View source for Chloralose

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 460028510
| ImageFile = Chloralose structure.svg
| ImageFile_Ref = {{Chemboximage|correct|CAS}}
| ImageCaption = Structural formula of α-chloralose
| ImageFile1 = Chloralose-from-xtal-3D-ball-and-stick.png
| ImageCaption1 = Ball-and-stick model of α-chloralose
| IUPACName = 1,2-''O''-[(1''R'')-2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl]-α-<small>D</small>-glucofuranose
| SystematicName = (1''R'')-1-[(2''R'',3a''R'',4''S'',5''R'',6a''R'')-2-(Trichloromethyl)-tetrahydro-2''H''-furo[2,3-''d''][1,3]dioxol-5-yl]ethane-1,2-diol
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 238BZ29MUE
| CASNo = 15879-93-3
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 81902
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 2104181
| PubChem = 7057995
| PubChem1 = 40467114
| PubChem1_Comment = <small>(2''R'',3a''R'',5''R'',6''R'')-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-furo-5-yl</small>
| PubChem2 = 27525	
| PubChem2_Comment = <small>(2''R'',5''R'',6''S'',6a''R'')-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-furo-5-yl</small>
| PubChem3 = 16211632
| PubChem3_Comment = <small>(1''R'')-dioxol, (2''R'',5''R'',6''S'',6a''R'')-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-furo-5-yl</small>
| PubChem4 = 186624
| PubChem4_Comment = <small>(1''R'')-dioxol, (3a''R'',5''R'',6''S'',6a''R'')-6-hydroxy-furo-5-yl</small>
| PubChem5 = 2723807
| PubChem5_Comment = <small>(2''R'',3a''R'',5''R'',6''S'',6a''R'')-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-furo-5-yl</small>
| PubChemOther = 85991
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5414376
| SMILES = C([C@H]([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]2[C@H](O1)O[C@@H](O2)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)O)O)O
| InChI = 1/C8H11Cl3O6/c9-8(10,11)7-16-5-3(14)4(2(13)1-12)15-6(5)17-7/h2-7,12-14H,1H2/t2-,3+,4-,5-,6-,7-/m1/s1
| InChIKey = OJYGBLRPYBAHRT-IPQSZEQABF
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C8H11Cl3O6/c9-8(10,11)7-16-5-3(14)4(2(13)1-12)15-6(5)17-7/h2-7,12-14H,1H2/t2-,3+,4-,5-,6-,7-/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = OJYGBLRPYBAHRT-IPQSZEQASA-N
| EINECS = 240-016-7
| MeSHName = Chloralose
| Beilstein = 85418
| RTECS = FM9450000
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C18707
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=8 | H=11 | Cl=3 | O=6
| MeltingPtC = 176 to 182}}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = Harmful if swallowed<br />
Harmful if inhaled
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|301|332|336|410}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|270|271|273|301+310|304+312|304+340|312|321|330|391|403+233|405|501}}
}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherCompounds = [[Chloral hydrate]]}}
}}

'''Chloralose''' (also known as α-chloralose) is an [[avicide]], and a [[rodenticide]] used to kill mice in temperatures below 15&nbsp;°C.  It is also widely used in [[neuroscience]] and veterinary medicine as an [[anesthetic]] and [[sedative]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverman J, Muir WW |title=A review of laboratory animal anesthesia with chloral hydrate and chloralose |journal=Lab Anim Sci. |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=210–6 |date=Jun 1993 |pmid=8355479 }}</ref> Either alone or in combination, such as with [[Ethyl carbamate|urethane]], it is used for long-lasting, but light anesthesia.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vogler|first=George A.|title=Chapter 19 - Anesthesia and Analgesia|date=2006-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120749034500224|work=The Laboratory Rat (Second Edition)|pages=627–664|editor-last=Suckow|editor-first=Mark A.|series=American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine|place=Burlington|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-074903-4|access-date=2021-03-21|editor2-last=Weisbroth|editor2-first=Steven H.|editor3-last=Franklin|editor3-first=Craig L.}}</ref> It has been used with oral administration to sedate wild Canada geese for translocation in Nevada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jz294rd#author |title=Capturing problematic urban Canada geese in Reno, Nevada: Goose roundups vs. use of alpha-chloralose|publisher=University of California |access-date=2025-03-26}}</ref>

Chemically, it is a [[chlorine|chlorinated]] [[acetal]] derivative of [[glucose]].

Chloralose exerts [[barbiturate]]-like actions on [[synaptic transmission]] in the brain, including potent effects at inhibitory [[GABAA receptor|γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors]] (GABA<sub>A</sub>R).<ref>{{Cite journal | author = R. A. Nicoll & J. M. Wojtowicz | title = The effects of pentobarbital and related compounds on frog motoneurons | journal = [[Brain Research]] | volume = 191 | issue = 1 | pages = 225–237 | year = 1980 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90325-x | pmid = 6247012| s2cid = 21777453 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author = K. M. Garrett & J. Gan | title = Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor activity by alpha-chloralose | journal = [[The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics]] | volume = 285 | issue = 2 | pages = 680–686 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9580613}}</ref>  A structural isomer of chloralose, β-chloralose (also called parachloralose in older literature), is inactive as a GABA<sub>A</sub>R modulator and also as a general anesthetic.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = M. D. Krasowski & N. L. Harrison | title = The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations | journal = [[British Journal of Pharmacology]] | volume = 129 | issue = 4 | pages = 731–743 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703087 | pmid = 10683198| pmc = 1571881 }}</ref>

Chloralose is often abused for its avicide properties. In the [[United Kingdom]], protected birds of prey have been killed using the chemical.
Legal use for bird control also often causes raptor mortalities from secondary poisoning, as well as primary poisoning of non-target species from eating bait, for example, [[kererū]] pigeon in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-26|title=Poisoned bird had enough toxin to 'kill a child'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-53543989|access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}
{{Anesthetics}}
{{Rodenticides}}
{{GABAAR PAMs}}

[[Category:Acetals]]
[[Category:Polyols]]
[[Category:Monosaccharide derivatives]]
[[Category:Rodenticides]]
[[Category:Avicides]]
[[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Sedatives]]
[[Category:General anesthetics]]
[[Category:Trichloromethyl compounds]]
[[Category:Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings]]
[[Category:Oxygen heterocycles]]


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