, William H. ''New York Enclaves''. New York: Clarkson M. Potter, 1975. (pg. 6) {{ISBN|0-517-51999-2}}</ref><ref>
* [[Herbert Asbury|Asbury, Herbert]]. ''The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the New York Underworld''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. (pg. 278–279) {{ISBN|1-56025-275-8}}
* Worden, Helen. ''The Real New York: A Guide for the Adventurous Shopper, the Exploratory Eater and the Know-it-all Sightseer who Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932. (pg. 140)
* Wong, Bernard. ''Patronage, Brokerage, Entrepreneurship, and the Chinese Community of New York''. New York: AMS Press, 1988. (pg. 31) {{ISBN|0-404-19416-8}}
* Lin, Jan. ''Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. (pg. 30–31) {{ISBN|0-8166-2905-6}}
* Taylor, B. Kim. ''The Great New York City Trivia & Fact Book''. Nashville: Cumberland House Publishing, 1998. (pg. 20) {{ISBN|1-888952-77-6}}
* Ostrow, Daniel. ''Manhattan's Chinatown''. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. (pg. 9) {{ISBN|0-7385-5517-7}}</ref> He first arrived around 1858 in New York City, where he was "probably one of those Chinese mentioned in gossip of the sixties [1860s] as peddling 'awful' cigars at three cents apiece from little stands along the [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] park fence&nbsp;– offering a paper spill and a tiny [[oil lamp]] as a lighter", according to author [[Alvin F. Harlow|Alvin Harlow]] in ''Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street'' (1931).<ref name="Harlow"/>

In the 1850s, the [[California Gold Rush]] brought a wave of Chinese immigration to the United States. Approximately 25,000 Chinese immigrants left their homes in search for ''gam saan'' ("gold mountain") in California.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese – Searching for the Gold Mountain – Immigration...- Classroom Presentation {{!}} Teacher Resources|url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/chinese2.html|access-date=July 20, 2020|website=Library of Congress|archive-date=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223185138/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/chinese2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In New York, immigrants found work as "cigar men" or carrying [[billboard]]s, and Ah Ken's particular success encouraged cigar makers William Longford, John Occoo, and John Ava to also ply their trade in Chinatown, eventually forming a [[monopoly]] on the cigar trade.<ref>Tchen, John Kuo Wei. ''New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776–1882''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. (pg. 82–83) {{ISBN|0-8018-6794-0}}</ref> It has been speculated that it may have been Ah Ken who kept a small [[boarding house]] on lower [[Mott Street (Manhattan)|Mott Street]] and rented out [[bunk bed|bunks]] to the first Chinese immigrants to arrive in Chinatown. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $100 per month, that he was able to open his Park Row smoke shop around which modern-day Chinatown would grow.<ref name="Moss"/><ref name="Hemp"/><ref name="FWP">Federal Writers' Project. ''New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide''. Vol. I. American Guide Series. New York: Random House,
1939. (pg. 104)</ref><ref>
* Marcuse, Maxwell F. ''This Was New York!: A Nostalgic Picture of Gotham in the Gaslight Era''. New York: LIM Press, 1969. (pg. 41)
* Chen, Jack. ''The Chinese of America''. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. (pg. 258) {{ISBN|0-06-250140-2}}
* Hall, Bruce Edward. ''Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. (pg. 37) {{ISBN|0-7432-3659-9}}</ref>

===Chinese exclusion period===
[[File:Doyers Street - postcard - 1898.jpg|right|upright=1.1|thumb|Doyers Street in an 1898 postcard]]
[[File:El' Second and Third Avenue Lines, looking toward Doyers Street, Manhattan (NYPL b13668355-482677).jpg|right|upright=1.1|thumb|Doyers Street in Chinatown in 1938]]
In 1873, the United States entered a period of economic difficulty known as the [[Long Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Long Depression |url=https://www.historytoday.com/long-depression |access-date=July 20, 2020 |website=History Today |date=February 29, 2012 |first=Matthew |last=Lynn |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720164948/https://www.historytoday.com/long-depression |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, Americans increasingly competed for jobs that were typically performed by Chinese immigrants. The period was marked by increased [[racial discrimination]], anti-Chinese riots (particularly in California),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Immigration to the United States – American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation {{!}} Teacher Resources|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/chinimms.html|access-date=July 20, 2020|website=Library of Congress|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708070428/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/chinimms.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and new laws that prevented participation in many occupations on the U.S. [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. Consequently, many Chinese immigrants moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] cities in search of employment.

Early businesses in East Coast cities included [[Chinese laundry|hand laundries]] and [[Chinese restaurant|restaurants]]. Chinatown started on Mott, Park (now Mosco), Pell, and [[Doyers Street (Manhattan)|Doyers]] Streets, east of the notorious [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] district. By 1870 there was a Chinese population of 200. By 1882, when the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. In 1900, the US Census reported 7,028 Chinese males in residence, but only 142 Chinese women. This significant gender inequality remained until the repeal of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] in 1943.<ref name="Wang1999">{{cite journal |author=Xinyang Wang |title=Group Loyalties in the Workplace: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1965 |journal=New York History |volume=80 |issue=3 |jstor=23182364 |date=July 1, 1999 |publisher=New York State Historical Association |issn=0146-437X |pages=286–}}</ref> Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing", wrote that because of immigration restrictions, Chinatown continued to be "virtually a bachelor society" until 1965.<ref name="WangZhouFanp106">Wang, Wenfei, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan. "[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080221190542/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/597/202.pdf Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105307/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/597/202.pdf Archive]). ''[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]]'', 2002, 43, No. 2, pp. 104–122. Cited page: 106.</ref>
[[Image:On Leong building, Canal & Mott.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The landmark [[On Leong|On Leong Building (曼哈頓華埠)]] at the intersection of [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] and [[Mott Street]] in Chinatown]]
The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese "[[tong (gang)|tongs]]" (now sometimes rendered neutrally as "[[voluntary association|associations]]"), which were a mixture of [[clan]] associations, landsman's associations, political alliances ([[Kuomintang]] (Nationalists) vs [[Chinese Communist Party]]), and more secretly, [[organized crime|crime syndicates]]. The associations started to give protection from anti-Chinese harassment. Each of these associations was aligned with a [[street gang]]. The associations were a source of assistance to new [[Chinese emigration|immigrants]], giving out [[loan]]s, aiding in starting businesses, and so forth. The associations formed a governing body named the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]]. Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the ''[[On Leong]]'' and ''[[Hip Sing]]'' tongs. Much of the Chinese [[gang]] warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the ''[[Ghost Shadows]]'' and ''[[Flying Dragons (gang)|Flying Dragons]]'' were prevalent until the 1990s. The Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattan's Chinatown. The ''[[On Leong]]'' and its affiliate ''[[Ghost Shadows]]'' were of Cantonese and [[Taishan, Guangdong|Toishan]] descent, and controlled Mott, Bayard, [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal]], and [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry]] Streets. The ''[[Flying Dragons (gang)|Flying Dragons]]'' and its affiliate ''[[Hip Sing]]'' also of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Doyers, Pell, [[Bowery]], [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand]], and Hester Streets. Other Chinese gangs also existed, like the Hung Ching and Chih Kung gangs of Cantonese and Toishan descent, which were affiliated with each other and also gained control of Mott Street. ''[[Born to Kill (gang)|Born to Kill]]'', also known as the ''Canal Boys'', a gang composed almost entirely of Vietnamese immigrants from the [[Vietnam War]] under the leadership of [[David Thai]] had control over Broadway, Canal, Baxter, [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre]], and Lafayette Streets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Born to Kill: America's Most Notorious Vietnamese Gang, and the Changing Face of Organized Crime |last=English |first=T.J. |year=1995 |publisher=William Morrow & Co. |isbn=0-688-12238-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/borntokillameric00engl }}</ref> Fujianese gangs also existed, such as the Tung On gang, which affiliated with Tsung Tsin, and had control over East Broadway, Catherine and Division Streets and the Fuk Ching gang affiliated with Fukien American controlled East Broadway, Chrystie, [[Forsyth Street (Manhattan)|Forsyth]], Eldridge, and Allen Streets. At one point, a gang named the Freemasons gang, which was of Cantonese descent, had attempted to claim East Broadway as its territory.<ref name="Chin2000">{{cite book |author=Ko-Lin Chin |title=Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity |url=https://archive.org/details/chinatowngangsex0000chin |url-access=registration |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=February 10, 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513627-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinatowngangsex0000chin/page/8 8]–}}</ref><ref name="Keefe2009">{{cite book |author=Patrick Radden Keefe |title=The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxptmGzIoMC |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 21, 2009 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-385-52130-7}}</ref>{{rp|75}}<ref name="Lin1998">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5h_49sX0SQC&pg=PA52 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 1, 1998 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-2905-3 |pages=52–}}</ref><ref name="LLC1983">{{cite journal |author=New York Media, LLC |title=New York Magazine |website=Newyorkmetro.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INgBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=February 14, 1983 |publisher=New York Media, LLC |pages=38– |issn=0028-7369}}</ref>

[[Columbus Park (Manhattan)|Columbus Park]], the only park in Chinatown, was built in 1897 on what was once the center of the infamous [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] neighborhood. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous [[ghetto]] area of immigrant New York, as portrayed in the book and film ''[[Gangs of New York]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M015/ |title=Columbus Park |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616120102/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Post-1965 reform===
[[File:Chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|left|A typical scene on Pell Street, 2009]]

In the years after the United States enacted the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], allowing many more immigrants from Asia into the country, the population of Chinatown increased dramatically. Geographically, much of the growth occurred in neighborhoods to the north. The Chinatown grew and became more oriented toward families due to the lifting of restrictions.<ref name=WangZhouFanp106/> In the earliest years of the existence of Manhattan's Chinatown, it had been primarily populated by [[Taishanese]]-speaking Chinese immigrants and the borderlines of the enclave was originally [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] to the north, [[Bowery]] to the east, [[Worth Street]] to the south, and [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] to the west.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

====Influx of immigrants from Hong Kong and Guangdong====
After 1965, there came a wave of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong and Guangdong province in mainland China, and [[Standard Cantonese]] became the dominant tongue. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Hong Kongese neighborhood, however the growth slowed down later on during the 1980s–90s.<ref name="Skeldon1994">{{cite book |author=Ronald Skeldon |title=Reluctant Exiles?: Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JFiyWCjrOQC&pg=PA256 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-334-8 |pages=256–}}</ref><ref name="ChanPostiglione1996">{{cite book |author1=Ming K. Chan |author2=Gerard A. Postiglione |title=The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming |url-access=registration |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-870-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming/page/174 174]–}}</ref>

Through the 1970s and 1980s, the influx of Guangdong and Hong Kong immigrants began to develop newer portions of Manhattan's Chinatown going north of Canal Street and then later the east of [[the Bowery]]. However, until the 1980s, the western section was the most primarily fully Chinese developed and populated part of Chinatown and the most quickly flourishing busy central Chinese business district with still a little bit of remaining Italians in the very northwest portion around Grand Street and Broome Street, which eventually all moved away and became all Chinese by the 1990s.<ref name="Durham2006">{{cite book |author=Michael S. Durham |title=National Geographic Traveler: New York, 2d Ed. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 21, 2006 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-7922-5370-9 |pages=71– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171504/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bramblett2003">{{cite book |author=Reid Bramblett |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 20, 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-7645-5641-8 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171404/https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Singer1981">{{cite book |author=Isaac Bashevis Singer |title=A Crown of Feathers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=April 1, 1981 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-51624-6 |pages=135– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171506/https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the portion of Chinatown that is east of the Bowery—which is considered part of the Lower East Side already started developing as being part of Chinatown since the influx of Chinese immigrants started spilling over into that section since the 1960s, however until the 1980s, it was still not developing as quickly as the western portion of Chinatown because the proportion and concentration of Chinese residents in the eastern section during that time was comparatively growing at a slower rate and being more scattered than the western section in addition to the fact that there was a higher proportion of remaining non-Chinese residents consisting of Jewish, Puerto Ricans, and a few Italians and African Americans than Chinatown's western section.<ref name="Inc1959">{{cite book |author=Time Inc |title=LIFE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 7, 1959 |publisher=Time Inc |pages=36– |issn=0024-3019 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171448/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1970s and 1980s, the eastern portion of Chinatown east of the Bowery was a very quiet section, and despite fears of crime, it was seen as attractive because of the availability of vacant affordable apartments.<ref name="Mele2000">{{cite book |author=Christopher Mele |title=Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 15, 2000 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3181-0 |pages=138– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171406/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese female garment workers were especially targets of crime and often left work together to protect each other as they were heading home.<ref name="Bao2001">{{cite book |author=Xiaolan Bao |title=Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948–92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-02631-7 |pages=216– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171426/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Willett1996">{{cite book |author=Ralph Willett |title=The Naked City: Urban Crime Fiction in the USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |isbn=978-0-7190-4301-7 |pages=68– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171911/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DempseyForst2011">{{cite book |author1=John S. Dempsey |author2=Linda S. Forst |title=An Introduction to Policing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-13772-4 |pages=266– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lin2005">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=The Urban Sociology Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 20, 2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32342-0 |pages=312– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mendelsohn2009">{{cite book |author=Joyce Mendelsohn |title=The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: A History and Guide to a Legendary New York Neighborhood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 1, 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14761-3 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172043/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1985, a gang-related shooting injured seven people, including a 4-year-old boy, at 30 East Broadway in Chinatown. Two males, who were 15 and 16 years old and were members of a Chinese street gang, were arrested and convicted.<ref>Greer, William R. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html Chinatown youth arrested in shooting that injured 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152853/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html |date=October 19, 2021 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 25, 1985.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html 2 in a Chinatown Gang Convicted in Shootings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811032254/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html |date=August 11, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 13, 1986.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |title=Satellite Chinatowns Burgeon Throughout New York |date=September 14, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121834/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|title=Why the Change? – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018|website=eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410144144/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many [[Hoa people|Chinese Vietnamese]], [[Laotian Chinese]], [[Chinese Cambodians]], and [[Malaysian Chinese]] immigrants also settled into the neighborhood as well.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | isbn=9780472021444 | title=Democracy's Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institutions | date=December 18, 2008 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122122/https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | title=Behavioral Causes of Census Undercount, New York City's Chinatown: Final Report for Joint Statistical Agreement 89-39 | year=1991 | publisher=Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting in the 1970s, Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese immigrants and then many other Non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants also were arriving into New York City. However, due to the traditional dominance of Cantonese-speaking residents, which were largely working class in Manhattan's Chinatown and the neighborhood's poor housing conditions, they were unable to relate to Manhattan's Chinatown and mainly settled in Flushing, creating a more middle class [[Chinatown, Flushing|Mandarin Town]] and an even smaller one in Elmhurst. As a result, Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's emerging Chinatown were able to continue retaining its traditional, almost-exclusive Cantonese society. However, there was already a small and slow-growing [[Fuzhounese Americans|Fuzhou immigrant]] population in Manhattan's Chinatown since the 1970s–80s in the eastern section of Chinatown east of the Bowery. In the 1990s, though, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western [[Lower East Side]], which 50 years earlier was populated by [[Eastern European Jews]] and 20 years earlier was occupied by [[Hispanic people|Hispanics]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===={{Anchor|Emergence of Little Fuzhou(小福州) / Fuzhou Town(福州埠)}}Little Fuzhou====
{{main|Little Fuzhou}}
[[File:Fukien American.jpg|thumb|The [[Fujian|Fukien American]] Association on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] in [[Little Fuzhou]]]]
From the late 1980s through the 1990s, when a large influx of immigrants from Fuzhou, who largely also spoke Mandarin along with their native Fuzhou dialect began moving into [[New York City]], they were the only exceptional group of Chinese that were non-Cantonese to largely settle into Manhattan's Chinatown. Due to the fact that the Chinatown area were mostly populated by Cantonese speakers, the Fuzhou speaking immigrants had a lot of trouble relating to the neighborhood linguistically and culturally and as a result, they settled on the eastern borderline of Manhattan's Chinatown east of The Bowery, which during that time was more of an overlapping population of Chinese, Puerto Ricans, and Jewish as well as had significant vacant apartment units and were more affordable than in the more Mandarin-speaking enclaves in Flushing and Elmhurst, and many Fuzhou immigrants had no legal status and being forced into the lowest paying jobs. As they settled in the eastern borderline of Chinatown along East Broadway and Eldridge Street, it became fully part of Chinatown and slowly through the 1990s it would develop into being Little Fuzhou. This has resulted in referring to East Broadway as Fuzhou Street No. 1, which emerged during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and Eldridge Street as Fuzhou Street No. 2, which developed during the mid-1990s and early 2000s. [[Little Fuzhou]] became known as a new Chinatown, separate from the older, more Cantonese-dominated Chinatown from The Bowery going west, though there are still a little bit of remaining long time Cantonese residents and businesses in and around what is now the Little Fuzhou enclave.<ref name="Tsui2009">{{cite book |author=Bonnie Tsui |title=American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpTuJeqbGR4C&pg=PA69 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5723-4 |pages=69– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171913/https://books.google.com/books?id=VpTuJeqbGR4C&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chin1999">{{cite book |author=Ko-Lin Chin |title=Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gxBEkvPIxUC |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=December 9, 1999 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-733-9 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172027/https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=7gxBEkvPIxUC&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|20}}

Not only did the Fuzhou immigration influx establish a new portion of Manhattan's Chinatown, they contributed significantly in maintaining the Chinese population in the neighborhood. They also played a role in [[real estate appraisal|property values]] increasing quickly during the 1990s, in contrast to during the 1980s, when the housing prices were dropping. As a result, landlords were able to generate twice as much income in Manhattan's, Flushing's, and Brooklyn's Chinatowns.<ref name="Zhao2010" />{{rp|114}}

Since the 2010s, gentrification has been setting into the Chinatown neighborhood including the Little Fuzhou enclave. Large numbers of Fuzhou speakers have been rapidly moving out of Manhattan's Chinatown with many shifting to Brooklyn's Chinatown in Sunset Park, which has now overwhelmingly taken over as the largest Fuzhou community of [[New York City]]. Many Fuzhou owned businesses have now closed with increasing numbers of storefronts becoming vacant in the enclave and is now increasingly becoming quieter with fewer and fewer consumers walking around.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/|title=Voices of New York – Employment agencies in Chinatown are Shrinking|date=November 2014|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=January 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085352/http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/|title=Why Does the Decline of East Broadway happen in Chinatown|date=July 17, 2018|author=Xiaoning Chen|language=zh, en|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134505/https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/|url-status=dead}} <!-- (Translation by Rong Xiaoqing to English, and archive url can be found [https://m.blog.naver.com/jdyi8589/221340704329 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107170153/https://m.blog.naver.com/jdyi8589/221340704329 |date=November 7, 2021 }}) --></ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|date=May 10, 2018|title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC {{!}} Rosenburg2018|author=Y. Xiang, ? Rosenburg|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119193235/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 22, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT8idZrIE4c | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VT8idZrIE4c| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=美國紐約曼哈頓華埠東百老匯（福州街怡東樓商場）現狀 。Current status of East Broadway Chinatown in Manhattan, New York |publisher=龍卷風Yun Ni歡迎訂閱 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=August 27, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVLjNglC8zk |title=紐約生活紀實｜逛福州人唐人街-東百老匯的"小福州", 包括怡東商場旁的市集攤販; 買陶瓷餐具; 包厘街蘭州拉麵將結束營業! |publisher=在水一方 Living Overseas |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203025319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVLjNglC8zk |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=October 12, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usfnSa9EOAg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/usfnSa9EOAg| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=美國疫情嚴重 紐約中國城 福州人 團結努力讓人佩服 {{!}}{{!}} Street Walk in New York {{!}}{{!}} Chinatown |publisher=StreetWalkNYC紐約現狀 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/story/121382/4881829|title=新怡東關門 東百老匯商戶心慌|website=世界新聞網|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=March 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171916/https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/e404|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 28, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1DLaUowYw4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/P1DLaUowYw4| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=88 Palace of Chinatown is closing for good, no more clubbing 怡东酒楼关门与怡东商场近况 (2020/9/27) |publisher=Tech Explores NYC |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 22, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7nmbQeKceQ | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o7nmbQeKceQ| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=疫情如此严重的时候，纽约唐人街福州乡亲的东百老汇是怎样的？ |publisher=紐約巡城馬 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=December 15, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JY40VIh8go |title=紐約生活紀實｜疫情二度衝擊下的曼哈頓東百老匯 (又稱福州街, 小福州, 福州人唐人街) 和怡東商場 |publisher=在水一方 Living Overseas |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921030615/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JY40VIh8go |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Migration to Brooklyn Chinatown====
The increasing Fuzhou influx had shifted into the [[Brooklyn Chinatown]] in the [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] section of [[Brooklyn]]. This shift replaces the Cantonese population throughout Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown significantly more rapidly than in Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html| title=With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn| newspaper=The New York Times| date=April 15, 2015| last1=Robbins| first1=Liz| access-date=October 23, 2019| archive-date=April 16, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416111153/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gentrification]] in Manhattan's Chinatown has slowed the growth of Fuzhou immigration as well as the growth of Chinese immigrants to Manhattan in general,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|website=eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119193235/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kwong">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/answers-about-the-gentrification-of-chinatown/ |first=Peter |last=Kwong |work=The New York Times |title=Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown |agency=City Room (blog) |date=September 16, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012111759/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/answers-about-the-gentrification-of-chinatown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which is why New York City's rapidly growing Chinese population has now shifted primarily to the boroughs of [[Queens]] and Brooklyn.

Some Chinese [[landlord]]s in Manhattan, especially the many real estate agencies that are mainly of Cantonese ownership, were accused of prejudice against the Fuzhou immigrants, supposedly making Fuzhou immigrants feel unwelcome because concerns that they would not be able to pay rent or debt to gangs that may have helped smuggled them in illegally into the United States, and because of fear that gangs will come up to the apartments to cause trouble.<ref name="Zhao2010">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Xiaojian |year=2010 |title=The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813549125 |oclc=642200646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6glk5aF8FQYC |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|108}}<ref name="Sweatshop USA">{{Cite book |last=Bao |first=Xiaolan |chapter=Sweatshops in Sunset Park: A Variation of the Late Twentieth Century Chinese Garment Shops in New York City |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm2rhPCjPrAC&pg=PA133 |year=2003 |title=Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective |editor=Daniel E. Bender |editor2=Richard A. Greenwald|location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=133 |isbn=9780415935616 |oclc=52166009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm2rhPCjPrAC |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> There is also supposedly a concern that Fujianese are more likely to make the apartments too overcrowded by subdividing an apartment into multiple small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. This could also be particularly seen on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/270/news/news_2/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802045418/http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/270/news/news_2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2012 |title=High demand for illegal Chinatown apartments |author=Jian-Cuo, World Journal, May 9, 2007, then translated from Chinese by Connie Kong |date=May 17, 2007 |publisher=New York Community Media Alliance |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref>

Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only 10 percent of Chinese speakers in Manhattan's Chinatown, it is used as a secondary [[dialect]] among the greatest number of them. Although [[Min Chinese]], especially the [[Fuzhou dialect]], is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.<ref name="Garcia">{{Cite book |last=García |first=Ofelia |author2=Fishman, Joshua A. |title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2002 |isbn=3-11-017281-X}}</ref>

===={{Anchor|Little Hong Kong(小香港)/Little Guangdong/(小廣東)/Cantonese Town (廣東埠)}}Little Hong Kong/Guangdong====
{{main|Mott Street#Little Hong Kong#Guangdong}}
[[File:New York City Chinatown Celebration 004.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Chinese New Year]] celebration in Chinatown]]
As the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx has shifted to [[Brooklyn]] in the 2000s, Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese population remains viable and large and successfully continues to retain its stable Cantonese community identity, maintaining the communal gathering venue established decades ago in the western portion of Chinatown, to shop, work, and socialize—in contrast to the Cantonese population and community identity which are shifting from Brooklyn's original Sunset Park Chinatown to the satellite Chinatowns in Brooklyn.

Although the term Little Hong Kong was used a long time ago to describe Manhattan's Chinatown relating to when an influx of Hong Kong immigrants was pouring in at that time and even though not all Cantonese immigrants come from Hong Kong, this portion of Chinatown has heavy Cantonese characteristics, especially with the [[Standard Cantonese]], which is spoken in Hong Kong and [[Guangzhou, China]] being widely used, so it is in many ways a ''Little Hong Kong''.

A more appropriate term would be Little Guangdong-Hong Kong or [[Mott Street|Cantonese-Hong Kong Town]] since the Cantonese immigrants do come from different regions of the [[Guangdong]] province of China including [[Hong Kong]]. The long-time established Cantonese Community, which can be considered [[Mott Street (Manhattan)|Little Hong Kong/Guang Dong]] or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan lies along Mott, Pell, Doyer, Bayard, Elizabeth, Mulberry, Canal, and Bowery Streets, within Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="Durham2006"/><ref name="Bramblett2003"/>

Newer satellite Little Guangdong-Hong Kong has started to emerge in sections of Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest in Brooklyn. However, there are more scattered and mixed in with other ethnic enclaves. This is a result of many Cantonese residents migrating to these neighborhoods. Bensonhurst carries the majority of Brooklyn's Cantonese enclaves/population. Originally, the Sunset Park Chinatown was a small satellite of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown, but since the 2000s, Cantonese speakers in Brooklyn have been largely shifting to and concentrating in Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest while the Sunset Park Chinatown has largely grown into being a very large Fuzhou speaking enclave.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web| url=https://www.nydailynews.com/changing-chinatowns-move-manhattan-sunset-park-home-chinese-nyc-article-1.948028| title=The changing Chinatowns: Move over Manhattan, Sunset Park now home to most Chinese in NYC| website=[[New York Daily News]]| last=Beekman| first=Daniel| date=August 5, 2011| access-date=October 23, 2019| archive-date=February 16, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216135009/https://www.nydailynews.com/changing-chinatowns-move-manhattan-sunset-park-home-chinese-nyc-article-1.948028| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html|title=With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn|first=Liz|last=Robbins|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 15, 2015|access-date=October 23, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416111153/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68UtCgAAQBAJ&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA226 | isbn=9781136909863 | title=The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life | last=Lin | first=Jan | date=October 18, 2010 | publisher=Routledge | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122120/https://books.google.com/books?id=68UtCgAAQBAJ&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA226 | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Fuzhounese-Cantonese relations====
The Fuzhou immigration pattern started out in the 1970s, like the Cantonese immigration during the late 1800s to early 1900s that had established Manhattan's Chinatown on Mott Street, Pell Street, and Doyers Street. The immigrants were initially mostly men who later brought their families over. The beginning influx of Fuzhou immigrants arriving during the 1980s and 1990s were entering into a Chinese community that was extremely Cantonese dominated. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown as a result, causing many of them to resort to crimes. There was a lot of Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Chinatown.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-latest-wave-of-immigrants-is-splitting-chinatown.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jane H. |last=Lii |title=Neighborhood Report: Chinatown; Latest Wave of Immigrants Is Splitting Chinatown |date=June 12, 1994 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206191904/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-latest-wave-of-immigrants-is-splitting-chinatown.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RosenbergDunford2011">{{cite book |author1=Andrew Rosenberg |author2=Martin Dunford |title=The Rough Guide to New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ0z8ZSwQ-sC&pg=PA81 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4053-8565-7 |pages=81–}}</ref><ref name="KyleKoslowski2001">{{cite book |author1=David Kyle |author2=Rey Koslowski |title=Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5blzwmEvZG4C&pg=PA236 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=May 11, 2001 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6590-9 |pages=236– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172459/https://books.google.com/books?id=5blzwmEvZG4C&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guest2003">{{cite book |author=Kenneth J. Guest |title=God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mneekyUrfMgC&pg=PP11 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 1, 2003 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3154-3 |pages=11– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=mneekyUrfMgC&pg=PP11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kwong1996">{{cite book |author=Peter Kwong |title=The New Chinatown: Revised Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCdIyDPA57MC&pg=PA3 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 30, 1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8090-1585-6 |pages=3– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCdIyDPA57MC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HainesRosenblum1999">{{cite book |author1=David W. Haines |author2=Karen Elaine Rosenblum |title=Illegal Immigration in America: A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp-tipFRyyMC&pg=PA295 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30436-1 |pages=295– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172450/https://books.google.com/books?id=tp-tipFRyyMC&pg=PA295 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics and culture==
[[File:New York City Chinatown Celebration 005.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|[[Street fair]]s are common in Chinatown]]
In 2000, most of Chinatown's residents came from Asia. That year, the number of residents was 84,840, and 66% of them were Asian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/chinatownbrief.pdf|title=Major Chinatown Census Statistics at a Glance|access-date=February 2, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230047/http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/chinatownbrief.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Demographics===
The census tabulation area for Chinatown is bounded to the north by [[Houston Street]]; to the east by  [[Avenue B (Manhattan)|Avenue B]], Norfolk Street, [[Essex Street]] and [[Allen Street|Pike Street]]; to the south by Frankfort Street; and to the west by [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]] and [[Bowery]]. Based on data from the [[2010 United States census]], the population of Chinatown was 47,844, a change of −4,531 (−9.5%) from the 52,375 counted in [[2000 United States census|2000]]. Covering an area of {{convert|332.27|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|144|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PLP5">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610175331/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 16.3% (7,817) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.8% (2,285) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% (38) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 63.9% (30,559) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0% (11) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.2% (75) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.3% (639) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 13.4% (6,420) of the population.<ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>

The racial composition of Chinatown changed substantially from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the increase in the White population by 42% (2,321), the decrease in the Asian population by 15% (5,461), and the decrease in the Hispanic / Latino population by 15% (1,121). The Black population decreased by 3% (62) and remained a small minority, while the very small population of all other races decreased by 21% (208).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls | title = Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood | publisher = Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY | date = May 23, 2011 | access-date = March 22, 2020 | format = Excel file | archive-date = April 17, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045228/http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls | url-status = live }}</ref>

Chinatown lies in [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan Community District 3]], which encompasses Chinatown, the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]], and the [[Lower East Side]]. Community District 3 had 171,103 residents as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn3.pdf |title=Lower East Side and Chinatown (Including Chinatown, East Village and Lower East Side) |date=2018 |website=nyc.gov |publisher=NYC Health |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182355/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |title=2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 |date=2016 |website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]] |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}} Most residents are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 25% are between 45 and 64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community District 3 was $39,584.<ref name="CB3PUMA">{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603809-nyc-manhattan-community-district-3-chinatown-lower-east-side-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 3—Chinatown & Lower East Side PUMA, NY|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118140610/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603809-nyc-manhattan-community-district-3-chinatown-lower-east-side-puma-ny/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 18% of Community District 3 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 3, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Community District 3 is considered to be [[gentrification|gentrifying]]: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}

The [[New York City Department of City Planning]] released updated 2020 census data on the Asian population of New York City. Manhattan's Chinatown has only 27,200 Asian residents, compared to the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Brooklyn (46,000); Sunset Park, Brooklyn (31,400); Flushing, Queens (54,200); and Elmhurst, Queens (55,800).<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf|title=Key Population & Housing Characteristics; 2020 Census Results for New York City|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|date=August 2021|access-date=November 7, 2021|pages=21, 25, 29, 33|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925151633/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=auto4>{{cite web | title=Map: Race and ethnicity across the US | website=CNN | date=August 14, 2021 | url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/us/census-race-ethnicity-map/ | access-date=November 7, 2021 | archive-date=October 4, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004102038/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/us/census-race-ethnicity-map/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/21/us/asians-census-us.html|title=US-Asians census|website=New York Times|date=August 21, 2021|access-date=October 14, 2021|archive-date=October 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017101430/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/21/us/asians-census-us.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019ch.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313020523/https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019ch.pdf |date=March 13, 2022 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/immigrants/downloads/pdf/Fact-Sheet-NYCs-API-Immigrant-Population.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302134439/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/immigrants/downloads/pdf/Fact-Sheet-NYCs-API-Immigrant-Population.pdf |date=March 2, 2022 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

===Chinese cultural standards===
Despite the more recently emerged large Fuzhou population, many of the Chinese businesses in Chinatown are still Cantonese owned. The Cantonese dominated western section of Chinatown also continues to be the main busy Chinese business district. As a result, it has influenced many Fuzhounese to learn Cantonese for businesses, especially large businesses like the Dim Sum restaurants on what is known as [[Little Fuzhou]] on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]].<ref name="RosenbergDunford2011" /><ref name="Inc.2007">{{cite book |author=Let's Go Inc. |title=Let's Go USA 24th Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGOgKLHbz8C&pg=PA99 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=November 27, 2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-37445-7 |pages=99– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172505/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGOgKLHbz8C&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nychinatown.org/ebway.html |title=A journey through China town |publisher=Nychinatown.org |access-date=November 15, 2009 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172606/http://nychinatown.org/ebway.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Fuzhounese, the subgroup of non-Cantonese-speaking Chinese with the most interactions with Cantonese, also constitute the majority of non-native Cantonese-speaking Chinese. Many of the Fuzhou immigrants in the 1980s and early 1990s learned to speak Cantonese to maintain jobs and communicate with the Cantonese-speaking population in addition to the fact many of the earlier Fuzhou immigrants had lived in [[Hong Kong]] adapting into the [[Culture of Hong Kong|Hong Kong culture]] and speaking [[Cantonese]], which gave them better advantages to integrating into the Chinatown community as it was still very dominantly Cantonese speaking.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jUTCgAAQBAJ&dq=fuzhou+immigrants+in+hong+kong&pg=PA151|title=God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community|isbn=9780814731543|last1=Guest|first1=Kenneth J.|date=August 2003|publisher=NYU Press|access-date=January 30, 2022|archive-date=March 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172606/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jUTCgAAQBAJ&dq=fuzhou+immigrants+in+hong+kong&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=fuzhou%20immigrants%20in%20hong%20kong&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> However, since the 2000s, newer Chinese immigrants have largely spoken [[Mandarin Chinese]], the national language of China.<ref name="Keefe2009" />{{rp|38}}<ref name="Chinesechange" />

A significant difference between the two separate [[Chinese province|Chinese provincial]] communities in Manhattan's Chinatown is that the Cantonese part of Chinatown not only serves Chinese customers but is also a tourist attraction. However, the Fuzhou part of Chinatown caters less to tourists.<ref name="Lin2011">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7a2_J2Z8s-YC&pg=PA226 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-87982-8 |pages=226–}}</ref><ref name="Wang2001">{{cite book |author=Xinyang Wang |title=Surviving the City: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzynALMFtEEC&pg=PA79 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0891-0 |pages=79–}}</ref> [[Bowery]], [[Chrystie Street]], [[Catherine Street]], and [[Chatham Square]] encompass the approximate border zone between the Fuzhou and Cantonese communities in Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="Chin1999" />{{rp|112}}

Unlike most other urban Chinatowns, Manhattan's Chinatown is both a residential area as well as commercial area. Many population estimates are in the range of 90,000 to 100,000 residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyhabitat.com/blog/category/new-york/new-york-travel-guide/new-york-neighborhoods/lower-east-side/|title=New York Habitat Blog : Lower East Side|website=www.nyhabitat.com|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=March 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326112705/https://www.nyhabitat.com/blog/category/new-york/new-york-travel-guide/new-york-neighborhoods/lower-east-side/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/24/magazine/there-s-more-to-chinatown.html?pagewanted=all%3Fpagewanted%3Dall |title=There's More To Chinatown |work=The New York Times |first=D. Keith |last=Mano |date=April 24, 1988 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173221/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/24/magazine/there-s-more-to-chinatown.html?pagewanted=all%3Fpagewanted%3Dall |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/01/business/mining-chinatown-s-mountain-of-gold.html |title=Mining Chinatown's Mountain of Gold |work=The New York Times |first=N. R. |last=Kleinfield |date=June 1, 1986 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214171142/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/01/business/mining-chinatown-s-mountain-of-gold.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corcoran.com/news/index.aspx?page=Article&pub_id=6704|title=The Allure of Authentic New York|access-date=June 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708193137/http://www.corcoran.com/news/index.aspx?page=Article&pub_id=6704|archive-date=July 8, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> One analysis of census data in 2011 showed that Chinatown and heavily Chinese tracts on the Lower East Side had 47,844 residents in the 2010 census, a decrease of nearly 9% since 2000.<ref name="Berger" />

===Gentrification and decline in Chinese population===
[[File:New York lion dance lion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[lion dance|Chinese lion]] during [[Chinese New Year]] festivities on Mott St. near [[Worth Street (Manhattan)|Worth St]].]]
By 2007, luxury [[condominium]]s began to spread from [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]] into Chinatown. Previously, Chinatown was noted for its crowded tenements and primarily Chinese residents. While some projects have targeted the Chinese community, the development of luxury housing has increased Chinatown's economic and cultural diversity.<ref>Toy, Vivian S. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/realestate/17cov.html?pagewanted=print Luxury Condos Arrive in Chinatown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811031814/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/realestate/17cov.html?pagewanted=print |date=August 11, 2018 }}." ''The New York Times''. September 17, 2006. Retrieved on April 2, 2010.</ref>  A 2021 N.Y.U Furman poll found that the racial and ethnic composition of Asian identifying individuals within the community dropped from 34.8% in 2000 to 28.1% in 2021, a 6.7% decrease.<ref name="furmancenter.org"/>

Since the early 2000s, there has been a continuously increasing number of buildings in Chinatown, neighboring [[Two Bridges, Manhattan|Two Bridges]], and the [[Lower East Side]], taken over by new landlords and real estate developers, who then charged higher rents and/or demolished the buildings to build newer structures.<ref name="auto" /> Often, whenever this happens, many [[Little Fuzhou|Fuzhounese tenants]] are more likely to be evicted, especially in the [[Little Fuzhou|eastern portion of Chinatown]], where illegal subdivision, overcrowding, lack of leases, and lack of immigrant paperwork are common. In addition, since the 2000s, there have been city officials inspecting apartment buildings and cracking down on illegal units. With tenants that have rent-stabilized leases, legal residency documents, no apartment subdivisions, and a lesser probability of subletting over capacity—most of whom are long-time Cantonese residents—it is usually harder for the newer landlords to be able to force these tenants out, especially including the western portion of Chinatown, which is still mainly Cantonese populated. However, newer landlords still continuously try find other loopholes to force them out.<ref>*{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25920980 |title=The slow decline of American Chinatowns |newspaper=BBC News |date=February 4, 2014 |last1=Lewis |first1=Aidan |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327092457/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25920980 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/ |title=Employment Agencies Leave Manhattan's Chinatown |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085352/http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/how-can-new-york-stop-the-citys-worst-landlords-6668011 |title=How Can New York Stop the City's Worst Landlords? |author=Anna Merlan |work=Village Voice |date=October 21, 2014 |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123155334/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/how-can-new-york-stop-the-citys-worst-landlords-6668011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://pix11.com/2014/08/20/gov-cuomo-subpoenas-manhattan-landlord-trying-to-evict-rent-regulated-tenants/ |title=Gov. Cuomo subpoenas landlord trying to evict rent-regulated tenants – New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV |work=New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV |date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129084234/http://pix11.com/2014/08/20/gov-cuomo-subpoenas-manhattan-landlord-trying-to-evict-rent-regulated-tenants/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/rising-real-estate-prices-remake-new-yorks-chinatown/1820606.html |title=Rising Real Estate Prices Remake New York's Chinatown |work=VOA |date=December 31, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129083630/http://www.voanews.com/content/rising-real-estate-prices-remake-new-yorks-chinatown/1820606.html |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://metcouncilonhousing.org/news_and_issues/tenant_newspaper/2012/october/displacement_crisis_in_chinatown |title=Displacement Crisis in Chinatown |date=March 18, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-date=January 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126043830/http://metcouncilonhousing.org/news_and_issues/tenant_newspaper/2012/october/displacement_crisis_in_chinatown |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/landlord-wastes-no-time-kick-residents-curb-chinatown-article-1.148172 |title=Landlord tries to kick residents to curb |author=ERIN DURKIN |date=January 3, 2011 |work=NY Daily News |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222152946/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/landlord-wastes-no-time-kick-residents-curb-chinatown-article-1.148172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2009, many newer Chinese immigrants settled along East Broadway instead of the historic core west of [[Bowery]]. In addition [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] began to eclipse [[Canton dialect|Cantonese]] as the predominant Chinese dialect in New York's Chinatown during the period. ''[[The New York Times]]'' says that the Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown in terms of being a cultural center for Chinese-speaking New Yorkers' politics and trade.<ref name="Chinesechange"/>

====Current status as Chinese shopping business district====
Despite the area's gentrification, it is still a popular Chinese commercial shopping district, frequented by residents of the [[New York metropolitan area]] as well as tourists. In addition, high-income professionals are moving into the area and patronizing Chinese businesses.<ref name="macaulay.cuny.edu"/> However, commercial activity is not concentrated evenly through Chinatown. The western half of Chinatown (the original Cantonese Chinatown), known as [[Mott Street|Little Hong Kong/Guangdong]], is still relatively active. However, the eastern/southern part of Chinatown, known as [[Little Fuzhou]], has become primarily residential, and thus, the most primarily affected by the decline in business. Businesses in Little Fuzhou may be affected by the spread of gentrification from the nearby [[Lower East Side]] and [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].<ref name="macaulay.cuny.edu">{{Cite web | date=May 10, 2018 | url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/ | title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018 | access-date=April 11, 2019 | archive-date=January 19, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119193235/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last=Chen | first=Xiaoning | date=July 17, 2018 | url=https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/ | title=– the Decline of East Broadway? | website=Voices Of NY | access-date=August 13, 2019 | archive-date=May 27, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134505/https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, the oldest continuously run business in Manhattan's Chinatown was up for sale: [[Wing on Wo and Co]], established in 1890. The building was worth around $10 million, including six stories and a store front, one of the only buildings left of its kind in the area. [[Mei Lum]], a grandchild of the original owner, stepped in before the sale and took over the business to preserve its history and position within the neighborhood, to "regenerate, encourage and protect" Chinatown's culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vadukul |first=Alex |date=October 7, 2016 |title=On Brink of Sale, Family Shop in Chinatown Stays in Family |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/nyregion/family-shop-in-chinatown-stays-in-family-wing-on-wo-co.html |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022911/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/nyregion/family-shop-in-chinatown-stays-in-family-wing-on-wo-co.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lum started the "W.O.W. Project", which hopes to "preserve Chinatown's creative scene through art and activism".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yarlagadda|first=Tara|date=July 20, 2018|title=W.O.W. Project Shares Stories of Resilience in Chinatown Open Mic Night|url=https://bedfordandbowery.com/2018/07/w-o-w-project-shares-stories-of-resilience-in-chinatown-open-mic-night/|access-date=December 2, 2020|website=Bedford + Bowery|language=en-US|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022233514/https://bedfordandbowery.com/2018/07/w-o-w-project-shares-stories-of-resilience-in-chinatown-open-mic-night/|url-status=live}}</ref> Events such as Open Mic nights and exhibitions would start conversations about this neighborhood's past and the people that have lived there.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=October 7, 2016|title=On Brink of Sale, Family Shop in Chinatown Stays in Family|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/nyregion/family-shop-in-chinatown-stays-in-family-wing-on-wo-co.html|access-date=December 2, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022911/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/nyregion/family-shop-in-chinatown-stays-in-family-wing-on-wo-co.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, in February 2020, the W.O.W. Project exhibited ethnographic research and oral history interviews that highlighted stories of migration, displacement, and everyday resilience in Chinatowns all over the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public Programs|url=https://www.wingonwoand.co/programs|access-date=December 4, 2020|website=Wing on Wo & Co.|language=en-US|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013015428/https://www.wingonwoand.co/programs|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]], the W.O.W. Project started a project called Love Letters to Chinatown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Letters to Chinatown|url=https://www.wingonwoand.co/love-letters-to-chinatown|access-date=December 4, 2020|website=Wing on Wo & Co.|language=en-US|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021165923/https://www.wingonwoand.co/love-letters-to-chinatown|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=={{Anchor|Chinatownscape}} Streetscape==
{{Wide image|Mott Street Chinatown Manhattan at night 2.JPG|1000px|3=<div align=center>Looking north on [[Mott Street (Manhattan)|Mott Street]] at night in 2015. Manhattan's Chinatown is home to the highest concentration of [[Chinese people]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name=fact-sheet/></div>|dir=rtl}}

==Economy==
[[File:Chinatown 02 - New York City.jpg|upright=1.0|thumb|right|A Chinatown grocery store]]
[[File:Chinatown manhattan fishmarket.jpg|upright=1.0|thumb|right|A [[fish market]] in Chinatown]]

Chinese [[greengrocer]]s and [[fishmonger]]s are clustered around Mott Street, Mulberry Street, [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] (by Baxter Street), and all along [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] (especially by Catherine Street). The Chinese [[jewelry|jewelers']] district is on Canal Street between Mott and Bowery. There are many Asian and American banks in the neighborhood. Canal Street, west of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] (especially on the Northside), is filled with street vendors selling [[counterfeit consumer goods|knock-off brands]] of perfumes, watches, and handbags. This section of Canal Street was previously the home of [[warehouse]] stores selling surplus/salvage electronics and hardware.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In addition, tourism and restaurants are major industries. The district boasts many historical and cultural attractions, and it is a destination for tour companies like Manhattan Walking Tour, Big Onion, NYC Chinatown Tours, and [[Lower East Side History Project]].<ref>See:
* [http://bigonion.com/description/index.html Big Onion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213322/http://bigonion.com/description/index.html |date=July 25, 2011 }}
* [http://www.nycchinatowntours.com NYC Chinatown Tours] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316143900/http://www.nycchinatowntours.com/ |date=March 16, 2011 }}
* [http://www.leshp.org/walking-tours/forgotten-lower-east-side/ Lower East Side History Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065027/http://www.leshp.org/walking-tours/forgotten-lower-east-side/ |date=April 24, 2016 }}</ref> Tour stops often include landmarks like the [[Church of the Transfiguration (New York City)|Church of the Transfiguration]] and the [[Lin Zexu]] and [[Confucius]] statues.<ref>[http://bigonion.com/description/index.html Big Onion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213322/http://bigonion.com/description/index.html |date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> The enclave's many restaurants also support the tourism industry. In Chinatown, more than 300 Chinese restaurants provide employment.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Notable and well-reviewed Chinatown establishments include [[Joe's Shanghai]], Jing Fong, New Green Bo and Amazing 66.<ref>See:
* [http://www.10best.com/destinations/new-york/new-york/restaurants/chinatowns-best/ 10 Best Chinatown Restaurants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409132118/http://www.10best.com/destinations/new-york/new-york/restaurants/chinatowns-best/ |date=April 9, 2011 }}
* [http://gonyc.about.com/od/restaurants/tp/topdimsum.htm 8 recommended restaurants in New York City, about.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206060942/http://gonyc.about.com/od/restaurants/tp/topdimsum.htm |date=December 6, 2010 }}</ref>

Other contributors to the economy include factories. The proximity of the [[fashion industry]] has kept some [[Garment District, Manhattan|garment work]] in the local area, though much of the garment industry has since moved to China. The local garment industry now concentrates on quick production in small volumes and [[piece work]], which is generally done at the worker's home. Much of the population growth is due to immigration.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] caused a decline in business for stores and restaurants in Chinatown. Chinatown was adversely affected by the attacks; being so physically close to [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]], Chinatown saw a very slow return of tourism and business. Part of the reason was the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] closure of [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]], one of two major roads linking the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] with Chinatown (the other being [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]]). However, the area's economy, as well as tourism, have rebounded since then. A Chinatown [[business improvement district]] was established in 2011 despite opposition from business owners in the community.<ref name="Berger">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/nyregion/chinatown-considers-business-improvement-district.html |title=Chinatown Considers Business Improvement District |last=Berger |first=Joseph |date=September 21, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=September 21, 2011 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030712/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/nyregion/chinatown-considers-business-improvement-district.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 15, 2011|title=Chinatown BID approved despite opposition|url=https://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/|access-date=August 8, 2020|website=CityLand|language=en-US|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024031541/https://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The neighborhood is home to several large Chinese supermarkets. In August 2011, a new branch of New York Supermarket opened on Mott Street in the central district of grocery and food shopping of Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourchinatown.org/2011/08/01/new-supermarket-opens-on-mott-street-in-chinatown/ |title=New Supermarket Opens on Mott Street in Chinatown |publisher=OurChinatown |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043622/http://ourchinatown.org/2011/08/01/new-supermarket-opens-on-mott-street-in-chinatown |url-status=dead }}</ref> Just a block away from New York Supermarket, is a [[Hong Kong Supermarket]] located on the corner of Elizabeth and Hester Streets. These two supermarkets are among the largest Chinese supermarkets carrying all different food varieties within the long-time established Cantonese community in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="Travel New York City - Illustrated Guide and Maps">{{cite book |title=Travel New York City – Illustrated Guide and Maps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6fjsplSRAC&pg=PT204 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=MobileReference |isbn=978-1-60501-028-1 |pages=204–}}</ref> A Hong Kong Supermarket at East Broadway and Pike Street burned down in 2009 and plans to construct a 91-room Marriott Hotel in its place resulted in community protests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Meng |first=Helen |url=http://voicesofny.org/2011/10/chinatown-gathering-protests-development/ |title=Chinatown gathering protests development |publisher=Voices of NY |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034039/https://voicesofny.org/2011/10/chinatown-gathering-protests-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The New York Supermarkets chain, which also operates markets in Elmhurst and Flushing, settled with the New York State Attorney General in 2008 in which it paid back wages and overtime to workers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/supermarket-to-pay-back-wages-and-overtime/ |work=The New York Times |first=Steven |last=Greenhouse |title=Supermarket to Pay Back Wages and Overtime |date=December 9, 2008 |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=November 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101064539/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/supermarket-to-pay-back-wages-and-overtime/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the [[Chinese restaurant]] [[menu]]s in the U.S. are printed in Chinatown, Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/casual/20-secrets-of-your-local-chinese-takeout-joint/ss-AAqZN6n?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp#image=15 |title=20 Secrets of Your Local Chinese Takeout Joint |publisher=The Daily Meal |access-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924094434/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/casual/20-secrets-of-your-local-chinese-takeout-joint/ss-AAqZN6n?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp#image=15 |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Manhattan's Chinatown has had a history of mini malls with varieties of small shops, however due to the gentrification, this trend has been declining. However, two significant well known mini malls in Manhattan's Chinatown still exist and stand out the most, which are '''Elizabeth Center''' at ''13 [[Elizabeth Street (Manhattan)|Elizabeth Street]]'' right next to [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]]'s 5th precinct and '''East Broadway Mall''' at ''88 [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]]'' under the [[Manhattan Bridge]]. Elizabeth Center is a Hong Kong style shopping center with varieties of shops with most of them being owned by Cantonese speakers along with some owned by other Chinese speakers as well and is located in the longer time established western Cantonese Chinatown, therefore their customer base are largely Cantonese speakers from the local neighborhoods as well as from other places, however other Chinese speakers from the local area and from other places including Chinese tourists also come to shop at this mini mall. Elizabeth Center also attracts a lot of Non-Asian tourists and visitors and it is often very popular with younger generation customers of Chinese and non-Chinese descents due to the significant concentration of stores that sell varieties of affordable accessories as well as cartoon figure and [[Action figure]] products.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kza7FDKsvS8C&dq=elizabeth+center+elizabeth+street+chinatown+nyc&pg=PA54|title=Secret New York|date=1999|author=Robert Sietsema|publisher=[[ECW Press]]|isbn=9781550223743|page=54|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122126/https://books.google.com/books?id=kza7FDKsvS8C&dq=elizabeth+center+elizabeth+street+chinatown+nyc&pg=PA54|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 10, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS7uyuLDufM |title=229.NY Chinatown, 疫情期間 ，紐約 唐人街 伊利沙伯中心 地下商場，會變成歷史嗎？Hera square,9/10/2021(K |publisher=Hera Square |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010035240/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS7uyuLDufM |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 2, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Is7M4JR5Ub8 |title=205.NY Chinatown, 疫情期間 ，紐約 唐人街 伊利沙伯中心 地下商場，慘淡經營,Hera Yan,9/2/2021(C |publisher=Hera Yan |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010035424/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Is7M4JR5Ub8 |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macaulay.cuny.edu/seminars/brooks10/shopping/index.html|title=Shopping Locations &#124;|website=macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=October 13, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008162211/https://macaulay.cuny.edu/seminars/brooks10/shopping/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=June 26, 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U-TzJc96SI | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1U-TzJc96SI| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=City Searchers {{!}} Elizabeth Center |publisher=SinoVision 美国中文电视 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=August 11, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU2JclQgNrg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZU2JclQgNrg| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=DRAGON BALL TOYS AT NYC CHINATOWN, MIDTOWN COMICS & BOOKOFF! – Hunting For Dragon Ball Figures! #45 |publisher=SSJGoshin4 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Chinese America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghKia5k6hXUC&dq=cantonese+immigrants+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA103|author=Min Zhou|date=April 7, 2009|isbn=9781592138593|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ghKia5k6hXUC&dq=cantonese+immigrants+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jUTCgAAQBAJ&q=cantonese+immigrants+nyc+chinatown|title=God in Chinatown|author=Kenneth J. Guest|date=August 2003|isbn=9780814731543|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122121/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jUTCgAAQBAJ&q=cantonese+immigrants+nyc+chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/beemanneighborhoods/timelinehistory/|title=History of Chinatown – Neighborhood Projects|date=June 14, 2022|access-date=October 13, 2021|archive-date=October 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204606/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/beemanneighborhoods/timelinehistory/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.library.stonybrook.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=aasrs|title=How Do Chinese Dialects Reflect the Way in Which Chinese Immigrants settle?|author=Tom Yang|publisher=[[Stony Brook University]]|access-date=October 13, 2021|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121085853/https://commons.library.stonybrook.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=aasrs|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Broadway Mall, at 88 East Broadway, was developed in the late 1980s on a city-owned plot of land under the Manhattan Bridge.<ref name="Chan 2022"/> When East Broadway Mall opened, their storefront owners and customer base were mainly Cantonese speakers as the Chinese speaking population in the area was still very Cantonese speaking, however as early as the 1980s, a Fuzhouese-speaking population already had begun growing in the East Broadway neighborhood, which eventually by the 1990s had slowly grown into a Fuzhou speaking enclave distinct from the original older established Cantonese Chinatown from [[Bowery|Bowery Street]] going west and then reflectively the storefront owners and customer base at East Broadway Mall then slowly shifted to majority Fuzhou speakers. The area's Fuzhouese-speaking population has been declining since the 2010s due to gentrification, and many residents relocated to New York City's outer boroughs. The [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]] exacerbated the situation at East Broadway Mall, and the dim sum restaurant upstairs, which had operated for a long time, was closed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPlyMGoGoQC&dq=East+Broadway+Mall&pg=PA270|title=Making Teaching and Learning Matter: Transformative Spaces in Higher Education|first1=Judith|last1=Summerfield|first2=Cheryl C.|last2=Smith|date=December 9, 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789048191666|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JykAAAAAMBAJ&dq=East+Broadway+Mall+was+once+Cantonese&pg=PA30|title=New York Magazine|first=New York Media|last=LLC|date=April 12, 1993|publisher=New York Media, LLC|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web|author1=世界新聞網 |url=https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/story/121382/5668533|title=紐約市府將收回怡東商場經營權 陳倩雯籲撥款助復甦|website=世界新聞網|access-date=October 13, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008185959/https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/story/121382/5668533|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.singtaousa.com/3598002|title=市府將收回怡東租約引商戶恐慌 管理方稱地稅飛漲多年求助無門|website=www.singtaousa.com|date=August 26, 2021|access-date=November 3, 2021|archive-date=March 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314173026/https://www.singtaousa.com/2021-08-26/%e5%b8%82%e5%ba%9c%e5%b0%87%e6%94%b6%e5%9b%9e%e6%80%a1%e6%9d%b1%e7%a7%9f%e7%b4%84%e5%bc%95%e5%95%86%e6%88%b6%e6%81%90%e6%85%8c-%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e6%96%b9%e7%a8%b1%e5%9c%b0%e7%a8%85%e9%a3%9b%e6%bc%b2/3598002#page5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=October 3, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMsKvXZeinc | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qMsKvXZeinc| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=曼哈顿唐人街 华人商城 怡东楼 荒凉 惨 关门倒闭潮 |publisher=杨杨穷游美国-纽约篇 New York City |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25920980|title=The slow decline of American Chinatowns|work=BBC News|last=Lewis|first=Aidan|date=February 4, 2014|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327092457/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25920980|url-status=live}}</ref> Elizabeth Center has done marginally better, and many tenants remained during the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, East Broadway Mall went from having around 80 stores to roughly 17 during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asamnews.com/2021/10/26/chinatown-mall-that-once-employed-thousands-may-close/|title=Chinatown Mall That Once Employed Thousands May Close|last=Tamanaha|first=Akemi|date=October 26, 2021|website=AsAmNews|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029053910/https://asamnews.com/2021/10/26/chinatown-mall-that-once-employed-thousands-may-close/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7ny.com/11166645/|title=Chinatown mall that once employed thousands at risk of shutting down|first=CeFaan|last=Kim|date=October 25, 2021|website=ABC7 New York|access-date=November 3, 2021|archive-date=March 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314173139/https://abc7ny.com/east-broadway-mall-chinatown-terry-chan-pandemic/11166645/|url-status=live}}</ref> Media sources reported in November 2021 that the [[Government of New York (state)|New York state government]] was giving $20 million to revitalize several city-owned properties in the area. Some proposals have been made to convert the interiors of the East Broadway Mall into a community theater, with commercial stores outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boweryboogie.com/2021/11/chinatown-awarded-20m-state-grant-to-revamp-east-broadway-mall-and-nearby/|title=Chinatown Awarded $20M State Grant to Revamp East Broadway Mall and Sites Nearby|website=Bowery Boogie|access-date=November 16, 2021|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620030247/https://www.boweryboogie.com/2021/11/chinatown-awarded-20m-state-grant-to-revamp-east-broadway-mall-and-nearby/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://j99news.com/2021/11/12/chinatown-receives-20-million-grant-to-renovate-east-broadway-mall-forsyth-plaza-and-kimlau-square/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://gothamist.com/news/chinatown-gets-20-million-grant-revamp-east-broadway-mall-forsyth-plaza-and-kimlau-square|title = Chinatown Gets $20 Million Grant to Revamp East Broadway Mall, Forsyth Plaza, and Kimlau Square|last = Hogan|first = Gwynne|date = November 12, 2021|website=Gothamist|access-date = November 16, 2021|archive-date = November 17, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211117143627/https://gothamist.com/news/chinatown-gets-20-million-grant-revamp-east-broadway-mall-forsyth-plaza-and-kimlau-square|url-status = live}}</ref> However, [[Curbed]] reported in October 2022 that the government grant was being rescinded from East Broadway Mall.<ref name="Chan 2022">{{cite web | last=Chan | first=Wilfred | title=Why One Chinatown Mini-mall Languishes While Another Thrives | website=Curbed | date=October 31, 2022 | url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/10/chinatown-minimalls-east-broadway-88-palace-pilot-taxes.html | access-date=November 21, 2022 | archive-date=November 19, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119043517/https://www.curbed.com/2022/10/chinatown-minimalls-east-broadway-88-palace-pilot-taxes.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Satellite Chinatowns==
{{Main|Chinatowns in Queens|Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Little Fuzhou}}
For a long time, Manhattan's Chinatown has always been the most largely concentrated Chinese population in New York City, a city where 6% of the overall population is Chinese American. However, in recent years growing Chinese populations in the outer boroughs have tremendously outnumbered Manhattan's Chinese population.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramirez, Jeanine |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/making_census_of_it/140908/making-census-of-it--as-brooklyn-s-chinese-american-population-grows--some-call-for-more-services |title=Making Census Of It: As Brooklyn's Chinese-American Population Grows, Some Call For More Services |publisher=NY1 |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817043558/http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/making_census_of_it/140908/making-census-of-it--as-brooklyn-s-chinese-american-population-grows--some-call-for-more-services |archive-date=August 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Khan, Shazia |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/making_census_of_it/143332/making-census-of-it--chinatown-no-longer-home-to-nyc-s-largest-chinese-population |title=Making Census Of It: Chinatown No Longer Home To NYC's Largest Chinese Population |publisher=NY1 |date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819234103/http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/making_census_of_it/143332/making-census-of-it--chinatown-no-longer-home-to-nyc-s-largest-chinese-population |archive-date=August 19, 2012 }}</ref> Other New York City Chinese communities have been settled over the years, including that of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] in [[Queens]], particularly along from Roosevelt Avenue to [[Main Street (Queens)|Main Street]] through [[Kissena Boulevard]].

Another Chinese community is located in Sunset Park in Brooklyn, particularly along 8th Avenue from 40th to 65th Streets. New York City's newer Chinatowns have recently sprung up in [[Elmhurst, Queens#Chinatown, Elmhurst (唐人街, 艾姆赫斯特)|Elmhurst]] and [[Corona, Queens]] (which border each other and are part of the same Chinatown), on [[Avenue U#Chinatown (唐人街, U大道)|Avenue U]] in the [[Homecrest, Brooklyn|Homecrest]] section of Brooklyn, as well as in [[Chinatown, Brooklyn#Chinatown, Bensonhurst|Bensonhurst]], also in Brooklyn. Outside of New York City proper, rapidly growing suburban Chinatowns are developing within the [[New York metropolitan area]] in nearby [[Edison, New Jersey]] and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], [[Long Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 6 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date=September 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}</ref>

While the composition of these satellite Chinatowns are as varied as the original, the political factions in the original Manhattan Chinatown ([[Tong (organization)|Tongs]], [[Republic of China]] loyalists, People's Republic of China loyalists, and those apathetic) have led to some factionalization in the satellite Chinatowns.

=== Satellite Chinatowns' demographics ===
{{Main|Flushing Chinatown|Brooklyn Chinatown}}
The [[Flushing Chinatown]] was spearheaded by many Chinese following the [[Handover of Hong Kong]] in 1997 as well as [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] who used their considerable capital to buy out the land from the former residents. The Chinatowns of Flushing and Elmhurst are more middle class and were initially mainly small Taiwanese Mandarin-speaking enclaves, but have since grown very large and very diversified with Chinese migrants from many various regions from mainland China also often speaking Mandarin along with their regional dialects. Flushing is now the largest Chinatown of New York City and has taken over as being the main Chinese cultural center due to the very high diversity of Chinese immigrants from many various regions of mainland China and Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/littlenyc/chinatown-flushing-queens/ | title=Chinatown – Flushing, Queens – Little NYC | access-date=October 23, 2019 | archive-date=October 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144351/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/littlenyc/chinatown-flushing-queens/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://fordhamram.com/69896/culture/flushing-queens-the-other-chinatown/|title = Flushing, Queens: The Other Chinatown|last = White|first = Stella|date = February 4, 2021|website=The Fordham Ram|access-date = October 23, 2019|archive-date = October 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144357/https://fordhamram.com/69896/culture/flushing-queens-the-other-chinatown/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2016/01/26/463857599/leaving-chinas-north-immigrants-redefine-chinese-in-new-york|title = Leaving China's North, Immigrants Redefine Chinese in New York|website = [[NPR]]| date=January 26, 2016 |access-date = October 23, 2019|archive-date = October 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144351/https://www.npr.org/2016/01/26/463857599/leaving-chinas-north-immigrants-redefine-chinese-in-new-york|url-status = live | last1=Wang | first1=Hansi Lo }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Melia |date=May 27, 2015| url=https://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5| title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world| website=[[Business Insider]]| access-date=October 23, 2019| archive-date=April 13, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413105131/https://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5| url-status=live}}</ref>

There are three major [[Brooklyn Chinatown]]s. Unlike the Chinese enclaves in Queens, which has a very high diversity of Chinese immigrants from various regions of mainland China and Taiwan, the Brooklyn Chinatowns are very segregated into Cantonese dominated enclaves in Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay and the Fuzhou dominated enclave in Sunset Park, although with some significant limited population of long-time Cantonese residents. The Sunset Park Chinatown originally emerged as a small Cantonese enclave, but with the large influx of Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Sunset Park since the 2000s, it has grown into becoming the largest Fuzhou Chinatown of New York City, although some Cantonese people remain in the Sunset Park area.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/08/09/sunset-park-chinatown-shopping/|title = Live lobsters, longan fruit and a small-town feel: Sunset Park's Chinatown|last = Croghan|first = Lore|date = August 9, 2019|access-date = October 23, 2019|archive-date = October 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144352/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/08/09/sunset-park-chinatown-shopping/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> The Bensonhurst and [[Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn|Sheepshead Bay]] Chinatowns are primarily Cantonese populated as a result of many of them migrating away from both Chinatowns of Manhattan and Brooklyn Sunset Park including new Cantonese immigration. Bensonhurst Chinatown's Chinese population is growing faster than that of Sunset Park. According to the 2010 census information, [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]] and the nearby neighborhood of [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn|Bath Beach]] in Brooklyn together constituted New York City's largest concentrated community of [[Hong Kongers|Hong Kong Residents]] (with 3,723 in Bensonhurst and 1,049 in Bath Beach totaling together at 4,772), even though they are very heavily mixed in with the area's much larger Cantonese community consisting mostly of Cantonese speaking immigrants from [[Mainland China]]'s [[Guangdong Province]], and although most of the Hong Kong residents are scattered across many other neighborhoods of New York City while only roughly about less than a quarter of New York City's Hong Kong residents reside in Bensonhurst/Bath Beach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/asian-boom-brooklyn-n-lline-neighborhoods-brooklyn-census-data-shows-article-1.955293|title=Asian Boom in Brooklyn Neighborhoods|website=[[New York Daily News]]|last=Nelson|first=Katie|date=September 15, 2011|access-date=October 23, 2019|archive-date=October 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023145519/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/asian-boom-brooklyn-n-lline-neighborhoods-brooklyn-census-data-shows-article-1.955293|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2010/m_asnsubnum_ct.pdf|title=Asian Population 2010 by Census Tract|author=New York City Government|date=2010|access-date=October 23, 2019|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919074143/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2010/m_asnsubnum_ct.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/projects/census/2010/map.html|title=Mapping America: Every City, Every Block|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 13, 2010|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203074014/http://www.nytimes.com/projects/census/2010/map.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/chapter3.pdf|title=The Newest New Yorkers – Chapter 3|author=New York City Government|date=2013|access-date=October 25, 2019|archive-date=August 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807230505/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/chapter3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[New York City Department of City Planning|NYC Dept. Of City Planning]] provided updated 2020 census data on the Asian population of New York City. Bensonhurst now has 46,000 Asian Residents while Sunset Park had 31,400 Asian Residents, which means Bensonhurst now has the highest Asian population of Brooklyn surpassing Sunset Park as the original epicenter of Brooklyn's Asian population. The Asian population in Bensonhurst and Sunset Park are still overwhelmingly Chinese residents. Queens neighborhoods of Flushing (54,200 Asian Residents) and Elmhurst(55,800 Asian Residents) still hold the largest Asian populations in all of New York City though. Manhattan's Chinatown Asian population ranks at 27,200 residents.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto7"/>

==Buildings==
[[File:MOCA car-free jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Chinese American experience has been documented at the [[Museum of Chinese in America]] in Manhattan's Chinatown since 1980.]]

For much of Chinatown's history, there were few unique architectural features to announce to visitors that they had arrived in the neighborhood (other than the language of the shop signs). In 1962, the [[Lieutenant]] [[Benjamin Ralph Kimlau]] Memorial archway at [[Chatham Square]] was erected in memorial of the Chinese-Americans who died in [[World War II]], designed by local architect [[Poy Gum Lee]] (1900–1968).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mocanyc.org/exhibitions/rediscovering_the_hybrid_modernism_of_poy_gum_lee |title=Chinese Style: Rediscovering the Architecture of Poy Gum Lee, 1923–1968 |date=2015 |website=Museum of Chinese in America (MOCA) |language=en |access-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203130506/https://www.mocanyc.org/exhibitions/rediscovering_the_hybrid_modernism_of_poy_gum_lee |url-status=dead }}</ref> This memorial bears calligraphy by the great [[Yu Youren]] (1879–1964). A statue of [[Lin Zexu]], also known as Commissioner Lin, a [[Fuzhou people|Foochowese]] Chinese official who [[Destruction of opium at Humen|opposed the opium trade]], is also located at the square; it faces uptown along East Broadway, now home to the bustling Fuzhou neighborhood and known locally as Fuzhou Street.

More decorations and cultural institutions followed. In the 1970s, [[New York Telephone]], then the local phone company, started capping the street phone booths with [[pagoda]]-like decorations. In 1976, the statue of [[Confucius]] in front of [[Confucius Plaza]] became a common meeting place. In the 1980s, banks that opened new branches and others that were renovating started to use Chinese traditional styles for their building facades. The [[Church of the Transfiguration (Mott Street, New York, New York)|Church of the Transfiguration]], a national historic site built in 1815, stands off Mott Street. The [[Chinese American]] experience has been documented at the [[Museum of Chinese in America]] in Manhattan's Chinatown since 1980. In addition, [[Pearl River Mart]], which opened in 1971, has become one of the more notable family-owned stores in Chinatown.

In 2010, Chinatown and [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] were listed in a single [[historic district (United States)|historic district]] on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="NRHP listing">{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places listings for February 19, 2010 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2010-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |date=February 19, 2010 |access-date=February 19, 2010 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233104/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20100219.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Housing===
[[File:Confucius Tower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|[[Confucius Plaza]], a 44-story [[subsidized housing|subsidized]] [[housing cooperative]], above typical Chinatown housing stock.]]

The housing stock of Chinatown is still mostly composed of cramped [[tenement]] buildings, some of which are over 100 years old. It is still common in such buildings to have bathrooms in the hallways, to be shared among multiple apartments. A federally [[subsidized housing]] project, named [[Confucius Plaza]], was completed on the corner of [[Bowery]] and Division Street in 1976. This 44-story residential [[tower block]] gave much needed new housing stock to thousands of residents. The building also housed a new public grade school, PS 124 (or Yung Wing Elementary). Besides being the first and largest affordable housing complex specifically available to the Chinatown population Confucius Plaza is also a cultural and institutional landmark, springing forth community organization, Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE), one of Chinatown's oldest political/community organizations, founded in 1974.

===Chinese theaters===

[[File:Chinese theater - Doyers Street - Bain.jpg|right|upright=1.1|thumb|The city's first Chinese theater, on [[Doyers Street (Manhattan)|Doyers Street]]]]
In the past, Chinatown had Chinese movie theaters that provided entertainment to the Chinese population. The first Chinese-language theater in the city was located at 5–7 [[Doyers Street (Manhattan)|Doyers Street]] from 1893 to 1911. The theater was later converted into a rescue mission for the homeless from [[Bowery]]. In 1903, the theater was the site of a fundraiser by the Chinese community for Jewish victims of a massacre in Kishinev.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seligman |first=Scott D. |title=The Night New York's Chinese Went Out for Jews |url=http://forward.com/articles/134950/ |access-date=February 23, 2011 |newspaper=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=February 4, 2011 |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112053414/http://www.forward.com/articles/134950/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among the theaters that existed in Chinatown in later years were the Sun Sing Theater under the Manhattan Bridge and the Pagoda Theater, both on the street of East Broadway, the Governor Theater on Chatham Square, the Rosemary Theater on Canal Street across the Manhattan Bridge, as well as the Music Palace on the Bowery, which was the last Chinese theater to close. Others have existed in different sections of Chinatown. These theaters now have all closed because of more accessibility to videotapes, which were more affordable and provided more genres of movies and much later on [[DVD]]s and [[VCD]]s became available. Other factors such as, availability of Chinese cable channels, karaoke bars, and gambling in casinos began to provide other options for the Chinese to have entertainment also influenced the Chinese theaters to go out of business.<ref>http://i55.photobucket.com/albums/g128/davidbellel/david2/pagoda2.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929144954/http://i55.photobucket.com/albums/g128/davidbellel/david2/pagoda2.jpg |date=September 29, 2011 }} {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html |title=Knickerbocker Village: January 2008 |publisher=Knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129090831/http://knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nychinatown.org/articles/nytimes980614.html |title=New York City Chinatown > Newspaper Articles |publisher=Nychinatown.org |date=June 14, 1998 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601180554/http://www.nychinatown.org/articles/nytimes980614.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LLC1997">{{cite book |title=??? |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=April 21, 1997 |pages=16– |issn=0028-7369 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314173015/https://books.google.com/books?id=M-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Police and crime==
Chinatown is patrolled by the 5th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], located at 19 Elizabeth Street.<ref name="NYPD 5th Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/5th-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 5th Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213227/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/5th-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> The 5th Precinct and the adjacent 7th Precinct ranked 58th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/east-village/ |title=East Village and Alphabet City – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report |website=www.dnainfo.com |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415065249/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/east-village |archive-date=April 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, with a non-fatal assault rate of 42 per 100,000 people, Chinatown and the Lower East Side's rate of [[violent crime]]s per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 449 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}}

The 5th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories that have decreased by 77.1% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 6 murders, 14 rapes, 91 robberies, 210 felony assaults, 101 burglaries, 585 grand larcenies, and 16 grand larcenies auto in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-005pct.pdf |title=5th Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=March 22, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022125038/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-005pct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Fire safety==
[[File:Dragon Fighters E9 L6 jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Quarters of New York City Fire Department Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6]]
Chinatown is served by two [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) fire stations:<ref>{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref>
* Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6 – 75 Canal Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e9.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730224039/http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e9.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Engine Company 55/Battalion 2 – 363 Broome Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 55/Battalion 2 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e2.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Health==
{{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s and births to teenage mothers are less common in Chinatown and the Lower East Side than in other places citywide. In Chinatown and the Lower East Side, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.1 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} Chinatown and the Lower East Side have a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in Chinatown and the Lower East Side is {{convert|0.0089|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Twenty percent of Chinatown and Lower East Side residents are [[Smoking|smokers]], which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In Chinatown and the Lower East Side, 10% of residents are [[Obesity|obese]], 11% are [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 22% have [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In addition, 16% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}}

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Chinatown and the Lower East Side, there are 18 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}}

The nearest major hospital is [[Lower Manhattan Hospital|NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital]] in the [[Civic Center, Manhattan|Civic Center]] area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Hospital Listings |website=New York Hospitals |url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115151717/http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. |website=U.S. News & World Report |date=July 26, 2011 |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529091928/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post offices and ZIP Codes==
[[File:USPS Chinatown Station 6 Doyers Street.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|USPS Chinatown Station]]
Chinatown is located within two primary [[ZIP Code]]s. The area east of Bowery is part of 10002, while the area west of Bowery is part of 10013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinatown, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) |website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) |url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Chinatown.htm |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322041209/https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Chinatown.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates two post offices in Chinatown:
* Chinatown Station – 6 Doyers Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Chinatown |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10003&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1356837&locationName=CHINATOWN&address2=&address1=6+DOYERS+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314173144/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[United States Post Office (Knickerbocker Station)|Knickerbocker Station]] – 128 East Broadway<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Knickerbocker |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10003&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1369214&locationName=KNICKERBOCKER&address2=&address1=128+E+BROADWAY |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314173146/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
Chinatown and the Lower East Side generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (48%) have a college education or higher, while 24% have less than a high school education and 28% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Chinatown and the Lower East Side students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same period.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_03_11.pdf |title=Lower East Side / Chinatown – MN 03 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]] |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133021/https://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_03_11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chinatown and the Lower East Side's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Chinatown and the Lower East Side, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], less than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 77% of high school students in Chinatown and the Lower East Side graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}}

===Schools===
[[File:NYPL Chatham Square branch WTM3 TEAM TOM 0004.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|New York Public Library, Chatham Square branch]]
Residents are zoned to schools in the [[New York City Department of Education]].<!--Hernando de Soto - It is a zoned school, also territory is zoned to MS 131--><!--yung Wing - zoned to Meyer London ES and MS 131--><!--Shuang Wen - Zoned to PS 137 John L. Bernstein, with no middle school--> PS 124, The Yung Wing School is located in Chinatown.<ref>Hays, C.L. "BLACKBOARD NOTES; Clamoring for English." ''The New York Times''. January 4, 1987. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/04/education/blackboard-notes-clamoring-for-english.html 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210125028/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/04/education/blackboard-notes-clamoring-for-english.html |date=December 10, 2018 }}. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.</ref> It was named after [[Yung Wing]], the first Chinese person to study at [[Yale University]].<ref>"[http://www.ps124.org/site_res_view_template.aspx?id=ea9776b6-61a6-44c3-9cbc-0ba7acc93df9 Story of Yung Wing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308024910/http://www.ps124.org/site_res_view_template.aspx?id=ea9776b6-61a6-44c3-9cbc-0ba7acc93df9 |date=2012-03-08 }}." Yung Wing School. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.</ref> PS 130 Hernando De Soto is located in Chinatown.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20010322222933/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724001.htm How to Fix America's Schools]." ''[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]''. March 19, 2001. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.</ref> [[Shuang Wen School|PS 184 Shuang Wen School]], a bilingual Chinese-English School which opened in 1998, is a non-zoned school in proximity to Chinatown.<ref>"[http://www.shuangwen.org/?page_id=15 About 關於] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403232634/http://www.shuangwen.org/?page_id=15 |date=April 3, 2015 }}." Shuang Wen School. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.</ref>

===Library===
The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) operates the Chatham Square branch at 33 East Broadway. The branch was founded in 1899; the current [[Carnegie library]] building opened in 1903 and was renovated in 2001. The four-story library contains a large Chinese collection, which has been housed at the library since 1911.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Chatham Square Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/chatham-square |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125230816/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/chatham-square |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==

There are two [[New York City Subway]] stations that are directly in the neighborhood—[[Grand Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|Grand Street]] ({{NYCS Manhattan Bridge north}}) and [[Canal Street (New York City Subway)|Canal Street]] ({{NYCS Canal}})—although the [[East Broadway station]] on the F train is located on the eastern part of Chinatown while other stations are also nearby.<ref>{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> [[New York City Bus]] routes include {{NYC bus link|M9|M15|M15 SBS|M22|M55|M103}}.<ref>{{Cite NYC bus map|M}}</ref>

The [[Manhattan Bridge]] connects Chinatown to [[Downtown Brooklyn]]. The [[FDR Drive]] runs along the [[East River]], where the [[East River Greenway]], a pedestrian walkway and bikeway, is also present.<ref>{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chinatown,+New+York,+NY/@40.7160817,-73.9968809,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c259f56c2fc10d:0xcf9e1370cd1f3111 |title=Chinatown, New York, NY |access-date= November 22, 2014}}</ref>

The major cultural streets are [[Mott Street]] and [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]]; on the other hand, [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]], [[Allen Street]], [[Delancey Street]], [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]], East Broadway, and [[Bowery]] are the main traffic arteries.

There are multiple [[Cycling in New York City|bike lanes]] in the area as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/bikemaps.shtml|title=NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps|website=www.nyc.gov|access-date=April 1, 2015|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217151828/https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/bikemaps.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Street names in Chinese===
[[File:BaxterStreet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Bilingual signage of Baxter Street]]
[[File:Chinatown, NYC (2014) - 11.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|right|[[Elizabeth Street (Manhattan)|Elizabeth Street]], co-named Pvt. [[Danny Chen]] Way]]
Streets in Chinatown also have Chinese names, which are noted on bilingual street signs in Chinatown. Prior to the 1960s, Chinatown residents named the streets informally, and streets could carry several Chinese names.<ref name=nyt-2022-03-11>{{Cite news|last1=Reiss|first1=Aaron|last2=Lu|first2=Denise|date=March 11, 2022|title=Manhattan's Chinese Street Signs Are Disappearing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/11/nyregion/nyc-chinatown-signs.html|access-date=March 12, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312164301/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/11/nyregion/nyc-chinatown-signs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first bilingual street signs installed by the city government were placed on police call boxes in 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 12, 1966|title=Police Call-boxes Get Chinese Signs; Red Letters Added to End Confusion in Chinatown|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/12/archives/police-callboxes-get-chinese-signs-red-letters-added-to-end.html|access-date=March 12, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312164315/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/12/archives/police-callboxes-get-chinese-signs-red-letters-added-to-end.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first 44 bilingual street signs, displaying the street name in English with a smaller street name in Chinese below, were installed in 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 16, 1969|title=Bilingual Street Signs in Chinatown|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/16/archives/bilingual-street-signs-in-chinatown.html|access-date=March 12, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312164316/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/16/archives/bilingual-street-signs-in-chinatown.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These signs were installed in an area bounded by Canal Street to the north, Bowery to the east, Chatham Square to the southeast, Worth Street to the south, and Mulberry Street to the west. The street names were selected to match phonetic transliterations of English names in [[Taishanese]] and [[Cantonese]], the two Chinese varieties most frequently spoken in Chinatown at the time. As different Chinese varieties may have widely varying pronunciations for the same word, the signs did not account for pronunciations in Mandarin and Fujianese, the varieties spoken by many immigrants who came in the 1970s.<ref name=nyt-2022-03-11/>

In the early 1980s, the program was expanded following an effort by urban planner Jerry S. Y. Cheng and [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] (CCBA) president Li Boli. The [[New York City Department of Transportation]] commissioned a study in 1985 to identify places for new signs, but most records have been lost or destroyed. The expansion would have extended the signs north to Broome Street, east to Allen and Pike Streets, southeast to Madison Street (between Oliver and Pike Streets), and west to Lafayette Street. The newer street names were proposed by CCBA members and affiliated merchants, who mostly spoke Taishanese and Cantonese. Calligrapher Tan Bingzhong manually wrote the Chinese characters on street signs for 40 streets, leading to slight variations in each sign.<ref name=nyt-2022-03-11/>

While there were 155 street signs at the program's peak, only 101 signs remained {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, and almost half of the 40 streets no longer have bilingual signs. A ''New York Times'' analysis of the program found that many damaged signs were replaced with English-only signs, as translated street names are not part of the [[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]], or else were not replaced at all. Furthermore, many of the people involved in the street-sign programs during the 1960s and 1980s had died, and the relocation of the neighborhood's Chinese residents had shrunken the area's Chinese presence over time. According to the ''Times'', there was little awareness in the neighborhood that the bilingual signs were disappearing, even among community leaders.<ref name=nyt-2022-03-11/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Street !! [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]] !! Mandarin [[Pinyin]] !! Cantonese [[Jyutping]]
|-
| [[Allen Street (Manhattan)|Allen Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|亞倫街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Yǎlún Jiē'' || Aa3 leon4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Baxter Street (Manhattan)|Baxter Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|巴士特街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Bāshìtè Jiē'' || Baa1 si6 dak6 Gaai1
|-
| Bayard Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|擺也街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> ||''Bǎiyě Jiē'' || Baai2 jaa5 Gaai1
|-
| [[Bowery]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|包厘街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Bāolí Jiē'' || Baau1 lei4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|百老匯大道}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Bǎilǎohuì Dàdào'' || Baak3 lou5 wui6 Daai6 dou6
|-
| [[Broome Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|布隆街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Bùlóng Jiē'' || Bou3 lung4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|堅尼街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Jiānní Jiē'' || Gin1 nei4 Gaai1
|-
| Catherine Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|加薩林街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Jiāsàlín Jiē'' || Gaa1 saat3 lam4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|中央街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Zhōngyāng Jiē'' || Zung1 joeng1 Gaai1
|-
| [[Chambers Street (Manhattan)|Chambers Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|錢伯斯街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Qiánbósī Jiē'' || Cin2 baak3 si1 Gaai1
|-
| [[Chatham Square (Manhattan)|Chatham Square]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|且林士果}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Qiělín Shìguǒ'' || Ce2 lam4 Si6 gwo2
|-
| Cherry Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|車厘街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Chēlí Jiē'' || Ce1 lei4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Chrystie Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|企李士提街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Qǐlǐshìtí Jiē'' || Kei5 lei5 si6 tai4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Delancey Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|地蘭西街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Dìlánxī Jiē'' || Dei6 laan4 sai1 Gaai1
|-
| [[Division Street (Manhattan)|Division Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|地威臣街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Dìwēichén Jiē'' || Dei6 wai1 san4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Doyers Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|宰也街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Zǎiyě Jiē'' || Zoi2 jaa5 Gaai1
|-
| [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] (Little Fuzhou) || {{lang|zh-Hant|東百老匯}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|小福州}})<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Dōng Bǎilǎohuì (Xiǎo Fúzhōu)'' || Dung1 Baak3 lou5 wui6'' (Siu2 Fuk1 zau1)''
|-
| Eldridge Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|愛烈治街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Àilièzhì Jiē'' || Oi3 lit6 zi6 Gaai1
|-
| [[Elizabeth Street (Manhattan)|Elizabeth Street]] (Private Danny Chen Way)
| {{lang|zh-Hant|伊利莎白街}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳宇暉路}})<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Yīlìshābái Jiē'' ''(Chén Yǔhuī Lù)'' || Ji1 lei6 saa1 baak6 Gaai1 ''(Can4 Jyu5 fai1 Lou6)''
|-
| [[Forsyth Street (Manhattan)|Forsyth Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|科西街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Kēxī Jiē'' || Fo1 sai1 Gaai1
|-
| [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|格蘭街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Gélán Jiē'' || Gaak3 laan4 Gaai1
|-
| [[Henry Street (Manhattan)|Henry Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|顯利街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Xiǎnlì Jiē'' || Hin2 lei6 Gaai1
|-
| [[Hester Street (Manhattan)|Hester Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|喜士打街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Xǐshìdǎ Jiē'' || Hei2 si6 daa2 Gaai1
|-
| Ludlow Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|拉德洛街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Lādéluò Jiē'' || Laai1 dak1 lok6 Gaai1
|-
| [[Madison Street (Manhattan)|Madison Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|麥地遜街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Màidìxùn Jiē'' || Mak6 dei6 seon3 Gaai1
|-
| Market Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|市場街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Shìchǎng Jiē'' || Si5 coeng4 Gaai1
|-
| Monroe Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|門羅街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Ménluó Jiē'' || Mun4 lo4 Gaai1
|-
| Mosco Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|莫斯科街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Mòsīkē Jiē'' || Mok6 si1 fo1 Gaai1
|-
| [[Mott Street]] (Little Hong Kong, Little Guangdong)
| {{lang|zh-Hant|勿街}}
({{lang|zh-Hant|小香港}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|小廣東}})<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/>
| ''Wù Jiē''
''(Xiǎo Xiānggǎng, Xiǎo Guǎngdōng)''
| Mat6 Gaai1
''(Siu2 Hoeng1 gong2, Siu2 Gwong2 dung1)''
|-
| [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|摩比利街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Móbǐlì Jiē '' || Mo1 bei2 lei6 Gaai1
|-
| [[Orchard Street (Manhattan)|Orchard Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|柯察街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> ||''Kēchá Jiē'' || O1 caat3 Gaai1
|-
| [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|柏路}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Bǎi Lù'' || Paak3 Lou6
|-
| Pell Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|披露街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> ||''Pīlù Jiē'' || Pei1 lou6 Gaai1
|-
| [[Pike Street (New York City)|Pike Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|派街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Pài Jiē'' || Paai3 Gaai1
|-
| Rutgers Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|羅格斯街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames"/> || ''Luógésī Jiē'' || Lo4 gaak3 si1 Gaai1
|-
| South Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|南街}} || ''Nán Jiē'' || Naam4 Gaai1
|-
| Water Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|水街}} || ''Shuǐ Jiē'' || Seoi2 Gaai1
|-
| [[Worth Street]] || {{lang|zh-Hant|窩夫街}}<ref name="ccbanyc streetnames">{{cite web |url=http://ccbanyc.org/historyfile/photo/history.html |title=Historic Pictures of Chinatown |publisher=Ccbanyc.org |access-date=November 15, 2009 |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719022307/http://ccbanyc.org/historyfile/photo/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nychinatown.org/manhattan.html |title=A Journey Through Chinatown |publisher=Nychinatown.org |access-date=November 15, 2009 |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209130435/http://www.nychinatown.org/manhattan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>||''Wōfū Jiē'' || Wo1 fu1 Gaai1
|-
| White Street || {{lang|zh-Hant|白街}} || ''Bái Jiē'' || Baak6 Gaai1
|-
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Chinatowns in the United States]]
* [[Chinese people in New York City]]
* [[Chinatowns in the Americas#New York City]]
* Other Chinatowns in NYC:
** [[Little Fuzhou]]
** [[Chinatowns in Queens]]:
*** [[Chinatown, Flushing]]
*** [[Elmhurst, Queens#Chinese enclave|Chinatown, Elmhurst]]
*** [[Corona, Queens]]
*** [[Whitestone, Queens]]
** [[Chinatowns in Brooklyn]]:
*** [[Chinatown, Brooklyn]]
*** [[Avenue U#Little Hong Kong/Guangdong|Chinatown, Avenue U]]
*** [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Chinatown, Bensonhurst]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* "New York's First Chinaman". ''Atlanta Constitution''. September 22, 1896
* Crouse, Russel. ''Murder Won't Out''. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1932.
* Dunshee, Kenneth Holcomb. ''As You Pass By''. New York: Hastings House, 1952.
* Ramati, Raquel. ''How to Save Your Own Street''. Garden City, Doubleday and Co., 1981. {{ISBN|0-385-14814-3}}
* Tsui, Bonnie. ''American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods'', 2009  {{ISBN|978-1-4165-5723-4}}
* Wang, Huning. ''[https://tikhanovlibrary.com/manhattan-and-chinatown/ Manhattan and Chinatown]'' Tikhanov Library, 2021
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chinatown, Manhattan}}
{{Wikivoyage|Manhattan/Chinatown|Chinatown}}
* [http://www.explorechinatown.com/ "Explore Chinatown" tourism site]
* [http://www.nychinatown.org/manhattan.html A Photo Journey through Chinatown]
* [http://www.chinatownandlittleitaly.com Chinatown and Little Italy Historic District]

{{National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan}}
{{Chinatown, Manhattan}}
{{Restaurants in Manhattan}}
{{Chinatowns in the United States}}{{Chinese American|state=collapsed}}
{{Manhattan}}
{{Ethnicity in New York City}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chinatown, Manhattan| ]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Restaurant districts and streets in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]