View source for Chinese Academy of Sciences

{{Short description|National academy for natural sciences of China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{About|the national academy of the People's Republic of China|the separate institution located in Taipei|Academia Sinica}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Chinese Academy of Sciences
| image = Seal_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences.png
| caption = Seal of the Academy
| other_name = 中国科学院 {{small|(Native Name)}}
| parent = [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council of China]]
| founder = Government Administration Council of the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)|Central People's Government]] {{small|(emerged to the State Council in 1954)}}
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|11|01}}
| focus = [[Natural science]]s
| president = [[Hou Jianguo]]
| staff = 71,300 (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/ | title=Profile----Chinese Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
| key_people = [[Wu Zhaohui]], Vice President
| budget = {{CNY|171 billion}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://https//www.cas.cn/tz/202303/P020230328780041440473.pdf | title=www.cas.cn | access-date=20 November 2024 | archive-date=5 February 2024 | archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/20240205200254/https://www.cas.cn/tz/202303/P020230328780041440473.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| subsidiaries = [[#Organization|See list]]
| former_name = Academia Sinica<small> (1949–1980s)</small>
| address = 52 Sanlihe Rd, [[Xicheng, Beijing|Xicheng]], [[Beijing]], China
| location = Nationwide
| city = 
| country = [[China]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| module = 
}}
{{infobox Chinese
 | s     = 中国科学院
 | t     = 中國科學院
 | p     = Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn
 | order = st
}}
The '''Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''CAS'''; {{zh|c=中国科学院|labels=no}})<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KÜHNER |first=HANS |date=1984 |title=Between Autonomy and Planning: The Chinese Academy of Sciences in Transition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820552 |journal=Minerva |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=13–44 |doi=10.1007/BF02207555 |jstor=41820552 |pmid=11611662 |s2cid=21494880 |issn=0026-4695 |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710134702/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820552 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> is the [[national academy]] for [[natural science]]s and the highest consultancy for science and technology of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国科学院章程----中国科学院 |url=https://www.cas.cn/zj/yk/201410/t20141017_4225627.shtml |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.cas.cn}}</ref> It is the world's largest research organization, with 106 research institutes, 2 universities, 71,300 full-time employees, and 79,000 graduate students.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://https//www.cas.cn/tz/202303/P020230328780041440473.pdf | title=cas.cn | access-date=20 November 2024 | archive-date=5 February 2024 | archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/20240205200254/https://www.cas.cn/tz/202303/P020230328780041440473.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/ | title=Profile----Chinese Academy of Sciences }}</ref>

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has historical origins in the [[Academia Sinica]] during the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republican era]] and was formerly also known by that name until the 1980s. The academy functions as the national scientific [[think tank]] and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, [[Social change|social development]], and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in [[Beijing]], with affiliate institutes throughout China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, [[Lenovo]] being one of the most famous. 

CAS also runs the [[University of Science and Technology of China]] and the [[University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=中国科学院教育简介 — 中国科学院|url=https://www.cas.cn/rcjy/zkyjyjj/201704/t20170411_4596697.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Chinese Academy of Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522052624/http://www.cas.cn:80/rcjy/zkyjyjj/201704/t20170411_4596697.shtml |archive-date=22 May 2017 }}</ref> both of which were among the world's top three academic institutions in the [[Nature Index]] rankings as of 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2024 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/academic/all/global |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=nature.com |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007120240/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/academic/all/global |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Research Leaders: Leading institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/all/all/global |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=nature.com |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009173648/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/all/all/global |url-status=live }}</ref> CAS has also founded and spun off multiple companies, such as [[Sugon]] and GoLaxy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2025-08-06 |title=China Turns to A.I. in Information Warfare |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/06/us/politics/china-artificial-intelligence-information-warfare.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Membership==
{{main|Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences}}

[[File:Chinese Academy of Sciences headquarters (20170613183855).jpg|thumb|CAS headquarters building front in 2017]]
Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also known by the title Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ({{zh|中国科学院院士|labels=no}}), is a lifelong honor given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to the ''Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences'' adopted in 1992 and recently amended in the year 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold [[Nationality law of the People's Republic of China|Chinese citizenship]], although foreign citizens may be elected as CAS foreign academicians. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members" and may no longer hold leading positions in the organization.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web |url=http://www.casad.cas.cn/document.action?do |title=中国科学院院士章程 [Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences] |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences |access-date=16 September 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.casad.cas.cn/Me/OR/200905/t20090515_3152.html|title=Obligations and Rights of a CAS Member|publisher=Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101220/http://english.casad.cas.cn/Me/OR/200905/t20090515_3152.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
In 1956, China formally began its computing program when it launched the Twelve-Year Science Plan and formed the Beijing Institute of Computing Technology under the CAS.<ref name=":Mullaney2">{{Cite book |last=Mullaney |first=Thomas S. |title=The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age |date=2024 |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262047517 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref>{{Rp|page=100}}

In 1964, CAS debuted China's first self-developed large [[Computer|digital computer]], the 119.<ref name=":Mullaney2" />{{Rp|page=101}} The 119 was a core technology in facilitating China's first successful nuclear weapon test ([[Project 596]]), also in 1964.<ref name=":Mullaney2" />{{Rp|page=101}}

Beginning in 1972, CAS began promoting the idea of balancing applied research with more theoretical research and in having scientific exchanges with other developing countries.<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}} 

As vice premier, [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1975 also sought to re-orient CAS towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=74}} Deng emphasized that "the Academy of Sciences is an Academy of Sciences, not an Academy of Cabbage."<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=74}} Deng assigned CAS vice president [[Hu Yaobang]] to draft a plan for overhauling CAS.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=74}} Deng and his aide [[Hu Qiaomu]] revised the draft and in September 1974 issued "The Outline Report on the Work of the Academy of Sciences".<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=74}} The Outline described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize [[Basic research|basic science]] in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=74}}

This approach to scientific reform fell out of political favor in 1976 when Deng was purged, although it continued to be supported by many members within CAS.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=75}} A month before Deng's political return in 1977 however, the Outline Report was revived and adopted as CAS's official policy.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=81}}

Shortly after his return, Deng hosted a series of meetings on science and education in which he stated that science should become the forerunner of China's modernization.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=82}} Following these remarks, CAS prepared its goals for natural science disciplines to be achieved by 1985, stating that as a developing socialist country, China should strengthen basic scientific research through foreign exchanges.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=82}}

To further promote this agenda, Deng began a campaign to promote the National Science Conference.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=82}} A team led by CAS vice president [[Fang Yi]] instructed schools, factories, and communes to organize youth-focused events celebrating science and technology.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=82}}

In 1977, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences was split off of CAS and reorganized into the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] and led by Hu Qiaomu.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|pages=86-87}}

The [[Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) was established in 2001 as a successor to the Graduate School of the University of Science and Technology of China (Beijing).The Ministry of Education (MOE) approved the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) application to change its name to the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) on July 23, 2012. Additionally, the MOE recommended that CAS discontinue the operation of the CAS Graduate School. In 2023, the [[Pasteur Institute]] suspended ties with CAS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallapaty |first=Smriti |date=2023-03-08 |title=Prestigious Pasteur Institute severs ties with China infectious disease lab |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00694-x |pmid=36890326 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Organization==
[[File: Zhejiang Ningbo CAS NIMTE entrance.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, CAS, in Ningbo, Zhejiang]]
[[File:BeijingInstituteOfComputingTechnologyChineseAcademyOfSciences.jpg|thumb|Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing]]
The Chinese Academy of Sciences maintains a large number of subordinate institutions nationwide.

===Internal organizations===
According to the "Regulations on Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)", CAS has set up the following constitute departments at its headquarters:<ref name="i813">{{cite web | title=机构设置----中国科学院办公厅 | website=中国科学院办公厅 | url=https://go.cas.cn/zzjg/jgsz/202309/t20230920_4971317.html | language=zh | access-date=2024-09-14 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914055922/https://go.cas.cn/zzjg/jgsz/202309/t20230920_4971317.html | url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}}
* Office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
* Bureau of Academic Departments
* Bureau of Frontier Science and Basic Research
* Bureau of Major Science and Technology Tasks
* Bureau of Sustainable Development Research
* Bureau of Science and Technology Basic Capabilities
* Development Planning Bureau
* Finance and Asset Management Bureau
* Personnel Bureau
* Party Committee of the Immediate Organs
* Bureau of International Cooperation
* Bureau of Supervision and Audit
* Bureau of Retired Cadres Work

===Directly affiliated institutions ===
====Directly affiliated research units====
=====Beijing units=====
[[File:Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (20230911112153).jpg|Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences|thumb|230px]]
[[File:Institute_of_BioPhysics_Beijing.jpg|thumb|230px|Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science]]
* [[Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Physics]]
* [[Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Theoretical Physics]]
* [[Institute of High Energy Physics|Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Mechanics|Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Physical and Chemical Technology|Institute of Physical and Chemical Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[National Center for Nanoscience]]
* [[Center for Ecological and Environmental Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Ecological and Environmental Research Center]]
* [[Institute of Process Engineering|Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources]]
* [[National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|National Astronomical Observatory]]
** [[Yunnan Observatory|Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
** [[Xinjiang Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory]]
** [[Changchun Artificial Satellite Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Changchun Artificial Satellite Observatory]]
** [[Nanjing Institute of Astronomy and Optics Technology|Nanjing Institute of Astronomy and Optics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Geology and Geophysics|Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Tibetan Plateau Studies|Institute of Tibetan Plateau Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology|Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Atmospheric Physics|Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Psychology]]
* [[Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology|Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
** [[Agricultural Resources Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Agricultural Resources Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology]]
* [[Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Beijing Institute of Genomics (National Center for Biological Information)]]
* [[Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Computing Technology]]
* [[Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Software]]
* [[Institute of Semiconductors|Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Microelectronics|Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Information Innovation |Institute of Space and Astronautical Information Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Automation]]
* [[Institute of Electrical Engineering|Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Engineering Thermophysics|Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|National Space Science Center]]
* [[Institute of History of Natural Sciences|Institute of History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting|Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Information Engineering|Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
** [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Research and Education Center for Data and Communication Protection|Research and Education Center for Data and Communication Protection]]
* [[Center for Space Application Engineering and Technology|Center for Space Application Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology|Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Shenyang Branch=====
[[File:Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.jpg|thumb|230px|Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Metals]]
* [[Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology|Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shenyang Institute of Automation|Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics|Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Processes|Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research|Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Changchun Branch=====
* [[Changchun Institute of Optical Precision Machinery and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Changchun Institute of Optical Precision Machinery and Physics]]
* [[Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry]]
* [[Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology|Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
** [[Agricultural Technology Center of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology|Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[National Astronomical Observatory Changchun Artificial Satellite Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|National Astronomical Observatory Changchun Artificial Satellite Observatory]]

=====Shanghai Branch=====
[[File:Shanghai_65-meter_Tianma_Radio_Telescope.jpg|Tianma 65-meter Radio Telescope in Shanghai Astronomical Observatory|thumb|right|230px]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Microsystems and Information Technology|Shanghai Institute of Microsystems and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Physics for Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Shanghai Institute of Physics for Technology]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Optical Precision Machinery|Shanghai Institute of Optical Precision Machinery, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Silicates|Shanghai Institute of Silicates, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry|Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics]]
* [[Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Shanghai Astronomical Observatory]]
* [[Center of Excellence for Molecular Cell Science Innovation|Center of Excellence for Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Center of Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology|Innovation Center of Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology]]
* [[CAS Innovation Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Science|Innovation Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Science]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences]]
* [[Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection]]
* [[Shanghai Institutes for Advanced Studies]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microsatellite Innovation]]
* [[Fujian Institute of Materials and Structures]]
* [[Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering]]
* [[Institute of Urban Environment|Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Hangzhou Institute of Medical Sciences]]

=====Nanjing Branch=====
[[File:Purple_mountain.jpg|thumb|Purple Mountain Observatory|230px]]
* [[Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology]]
* [[Nanjing Institute of Soil Research]]
* [[Nanjing Institute of Geography and Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Nanjing Institute of Geography and Lakes]]
* [[Purple Mountain Observatory]]
* [[Suzhou Institute of Nanotechnology and Nanobionics]]
* [[Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Ganjiang Innovation Research Institute|Ganjiang Innovation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Wuhan Branch=====
* [[Wuhan Institute of Geotechnics|Wuhan Institute of Geotechnics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Precision Measurement Science and Technological Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Precision Measurement Science and Technological Innovation]]
* [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]]
* [[Institute of Aquatic Biology|Institute of Aquatic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Wuhan Botanical Garden|Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Water Engineering and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources]]

=====Guangzhou Branch=====
[[File:South China National Botanical Garden Entrance.jpg|South China National Botanical Garden|thumb|right|230px]]
* [[South China Sea Institute of Oceanography|South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[South China Botanical Garden]] (formerly South China Botanical Research Institute)
* [[Guangzhou Energy Research Institute|Guangzhou Energy Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry|Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
** [[Changsha Mineral Resources Exploration Center, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Changsha Mineral Resources Exploration Center]]
* [[Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health]]
* [[Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology]]
* [[Institute of Subtropical Agroecology|Institute of Subtropical Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering]]

=====Chengdu Branch=====
* [[Chengdu Institute of Biology|Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment]]
* [[Institute of Photovoltaic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Institute of Photovoltaic Technology]]
* [[Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology|Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Kunming Branch=====
[[File:Kunming Botanical Garden - DSC03095.JPG|Kunming Institute of Botany|thumb|230px]]
* [[Kunming Institute of Zoology]]
* [[Kunming Institute of Botany]]
* [[Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden|Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Geochemistry|Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Yunnan Observatory]]

=====Xi'an Branch=====
* [[Xi'an Institute of Optical Precision Machinery]]
* [[National Timing Center|National Timing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Earth Environment|Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry|Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Lanzhou Branch=====
* [[Institute of Modern Physics|Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics|Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Northwest Institute of Ecological and Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Northwest Institute of Ecological and Environmental Resources]]
* [[Qinghai Salt Lake Research Institute|Qinghai Salt Lake Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology|Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

=====Xinjiang Branch=====
* [[Xinjiang Institute of Physics and Chemistry Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Xinjiang Institute of Physics and Chemistry Technology]]
* [[Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography]]
* [[Xinjiang Observatory]]

====Directly under the higher education institutions====
[[File:UCAS Yanqihu Campus (20160209163544).jpg|thumb|250px|UCAS]]
* [[University of Science and Technology of China]]
* [[University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

====Direct management and public support units====
[[File:Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences (20221019155243).jpg|thumb|Chinese Academy of Sciences Documentation and Intelligence Center]]
* [[Center for Science and Technology Innovation and Development of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Science and Technology Innovation and Development Center]]
* [[Administration of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Network Information Center|Computer Network Information Center]]
* [[Documentation and Intelligence Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Documentation and Intelligence Center (National Science Library)]]
** [[Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Literature and Intelligence Center|Chengdu Literature and Intelligence Center]]
** [[Wuhan Center for Documentation and Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences|Wuhan Center for Documentation and Intelligence]]

====Direct news publishing units====
* [[China Science Daily]]

====Other directly affiliated institutions====
* [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Integrated Research Center|Beijing Integrated Research Center]]
* [[Qingdao Sanatorium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhiyuanlou Hotel)]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Sciences Lushan Sanatorium (Poyangkou Hotel)]]

===Enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences===
The enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences are wholly owned or controlled by the Chinese Academy of Sciences State-owned Assets Management Co.
*[[Chinese Academy of Sciences Holdings Limited]]
*[[Legend Holdings]]
*[[China Science Industrial Group (Holdings) Limited]]
*[[Oriental Science and Technology Holding Group Limited]]
*[[China Science & Technology Publishing & Media Group]]
*[[China Science and Technology Industry Investment Management]]
*[[Beijing Zhongke Keji]]
*[[Beijing CAS Software Center]]
*[[Chinese Academy of Sciences Architectural Design and Research Institute]]
*[[Beijing Zhongke Resources]]
*[[Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology]]
*[[Shenyang Scientific Instrument]]
*[[Nanjing Astronomical Instrument]]
*[[Guangzhou Chemistry]]
*[[Guangzhou Electronic Technology]]
*[[Chengdu Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Chengdu Information Technology]]
*[[Chinese Academy of Sciences Science and Technology Services]]
*[[Shanghai Bike Clean Energy Technology]]
*[[Shenzhen CAS Intellectual Property Investment]]
*[[Guoke Jiahe|Guoke Jiahe (Beijing) Investment Management]]
*[[Guoke Health Biotechnology]]
*[[Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Incubation Investment]]
*[[Guoke Health Management]]
*[[Beijing Konowei Technology]]
*[[Guoke Quantum Communication Network]]
*[[Kasma Holdings]]

===Co-builders===
* [[Shanghai]]: [[Shanghai University of Science and Technology]]
* [[China National Petroleum Corporation]]: [[Institute of Seepage Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[China National Nuclear Corporation]]: [[China Institute of Atomic Energy Science]]
* [[Shanghai Censhan Botanical Garden]]
* [[Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]: [[Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Water Resources]]: [[Institute of Water Engineering and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Jiangxi Province]]: [[Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Jiangsu Province]]: [[Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Province]]
* [[Shaanxi Province]]: [[Qinling National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Guangdong Province]]: [[Shenzhen University of Technology]], [[Xianhu Botanical Garden|Chinese Academy of Sciences Xianhu Botanical Garden]]
* [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Education]]: [[Research Center for Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* Major Special Project Center of National Bureau of Defense Science, Technology and Industry (NDSTI)

===Groups and other organizations===
* [[CAS Leading Group Office of Network Security and Informatization]]
* [[Women's Working Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Chinese Communist Youth League CAS Committee|CAS Youth League Committee]]
* [[Trade Union Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences|Trade Union of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Association of Old Science and Technology Workers of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Federation of Literature and Art of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

==Scientific integrity==
On 26 February 2007, CAS published a ''Declaration of Scientific Ideology'' and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy, and accountability of scientific research in the country. Around that same time, the [[Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Science and Technology]] also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reforming research in China|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60419-X|pmid=17368128|journal=The Lancet|volume=369|pages=880|number=9565|date= 17 March 2007|last1=The Lancet|s2cid=205948464}}</ref>

CAS also publishes the Early Warning List, which notes journals with a lack of rigor and possible predatory practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=国际期刊预警名单-中国科学院文献情报中心 期刊分区表团队 |url=https://ewl.fenqubiao.com/#/zh-cn/early-warning-journal-list-2025 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ewl.fenqubiao.com}}</ref>

==Publications==
{{Infobox journal
 |title = Science China
 |abbreviation=Sci. China
 |italic title = no
}}

Together with the [[National Natural Science Foundation of China]], the academy publishes the [[peer-reviewed]] [[academic journal]], ''Science China'' (also known as ''Science in China''). ''Science China'' comprises seven series:<ref>{{cite web|title=Science in China Press|url=http://www.scichina.com/english/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413184202/http://www.scichina.com/english/|archive-date=13 April 2016|access-date=16 December 2021|website=Science in China Press}}</ref>
* A: Mathematics
* B: Chemistry
* C: Life Sciences
* D: Earth Sciences
* E: Technological Sciences
* F: Information Sciences
* G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy

CAS also promotes the ''China Open Access Journals'' (COAJ) platform,<ref>{{Cite web|title=中国科技期刊开放获取平台|url=http://www.coaj.cn/introduction/index.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001220634/http://www.coaj.cn/introduction/index.jhtml|archive-date=1 October 2020|access-date=16 December 2021|website=China Open Access Journals}}</ref> a national variant of the international [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ).

==Awards==
Since 1999, the CAS has issued the annual [[State Preeminent Science and Technology Award]], presented by the President of China to the recipient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193295.htm|publisher=China Internet Information Center (State Council Information Office and the China International Publishing Group)|title=China in Brief – Science and Technology – Awards|access-date=21 November 2012|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004632/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193295.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ranking and reputation==
CAS has been ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by [[Nature Index]] since the list's inception in 2014 by [[Nature Portfolio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=Nature Index tables 2012–2013 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=515 |issue=7526 |pages=S98–S108 |doi=10.1038/515S98a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=25390156 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |year=2015 |title=Nature Global Institutions Ranking, 2013–2014 |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7556 |pages=S34–S44 |doi=10.1038/522S34a |issn=0028-0836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 tables: Institutions |url=https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2016/institution/all/all/global |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616121251/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2016/institution/all/all/global |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Nature Index |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=2017 tables: Institutions |url=https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2017/institution/all/all/global |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722204832/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2017/institution/all/all/global |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Nature Index |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=2018 tables: Institutions |url=https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/institution/all/all/global |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722204829/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/institution/all/all/global |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Nature Index |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Research Leaders: Leading institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2023/institution/all/all/global |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Research Leaders - 2025 Research Leaders |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2025/#nature-index-tables |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=August 2025}} 

It was the most productive institution publishing articles on sustainable development indexed in the Web of Science from 1981 to 2018 among all universities and research institutions in the world.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Rita Yi Man |last2=Li |first2=Yi Lut |last3=Crabbe |first3=M. James C. |last4=Manta |first4=Otilia |last5=Shoaib |first5=Muhammad |date=2021-05-24 |title=The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=5882 |doi=10.3390/su13115882 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.5882L |issn=2071-1050|hdl=10547/624990 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> 

The academy also runs the [[University of Science and Technology of China]] and the [[University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]],<ref name=":8" /> both of which were among the world's top three universities in the Nature Index ranking as of 2024.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, [[Clarivate]]'s Highly Cited Researchers list contained 308 CSA members. This made CSA researchers the largest group on the list by institution, and the sixth largest by country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parr |first=Chris |date=2024-11-19 |title=China increases share of highly cited researchers as US declines |url=https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-world-2024-11-china-increases-share-of-highly-cited-researchers-as-us-declines/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Research Professional News |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119091834/https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-world-2024-11-china-increases-share-of-highly-cited-researchers-as-us-declines/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International cooperation==
The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth is a branch of CAS. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth was a customer of [[Swedish Space Corporation]] (SSC), which provides data transmission services from satellites for a wide range of societal functions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=SSC| title= Appendix of SSC's Chinese customers |url=https://www.sscspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Appendix_China-Customers.pdf| website=SSC |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618192318/https://www.sscspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Appendix_China-Customers.pdf| archive-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> It was reported by [[Reuters]] on 21 September 2020 that SSC decided not to renew the contracts with China to help operate Chinese satellites from SSC's ground stations, or seek new business with China.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Ahlander |first1= Johan |last2= Barrett |first2= Jonathan | title= Swedish space agency halts new business helping China operate satellites|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/china-space-australia-sweden-int/swedish-space-corporation-halts-new-business-with-china-idUSKCN26C1XU| website=Reuters |date= 21 September 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921204616/https://www.reuters.com/article/china-space-australia-sweden-int/swedish-space-corporation-halts-new-business-with-china-idUSKCN26C1XU| archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Academia Sinica]]
* [[CAS Star]]
* [[CAS Space]]
* [[China Science Publishing & Media]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]]
* [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]]
* [[Chinese Science Citation Database]]
* [[Hanlin Academy]]
* [[History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[International Journal of Software and Informatics]] (IJSI)
* [[International Society of Zoological Sciences]]
* [[Legend Holdings]]
* [[Science and technology in China]]
* [[Scientific publishing in China]]
* [[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]]
* [[ShanghaiTech University]]
* [[University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* [[University of Science and Technology of China]]
* [[University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]]
* [[Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 621–641
| source = 
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL = 
| license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chinese Academy of Sciences}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Chinese Academy of Sciences}}
{{Education of the People's Republic of China}}
{{S&T in China}}
{{State Council of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Universities and colleges in Beijing}}
{{Pasteur Institute}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Academy of Sciences}}
[[Category:Chinese Academy of Sciences| ]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in China]]
[[Category:National academies of sciences|China]]
[[Category:Schools in Xicheng District]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1949]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Beijing]]