View source for Chinese Americans

{{Short description|Americans of Chinese ancestry}}
{{redirect|Chinese-born American|people with American birthright citizenship born in China|Americans in China}}
{{distinguish|text=[[American-born Chinese]] or [[American Chinese (disambiguation)|American Chinese]]}}
{{Copy edit||date=July 2025|for=grammar and tone}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Chinese Americans<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hant|華裔美國人}} / {{lang|zh-Hans|华裔美国人}}}}
| image            = Americans with Chinese Ancestry by state.svg
| caption          = Percentage of Chinese Americans per state as of the 2010 United States census
| pop              = '''5,457,033''' (2023)<ref name="ACS 2023">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2024-09-21 |title=US Census Data }}</ref><br/>(ancestry or ethnic origin)<br/>'''2,193,250''' (2023)<ref name="USCB Census">{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:+Place+of+Birth+for+the+Foreign-Born+Population+in+the+United+States|title=Explore Census Data|website=data.census.gov}}</ref><br/>(born in China)
| regions          = {{hlist|[[New York metropolitan area]]|[[Greater Boston]]|[[Philadelphia metropolitan area]]|[[Chicago metropolitan area]]|[[Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area|Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area]]|[[Greater Los Angeles]]|[[San Francisco Bay Area]]|[[Denver metropolitan area]]|[[Seattle metropolitan area]]|[[Greater Houston]]|[[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|DFW Metroplex]]|[[Las Vegas Valley]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212412/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=2013-10-27}}</ref>}}
| langs            = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Standard Chinese]]|[[Taishanese language|Taishanese (Toisanese)]]|[[Cantonese]]|[[Fuzhounese]]|[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]}}
| rels             = {{hlist|52% [[Irreligion in the United States|Irreligion]]|22% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]|15% [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]]|8% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]|3% [[Taoism in the United States|Taoism]]|1% Others<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite news |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths |date=19 July 2012 |work=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=15 February 2013 |quote=Unaffiliated 52%, Protestant 22%, Buddhist 15%, Catholic 8% |archive-date=16 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716064702/http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| related          = {{hlist|[[Hong Kong people in the United States|Hong Kong Americans]]|Macau Americans|[[Taiwanese Americans]]|[[Chinese Canadians]]|[[Overseas Chinese]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = {{linktext|華裔|美國人}}
| s = {{linktext|华裔|美国人}}
| p = Huáyì Měiguórén
| tp = Huá-yì Měi-guó-rén
| w = {{tone superscript|Hua2-i4 Mei3-kuo2-jen2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|h|ua|2|.|yi|4|-|m|ei|3|.|g|uo|2|.|r|en|2}}
| bpmf = ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄧˋ ㄇㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄖㄣˊ
| y = Wàyeuih Méihgwokyàn
| j = waa4 jeoi6 mei5 gwok3 jan4
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|w|aa|4|-|j|eoi|6|-|m|ei|5|-|gw|ok|3|-|j|an|4}}
}}
<!-- +++++++++++  EDITORIAL NOTE  +++++++++++++++
Please remember that "Chinese American" is *not* the same as "Asian American". Take care not to conflate or confuse the two categories, and do make it clear which one you are talking about. Use special care not to misquote references to the latter category as referring to the former category, or vice versa.-->

'''Chinese Americans''' are [[Americans]] of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] ancestry. Many Chinese Americans have ancestors from [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Taiwan]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Taiwanese Americans |first=Franklin |last=Ng |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-313-29762-5 |pages=2, 118, 126 }}</ref> as well as other regions that are inhabited by large populations of the [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese diaspora]], especially [[Southeast Asia]] and some other countries such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. Chinese Americans include people who became naturalized [[U.S. citizens]] as well as their [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|natural-born descendants]] in the United States.

The Chinese American community is the largest Chinese community outside [[Asia]]. It is also the third-largest community in the [[Chinese Diaspora|Chinese diaspora]], behind the Chinese communities in [[Chinese Thai|Thailand]] and [[Chinese Malaysian|Malaysia]]. The 2022 [[American Community Survey]] of the U.S. Census estimated the population of Chinese Americans at 5,465,428, including 4,258,198 who were Chinese alone, and 1,207,230 who were part Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02015 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02015&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02018&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cestimate |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref> According to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered about 3.8 million.<ref name="usacensus1">{{cite web |url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161012022855/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |archive-date = 12 October 2016 |title = Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> In 2010, half of the Chinese-born people in the United States lived in [[California]] and [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/USFocus/display.cfm?ID=876 |title=Chinese Immigrants in the United States |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |date=January 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512072215/http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?ID=876 |url-status=live }}</ref>

About half or more of the Chinese ethnic people in the U.S. in the 1980s had roots in [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Olivia |date=2007-02-18 |title=Young Americans find roots in China / S.F. program offers history and genealogy, helps locate relatives |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Young-Americans-find-roots-in-China-S-F-2648085.php |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref> In general, much of the Chinese population before the 1990s consisted of [[Cantonese]] or [[Taishanese]]-speaking people from southern China, predominately from [[Guangdong]] province. During the 1980s, more [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking immigrants from Northern China and Taiwan immigrated to the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Community {{!}} Chinese {{!}} Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/chinese/a-new-community/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> In the 1990s, a large wave of [[Fujian]]ese immigrants arrived in the US, many illegally, particularly in the NYC area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feng |first1=Cindy |title=EXPERIENCES OF FUJIANESE IMMIGRANTS |url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51135/PDF/1/play/ |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> The Chinese population in much of the 1800s and 1890s{{clarify|date=July 2024}} lived almost entirely in Western U.S., especially California and Nevada, as well as New York City.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Chinese Americans}}
{{See also||Chinese immigration to Hawaii|Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Chinese miners Idaho Springs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chinese American miners in the [[Colorado School of Mines]]' Edgar Experimental Mine near [[Idaho Springs, Colorado]], {{circa|1920}}]]

There are three major waves of recent Chinese immigration into America:

# The first wave, beginning in 1815, consisted of sailors and merchants from Sino-U.S. maritime trade
# The second wave, 1949–1980s, where WWII ally ship led to the repealing of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] and the passing of the [[Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act|Magnuson Act]], legally allowing for Chinese Americans to [[Naturalization|naturalize]]
# The third wave, 1980s-present, occured when the PRC [[Chinese emigration#Modern emigration (late 20th century–present)|removed restrictions on emigration]] from China<!-- This above information is from the History of Chinese Americans page.  -->

[[File:Chinese American Shell Peddlers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chinese American Shell Peddlers (1918)]]

=== First wave (1815–1949) ===
{{Main|19th century Chinese immigration to America}}

==== 19th century arrivals, cause for migration ====
Nearly all of the early Chinese migrants were young men from rural villages of [[Taishan City|Toisan]], as well as the [[Greater Taishan Region|eight districts]] in [[Guangdong Province]].<ref name="historyworld">International World History Project. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527055848/http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm Asian Americans]}}. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> The Guangdong province, especially [[Taishan City|Toisan]], experienced extreme floods and famine in the mid-nineteenth century, as well as mass political unrest such as the [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)|Red Turban unrest]] and the [[Punti-Hakka Clan Wars]]. This prompted many people to migrate to America.<ref name="history.state.gov" />

The vast majority of the 19th century Chinese immigrants to the U.S. came from a small area of eight districts on the west side of the [[Pearl River Delta]] in Guangdong province. The eight districts consist of three subgroups—the four districts of [[Siyi|Sze Yup]], the district of [[Zhongshan|Chung Shan]], and the three districts of [[Sanyi|Sam Yup]]—each subgroup speaking a distinct dialect of [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]]. In the U.S., people from Sze Yup generally worked as laborers; Chung Shan people specialized in agriculture; and Sam Yup people worked as entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Making of the American West: People and Perspectives|editor1-first=Peter|editor1-last=Mancall|editor2-first=Benjamin Heber|editor2-last=Johnson|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|chapter=Asians and Asian Americans in the West|first=Lisa|last=Hsia|pages=161–187}}</ref>

==== California gold rush, Central Pacific Railroad construction ====
In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to work in the [[California gold rush]],<ref>[[Bill Bryson]], ''Made In America'', page 154</ref><ref name="Strangers28">{{cite book|title=Strangers From a Different Shore|first=Ronald |last=Takaki|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-316-83109-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/strangersfromdif00taka/page/28 28]|author-link=Ronald Takaki|url=https://archive.org/details/strangersfromdif00taka/page/28}}</ref><ref name="Chang34-35">{{cite book|title=The Chinese in America|first=Iris |last=Chang|year=2003|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-670-03123-8|pages=34–35|author-link=Iris Chang}}</ref><ref name="Kwong44">{{cite book|title=Chinese America: The untold story of America's oldest new community |first1=Peter |last1=Kwong |first2=Dusanka |last2=Miscevic|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-56584-962-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/chineseamericaun00pete/page/44 44]|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseamericaun00pete/page/44}}</ref> and also to do agricultural jobs and factory work, especially the garment industry.<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web |title=Milestones: 1866–1898 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405033646/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=History.state.gov}}</ref> Some became entrepreneurs. Chinese often settled in [[Ethnic enclave|ethnic neighborhoods]] called [[Chinatown]]s. In 1852, there were 25,000 Chinese migrants in America. After coming to the United States, these immigrants learned a lot of new knowledge about transportation, communications, architecture, medical care that they could not get in China. They also learned new Western culture, including new food, religion, life.

[[File:Chinese American Fishermen b.jpg|thumb|Chinese American [[fisherman]] at Monterey, CA, circa 1875]]

In order to open up a route to Asia, the United States passed the [[Pacific Railroad Acts]] in 1862. From 1860 until 1869, the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] recruited large labor gangs, with many laborers on five-year contracts, to build on the [[transcontinental railroad]]. The construction of this railway attracted worldwide attention at that time. Most of the workers who first built the railroad were [[Irish American|Irish people of European descent]]. Later, because the conditions for building the railroad were too difficult, most people gave up and turned to the gold rush in California. And the white workers were "unsteady men and unreliable. Some of them would stay a few days, and some would not go to work at all. Some would stay a few days, until pay-day, get a little money, get drunk, and clear out."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chinese and the iron road: building the transcontinental railroad |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0925-9 |editor-last=Chang |editor-first=Gordon H. |series=Asian America |location=Stanford, California |pages=P10 |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Obenzinger |editor-first2=Hilton |editor-last3=Hsu |editor-first3=Roland |editor-last4=Fishkin |editor-first4=Shelley Fisher}}</ref>

At the beginning, the person in charge tried to hire only a small number of Chinese people to see their abilities. Later, the person in charge found that the Chinese were smarter and more hardworking than they thought, so more and more Chinese people were hired. The Chinese learn very quickly, are more careful and frugal than white workers, and they need to be paid less than white workers. Construction Superintendent J.H.Strobridge and the acting chief engineer, [[Samuel S. Montague]] was also impressed by the rich experience and efficiency of the Chinese workers. Later, it was proved that Chinese workers laid 10 miles and 56 feet of track in a single day on April 28, 1869.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Voss |first1=Barbara L. |last2=色色拉沃斯 |date=2015 |title=The Historical Experience of Labor: Archaeological Contributions to Interdisciplinary Research on Chinese Railroad Workers / 劳工的历史经验: 考古学对于中 国铁路工人之跨学科研究的贡献 |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=P6 |doi=10.1007/BF03376953 |jstor=43491356 |issn=0440-9213}}</ref>

But the Chinese workers don't seem to like to communicate with workers from other ethnic groups. They have their own "community", with their own chefs and accountants. Chinese workers were responsible for their own board and ate a diet that included imported Chinese staples, such as dried shellfish, fish, fruits, vegetables, and seaweed, as well as locally sourced rice, pork, poultry, and tea. They recount that Chinese railroad workers bathed daily, changing into clean clothes after work, and preferred to build their own dugouts and stone shelters rather than use company-provided tents. The Chinese railroad workers, it is recounted, kept to themselves and, other than gambling, enjoyed few vices.<ref name=":02"/>

Chinese laborers built the majority of the difficult route through the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains and across [[Nevada]]. Some Chinese also died during the construction of the railroad due to the heat of Nevada's summers and cold winters. In June 1867, the company wanted to make up for the lost progress due to the bad winter weather, and the management wanted to increase the workers' working hours. This caused the Chinese workers to strike. The strikers exhibited remarkable organization and discipline. The workers were spread out over several miles of the line in numerous camps, but they managed to communicate closely with one another and coordinate the work stoppage.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chinese and the iron road: building the transcontinental railroad |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0925-9 |editor-last=Chang |editor-first=Gordon H. |series=Asian America |location=Stanford, California |pages=P14 |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Obenzinger |editor-first2=Hilton |editor-last3=Hsu |editor-first3=Roland |editor-last4=Fishkin |editor-first4=Shelley Fisher}}</ref> Finally the company gave in and raised their wages slightly to keep them working.

By 1870, the U.S. Census recorded 63,199 Chinese in the United States,<ref>Bureau, U. C. (2021, October 8). ''1870 census: Volume 1. the statistics of the population of the United States''. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1872/dec/1870a.html
</ref> and by 1890, this number had increased to 126,778.<ref>Bureau, U. C. (2023, February 2). ''1900 census: Volume II. population, part 2''. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1902/dec/vol-02-population-age.html
</ref> Even though the Chinese have made great contributions to railway construction, it is still difficult for them to obtain citizenship. Even in 1871, a white supremacist mob attacked Los Angeles' Chinatown and killed nineteen Chinese residents. Those lynched and shot likely included former railroad workers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chinese and the iron road: building the transcontinental railroad |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0829-0 |editor-last=Chang |editor-first=Gordon H. |series=Asian America |location=Stanford, California |pages=P40 |chapter=Chinese Railroad Workers and the US Transcontinental Railroad in Global Perspective |editor-last2=Fishkin |editor-first2=Shelley Fisher |editor-last3=Obenzinger |editor-first3=Hilton |editor-last4=Hsu |editor-first4=Roland}}</ref> And with the enactment of [[Chinese Exclusion Act|the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882]], more Chinese were forced to leave the United States.

==== Chinese Exclusion Acts ====
{{See also|Chinese Exclusion Act|White Australia policy}}

The [[Burlingame Treaty|Burlingame–Seward Treaty]] of 1868 between the United States and [[Qing China]] supported Chinese migration,<ref name="history.state.gov" /> but the [[Page Act of 1875|Page Law of 1875]] banned all female Chinese migrants from entering the United States. Upon arrival to the U.S. Chinese men and women were separated from each other as they awaited hearings on their immigration status, which often took weeks. During this time the women were subjected to lengthy questioning that focused on their family life and origins. Their responses were then cross examined with others from their village, and any discrepancies were used to justify denial of entry. The stress of being separated from family caused many women to fall ill while they waited for a hearing. Some even committed suicide as they feared being denied access to the country. Once they were approved and allowed into the country, Chinese women migrants faced additional challenges. Many were coerced into prostitution, with over 60% of the adult Chinese women living in California in 1870 working in the trade. Some women were lured to the U.S. with the promise of marriage only to become sex slaves, while others went to the U.S. in order to reunite with their families. Ninety percent of the Chinese women who immigrated to the U.S. between 1898 and 1908 did so to join a husband or father. By 1900, only 4,522 of the 89,837 (5%) Chinese migrants were women.

In 1880, the diplomat [[James Burrill Angell|James B. Angell]] was appointed to negotiate a new treaty with Qing China. The resulting [[Angell Treaty of 1880]] restricted Chinese immigration and banned the naturalization of Chinese migrants.

Two years later, the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 prohibited all Chinese from immigrating for 10 years, and required all Chinese people to carry identification. This was the first act to restrict immigration in American history. Then, six years later, the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]] of 1888 illegalized reentry to the United States after a visit to China, even for long-term legal residents.

In 1892, the [[Geary Act]] was passed to extend the Chinese Exclusion Act, and in 1902, the prohibition was expanded to cover Hawaii and the Philippines, despite the strong objections from the Chinese government and people.<ref name="history.state.gov" />

Only in 1898, as a result of the ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]]'' Supreme Court decision, ethnic Chinese born in the United States become [[American citizen]]s.

The Chinese Exclusion Acts remained part of the law until 1943. With relations already complicated by the Treaties of Wangxia and Tianjian, the increasingly harsh restrictions on Chinese immigration combined with the [[Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States|rising discrimination against Chinese living in the United States]] in the 1870s-early 1900s.<ref name="history.state.gov" />

=== Second Wave (1949–1980) ===
The [[Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act]], which passed in 1943, allowed Chinese immigration into the US to resume at the rate set by the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which was 2% of the Chinese American population in 1890. In 1949 the [[Chinese Communist Party]] won the [[Chinese Civil War]] which lead to refugees from the conflict to come and settle in the United States. The 1924 Immigration Act's quota immigration system for non-white immigrants was repealed by Lyndon B Johnsen through the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration and Nationality Act]] which increased the cap for Chinese immigrants entering the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration and Nationality Act - LBJ Library |url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/news-and-press/media-kits/immigration-and-nationality-act |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=www.lbjlibrary.org |language=en}}</ref> Chinese Refugees in the 1960s and 1970s almost exclusively came from Hong Kong and Taiwan because the United States did not formally recognize the People's Republic of China until [[Richard Nixon]] traveled to China in the 1972 to re-formalize relations between the two countries. Inter-Country travel between the two countries would not resume until the 1977's. The Taiwanese Relations Act of 1979 further separated Taiwanese and Chinese immigration quotas as well as formalizing Taiwanese-American relations after the Chinese Communist Party was recognized as the official government of China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Zablocki |first=Clement J. [D-WI-4 |date=1979-04-10 |title=H.R.2479 - 96th Congress (1979-1980): Taiwan Relations Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/house-bill/2479 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

The Second Wave of Chinese Immigrants consisted mostly of Hong Kong and Taiwanese nationals as well as some Chinese Intellectuals. The US government created the [[Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals]] initiative in 1952 order to help Chinese refugees with more than two years of college move into America. Additionally thousands of Chinese students were left in America after the Chinese Civil War left Chinese students and researchers in America stranded and unable to return to mainland China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Qing |date=May 2020 |title=To Be an Apolitical Political Scientist: A Chinese Immigrant Scholar and (Geo)politicized American Higher Education |journal=History of Education Quarterly |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=129–155 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.10 |issn=0018-2680}}</ref>   {{expand section |date=May 2023}}

=== Third Wave (1980s–present) ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2023}}

The 1980s were when some of the first Chinese Immigrants came from China into the United States. Immigration from China into the US would continue to increase through the 1990s with the amount of Chinese Americans breaking 1 million by the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalova |first=Jeanne Batalova Madeleine Greene and Jeanne |date=2025-01-14 |title=Chinese Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-states |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref> During this time the establishment of new Chinatowns such as [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] and [[Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)|8th Avenue]] in NYC and [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond]] in San Francisco as the expansion of existing Chinatowns in order to accommodate the new influx of Chinese immigrants. Migrants from areas that were originally underrepresented in Chinese immigration to the United States such as the mainland China started to increase as inter-country travel between countries became more accessible.

== Museums ==
There are a number of museums in the United States specifically focusing on and documenting the Chinese American experience, the most prominent being the [[Museum of Chinese in America]] in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]], established in 1980; as well as others, including the [[Chinese American Museum]] in Los Angeles, the [[Chinese American Museum of Chicago]], the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] in San Francisco, and the [[Chinese American Museum DC|Chinese American Museum in Washington, D.C.]]

== Demographics ==
{{Main|List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese American populations}}
{{See also|Demographics of the United States|list of common Chinese American surnames}}

=== Population ===
The chart on the right shows the total number of ethnic Chinese in the United States since 1850.<ref>''US Census: Race and Hispanic or Latino: 2000'' [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212042413/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US|date=12 February 2020}}; ''US Census: 1990'' [https://www.census.gov/main/www/cen1990.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811070032/http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen1990.html|date=11 August 2010}}; ''US Census: Population 1790–1990'' [https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/table-2.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064820/https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/table-2.pdf|date=2 October 2018}}; ''Comparison of Asian Populations during the Exclusion Years'' [http://www.udel.edu/readhistory/resources/2005_2006/summer_06/hsu.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221048/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201T&-reg=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201T:035&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format=|date=10 March 2007}}; Estimation of the US-Census for the year 2004 [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201T&-reg=ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2004_EST_G00_S0201T:035&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format=]</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
|type=USA
|1850|758
|1860|34933
|1870|63199
|1880|105465
|1890|107488
|1900|89863
|1910|71531
|1920|61639
|1930|74954
|1940|77504
|1950|117629
|1960|237292
|1970|435062
|1980|806040
|1990|1645472
|2000|2432585
|2010|3347229
|2019|5400000
|estref=<ref name="population1">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html|title=U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Illinois' 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=20 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219012241/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html|archive-date=19 February 2011}}</ref>}}

=== States with the largest estimated Chinese American populations ===
[[File:Chinese Population USA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Percentage of Chinese population in the United States, 2000]]

The states with the largest estimated Chinese American populations, according to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]], were [[California]] (1,253,100; 3.4%), [[New York (state)|New York]] (577,000; 3.0%), [[Texas]] (157,000; 0.6%), [[New Jersey]] (134,500; 1.5%), [[Massachusetts]] (123,000; 1.9%), [[Illinois]] (104,200; 0.8%), [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (94,200; 1.4%), [[Pennsylvania]] (85,000; 0.7%), [[Maryland]] (69,400; 1.2%), [[Virginia]] (59,800; 0.7%), and [[Ohio]] (51,033; 0.5%). The state of [[Hawaii]] has the highest concentration of Chinese Americans at 4.0%, or 55,000 people.

=== Population centers of Chinese Americans ===
According to the 2012 Census estimates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212412/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=12 February 2020|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref> the three [[Metropolitan Statistical Area|metropolitan areas]] with the largest Chinese American populations were the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] at 735,019 people, the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland]] Combined Statistical Area at 629,243 people, and the [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles Area]] Combined Statistical Area at about 566,968 people. [[New York City]] contains by far the highest ethnic Chinese population of any individual city outside Asia, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017.<ref name=NYCChineseA>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~016|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Chinese alone – New York City, New York|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004442/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~016|archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> The Los Angeles County city of [[Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park]] has the highest percentage of Chinese Americans of any municipality, at 43.7% of its population, or 24,758 people.

The [[New York metropolitan area]], which includes [[New York City]], [[Long Island]], and nearby areas within the states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Pennsylvania]], is home to the largest Chinese American population of any [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]] within the United States, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017<ref name=NYCChinese1>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> and including at least 12 [[Chinatown]]s. Continuing significant [[Chinese emigration|immigration from mainland China]] is fueled by New York's status as an alpha global city, its high population density, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace. The [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan Chinatown]] contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the [[Western hemisphere]];<ref name=fact-sheet>* {{cite web|url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf|title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet|publisher=explorechinatown.com|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014012/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html|title=The History of New York's Chinatown|last=Waxman|first=Sarah|publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc.|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Reimers|first=David M.|title=Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104|year=1992|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07681-4|page=104|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328061858/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf|title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4|last=McGlinn|first=Lawrence A.|publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Reimers|first=David M.|title=Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104|year=1992|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07681-4|page=104|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328061858/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Flushing Chinatown]] in [[Chinatowns in Queens|Queens]] has become the world's largest Chinatown. As of 2023, [[Chinese emigration|illegal Chinese immigration]] to [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]], and especially to the Flushing, Queens Chinatown, has accelerated.<ref name="NYCPrimaryChineseDestination">{{cite news |author=Eileen Sullivan |date=November 24, 2023 |title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html |access-date=November 24, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.}}</ref>

Also on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], [[Greater Boston]] and the [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]] are home to significant Chinese American communities, with Chinatowns in [[Chinatown, Boston|Boston]] and [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] hosting important and diverse cultural centers. Significant populations can also be found in the [[Washington metropolitan area]], with [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], [[Maryland]] and [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]], [[Virginia]], being 3.9% and 2.4% Chinese American, respectively. [[Chinatown, Boston|Boston's Chinatown]] is the only historical Chinese neighborhood within [[New England]]. The Boston suburb of [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] also has a prominent Chinese American population, especially within the [[North Quincy (Quincy, Massachusetts)|North Quincy]] area.<ref name="American FactFinder">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213701/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|archive-date=12 February 2020|title=American FactFinder|publisher=United States Census Bureau |year=2010 |access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

[[San Francisco]], California has the highest [[per capita]] concentration of Chinese Americans of any major city in the United States, at an estimated 21.4%, or 172,181 people, and contains the second-largest total number of Chinese Americans of any U.S. city. San Francisco's [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] was established in the 1840s, making it the oldest Chinatown in [[North America]] and one of the largest neighborhoods of Chinese people outside of Asia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownology.com/usa.html|title=USA|website=Chinatownology.com|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221143017/http://chinatownology.com/usa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.community.ups.com/Community/Community+Internship+Program/San+Francisco |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823095900/http://www.community.ups.com/Community/Community+Internship+Program/San+Francisco |archive-date=23 August 2010 |title=Intern program|website=community.ups.com}}</ref> composed in large part by immigrants hailing from [[Guangdong province]] and also many from [[Hong Kong]]. The San Francisco neighborhoods of [[Sunset District]] and [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond District]] also contain significant Chinese populations. [[Houston, Texas]] is also another population center for Chinese Americans, as it contains the highest percentage of Chinese Americans in the Southern United States.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. For example, the number of Chinese Americans, including college professors, doctors, professionals, and students, has increased over 200% from 2005 to 2010 in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], a small city with a large number of colleges.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Rank
! City
! State
! Chinese Americans
! Percentage
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[San Francisco]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|172,181}}
| align="right" | {{nts|21.4}}
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Honolulu]]
| [[Hawaii]]
| align="right" | {{nts|38,330}}
| align="right" | {{nts|10.2}}
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|34,083}}
| align="right" | {{nts|8.7}}
|-
| align="center" | 4
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|63,434}}
| align="right" | {{nts|6.7}}
|-
| align="center" | 5
| [[New York City]]
| [[New York (state)|New York]]
| align="right" | {{nts|486,463}}
| align="right" | {{nts|6.0}}
|-
| align="center" | 6
| [[Plano, Texas|Plano]]
| [[Texas]]
| align="right" | {{nts|13,592}}
| align="right" | {{nts|5.2}}
|-
| align="center" | 7
| [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|20,307}}
| align="right" | {{nts|4.4}}
|-
| align="center" | 8
| [[Seattle]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | {{nts|27,216}}
| align="right" | {{nts|4.1}}
|-
| align="center" | 9
| [[Boston]]
| [[Massachusetts]]
| align="right" | {{nts|24,910}}
| align="right" | {{nts|4.0}}
|-
| align="center" | 10
| [[San Diego]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|35,661}}
| align="right" | {{nts|2.7}}
|-
| align="center" | 11
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Pennsylvania]]
| align="right" | {{nts|30,069}}
| align="right" | {{nts|2.0}}
|-
| align="center" | 12
| [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|5,188}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.8}}
|-
| align="center" | 13
| [[Los Angeles]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|66,782}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.8}}
|-
| align="center" | 14
| [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | {{nts|9,113}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.7}}
|-
| align="center" | 15
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Illinois]]
| align="right" | {{nts|43,228}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.6}}
|-
| align="center" | 16
| [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|4,738}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.4}}
|-
| align="center" | 17
| [[Houston]]
| [[Texas]]
| align="right" | {{nts|29,429}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.3}}
|-
| align="center" | 18
| [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]
| [[Texas]]
| align="right" | {{nts|8,886}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.2}}
|-
| align="center" | 19
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| [[Pennsylvania]]
| align="right" | {{nts|3,402}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.1}}
|-
| align="center" | 20
| [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]
| [[California]]
| align="right" | {{nts|2,985}}
| align="right" | {{nts|1.0}}
|}

=== Income and social status ===
Income and social status of these Chinese American locations vary widely. {{As of|2012}} about 333,333<!--source text: "Around a third of the million"--> people living in the United States with a Chinese background are not United States citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/what-chinas-talking-about-today-is-american-citizenship-still-desirable/254070/ |title=What China's Talking About Today: Is American Citizenship Still Desirable? |last=Hayoun |first=Massoud |date=7 March 2012 |work=The Atlantic |publisher=Atlantic Media Company |access-date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005350/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/what-chinas-talking-about-today-is-american-citizenship-still-desirable/254070/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although many Chinese Americans in [[Chinatown]]s of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status and class discrimination. In California's [[San Gabriel Valley]], for example, the cities of [[Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park]] and [[San Marino, California|San Marino]] are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other but they are separated by a large socioeconomic gap.

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Chinese language in the United States}}
{{See also|Language and overseas Chinese communities#North America}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the various [[varieties of Chinese]] make up the third-most spoken language in the United States. It is almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in [[California]].<ref name="Lai">{{cite book |last=Lai |first=H. Mark |title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0458-7}}</ref> In 2002, over 2 million Americans speak some variety or dialect of Chinese, with [[Standard Chinese]] (Mandarin) becoming increasingly common due to new immigration from China and supplanting the previous widespread [[Cantonese]] and [[Taishanese]].<ref name="Lai" />

In [[New York City]], although [[Standard Chinese]] (Mandarin) was spoken as a native language among only 10% of [[American-born Chinese]] speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect to English.<ref>{{cite book |last=García |first=Ofelia |title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City |author2=Fishman, Joshua A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-11-017281-2}}</ref> In addition, the immigration from [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian]] brings in a significant{{Quantify|date=May 2023}} populace of [[Fuzhou people]] ([[Eastern Min]]), particularly [[Changle dialect]] speakers to major cities like New York City, San Francisco, and Boston.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} People from Fujian ([[Minnan region]]), [[Chaoshan]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Southeast Asia]] mainly use [[Southern Min]] dialect ([[Hokkien]] and [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]) as their mother tongue. Varieties of [[Wu Chinese]], particularly [[Shanghainese]] and the mutually unintelligible [[Wenzhounese]], are spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants hailing from [[Jiangsu]], [[Zhejiang]], and [[Shanghai]].{{When|date=July 2021}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Although many Chinese Americans grow up learning [[English language|English]], some teach their children to speak Chinese for a variety of reasons: preservation of an ancient civilization, preservation of a group identity, preservation of their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with each other and their relatives, and the perception that Chinese is a very useful language. The official standard for United States public notices and signage is [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]].<ref>See, for instance, https://www.irs.gov/irm/part22/irm_22-031-001.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303080106/https://www.irs.gov/irm/part22/irm_22-031-001.html|date=3 March 2016}} ([[Internal Revenue Manual]] 22.31.1.6.3 – "The standard language for translation is Traditional Chinese."</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions of Chinese Americans (2012)<ref name="pewforum.org"/><ref name="projects.pewforum.org">{{cite web|url=http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-4-2/|title=Chinese Americans|date=18 July 2012|website=Projects.pewforum.org|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085803/http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-4-2/|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>
| label1 = Not declared
| value1 = 52
| color1 = Grey
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| value2 = 30
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| label3 = [[Buddhism]]
| value3 = 15
| color3 = Gold
| label4 = [[Chinese Folk Religion]]
| value4 = 3
| color4 = Red
}}
The majority of Chinese Americans do not report a [[religious affiliation]]. 43% of Chinese Americans switched to a different religion and 54% stayed within their childhood religion within their lifetime. According to the 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] Asian-American Survey, 52% of Chinese Americans aged 15 and over said that they did not have any religious affiliation. This is also compared with the religious unaffiliation of Asian-American average of 26% and a national average of 19%.

Of the survey respondents, 15% were [[Buddhist]], 8% were Catholic, and 22% belonged to a [[Protestant]] denomination. About half of Chinese Americans (52%)—including 55% of those born in the U.S. and 51% of those born overseas—describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated.<ref name="pewforum.org" /><ref name="projects.pewforum.org" />

The significantly higher{{Quantify|date=May 2023}} percentage of [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]] in the United States than in China can only be partially explained by the fact that some Chinese Christians immigrate to the United States due to persecution,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=Group: Officials destroying crosses, burning bibles in China |url=https://apnews.com/c09b2ee4b71540c8a7fd6178820c5970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111031523/https://apnews.com/c09b2ee4b71540c8a7fd6178820c5970 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown |title=Freedom of Religion in China: A Historical Perspective |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/freedom-of-religion-in-china-a-historical-perspective |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903200044/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/freedom-of-religion-in-china-a-historical-perspective |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=berkleycenter.georgetown.edu}}</ref> since most Chinese Christians convert in the United States, not China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hackett |first=Conrad |date=2023-12-12 |title=China's Christian population appears to have stopped growing after rising rapidly in the 1980s and '90s |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/12/12/chinas-christian-population-appears-to-have-stopped-growing-after-rising-rapidly-in-the-1980s-and-90s/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Fenggang |date=1999 |title=Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, Assimilation, and Adhesive Identities |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/2/monograph/chapter/3250584 |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Penn State University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Han |date=2025-06-11 |title=Leave China, Study in America, Find Jesus |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/11/leave-china-study-in-america-find-jesus-chinese-christian-converts-at-american-universities/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== List of Chinese temples in the United States ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Temple of Kwan Tai]] ({{lang|zh|武帝廟}}), located in [[Mendocino, California]]
* [[Bok Kai Temple]] ({{lang|zh|北溪廟}}), located in the city of [[Marysville, California]]
* [[Kong Chow Temple]] ({{lang|zh|岡州古廟}}), located in San Francisco, California
* [[Tin How Temple]] ({{lang|zh|天后古廟}}), located in San Francisco's Chinatown, California
* [[Oroville Chinese Temple]] ({{lang|zh|列聖宮}}), located in [[Oroville, California]]
* [[Ma-Tsu Temple (San Francisco, California)|Ma-Tsu Temple]] ({{lang|zh|美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮}}), located in San Francisco's Chinatown, California
* [[Weaverville Joss House State Historic Park|Weaverville Joss House]] ({{lang|zh|雲林廟}}), located in the center of the town of [[Weaverville, California]]
* [[Pao Fa Temple]] ({{lang|zh|寶法寺}}), located in [[Irvine, California]]
* [[Hsu Yun Temple]] ({{lang|zh|虛雲禪寺}}), located in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]]
* [[Hsi Lai Temple]] ({{lang|zh|佛光山西來寺}}), located in northern [[Puente Hills]], [[Hacienda Heights, California]]
* [[City of Ten Thousand Buddhas]] ({{lang|zh|萬佛聖城}}), located in [[Talmage, California]]
* [[Chuang Yen Monastery]] ({{lang|zh|莊嚴寺}}), located in [[Kent, New York|Kent]], [[Putnam County, New York]]
}}

=== Politics ===
[[File:Judy Chu 2019-05-02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Judy Chu]] ({{uspolabbr|D|CA|28}}), the first female Chinese American elected to Congress]]

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as language, religion, generational status, age and [[socioeconomic status]]. Sometimes, these subgroups have conflicting political priorities and goals.

As of 2013, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian-American ethnicity to be affiliated with a political party.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hilburn |first=Matthew |date=17 January 2013 |title=Asian-American Vote Reveals Nuances |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/polling-asian-americans-nuanced/1586148.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121121910/http://www.voanews.com/content/polling-asian-americans-nuanced/1586148.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2013 |publisher=Voice of America |quote=Chinese-Americans were the least likely to affiliate with a party. Magpantay suggested that only one third of Chinese-Americans belong to a party, compared with 71% among all Asian-Americans, because of the negative association of the word party with the Communist Party in China.}}</ref>

Chinese Americans tend to be clustered in majority-[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] states and have increasingly voted Democratic in recent presidential elections, following the trend for Asian Americans in general, excluding the [[Vietnamese Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of the Asian-American Vote Is Growing -- And It's Up for Grabs |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-power-of-the-asian-american-vote-is-growing-and-it-s-up-for-grabs-20121025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510231109/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-power-of-the-asian-american-vote-is-growing-and-it-s-up-for-grabs-20121025 |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Polling just before the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 U.S. Presidential Election]] found [[John Kerry]] was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans and [[George W. Bush]] by only 23%,<ref name="Kerry">{{cite web |date=16 September 2004 |title=Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FI16Aa01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916213328/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FI16Aa01.html |archive-date=16 September 2004 |access-date=22 September 2007 |work=Asia Times}}</ref> as compared with a 54/44 split in [[United States presidential election in California, 2004|California]], a 58/40 split in [[United States presidential election in New York, 2004|New York]], and a 48/51 split in [[2004 United States presidential election|America]] as a whole on Election Day itself. In the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]], 81% of Chinese American voters selected [[Barack Obama]] over [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hing |first=Julianne |date=18 January 2013 |title=Asian-American Voters Really, Really Loved Barack Obama in Election 2012 |url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2013/01/asian-american_voters_really_really_loved_barack_obama_in_election_2012.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121005157/http://colorlines.com/archives/2013/01/asian-american_voters_really_really_loved_barack_obama_in_election_2012.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=11 November 2015 |publisher=ColorLines}}</ref>

== Discrimination, prejudice, depression and suicide {{anchor|Discrimination_and_stereotypes}} ==
{{Main|Xenophobia|Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States}}

{{See also|Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}}
[[File:Los Angeles, corpses of Chinese victims, Oct 1871.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|17 to 20 Chinese immigrants were murdered during the [[Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871|Chinese massacre of 1871]] in Los Angeles.]]
[[File:Thure de Thulstrup - The Massacre of the Chinese at Rock Springs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An illustration of the [[Rock Springs massacre]] of 1885, in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed]]

=== Perceptions and stereotypes ===
A 2007 analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and East Asian Americans generally, and perceptions of both groups are nearly identical.<ref name="c100">{{cite web |url=http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/042501.html |first= |title=Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans |date=25 April 2001 |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929153746/http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/042501.html |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that one fourth of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.<ref name="sfgate">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/04/27/MN199998.DTL |first=Matthew |last=Yi |title=Asian Americans seen negatively |access-date=14 June 2007 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |date=27 April 2001 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914111528/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2001%2F04%2F27%2FMN199998.DTL |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the study did also find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as entrepreneurs (77%); high value on education (67%).<ref name="c100" />

=== Anti-Chinese violence in the United States ===
{{Further|Anti-Chinese violence in California|Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon|Anti-Chinese violence in Washington}}

Early Chinese Americans struggled to survive in the United States as a result of prejudice, discrimination, and violence.

In 1880, motivated by [[Yellow Peril|yellow peril]] and sensationalism surrounding the upcoming presidential election, a mob numbering 3,000 instigated an anti-Chinese riot in Denver, Colorado. A man named Look Young was lynched, and nearly all of [[Chinatown, Denver|Chinatown]] was destroyed. 185 Chinese men were held in jail for three days for their own safety. Most of the rioters arrested were dismissed, and the alleged murderers of Look Young were tried and found not guilty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wortman |first=Roy T. |title=Denver's Anti-Chinese Riot, 1880 |url=https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v42n4_Fall1965.pdf |journal=Colorado Magazine |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=265–291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Associated Press |date=October 30, 1996 |title=Race riot tore apart Denver's Chinatown |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19961030&id=QUxWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6139,7927840 |access-date=October 26, 2023}}</ref>

In 1871, [[Chinese massacre of 1871|17–20 Chinese immigrants]] were murdered in Los Angeles by a mob of around 500 men. This racially motivated massacre was one of the largest mass-[[Lynching in the United States|lynchings in the United States]], and it took place after the accidental killing of Robert Thompson, a local [[rancher]].

The [[Rock Springs massacre]] occurred in 1885, in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed and 15 other Chinese were injured. Many enraged white miners in Sweetwater County felt threatened by the Chinese and blamed them for their unemployment. As a result of competition for jobs, white miners expressed their frustration by committing acts of physical violence in which they robbed, shot, and stabbed Chinese in Chinatown. The Chinese quickly tried to flee, but in doing so, many of them ended up being burned alive in their homes, starving to death in hiding places, or being exposed to animal predators in the mountains; some of them were successfully rescued by a passing train. A total of 78 homes were burned.

During the [[Hells Canyon massacre]] of 1887, at least 34 Chinese miners were killed. An accurate account of the event is still unavailable, but it is speculated that the Chinese miners were killed by gunshot during a robbery by a gang of seven armed horse thieves.

Other acts of violence which were committed against Chinese immigrants include the [[San Francisco riot of 1877]], the [[Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885|Issaquah]] and [[Tacoma riot of 1885]], the [[Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885|attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers]] in 1885, the [[Seattle riot of 1886]], and the [[Pacific Coast race riots of 1907]]. With the spread of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which is believed to have started in the city of Wuhan, China, [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#North America|numerous incidents of xenophobia and racism]] against Chinese people and people who are perceived to be Chinese have been reported.

=== Depression and suicide ===
In 2008, researchers Georg Hsu and Yu Mui Wan published a paper citing severe stigma of mental illness in the Chinese American community as a barrier to diagnosis and treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Georg Hsu |first1=L.K. |last2=Wan |first2=Yu Mui |last3=Chang |first3=Hong |last4=Summergrad |first4=Paul |last5=Tsang |first5=Bill Y.P. |last6=Chen |first6=Hongtu |title=Stigma of Depression Is More Severe in Chinese Americans than Caucasian Americans |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=September 2008 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=210–218 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2008.71.3.210 |pmid=18834272 |s2cid=23003033 }}</ref> In a 1998 study of 29 diagnosed depressive Chinese American immigrants, more than half of respondents avoided labeling their symptoms as depression.<ref name="Yeung2006">{{cite journal |last1=Yeung |first1=Albert |title=Recognizing and Treating Depression in Asian Americans |journal=Psychiatric Times |date=1 December 2006 |volume=23 |issue=14 |page=50 |id={{Gale|A156586134}} |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/recognizing-and-treating-depression-asian-americans }}</ref> While patients were able to accurately identify and report depressive symptoms such as "irritability" and "rumination," patients were more likely to attribute their depression to somatic and physical symptoms than as a psychological state.<ref name="Yeung2006" />

Among Asian-American youth in 1980, suicide accounted for 20.8% of Chinese American female deaths.<ref name="Blinn1996" /> Among males, it constituted 15.1% of deaths.<ref name="Blinn1996">{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|304289210}} |last1=Blinn |first1=Robert Eugene |title=Asian-American and Chinese-American suicide in San Francisco |year=1996 }}</ref> The study also reported that suicide rates among Chinese American elderly were higher than that of the national suicide rate for African-American, Hispanic, and Native-American.

A study published in the ''Journal of Aging and Health,'' stated that 18% to 29.4% of older Chinese adults in North America had at least a mild level of depression which was higher than other ethnic groups.<ref name="Dong Chen Li Simon 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=XinQi |last2=Chen |first2=Ruijia |last3=Li |first3=Chengyue |last4=Simon |first4=Melissa A. |title=Understanding Depressive Symptoms Among Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults in the Greater Chicago Area |journal=Journal of Aging and Health |date=October 2014 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1155–1171 |doi=10.1177/0898264314527611 |pmid=25239971 |pmc=9944289 |s2cid=33772989 }}</ref> Further, the study reported that these depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults "tend to remain untreated."<ref name="Dong Chen Li Simon 2014" />

== Modern immigration ==
Economic growth in the People's Republic of China has given mainland Chinese more opportunities to [[Chinese emigration|emigrate]]. A 2011 survey showed that 60% of Chinese millionaires were planning to emigrate, with 40% of Chinese millionaires selecting the United States as the top destination for immigration.<ref name="CNN 2011-11-11">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/11/world/asia/china-rich-emigration/index.html|title=As China's rich grow in numbers, so do their mobile aspirations – CNN|date=21 November 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=26 September 2012|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919201525/http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/11/world/asia/china-rich-emigration/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-invests.net/20120710/29447.aspx|title=Chinese millionaires seek for overseas activities- China Business Network|website=China-invests.net|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721201424/http://www.china-invests.net/20120710/29447.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WSJ Plan B">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203806504577181461401318988 | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Plan B for China's Wealthy: Moving to the U.S., Europe – WSJ.com | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-date=16 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034939/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203806504577181461401318988 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/01/report-half-of-chinas-rich-want-to-leave/ | publisher=CNN | title=Report: Half of China's millionaires want to leave | date=1 November 2011 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711131410/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/01/report-half-of-chinas-rich-want-to-leave/ | archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/05/29/the-mass-migration-of-the-superrich.html|title=The Mass Migration of the Super-Rich – U.S. Business News|date=29 May 2012 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403094725/http://www.cnbc.com/id/47599766/The_Mass_Migration_of_the_Super_Rich|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2025|reason=Over 14 years old}} The [[EB-5 visa|EB-5]] Investment Visa allows many Chinese to seek U.S. citizenship. It has a yearly quota of around 10,000 applicants or families, and recent reports show that 75% of applicants for this visa in 2011 were Chinese.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18966261 | work=BBC News | title=Rich Chinese seeking overseas residency | date=22 August 2012 | access-date=21 July 2018 | archive-date=31 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131170746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18966261 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thinkingchinese.com/75percent-of-investment-immigrants-to-the-usa-are-chinese |script-title=zh:美国投资移民中国人占四分三 |trans-title=3/4 of Investment Immigrants to the USA are Chinese |publisher=Thinking Chinese |date=November 2011 |access-date=2 December 2019 |language=zh-Hans,en |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134534/http://thinkingchinese.com/75percent-of-investment-immigrants-to-the-usa-are-chinese |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2025|reason=Over 14 years old}} Under this program, applicants, together with their spouses and unmarried children under 21 years old will be eligible to apply for U.S. permanent residency as a group. Because the EB-5 program allows applicants to apply as a family, it has been reported to be a significant method for Chinese students to obtain authorization to work in the United States. Chinese multimillionaires benefited most from the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program in the U.S. now,{{When|date=July 2021}} as long as one has at least US$500,000 to invest in projects listed by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), where it is possible to get an EB-5 green card that comes with permanent U.S. residency rights, but only in states specified by the pilot project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecns.cn/2012/02-02/7365.shtml |title=U.S., Canada favored by China's third wave of emigrants – Headlines, features, photo and videos from |publisher=ecns.cn |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204125347/http://www.ecns.cn/2012/02-02/7365.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yuk|first=Pan Kwan|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c45aaa4-157c-32de-8bae-8b950db5a297|title=China's capital flight: to US real estate|website=[[Financial Times]]|date=2012-06-12|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220206024602/https://www.ft.com/content/6c45aaa4-157c-32de-8bae-8b950db5a297|url-status=live}}</ref> The H-1B visa is also becoming one of the main immigration pathways for the Chinese with 9% of the approved petitions in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/Characteristics_of_Specialty_Occupation_Workers_H-1B_Fiscal_Year_2020.pdf |title=Characteristics of Specialty Occupation Workers H-1B |work=USCIS |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015175406/https://www.uscis.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Illegal immigration ===
{{Further|Scott Act (1888)|Geary Act}}

Before 1882, there were no limits on immigration to the United States, but with the [[Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882|Chinese Exclusion Act]], for the first time in American history, immigration was deemed illegal. This legislation was partially repealed in 1943 with the [[Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act|Magnuson Act]], and only fully repealed in 1965. The history of [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]] of Chinese people to the United States go back to the 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=28 June 2016 |title=US Media Scrutinize Wave of Chinese Migrants Illegally Crossing From Mexico |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-media-scrutinize-wave-of-chinese-migrants-illegally-crossing-from-mexico/3395048.html |work=Voice of America News |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163906/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-media-scrutinize-wave-of-chinese-migrants-illegally-crossing-from-mexico/3395048.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Smuggling of immigrants without authorization increased during 1990s following policy changes by the American government, but by the 21st century, some have returned to China due to its growing economy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Xiaoqing |first=Rong |date=4 January 2017 |title=The Fading American Dreams of China's Most Notorious 'Snakehead' |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/04/the-fading-american-dreams-of-chinas-most-notorious-snakehead-sister-ping-illegal-immigration-school-retrospective-smuggling/ |work=Foreign Policy |location=Washington, DC |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163938/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/04/the-fading-american-dreams-of-chinas-most-notorious-snakehead-sister-ping-illegal-immigration-school-retrospective-smuggling/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2017, it is estimated that more than a quarter million immigrants reside in the United States without authorization from China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Vivian |last2=Davis |first2=Kenan |last3=Patel |first3=Jugal K. |date=6 March 2017 |title=Here's the Reality About Illegal Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/06/us/politics/undocumented-illegal-immigrants.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629024527/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/06/us/politics/undocumented-illegal-immigrants.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, there were about 39,000 Chinese nationals who were supposed to be [[Deportation and removal from the United States|deported]]; however, the People's Republic of China government had not provided paperwork to verify their citizenship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasenball |first1=Mark |last2=Reid |first2=Tim |title=Exclusive – U.S. to China: Take back your undocumented immigrants |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-deportations-exclusive/exclusive-u-s-to-china-take-back-your-undocumented-immigrants-idUSKCN0RB0D020150911 |work=Reuters |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125513/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-deportations-exclusive/exclusive-u-s-to-china-take-back-your-undocumented-immigrants-idUSKCN0RB0D020150911 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, China was described as having become one of the leading sources of new immigrants without authorization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Hansi Lo |date=25 April 2017 |title=Mexicans No Longer Make Up Majority of Immigrants in U.S. Illegally |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/25/525563818/mexicans-no-longer-make-up-majority-of-immigrants-in-u-s-illegally |work=The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302104046/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/25/525563818/mexicans-no-longer-make-up-majority-of-immigrants-in-u-s-illegally |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Mexicans, Chinese among 30 illegal immigrants arrested by Border Patrol outside new San Diego smuggling tunnel |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/mexicans-chinese-among-30-illegal-immigrants-arrested-by-border-patrol-outside-new-san-diego-smuggling-tunnel/ |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=27 August 2017 |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163904/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/27/smuggling-tunnel-found-in-san-diego-30-people-detained.html |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Kristina |date=25 September 2017 |title=Growing number of Chinese immigrants smuggled through San Diego border |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-chinese-smuggling-20170923-story.html |work=The San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302105424/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-chinese-smuggling-20170923-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Socioeconomics ==
=== Educational attainment ===
Overall, as a demographic group, Chinese Americans have a higher [[Educational attainment in the United States|educational attainment]], have a higher percentage of people working in select white collar and professional occupations, and earn higher [[median household income]]s compared to other demographic groups in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ticker |first=Neil |title = Major Study of Chinese Americans Debunks 'Model Minority' Myth |publisher=University of Maryland |date=12 November 2008 |url = http://newsdesk.umd.edu/sociss/release.cfm?ArticleID=1786 |access-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120518080935/http://newsdesk.umd.edu/sociss/release.cfm?ArticleID=1786 |archive-date=18 May 2012 }}</ref> Chinese Americans, along with other East Asian Americans, typically exhibit above-average rates of academic achievement and higher educational attainment rates compared to other ethno-racial demographic cohorts within the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choi |first=Daniel |title = The Other Side of the Model Minority Myth |journal=Yisei Magazine |url = http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~yisei/issues/spring_92/ys92_20.html |access-date = 2 December 2013 |archive-date = 27 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027075024/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~yisei/issues/spring_92/ys92_20.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese Americans often have some{{Clarify|date=May 2023}} of the highest averages in tests such as [[SAT]], [[ACT (test)|ACT]], [[Graduate Record Examination|GRE]] etc. in the United States. Although verbal scores lag somewhat due to the influx of new immigrants, combined SAT scores have also been higher than for most Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.studyinternational.com/news/asian-americans-test-scores-sat-ac |title = Why Asian-Americans score so highly in the SAT & ACT |publisher = Study International |date = 30 November 2018 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125451/https://www.studyinternational.com/news/asian-americans-test-scores-sat-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With above average SAT and ACT scores as well as GPA's, Chinese Americans are more likely to apply to competitively elite, prestigious, and high-ranked higher education institutions than other ethno-racial groups in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dharma |first=Tiffany |title = The Model Minority: Asian-American Youth and the Harmful Perpetuation of a Cultural Myth |journal = Inquiries Journal |volume=3 |issue=9 |year=2011 |page=2 |url = http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/571/2/the-model-minority-asian-american-youth-and-the-harmful-perpetuation-of-a-cultural-myth- |access-date = 10 May 2012 |archive-date = 11 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144401/http://studentpulse.com/articles/571/2/the-model-minority-asian-american-youth-and-the-harmful-perpetuation-of-a-cultural-myth- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.parentingscience.com/chinese-parenting.html |title = Traditional Chinese parenting |publisher = Parenting Science |access-date = 31 December 2011 |archive-date = 16 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111216122656/http://www.parentingscience.com/chinese-parenting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.arthurhu.com/index/aaward.htm#acm |title = Awards |website = Arthurhu.com |access-date = 31 December 2011 |archive-date = 25 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111225004718/http://www.arthurhu.com/index/aaward.htm#acm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/08/22/a_new_comparison_of_minority_and_non_minority_college_applicants |title = Who Applies (and Gets in) |author = Scott Jaschik |date = 22 August 2011 |website = Inside Higher Ed |access-date = 26 February 2012 |quote = Then there is the question of who applies to competitive colleges: the NELS data show that 30 percent of Asian American applicants do, compared to 18 percent of white students and 10 percent of black and Latino students. |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425194809/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/08/22/a_new_comparison_of_minority_and_non_minority_college_applicants |url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese Americans are also disproportionately represented among US [[National Merit Scholarship]] awardees, and constitute 13% of the nation's top [[Ivy League]] universities and other prestigious institutions of higher education around the United States. They are more likely to apply to competitively elite higher education institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dharma|first=Tiffany|title=The Model Minority: Asian-American Youth and the Harmful Perpetuation of a Cultural Myth|journal=Inquiries Journal |year=2011|volume=3 |issue=9 |publisher=StudentPulse|page=2|url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/571/2/the-model-minority-asian-american-youth-and-the-harmful-perpetuation-of-a-cultural-myth-}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parentingscience.com/chinese-parenting.html|title=Traditional Chinese parenting |publisher=Parenting Science |date= |access-date=2011-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arthurhu.com/index/aaward.htm#acm |title=Awards |publisher=Arthurhu.com |date= |access-date=2011-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/08/22/a_new_comparison_of_minority_and_non_minority_college_applicants |title=Who Applies (and Gets in) |author=Scott Jaschik |date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Inside Higher Ed |access-date=26 February 2012 |quote=Then there is the question of who applies to competitive colleges: the NELS data show that 30 percent of Asian American applicants do, compared to 18 percent of white students and 10 percent of black and Latino students. }}</ref> Chinese Americans also constitute 24% of all Olympic Seattle Scholarship winners, 33% of [[USA Math Olympiad]] winners, 15.5% of [[Putnam Math Competition]] winners, and 36% of Duke Talent Identification Grand Recognition Ceremony attendees from the [[Dallas Metropolitan area]].<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.arthurhu.com/index/aaward.htm#beauty|title=Awards|publisher=Arthurhu.com|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225004718/http://www.arthurhu.com/index/aaward.htm#beauty|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CensusEdu2003">Stoops, Niacole.  "Educational Attainment in the United States, 2003." U.S. Census Bureau, [http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf Current Population Reports publication P20-550], June 2004.  Accessed 16 Feb 2007.</ref>

=== Area of study ===
Largely driven by educational immigration, among American [[PhD]] recipients in fields related to science and engineering, 25% of the recipients are of Chinese descent.<ref name="google1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMvaMuZkwvcC&q=percent+ethnic+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA419 |title=Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present – Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, H. Mark Lai |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=21 April 2012 |isbn=978-0-520-24309-5 |last1=Yung |first1=Judy |last2=Chang |first2=Gordon H. |last3=Mark Lai |first3=H. |publisher=University of California Press |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125459/https://books.google.com/books?id=eMvaMuZkwvcC&q=percent+ethnic+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA419 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Level of education ===
According to the 2021 U.S. Census Bureau of Labor Statistics, 58.6% of all Chinese Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 35.0% nationally and 56.4% for all Asian-American groups. The 2021 U.S. Census also reports that 60.6% of Chinese American men attained a bachelor's degree and 56.9% of Chinese American women attained a bachelor's degree at a minimum. In addition, 31.0% of all Chinese Americans in the United States possess at least a master's, doctorate or other graduate and professional degree, compared to 25.8% for all Asian Americans, and is a little more than two times above the national average of 13.8%.<ref name="United States Census Bureau" /> The 2021 U.S. Census also reports that 64.9% of Chinese American men and 61.3% of Chinese American women work in an elite white-collar profession, compared to 57.5% for all Asian Americans, and is a little more than one and a half times above the national average of 42.2%.<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/table?q=asian+alone&t=001:016:018:022:023:Educational+Attainment:Employment:Income+(Households,+Families,+Individuals):Occupation&y=2021 |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |date=2021 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ {{center|'''Bachelor's Degree or Higher Educational Attainment'''<ref name="United States Census Bureau"/>

}}
|-
!Ethnicity
!Percent of Population
|- style=""
| '''Chinese'''
| style="text-align:right;" | 58.6%
|-
| [[Japanese American|Japanese]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 54.6%
|-
| [[Korean American|Korean]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 60.7%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 56.4%
|-
| [[Taiwanese American|Taiwanese]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 80.8%
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Total U.S. Population
| style="text-align:right;" | 35.0%
|}

=== Employment ===
[[File:Ebayheadquarters.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Technology conglomerates such as [[eBay]] located within high-technology centers across the United States, including California's [[Silicon Valley]], have become attractive destinations of employment for Chinese Americans with technical skill-sets and foreign-born Chinese technology entrepreneurs looking to start or expand their own high-technology companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kauffman.org/entrepreneurship/foreign-born-entrepreneurs.aspx |title=Foreign-Born Entrepreneurs: An Underestimated American Resource |publisher=Kauffman.org |date=30 September 2006 |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528234930/http://www.kauffman.org/entrepreneurship/foreign-born-entrepreneurs.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref>]]

==== Perceptions and change ====
There has been a significant change in the perceptions about Chinese Americans among the general American populace. In as little as a century of American history, [[Stereotypes of East Asians in the Western world|stereotypes of Chinese and other East Asian Americans]] have changed from being perceived as indentured and uneducated [[coolie]] laborers who were perpetually entangled in an endlessly hopeless cycle of socioeconomic destitution towards a modern juxtaposed portrayal of them being an intelligent, conscientious, and a highly educated minority group. Most Chinese Americans work as [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] professionals, many of whom are highly educated and salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed in management, professional, and related occupations such as engineering, medicine, finance, law, and academia. 63.1% of Chinese Americans work in white-collar professions compared with 57.5% for all Asian Americans and a U.S. national average of 42.2%.<ref name="United States Census Bureau" /> Chinese Americans also make up a third of the Asian-American high-tech professional workforce and one-tenth of the entire Silicon Valley workforce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227:chinese-american-contributions-to-silicon-valley-&catid=47:society&Itemid=56 |title=Chinese American Contributions to Silicon Valley |publisher=Modelminority.com |date=31 March 2003 |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916155237/http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227:chinese-american-contributions-to-silicon-valley-&catid=47:society&Itemid=56 |archive-date=16 September 2013 }}</ref> Chinese American unemployment rates are comparable with the general U.S. population average with a figure of 6.4% compared to a national rate of 6.3% in 2021.<ref name="United States Census Bureau" />

==== Medicine ====
Between 2008 and 2017, the number of Chinese-educated physicians practicing in the United States rose by 38.1%, and the total number of Chinese-educated physicians actively practicing in the United States was about 0.6% of the active physician workforce in 2017.<ref>Robbert J. Duvivier, John Boulet & Jason Z. Qu, [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214378 The contribution of Chinese-educated physicians to health care in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721105959/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0214378 |date=21 July 2020 }}, ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 14(4): 2019, [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214378]].</ref>

==== Technology sector ====
A significant number of Chinese Americans, who possess the required specialized expertise and qualifications in engineering and highly-technical domains, have gravitated towards [[Silicon Valley]], the prominent hub of high-technology in the United States in search of job prospects or to establish their own high-technology start-up business ventures. Many up-and-coming foreign-born Chinese and Chinese-American technology entrepreneurs endeavor to leverage their technical skillsets by initiating the new promising high-technology startups of tomorrow. Such ambitiously aspirant technology entrepreneurs benefit from the fulsome availability of venture capital, profound business acumen, and enticing financial incentives prevalent in the region, all strategically aimed and specifically tailored at fostering and nurturing technological innovation. Ethnic Chinese have been successful in starting new firms in technology centers across the United States. Chinese Americans have enjoyed a vast disproportion of entrepreneurial and investment success in various U.S.-based high-technology centers and sectors, as evidenced by the 2010 [[Goldsea]] 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://goldsea.com/Profiles/100/100.html | title=100 Most Successful Asian American Entrepreneurs | access-date=28 December 2011 | archive-date=24 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124044834/http://goldsea.com/Profiles/100/100.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese Americans accounted for 4% of people listed in the 1998 Forbes Hi Tech 100 List.<ref name="Awards" />

Annalee Saxenian, a UC Berkeley professor, whose scholarly research interests include the contribution of Chinese immigrants on America's high-technology realm carried out a study that showed that since 1998, one out of five high-tech start-ups in [[Silicon Valley]] were led by a Chinese American. During the same year, 5 of the 8 fastest growing high-technology companies in Silicon Valley had a leading upper-level management executive who was of Chinese ancestry, except for [[Yahoo]], whose [[Jerry Yang]] was a founder and owner, but was not serving in an executive leadership position. In Silicon Valley, several Chinese American community organizations, numbering from two to three dozen, actively strive to look out for and are committed to safeguarding the professional interests and well-being of the Chinese American community. These organizations boast membership counts with at least 100 individual members, with one particularly influential group being the [[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227:chinese-american-contributions-to-silicon-valley-&catid=47:society&Itemid=56 | title=Chinese American Contributions to Silicon Valley | access-date=10 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916155237/http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227:chinese-american-contributions-to-silicon-valley-&catid=47:society&Itemid=56 | archive-date=16 September 2013 }}</ref> Immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan were key founders in 12.8% of all Silicon Valley start-ups between 1995 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://careerbright.com/tag/immigrant-entrepreneurs |title=Immigrant Entrepreneurs |publisher=Careerbright |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623014134/http://careerbright.com/tag/immigrant-entrepreneurs |url-status=live }}</ref> Almost 6% of the immigrants who founded companies in the innovation/manufacturing-related services field are from China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IA12Df01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115080618/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IA12Df01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=15 January 2007 |title=South Asia news – More foreign cogs in the US engine |work=Asia Times |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

Research funded by the [[Public Policy Institute of California]] indicates that in 1996, 1,786 Silicon Valley technology companies with $12.5 billion in sales and 46,000 employees were run by executives of Indian or Chinese descent. Moreover, the pace of entrepreneurship among local immigrants has been increasing rapidly. While executives of Chinese or Indian origin were at the helm of 13% of the Silicon Valley technology businesses started between 1980 and 1985, they were also running 27% of the more than 4,000 businesses started between 1991 and 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ppic.org/main/commentary.asp?i=206 |title=A Valley Asset: Chinese, Indians Creating Businesses, Jobs, Wealth As Successful Entrepreneurs (PPIC Commentary) |publisher=Ppic.org |date=21 June 1998 |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527000933/http://www.ppic.org/main/commentary.asp?i=206 |archive-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> Start-up firms remain a primary source for new ideas and innovation for Chinese American internet entrepreneurs. Many of them are employed or directly engaged in new start-up activities. The proportional share of start-up firms by ethnic Chinese in Silicon Valley skyrocketed from 9% in 1980–1984 to about 20% between 1995 and 1998.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq119vbyzLAC&q=percent+ethnic+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA57 |title=Chinese Entrepreneurship in a Global Era – Raymond Sin-Kwok Wong |date=14 August 2008 |access-date=21 April 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-89488-0 |last1=Wong |first1=Raymond Sin-Kwok |publisher=Routledge |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125508/https://books.google.com/books?id=eq119vbyzLAC&q=percent+ethnic+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2006, Chinese American high-technology entrepreneurs were behind 20 percent of all Silicon Valley start-up firms, leading 2000 Silicon Valley companies, and employing 58,000 workers.<ref name="google1" /> Today, Chinese Americans still continue to own about 20% of all U.S.-based information technology companies that were founded in Silicon Valley since 1980.

Numerous professional organizations in perspective in the 1990s as a support network for fellow Chinese American high tech start-ups in the valley.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS_Af8c_eK0C&q=Ethnic+Chinese+own+about+20+percent+of+all+Information+Technology+companies+that+were+founded+in+Silicon+Valley+since+1980&pg=PA117 |title=Doing Business in the New China: A Handbook and Guide – Birgit Zinzius |access-date=21 April 2012 |isbn=978-0-275-98031-3 |year=2004 |last1=Zinzius |first1=Birgit |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125451/https://books.google.com/books?id=JS_Af8c_eK0C&q=Ethnic+Chinese+own+about+20+percent+of+all+Information+Technology+companies+that+were+founded+in+Silicon+Valley+since+1980&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1980 and 1999, 17% of the 11,443 high-tech firms in Silicon Valley—including some 40 publicly traded firms were controlled by an owner of Chinese ancestry. In 1990, Chinese Americans made up a third of the Asian-American high-tech professional workforce in addition to 11% of the entire Silicon Valley professional workforce. In 1998, Chinese Americans managed 2001 firms, employing 41,684 workers, and ran up 13.2 billion in sales. They also accounted for 17% of all Silicon Valley high-technology business owners, 10% of the professional high-technology workforce in the Valley, and 13.5% of the total sales all while accounting for less than 1% of the U.S. population at the time.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdDyRFWUVPkC&q=percent+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA156 |title=The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China Relations ... – Peter H. Koehn, Xiao-Huang Yin |access-date=21 April 2012 |isbn=978-0-7656-0950-2 |date=31 May 2002 |last1=Koehn |first1=Peter H. |last2=Yin |first2=Xiao-Huang |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125453/https://books.google.com/books?id=OdDyRFWUVPkC&q=percent+chinese+silicon+valley&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Self-employment and entrepreneurship ====
Chinese Americans are also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as they have an extensive history of starting and owning their own businesses through various means of self-employment dating back to the [[California Gold Rush]] in the 1880s.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xp4qZta2GYC&q=Chinese+American+self-employment+rate&pg=PA162 |title=Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections And Divergences – Linda Trinh Vő, Rick Bonus |access-date=28 May 2012 |isbn=978-1-4399-0124-3 |year=2009 |last1=Võ |first1=Linda Trinh |last2=Bonus |first2=Rick |publisher=Temple University Press |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125502/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xp4qZta2GYC&q=Chinese+American+self-employment+rate&pg=PA162 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, as more recent generations of Chinese Americans who have chose to seek higher education as another gateway to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment have been generally lower than population average.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=447 | title=The Second Generation and Self-Employment | publisher=Migration Policy Institute | date=October 2006 | access-date=28 May 2012 | first=Steven J. |last=Gold | archive-date=21 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621020542/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=447 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/get07sof.html|title=Survey of Business Owners |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231339/http://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/get07sof.html?16 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>

When Chinese Americans were largely excluded from the American labour markets during the 19th century, many of them started their own businesses.<ref name="Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1998/03/zweigenhaft.html|title=Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998|access-date=January 20, 2007}}</ref> The community is also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as Chinese Americans have an extensive history of starting and owning their own businesses through various means of self-employment dating back to the [[California Gold Rush]] in the 1880s.<ref name="auto" /> In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners" /> Restaurants has continued and still remain among the most common business establishment started by Chinese Americans as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese food]] remains a staple composition in contemporary Chinese American culture. Fast casual restaurant establishments such as [[Manchu Wok]], [[Panda Express]], and [[Pick Up Stix]] were founded by Chinese Americans. [[Panda Express]] is a famous fast casual restaurant chain serving [[Chinese American cuisine|American Chinese cuisine in the United States]] founded by restaurateur [[Andrew Cherng]] and is one of the biggest Chinese American fast food establishments in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hirsch|first=Jerry|title=Profile {{!}} Andrew Cherng, Panda Express founder|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008149147_panda31.html|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Chinese cuisine-style restaurants account for one third of all the ethnic restaurants in the United States, with a glut of them concentrated in New York City alone, where many Chinese emigrants have also opened up restaurants serving non-Chinese culinary offerings such as taco stands and sushi bars.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/29/the-fascinating-story-behind-who-opens-sushi-restaurants-and-why/ Why so many of America's sushi restaurants are owned by Chinese immigrants]. [[Washington Post]]. Ana Swanson. September 29, 2016</ref> Beyond the restaurant industry, Chinese Americans have also owned convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundromats, beauty parlours, and hair salons to establishing numerous and influential Silicon Valley high-technology companies that have become very successful and influential in the American economy. Several influential Chinese American businessmen such as the transplant surgeon [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]], computer hardware engineer [[Ming Hsieh]], and internet entrepreneur [[Jerry Yang (entrepreneur)|Jerry Yang]] have become billionaires in the process and have regularly topped the [[Forbes 400]]'s list of richest Americans in the past.<ref name="Awards" /> However, more recent generations of Chinese Americans who possess the academic qualifications to enter university have chosen to seek to enter the realm of American higher education as another gateway to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment have been generally lower than population average in contemporary America.<ref name="auto1" /> Despite the community's above-average academic performance and possession of sterling educational credentials, Chinese Americans still continue face [[Bamboo ceiling|barriers]] when advancing up the corporate ladder - particularly at American [[Fortune 500]] corporations - due to the prevailing stereotypes of Chinese and other East Asian Americans as possessing quiet and passive personalities, traits that do not necessarily translate well when they enter the suites of corporate America as they perceived to lack rudimentary interpersonal skills, leadership qualities, and English language competency. Nonetheless, the number of Asian Americans on the boards of 750 publicly held American companies increased from 15 to 26 from 1992 to 1995, where among the Asian Americans that rose to the top of the corporate boards were either Chinese or Japanese Americans.<ref name="Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998" />

Among Chinese-owned American firms, 40% were in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector, the accommodation and food services sector, and the repair, maintenance, personal, and laundry services sector. Chinese-owned U.S. firms were 2% of all U.S. businesses in these sectors. Wholesale trade and accommodation and food services accounted for 50.4% of Chinese-owned business revenue. 66,505 or 15.7% of Chinese-owned firms had receipts of $250,000 or more compared with 2% for all U.S. businesses.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart3.pdf |title=Chinese-Owned Firms |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054634/http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart11.pdf |title=Number of Firms by Receipts Size of Firm: 2007 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054557/http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/special-report/transcript/obamas-tax-plan-and-small-businesses |title=Obama's Tax Plan and Small Businesses |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083400/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/special-report/transcript/obamas-tax-plan-and-small-businesses |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://smallbiztrends.com/2010/12/facts-about-small-business-taxpayers.html |title=Facts About Small Business Taxpayers |publisher=Small Business Trends |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=2 December 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020119/http://smallbiztrends.com/2010/12/facts-about-small-business-taxpayers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2011/08/15/296250/romney-rejects-buffetts-call-to-tax-the-rich-falsely-claims-it-would-hurt-small-businesses/?mobile=nc|title=Romney Rejects Buffett's Call To Tax The Rich, Falsely Claims It Would Hurt Small Businesses|website=Think Progress|date=15 August 2011|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801003336/http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2011/08/15/296250/romney-rejects-buffetts-call-to-tax-the-rich-falsely-claims-it-would-hurt-small-businesses/?mobile=nc|archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
With their above average educational attainment rates, Chinese Americans from all socioeconomic backgrounds have achieved significant advances in their educational levels, occupational prestige, personal and household income, life expectancy, and other socioeconomic indicators. As the fulsome financial and socioeconomic opportunities offered by the United States have lifted many Chinese Americans out of poverty, and has allowed much of the community to channel their [[social mobility]] by elevating them into the ranks of America's [[American middle class|middle]] and [[Upper middle class in the United States|upper middle class]], as well as the enjoyment of substantially high [[quality of life|wellbeing]] relative to other minority ethno-racial groups in the United States.<ref name="U.S. census|">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/apsd/wepeople/we-3.pdf|author=U.S. Government|title=U.S. economics|access-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326163930/http://www.census.gov/apsd/wepeople/we-3.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2010}}</ref> Although the aggregate economic performance and situation of Chinese Americans remains highly positive, Chinese American wealth varies greatly by region across the country: For instance, in New York City, 22% of Chinese Americans live in poverty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Working but Poor: Asian American Poverty in New York City |url=https://www.aafederation.org/doc/WorkingButPoor.pdf |website=Asian American Federation }}</ref>

Chinese Americans are more likely to own homes than the general American population. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 65% of Chinese Americans owned a home, higher than the total population's rate of 54%.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ASIAN AMERICAN CHARACTERISTICS.doc|journal=ASIAN AMERICAN CHARACTERISTICS.doc|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:zXqF75nSoKMJ:www.aabronline.org/New%2520Updates/Newer%2520Updates/ASIAN%2520AMERICAN%2520CHARACTERISTICS.doc+Chinese+American+home+ownership+rate+%2B+Chinese&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg-GtjaiCR5F3hQuAifCyZI29yR8IDn3O1eVHWhP5l-LRc74CCwaeJNrBjuFMylN8OBEHOrlHko00MOg5eK3dMxyGc7dJfbOmgTZoOy6BlJD4niucEVk9TYBoxLcvm7cJDAQS8U&sig=AHIEtbTblbEWxSMAQA3aIuayvuwr2eVeOA|access-date=10 May 2012|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195231/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AzXqF75nSoKMJ%3Awww.aabronline.org%2FNew%2520Updates%2FNewer%2520Updates%2FASIAN%2520AMERICAN%2520CHARACTERISTICS.doc+Chinese+American+home+ownership+rate+%2B+Chinese&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg-GtjaiCR5F3hQuAifCyZI29yR8IDn3O1eVHWhP5l-LRc74CCwaeJNrBjuFMylN8OBEHOrlHko00MOg5eK3dMxyGc7dJfbOmgTZoOy6BlJD4niucEVk9TYBoxLcvm7cJDAQS8U&sig=AHIEtbTblbEWxSMAQA3aIuayvuwr2eVeOA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Chinese American Demographics|year=2000|publisher=Améredia Incorporated.|url=http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/chinese.html|access-date=10 May 2012|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415181518/http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/chinese.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, real estate economist Gary Painter of the [[University of Southern California]] Lusk Center for Real Estate Research found out that when comparing homeowners with similar income levels [[Los Angeles]], the Chinese American home-ownership rate is 20% higher than [[White American|Whites]]; in [[San Francisco]], 23% higher; and in the [[New York metropolitan area]], 18% higher.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Tom|title={{!}} -A A +A Industry Watch: Chinese Lead Immigrant Groups in Homeownership|journal=National Association of Realtors|date=January 2003|url=http://realtormag.realtor.org/news-and-commentary/feature/article/2003/01/industry-watch-chinese-lead-immigrant-groups-homeownersh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420005827/http://realtormag.realtor.org/news-and-commentary/feature/article/2003/01/industry-watch-chinese-lead-immigrant-groups-homeownersh|archive-date=2013-04-20|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> A 2008 Asian Real Estate Association of America report released on behalf of the American community survey, Chinese Americans living in the states of [[Texas]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[California]] all had high home ownership rates that were significantly near or above the general population average.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bryan |first1=Chiu |first2=Melany Dela |last2=Cruz-Viesca |title=Following the Path to Asian American Home-ownership |journal=Asian Real Estate Association of America (AREAA) Via American Community Survey |year=2008 |pages=9–11 |url=http://areaa.org/resources/AREAA_Demographic_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017233931/http://areaa.org/resources/AREAA_Demographic_Report.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref>

According to the 2020 U.S. census, Chinese American men had a full-time median income of $91,138 and Chinese American women had a median income of $75,148. Chinese Americans also have one of the highest [[Household income in the United States|median household income]]s relatively in comparison to their fellow East Asian American community counterparts.

Despite overwhelmingly positive economic indicators and socioeconomic patterns compared to other non-white ethno-racial groups in the United States, a number of economic deterrents have been noted to afflict the Chinese American community including [[institutional racism|institutionalized discrimination]] against STEM researchers, engineers, and scientists of Chinese descent. While the median income of Chinese American households remains above most non-white ethno-racial groups in the United States, studies after the [[Great Recession]] revealed that East Asian men have witnessed the highest rate of persistent long-term unemployment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hilburn |first=Matthew |title=Long-term Unemployment Hits Asian-Americans Hardest |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/long_term_unemployment_hits_asian_americans_hardest/1105574.html |work=VOA |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> In addition, studies have shown that Asian Americans have been discriminated in companies with lower pay grades; even in larger high-tech corporate settings such as Google.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wakabayashi |first=Daisuke |title=Google Finds It's Underpaying Many Men as It Addresses Wage Equity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/technology/google-gender-pay-gap.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 March 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnicity
!Per Capita Income<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=-04 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
|-
!As of 2023
|-
|Taiwanese
|$83,811
|-
|Indian
|$72,389
|-
|Japanese
|$61,568
|-
|Chinese (excluding Taiwanese)
|$61,289
|-
|Filipino
|$47,819
|-
|Vietnamese
|$40,037
|-
|Korean
|$58,560
|-
|Total US Population
|$43,313
|}

=== The Model Minority Myth: Historical Context and Implications ===
The "[[model minority]]" stereotype emerged in the mid-20th century and has significantly impacted Chinese American communities. While often presented as a positive characterization, this myth has complicated implications for both Chinese Americans and other minority groups. Historical evidence suggests this narrative emerged partially as a political tool during the Civil Rights era. Wu, Frank H. ''Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White''. Basic Books, 2001.

Early immigration patterns were significantly shaped by discriminatory policies, particularly during the Chinese Exclusion Era (1882–1943). These restrictions had lasting effects on community formation and cultural identity. Lee, Erika. ''At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943''. University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

== Genetics ==

=== Studies on the genetics of Chinese Americans ===
A research on the whole genome patterns of common DNA variation in different human populations (African-American, Asian-American and European American) finds some common [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]s (SNPs) in these three populations with diverse ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinds |first1=David A. |last2=Stuve |first2=Laura L. |last3=Nilsen |first3=Geoffrey B. |last4=Halperin |first4=Eran |last5=Eskin |first5=Eleazar |last6=Ballinger |first6=Dennis G. |last7=Frazer |first7=Kelly A. |last8=Cox |first8=David R. |title=Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations |journal=Science |date=18 February 2005 |volume=307 |issue=5712 |pages=1072–1079 |doi=10.1126/science.1105436 |pmid=15718463 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1072H |citeseerx=10.1.1.115.3580 |s2cid=27107073 }}</ref> In the samples of Han Chinese in America, 74% of the total SNPs have two alleles, and majority of the segregating SNPs have a [[minor allele frequency]] (MAF) greater than 10%. Another noticeable point is that MAFs show similar distributions in European-American and Han Chinese populations. Besides, rarer haplotype is found to be absent in the samples of Han Chinese, and they also possess a high level of redundancy.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

A study analyzing East Asian Genetic Substructure using genome-wide SNP arrays is carried out with greater than 200,000 genotypes from people of East Asian ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Chao |last2=Kosoy |first2=Roman |last3=Lee |first3=Annette |last4=Ransom |first4=Michael |last5=Belmont |first5=John W. |last6=Gregersen |first6=Peter K. |last7=Seldin |first7=Michael F. |title=Analysis of East Asia Genetic Substructure Using Genome-Wide SNP Arrays |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 December 2008 |volume=3 |issue=12 |article-number=e3862 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003862 |pmid=19057645 |pmc=2587696 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3862T |doi-access=free }}</ref> The continental populations are from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (Cambodian, Yi, Daur, Mongolian, Lahu, Dai, Hezhen, Miaozu, Naxi, Oroqen, She, Tu, Tujia, Naxi, Xibo, and Yakut), HapMap (Han Chinese and Japanese), as well as East Asian or East Asian-American subjects of Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino and Chinese ancestry. A clear understanding of the genetic substructure of any population helps in the studies of complex diseases, as well as the design and execution of association tests. Results of this study have identified markers that can not only reduce type 1 errors in future genetic disease studies, but also identify homogeneous groups and hence make this study more powerful.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The group of Chinese Americans in the same study consists of subjects with origins from North China, South China and Taiwan. This group is paired with Han Chinese from Beijing, and results indicate that the population differentiation values was small (<0.0025). There is substantially less genetic substructure between Han Chinese and Chinese American, compared with that between Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean groups, yet there is still a substructure in principal component, according to the split half reliability test.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Another study aiming to estimate cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes is also useful to reveal the personal genomics of Chinese Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Lin |last2=Xu |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Limin |last4=Xu |first4=Min |last5=Jiang |first5=Yong |last6=Zhang |first6=Mei |last7=Li |first7=Yichong |last8=Lu |first8=Jieli |last9=Wang |first9=Tiange |last10=Dai |first10=Meng |last11=Zhang |first11=Di |last12=Wang |first12=Weiqing |last13=Zhao |first13=Wenhua |last14=Wang |first14=Linhong |last15=Bi |first15=Yufang |last16=Ning |first16=Guang |author17=2010 China Non-communicable Disease Surveillance Group |title=The cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes: A nationwide cross-sectional survey |journal=Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications |date=January 2017 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.023 |pmid=27838099 }}</ref> In this study, all subjects are over 18 years old and non-institutionalized. Results derived from a complex, multistage, probability sampling design show that 12,607 out of 98,658 Chinese adults are suffering from diabetes, based on the criteria of 2010 American Diabetes Association. In addition, the study reaches a conclusion that for those Chinese adults defined with diabetes, cardiometabolic risk factors are highly prevalent, including metabolic syndrome, systolic blood pressure that is higher than 140mmHg, low fruit and vegetable intake, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol that is higher than 110&nbsp;mg/dL.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

=== Diabetes ===
The circumstance of the Asian American population is informative in a way that some knowledge about Chinese Americans can be inferred from it. The statistics of diabetes in Asian American population reveals that approximately 10% of the entire population are diabetic, and in which 90–95% are type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2012/11/27/overcoming-the-obstacles-of-diagnosing-diabetes-in-asian-americans/|title=Overcoming the obstacles of diagnosing diabetes in Asian Americans {{!}} Public Health|date=27 November 2012|newspaper=Public Health|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220055311/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2012/11/27/overcoming-the-obstacles-of-diagnosing-diabetes-in-asian-americans/|url-status=live}}</ref> The current situation is that there are some challenges in diagnosing diabetes in many Asian Americans. The main obstacle is that many clinical features along with risks factors associated with diabetes are obtained from studies that focus on Caucasian populations, which might result in misdiagnoses between type 1 and type 2 diabetes for Asian Americans. In fact, the reason why classic features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in America might not apply to Asian American population is about shared absence of common HLA DR-DQ genotype, low prevalence of positive anti-islet antibodies and low BMI in both types of diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=William C. |last2=Okeke |first2=Eyiuche |last3=Cheung |first3=Sophia |last4=Keenan |first4=Hillary |last5=Tsui |first5=Tracy |last6=Cheng |first6=Kyle |last7=King |first7=George L. |title=A Cross-Sectional Characterization of Insulin Resistance by Phenotype and Insulin Clamp in East Asian Americans with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2 December 2011 |volume=6 |issue=12 |article-number=e28311 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028311 |pmid=22164267 |pmc=3229556 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...628311H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some other studies have pointed out that for people of Asian descent and without diabetes, their insulin resistance levels are higher than non-diabetic people of Caucasian descent. Thus, Asian Americans are relatively more predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes. This suggests that insulin resistance, rather than body mass index (BMI) should be targeted while making diagnoses. A potential biomarker to identify diabetes in young Asian-American population is adipocyte fatty acid binding protein that has a strong association with insulin resistance but is independent of adiposity. Nevertheless, more research studies need to be carried out in order to confirm such finding. With further applying the above outcome on the population of Chinese Americans, it is plausible that there is a higher tendency for type 2 diabetes among this group of people, who also face the challenge of correct diagnosis in America.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

=== Mental illness ===
[[File:Chinese patient.jpg|thumb|Chinese American psychiatric patient, 1915]]

Genetic mental illness is stigmatized in China. A study compared the attitude of Chinese Americans towards mental illness with genetic causes and that of European American, finding that there is a perception of eugenics existing among Chinese Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=WonPat-Borja |first1=Ahtoy J. |last2=Yang |first2=Lawrence H. |last3=Link |first3=Bruce G. |last4=Phelan |first4=Jo C. |title=Eugenics, genetics, and mental illness stigma in Chinese Americans |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |date=January 2012 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.1007/s00127-010-0319-7 |pmid=21079911 |pmc=3141094 }}</ref> Consequently, in order to reduce the stigma in the society, more efforts should be devoted to this population.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}{{Opinion|date=June 2025}}

=== Stigma and eugenics ===
The journal launched by the above study highlights the idea of genetic essentialism, namely, genes are largely deterministic of individual characteristics and behavior. There is a separation between the normal and the deviant, which drives the process of stigma labeling. On the other hand, since genetic diseases can be passed on from one generation to another, some mental illnesses are shared in a family, stigmatizing all members involved. Another viewpoint relevant to genetic essentialism is that, since genes are perceived by the common people as difficult to modify, genetic mental illness is likely to persist, and so is the stigma. As a result, the mindset of many Chinese Americans is formulated as diseases with genetic causes being more serious than those without.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The same journal also delivers some hypotheses made on the basis of the long history of eugenics in China. First, Chinese Americans are more in favor of eugenic policies than European Americans. Secondly, more stigma would be generated towards genetic attributions of any diseases in Chinese American population. China used to implement restrictions on marriage licenses to people with genetic illnesses, which has made the attitude of Chinese Americans towards premarital genetic screening more supportive, especially when facing a chance of genetic defects. Moreover, from the perspective of this group of people, knowing whether a marriage partner has family history of mental illness with genetic basis is fairly important.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Culture ==

=== Social status and assimilation ===
[[File:Brooklyn Chinatown.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Chinese Americans in New York City|New York City]] is home to the [[Chinese people in New York City|largest Chinese American population]] of any city proper, over 600,000 as of 2017.<ref name="NYCChineseA" /> Although most [[Chinatown]]s in North America are shrinking due to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of Chinese Americans into the [[suburb]]s, New York City is the exception. Multiple large Chinatowns in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan]], [[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] (above), and [[Chinatowns in Queens|Queens]] are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, as large-scale [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] continues into New York,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013214828/https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=19 June 2014 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403073333/http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808080130/http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200141/https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref name="Marzulli">{{cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=9 May 2011 |title=Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2 |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034445/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=6 April 2012 |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> with the [[Chinese people in the New York metropolitan area|largest metropolitan Chinese population]] outside Asia,<ref>{{cite news |last=Yee |first=Vivian |date=22 February 2015 |title=Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/23/nyregion/in-new-york-indictment-of-officer-peter-liang-divides-chinese-americans.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224022642/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/23/nyregion/in-new-york-indictment-of-officer-peter-liang-divides-chinese-americans.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2012 |title=Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing |url=http://www.queensbuzz.com/flushing-neighborhood-corona-neighborhood-cms-302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526023036/http://www.queensbuzz.com/flushing-neighborhood-corona-neighborhood-cms-302 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=23 February 2015 |publisher=QueensBuzz.com}}</ref> comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |access-date=27 January 2019 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>]]

Some noteworthy historical Chinese contributions to America include the building of the western half of the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|Transcontinental Railroad]] and the levees in the [[Sacramento River Delta]], the development of [[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese American food]], deep oil extraction in Texas, and the introduction of Chinese and [[East Asia|East Asian culture]] to America, such as [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], and [[Kung fu]].

Chinese immigrants to the United States brought many of their ideas, values, and [[Chinese culture|culture]] with them. Some of these have continued to influence later generations, such as the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] [[filial piety|respect for elders]].<ref name="Liu">Haiming Liu (2005) "Asian-American Ideas (Cultural Migration)" ''In'' Horowitz, Maryanne Cline (editor) (2005) ''New Dictionary of the History of Ideas'' Charles Scribner's Sons, Detroit, Michigan, volume 1, pp. 158–160, {{ISBN|0-684-31377-4}}</ref> Similarly, education and the civil service were the most important path for upward social mobility in China.<ref name="Liu" /><ref>Semple, Kirk (21 August 2008) [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E4DA113AF932A1575BC0A96E9C8B63 "Among Chinese-Americans, a Split on Sports"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201105356/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E4DA113AF932A1575BC0A96E9C8B63|date=1 December 2016}} ''The New York Times'' page B-2</ref> The first [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] show about Asian Americans ''[[Flower Drum Song]]'' premiered on Broadway in 1958;<ref>Berson, Misha. [http://www.tcg.org/publications/at/2002/drum.cfm "A 'Drum' with a Difference"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000643/http://www.tcg.org/publications/at/2002/drum.cfm|date=28 September 2007}}. ''American Theatre'' magazine, [[Theatre Communications Group]], 2002. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</ref> the hit [[Chinglish (play)|''Chinglish'']] premiered on Broadway in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hwang, directed by Leigh Silverman |first=David Henry |title=Chinglish |url=http://chinglishbroadway.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008004922/http://chinglishbroadway.com/ |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=Broadway's Best Shows, Longacre Theatre}}</ref>

In most American cities with significant Chinese populations, the [[Chinese New Year|Spring Festival]] (Chinese New Year) is celebrated with cultural festivals and other celebrations. In [[Seattle]], the [[Festál#China: Chinese Culture and Arts Festival|Chinese Culture and Arts Festival]] is held every year. Other important festivals include the [[Dragon Boat Festival]] and the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]].

==== Cultural Preservation and Resistance ====
Early Chinese immigrants in America developed various strategies to preserve their cultural heritage while adapting to their new environment. Despite facing significant pressure to assimilate into mainstream American society, many maintained traditional practices through community organizations, cultural festivals, and language schools. Lowe, Paula Madison, and Paula Williams Madison. ''Finding Samuel Lowe: China, Jamaica, Harlem''. Amistad, 2015.

=== Cultural centers ===
{{Wide image|Chinatown 1.jpg|600px|3=<div align=center>The busy intersection of [[Main Street (Queens)|Main Street]] and [[Roosevelt Avenue]] in the [[Chinatowns in Queens#Flushing Chinatown|Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)]], [[Chinatowns in Queens#Downtown Flushing|Downtown Flushing]], [[Queens]], [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]. The segment of Main Street between [[Kissena Boulevard]] and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the [[Long Island Rail Road]] [[Trestle bridge|trestle]] overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world|first=Melia |last=Robinson|website=Business Insider|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> Flushing is undergoing rapid [[gentrification]] by Chinese transnational entities,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments|title='Not what it used to be': in New York, Flushing's Asian residents brace against gentrification|first=Sarah |last=Ngu|newspaper=[[The Guardian US]]|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2020|quote=The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese-American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.}}</ref> and the growth of the business activity at the core of [[Chinatowns in Queens#Downtown Flushing|Downtown Flushing]], dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html|title=Can the Hochul-Adams New New York Actually Happen?|first=Justin |last=Davidson|publisher=Curbed - New York magazine|date=December 15, 2022|access-date=December 18, 2022}}</ref> As of 2023, [[Chinese emigration|illegal Chinese immigration]] to the Flushing Chinatown has accelerated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html|title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border|author=Eileen Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 2023|access-date=November 24, 2023|quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.}}</ref>
</div>|dir=rtl}}

=== Cuisine ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2024}}
{{Main|American Chinese cuisine}}
[[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese American cuisine]] is a unique spin off of traditional [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese Cuisine]] that was created in America in order to help appeal to the American palate with specific foods such as [[General Tso's chicken|General Tso's Chicken]], [[Fortune cookie|Fortune Cookies]] and [[Crab Rangoon]]s not being similar to any food found in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=150 Years of Chinese Food in America |url=http://conniewenchang.bol.ucla.edu/menus/index.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=conniewenchang.bol.ucla.edu}}</ref> Growing out of the specific needs of Chinese Immigrants to help expand their restaurant's customer bases and be palatable to white Americans

Chinese American cuisine can be dated back to the start of Chinese Immigration to the US during the gold rush. The birthplace of the Chinese American restaurant is seen as an all-you-can-eat buffet called Macau and Woosung opened by Norman Asing in 1849. The birth of [[Chop suey|Chop Suey]] a Chinese-American staple is also rumored of been created around the same time period. By the 1890s Chop Suey was seen as a culinary staple with many new Chinese-American restaurants being know colloquially as "chop suey houses".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Peter |title=Was Chop Suey the Greatest Culinary Joke Ever Played? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/was-chop-suey-the-greatest-culinary-joke-ever-played-122173708/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The La Choy Corporation started selling canned Chop Suey directly to American consumer in the 1920s reflecting the Americanization and acceptance of Chop Suey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Miranda |date=2021-11-30 |title=The Hidden, Magnificent History of Chop Suey |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/chop-suey-history |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>  By the 1940 and 1950s Chinese food continued to increase in popularity. At the same time other staples of Chinese American cuisine appeared with [[Beef and broccoli|Beef and Broccoli]] being invented in the 1920s by Californian Chinese Americans and General Tso's Chicken being credited to have been created by [[Peng Chang-kuei|Peng Chang-Kuei]] in Taiwan in the 1950s. [[Panda Express]] is the first American [[Fast food|Fast Food]] chain to serve Chinese American cuisine; it was created in 1983 and would later grow to encompass 2,400 stores thought the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=American Chinese chain Panda Express and its 'authentic' Chinese food |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3027473/story-american-chinese-chain-panda-express-chinese-food-it |access-date=2025-07-01 |newspaper=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

By 2016, there was a trend of Chinese immigrants, especially of [[Fujianese Americans|Fujian ancestry]], opening Japanese-style restaurants. This is due to over-competition in the Chinese-style cuisine sector and because the American public generally pays more money for Japanese-style cuisine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2016-09-29 |title=Why so many of America's sushi restaurants are owned by Chinese immigrants |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/29/the-fascinating-story-behind-who-opens-sushi-restaurants-and-why/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> In 2016, Chinese Americans owned the majority of Japanese-style restaurants in [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chao |first=Mary |date=2016-11-25 |title=Chinese thriving in Japanese restaurant business |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/money/business/2016/11/25/chinese-thriving-japanese-restaurant-business/94170270/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |newspaper=[[Democrat & Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:William "Buck" Tin Lai; aka Lai Tin on 1914 Chinese team (baseball) LCCN2014698160.jpg|thumb|Buck Lai, Chinese-Hawaiian baseball player in 1914]]
[[Basketball]] became a significant sport among Chinese Americans in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franks |first=Joel S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_YWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Asian American Basketball: A Century of Sport, Community and Culture |date=2016-05-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9718-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable Chinese Americans ==
{{Main list|List of Chinese Americans}}

* [[Jensen Huang]] (黃仁勳) – co-founder and CEO of [[Nvidia]]
* [[Lisa Su]] (蘇姿豐) – CEO and president of [[Advanced Micro Devices]]
* [[John Tu]] – co-founder of Kingston Technologies, billionaire
* [[David Sun (businessman)|David Sun]] – co-founder and COO of [[Kingston Technologies]], billionaire
* [[Ken Xie]] – founder of Systems Integration Solutions (SIS), [[NetScreen]], and [[Fortinet]], billionaire
* [[Iris Chang]] (28 March 1968 – 9 November 2004), historian, her publishings included: ''[[Thread of the Silkworm]]'' (1995), ''[[The Rape of Nanking (book)|The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War Two]]'' (1997)
* [[Steve Chen]] – co-founder of [[YouTube]]
* [[Charles Kuen Kao]], physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 for the work on fiber optics, using laser to transmit digital data through glass fiber.

* [[Bruce Lee]], martial artist and actor, founder of [[Jeet Kune Do]].
* [[Anna May Wong]],  considered the first Chinese American film star in Hollywood.
* [[Coco Lee|CoCo Lee]], singer, songwriter and actress, the first Asian American singer performed at the Oscars and the first Asian American singer to have album released globally with [[Just No Other Way]].
* [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1957) with [[Yang Chen-Ning]] for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions.
* [[Jeremy Shu-How Lin]], professional basketball player, played in NBA for several years and a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] graduate.
* [[Gary Locke]], politician and diplomat, the 10th United States ambassador to China (2011–2014), 21st Governor of Washington (1997–2005) and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce (2009–11).
* [[Ben Ming]], New Hampshire State Representative and first Chinese-American elected to the [[New Hampshire General Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Hollis state representative says he's first Chinese-American in New Hampshire State House |url=https://www.wmur.com/article/chinese-american-new-hampshire-state-house-121122/42209900 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=WMUR |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amy Ruth Tan]], writer, author of [[The Joy Luck Club (novel)|The Joy Luck Club]].
* [[Samuel Chao Chung Ting]], physicist, one of the two winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for the work on the discovery of J/ψ meson.
* [[Shane Chen]], inventor and entrepreneur based in Camas, WA USA. He is best known for inventing the self-balancing hoverboard.
* [[Daniel Chee Tsui]], physicist, one of the winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for the work on the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
* [[Charles B. Wang]], businessman, a co-founder and CEO of Computer Associates International, Inc. (later renamed to CA Technologies).
* [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], physicist who was called by scientists, "The First Lady of Physics" for her experimental discovery of parity violation in weak interaction proposed by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, both of whom won Nobel Prize. She also made the crucial study that showed the problem with Xenon in nuclear reactors for the [[Manhattan Project]]. Her work was not publicly recognized except by top scientists until 1978 when she was given the Wolf Prize.
* [[Michelle Wu]], first Asian-American mayor of Boston, born in the U.S..
* [[Andrew Yang]], entrepreneur, politician, lawyer, and [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic presidential candidate]].
* [[Jerry Yang]] – co-founder of [[Yahoo!]], billionaire
* [[Shing-Tung Yau]], mathematician, who won the Fields Medal in 1982 before becoming an American citizen in 1990.
* [[Eric Yuan]], billionaire businessman and founder of [[Zoom Video Communications]].

{{gallery
|File:Shiing-Shen Chern.jpg|[[Shiing-Shen Chern]], Wolf Prize winner, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century
|File:Steven Chu alternate portrait.jpg|[[Steven Chu]], Nobel prize winner in physics, 1997 and former [[United States Secretary of Energy]]
|File:Ttao2006.jpg|[[Terence Tao]], child prodigy, won [[Fields medal]], 2006
|File:Ching W Tang.jpg|[[Ching W. Tang]], inventor of the [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) and the hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV); winner of the 2011 [[Wolf Prize in Chemistry]]
|File:Roger Tsien-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2.jpg|[[Roger Y. Tsien]], Nobel prize winner in chemistry, 2009
|File:Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) in 1963 - Restoration.jpg|[[Chien-Shiung Wu]], pioneer of [[particle physics]] and paved the way for the [[Standard Model]]
|File:Bruce Lee as Kato 1967.jpg|[[Bruce Lee]], famed actor, director and martial artist
|File:I.M. Pei.JPG|[[I. M. Pei]], architect behind the pyramid of the [[Louvre]], which is its main attraction; also designed the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] museum
}}

== Media ==
The ''[[World Journal]]'' is the most famous Chinese newspapers in the North America.

=== Newspapers ===
* ''[[World Journal]]''
* [[Sing Tao Daily]]
* [[Ming Pao]]
* ''[[William Y. Chang|Chinese-American Times]]'' (1955–1972)

=== Television ===
* [[SinoVision]]
* [[ETTV America]]
* [[Voice of America]] (Chinese)
* [[Epoch Times]]
* [[New Tang Dynasty Television]]
* [[Phoenix Television]]
* [[Television Broadcasts Limited]] (TVB USA)
* [[Asia Television]]

=== Radio ===
* [http://chineseradioseattle.com/ Chinese Radio Seattle]. (M-T 9:00pm–12:00am Fri-Sun 7:00pm-12:1&nbsp;m AM1150 KKNW/HD-3 FM 98.9/Mobile App: Chinese Radio Seattle) Studio in Bellevue, Washington.
* [[China Radio International]] can be heard in the following cities:
** [[Washington, D.C.]], on [[WUST]] (AM 1120&nbsp;kHz between 9 a.m.–11 a.m.)
* Chinese American Voice,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cavoicenyc.com/default.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824222942/http://www.cavoicenyc.com/default.asp |archive-date=2012-08-24 }}</ref> heard over a [[Subsidiary Communications Authority|SCA]] subcarrier of WACD-FM in the [[Tri-State Region|New York/New Jersey/Connecticut tri-state area]]
* Chinese American Voice, heard in [[New York City]] 24 hours on the [[Subsidiary Communications Authority|92 kHz subcarrier]] of [[WFAN-FM|WQCD]]-FM 101.9&nbsp;MHz.
* Chinese Radio Network [http://www.chineseradionetwork.com/ Welcome to Chinese Radio Network] on [[WGBB]] (AM 1240&nbsp;kHz and the [[Subsidiary Communications Authority|67 kHz subcarrier]] of [[WCBS-FM]] 101.1&nbsp;MHz, [[Flushing, New York]]) broadcasts in Mandarin.
* Chung Wah Chinese Broadcasting Company [http://www.cwcb.com/] heard in New York City 24 hours on the [[Subsidiary Communications Authority|92 kHz subcarrier]] of [[WSKQ]]-FM 97.9&nbsp;MHz.
* [[Multicultural Radio Broadcasting]] Inc.'s Chinese Media Group broadcasts Chinese programming in the following cities:
** [[KAHZ]], [[Los Angeles]] is a Mandarin-dialect station.
** [[KAZN]], Los Angeles is a Mandarin-dialect station.
** [[KTWR]], [[Guam]] [http://www.ktwr.net ktwr.org – Speaking hope to the world] is a [[shortwave]] radio station that broadcasts in Mandarin and other languages to the Asia-Pacific region.
** [[KMRB]], Los Angeles is a Cantonese-dialect station.
** Sinocast Radio, national Chinese network, heard in New York City on the [[Subsidiary Communications Authority|67 kHz subcarrier]] of [[WINS-FM|WXRK]]-FM 92.3&nbsp;MHz.
** [[WKDM]], New York/New Jersey/Connecticut tri-state area is a Mandarin-dialect station on AM 1380&nbsp;kHz.
** [[WZRC]], New York/New Jersey/Connecticut tri-state area is a Cantonese-dialect station on AM 1480&nbsp;kHz.
* [[Radio Taiwan International]] is broadcast on [[WYFR]] from [[Okeechobee, Florida]] on shortwave 5950&nbsp;kHz in the United States sometime after 5 p.m./6 p.m. until early morning. This broadcast can be received virtually through the entire United States using a shortwave radio.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100529154105/http://www.chineseradio.com/ KVTO (Sing Tao)] on 1400AM in San Francisco.
** [[KEST]], [[San Francisco]] is a Cantonese-dialect station.
** [[KSQQ]], San Francisco is a Mandarin-dialect station.

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Malaysia|Singapore|Society}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Taiwanese Americans]]
* [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] (CCBA)
* [[Lin Sing Association]]
* [[Chinese Progressive Association (disambiguation)|Chinese Progressive Association]]
* [[Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance]]
* [[China–United States relations]]
* [[Taiwan-United States relations]]
* [[Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act|TAIPEI Act]]
* [[Taiwan Relations Act]]
* [[Taiwan Relations Act Affirmation and Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2014]]
* [[Committee of 100 (United States)]]
* [[American Chinese cuisine]]

===By location===
* [[Chinatowns in the United States]]
* [[Chinese Americans in Boston]]
* [[Chinese Americans in the Mississippi Delta]] 
* [[Chinese people in New York City]]
* [[History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles]]
* [[History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco]]}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Brooks, Charlotte. ''American Exodus: Second-Generation Chinese Americans in China, 1901–1949'' (University of California Press, 2019) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55268 online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214075630/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55268 |date=14 December 2020 }}.
* Chang, Gordon H. ''Ghosts of Gold Mountain: The Epic Story of the Chinese Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-gmXDwAAQBAJ&dq=%27Ghosts+of+Gold+Mountain&pg=PP1 online]
* Chang, Iris. ''The Chinese in America: A Narrative History.'' New York: Viking, 2003. {{ISBN|0-670-03123-2}}
* Chen, Shehong. ''Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002) {{ISBN|0-252-02736-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=k2NSOq-1jyoC&dq=chinese+american&pg=PR9 online]
* Cheng, Cindy I-Fen. ''Citizens of Asian America: Democracy and Race during the Cold War'' (New York U. Press, 2013). 285p.
* Gillenkirk, Jeff and Motlow, James, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416034514/http://www.bittermelonbook.com/ Bitter Melon: Inside America's Last Rural Chinese Town]" (San Francisco, Nine Mile Press, 2015). 140 pp.
* [[Madeline Y. Hsu|Hsu, Madeline Y.]] ''The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
* Isaacs, Harold R. ''Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China And India'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/scratchesonourmi010380mbp online]
*  Kwong, Peter and Dusanka Miscevic. ''Chinese America: The Untold Story of America's Oldest New Community'' (2005)
* Lee, Erika. ''The making of Asian America: A history'' (Simon and Schuster, 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=p0IjBQAAQBAJ&dq=%27%27Citizens+of+Asian+America&pg=PA1 online]
* Lee, Jonathan H. X. ed. ''Chinese Americans: The History and Culture of a People.'' Santa Monica, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2016. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ewLHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%27%27Chinese+Americans:+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People.%27%27&pg=PT11 online]
* Ling, Huping, and Allan W. Austin, eds. ''Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (Routledge, 2015)
* Louie, Vivian S. ''Compelled To Excel: Immigration, Education, And Opportunity Among Chinese Americans'', (Stanford U. Press, 2004) 272 pages, {{ISBN|0-8047-4985-X}}
* McClain, Charles. ''In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle Against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
* Meng, Chih. ''Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-Year Search'', (China Institute in America, 1981, hardcover, 255 pages, OCLC: 8027928
* Miscevic, Dusanka and Peter Kwong, eds. ''Chinese Americans: The Immigrant Experience'', (Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 2000), 240 pages, {{ISBN|0-88363-128-8}}
* See, Lisa. ''On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese American Family'', (1996). {{ISBN|0-679-76852-1}}. See also the website for an exhibition based on this book [http://www.apa.si.edu/ongoldmountain Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404050743/http://www.apa.si.edu/ongoldmountain/ |date=4 April 2005 }} from the [[Smithsonian]] Asian Pacific American Program.
* Song, Jingyi. ''Shaping and Reshaping Chinese American Identity: New York's Chinese during the Depression and World War II'' (2010)
* Tung, May Pao-May. ''Chinese Americans and Their Immigrant Parents: Conflict, Identity, and Values'', Haworth Press, 2000.
* Wang, Ling-chi. "Chinese Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp.&nbsp;491–506. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300049/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=038bd82b online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125508/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3273300049&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=038bd82b |date=26 March 2021 }}
* Xu Guoqi. ''Chinese and Americans: A Shared History.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
* Young, Elliott. ''Alien Nation: Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era through World War II.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chinese diaspora in the United States}}
{{external links|date=August 2020}}
* [https://archive.today/20200212033758/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:016&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=Census Factfinder Chinese Americans 2005 American Community Survey]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091211071519/http://ca-soc.org/wpmu284a/documents/ The Rocky Road to Liberty: A Documented History of Chinese American Immigration and Exclusion]
* [http://www.moca-nyc.org/ Museum of Chinese in the Americas]
* [https://www.cccsf.us/ Chinese Culture Center & Chinese Culture Foundation of San Francisco] <!-- replace old domain c-c-c.org -->
* [https://www.ocapghpa.org/ Organization of Chinese Americans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412041826/https://www.ocapghpa.org/ |date=12 April 2020 }} <!-- replace old domain ocanatl.org -->
* [http://www.chsa.org/ Chinese Historical Society of America]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041204092238/http://www.paperson.com/history.htm "Paper Son" – one Chinese American's story of coming to America under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]
* [https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ Becoming American: The Chinese Experience] a PBS Bill Moyers special. Thomas F. Lennon, Series Producer.
* [http://cprr.org/Museum/Chinese.html Chinese American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad] – Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324011611/http://www.yellowbridge.com/people/whoswho.html Famous Chinese Americans] Comprehensive list of famous Chinese Americans organized by professions. Includes short biographical notes and Chinese names.
* [http://www.cinaglobal.org/overview.htm Chinese Information and Networking Association (CINA)] <!-- beware... site still has internal links to old cina.org domain, unrelated pages may be served if using ssl (Adirondack Outdoorsman Show!) -->
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826024406/http://ywproject.x10.mx/index.htm The Yung Wing Project] hosts the memoir of the first Chinese American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105624/http://camla.org/ Chinese American Museum]
* [http://www.goldenventuremovie.com/ Documentary about the Golden Venture tragedy]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/americanschinese/ Americans and Chinese : purpose and fulfillment in great civilizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818010828/https://sites.google.com/site/americanschinese/ |date=18 August 2014 }}

{{Clear}}
{{China–United States relations}}
{{Overseas Chinese2}}
{{Chinese American}}
{{Asian Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:American people of Chinese descent|*]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora in the United States|*]]
[[Category:East Asian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora by country|America]]