View source for Choro

{{Short description|Brazilian music genre}}
{{About||the mountain in Bolivia|Churu (Bolivia){{!}}Churu (Bolivia)}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Choro|topic=culture|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Choro
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Polka]]|[[mazurka]]|[[schottische]]|[[waltz]]|[[habanera (music)|habanera]]|[[lundu (dance)|lundu]]|[[Batuque (Cape Verde)|batuque]]}}
| cultural_origins  = Late 19th century, [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
}}
[[File:Joaquim Callado003.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Joaquim Antônio da Silva Calado|Joaquim Callado]] (1848-1880), considered one of the creators of the choro genre]]
'''''Choro''''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈʃoɾu}}, "cry" or "lament"), also popularly called '''''chorinho''''' ("little cry" or "little lament"), is an instrumental [[Music of Brazil|Brazilian popular music]] genre which originated in 19th century [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Despite its [[wikt:choro#Noun 3|name]], the music often has a fast and happy rhythm. It is characterized by virtuosity, improvisation and subtle [[Modulation (music)|modulations]], and is full of [[syncopation]] and [[counterpoint]]. Choro is considered the first characteristically Brazilian genre of urban popular music. The [[Street performance|serenader]]s who play choros are known as '''''chorões'''''.<ref name=Grove>{{cite encyclopedia | last=Béhague| first=Gerard |title =Choro |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] | year=2001 |publisher=Oxford Music Online | doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05679 | isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005679 | access-date = 22 September 2013| url-access=subscription }} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Choro instruments==
[[File:Instrumentos choro.jpg|thumb|Instruments commonly played in choro, from left to right: the [[seven-string guitar]], the acoustic guitar, the [[mandolin]], the flute, the [[cavaquinho]] and the [[pandeiro]]]]
Originally ''choro'' was played by a trio of [[flute]], [[guitar]] and [[cavaquinho]] (a small [[chordophone]] with four strings). Other instruments commonly played in choro are the [[mandolin]], [[clarinet]], [[saxophone]], [[trumpet]] and [[trombone]]. These melody instruments are backed by a rhythm section composed of 6-string guitar, [[seven-string guitar]] (playing bass lines) and light percussion, such as a [[pandeiro]]. The cavaquinho appears sometimes as a melody instrument, other times as part of the rhythm.

{{Listen
| filename     = Pixinguinha- O Urubu e o Gaviao 1930.ogg
| title        = O Urubu e o Gavião
| description  = Choro "O Urubu e o Gavião" (or "Urubu Malandro"), recorded in 1930 by [[Pixinguinha]] on the flute
| filename2    = 003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg
| title2       = Harmonia Selvagem
| description2 = Choro "Harmonia Selvagem" composed by Dante Santoro. Recorded by Dante Santoro (flute) in 1938.
| filename3    = Amapá - Dante Santoro - 1941- Juca Storoni.ogg
| title3       = Amapá
| description3 = Choro (maxixe/Brazilian tango) "Amapá" composed by Costa Júnior in 1901. Recorded by Dante Santoro (flute) in 1941.
| filename4    = Aguenta, seu Fulgêncio - Pixinguinha.ogg
| title4       = Aguenta, seu Fulgêncio
| description4 = Choro "Aguenta, seu Fulgêncio", composed by Lourenço Lamartine and played by Pixinguinha (flute) and Lourenço Lamartine. Recorded in 1929.
| filename5    = Sofres porque queres - Pixinguinha 1919.ogg
| title5       = Sofres Porque Queres
| description5 = Choro Sofres Porque Queres, recorded in 1919 by Pixinguinha on the flute
| filename6    = ESCOVADO (Ernesto Nazareth) - Ernesto Nazareth 1907.ogg
| title6       = Escovado
| description6 = "Escovado", composed (1905) and recorded (1930) by Ernesto_Nazareth (piano).
| filename7    = MARIANA EM SARRILHO (Irineu de Almeida) - Grupo do Novo Cordão 1907.ogg
| title7       = Mariana em Sarrilho
| description7 = Polca-choro "Mariana em Sarrilho", composed by {{ill|Irineu de Almeida|pt||de}}, recorded in 1907 by Grupo do Novo Cordão
| filename8    = Tico Tico no Fubá-Orquestra Colbaz-Zequinha de Abreu-1931.ogg
| title8       = Tico-Tico no Fubá
| description8 = Choro "Tico-Tico no Fubá". Composed by Zequinha de Abreu. Recorded in 1931 by Orquestra Colbaz.
| filename9    = Magoado (João Pernambuco) - João Pernambuco 1930.ogg
| title9       = Magoado
| description9 = Choro "Magoado", composed and recorded (in 1930) by {{ill|João Pernambuco|pt||de||fr}} (guitar).
| filename10   = MASSADA (Lulu Cavaquinho) - Choro Carioca 1911.ogg
| title10      = Massada
| description10 = Choro "Massada" composed by Lulu Cavaquinho, recorded in 1911 by Choro Carioca
| filename11   = Chiquinha gonzaga - sultana 1908.ogg
| title11      = Sultana
| description11 = Polca-choro "Sultana", composed by [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]], recorded in 1908 by the Grupo Chiquinha Gonzaga
| filename12   = Corta jaca 1912.ogg
| title12      = Corta Jaca
| description12 = Choro (maxixe) "[[Corta jaca (song)|Corta Jaca]]", composed by Chiquinha Gonzaga and executed by the Grupo Chiquinha Gonzaga. Recorded in 1910-1912.
| filename13   = Atraente chiquinha pixinguinha.ogg
| title13      = Atraente
| description13 = Choro (maxixe) "Atraente", composed by [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]], recorded by [[Pixinguinha]] (saxophone) and [[Benedito Lacerda]] (flute).
| filename14   = 1 x 0 Pixinguinha e Benedito.ogg
| title14      = 1 x 0
| description14 = Choro "1 x 0" (ou "Um a zero"), composed by Pixinguinha and Benedito Lacerda. Played by Pixinguinha (saxophone) and Benedito Lacerda (flute).
}}
==Compositional structure==
Structurally, a ''choro'' composition usually has three parts, played in a [[rondo]] form: AABBACCA, with each section typically in a different key (usually the tonal sequence is: principal key->relative mode->sub-dominant key<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lago |first1=Correa do |last2=Aranha |first2=Manoel |date=March 22, 2002 |title=Brazilian sources in Milhaud's ''Le Boeuf sur le toit'': a discussion and a musical analysis. (Statistical Data Included) (Critical Essay) |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-91658404.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191934/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-91658404.html |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=highbeam.com |publisher=Latin American Music Review}}</ref>). There are a variety of choros in both major and minor keys.
==History==
[[File:Pixinguinha tocando harmônio (restored).jpg|left|thumb|285x285px|[[Pixinguinha]] (1897–1973), one of the most important choro composers of all time]]
In the 19th century, choro resulted from the style of playing several musical genres ([[polka]], [[schottische]], [[waltz]], [[mazurka]] and [[Habanera (music)|habanera]]) by [[carioca]] musicians, who were already strongly influenced by Afro-Brazilian rhythms, principally the [[lundu (dance)|lundu]] and the [[Batuque (Cape Verde)|batuque]]. The term “choro” was used informally at first to refer to the style of playing, or a particular instrumental ensemble, (e.g. in the 1870s flutist [[Joaquim Antônio da Silva Calado]] formed an ensemble called "Choro Carioca", with flute, two guitars and cavaquinho),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-22 |title=What is Choro? |url=http://www.choromusic.com/o-que-e-o-choro_in.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022112237/http://www.choromusic.com/o-que-e-o-choro_in.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2007 |access-date= |website=choromusic.com}}</ref><ref name="history">Livingston-Isenhour, T., and Garcia, T. G. C. (2005). ''Choro: A Social History of a Brazilian Popular Music''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.</ref> and later the term referred to the music genre of these ensembles. The accompanying music of the [[Maxixe (dance)]] (also called "tango brasileiro") was played by these choro ensembles. Various genres were incorporated as subgenres of choro such as "choro-polca", "choro-lundu", "choro-xote" (from schottische), "choro-mazurca", "choro-valsa" (waltz), "choro-maxixe", "[[samba]]-choro", "choro [[Baião (music)|baião]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Coelho |first1=Tadeu |last2=Koidin |first2=Julie |title=The Brazilian Choro: Historical Perspectives and Performance Practices |url=http://www.choromusic.com/arquivos/choro_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203160606/https://www.choromusic.com/arquivos/choro_english.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date= |website=choromusic.com |page=4}}</ref>

Just like [[ragtime]] in the United States, [[Argentine tango|tango]] in Argentina and [[Habanera (music)|habanera]] in Cuba, choro springs up as a result of influences of musical styles and rhythms coming from Europe and Africa.

In the beginning (by the 1880s to 1920s), the success of choro came from informal groups of friends (principally composed of workers from the postal, railway and telegraphic services)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Alexandre Gonçalves |url=http://bando.do.chorao.free.fr/doc_images_sons/pdf/acervos_obrasraras_ochoro.pdf |title=O Chôro – Reminiscencias dos Chorões Antigos |year=1936 |edition=1 |language=pt |trans-title=The Chôro – Reminiscences of Ancient Chorões |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211032215/http://bando.do.chorao.free.fr/doc_images_sons/pdf/acervos_obrasraras_ochoro.pdf |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which played at parties, pubs ([[boteco]]s), streets and home balls (forrobodós). The mainstay of the repertoire was made of the big hits of [[Ernesto Nazareth]], [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]] and other pianists, whose musical scores were published by print houses.<ref name="history"/> By the 1910s, many of the first Brazilian phonograph records were choros.

Much of the mainstream success (by the 1930s to 1940s) of this style of music came from the early days of radio, when bands performed live on the air. By the 1950s and 1960s, it was replaced with urban samba on the radio, but it was still alive in amateur circles called "rodas de choro" (choro gatherings in residences and [[boteco]]s), the most famous ones being the roda de choro in the house of composer and musician [[Jacob do Bandolim]], in the [[Jacarepaguá]] neighborhood in Rio; and the "roda de choro" in the pub "Suvaco de Cobra" (Snake's Armpit) in the [[Penha (Rio de Janeiro)|Penha]] neighborhood in the same town.

In the late 1970s there was a successful effort to revitalize the genre in the mainstream, through TV-sponsored nationwide festivals in 1977 and 1978, which attracted a new, younger generation of professional musicians and listeners. Thanks in great part to these efforts, choro music remains strong in Brazil. More recently, choro has attracted the attention of musicians in the United States, such as [[Anat Cohen]], [[Mike Marshall (musician)|Mike Marshall]] and [[Maurita Murphy Mead]], who have brought this kind of music to a new audience.

Most Brazilian classical composers recognize the sophistication of choro and its major importance in Brazilian instrumental music. [[Radamés Gnattali]] said it was the most sophisticated instrumental popular music in the world. [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]] defined choro as the true incarnation of Brazilian soul.
Notably, both composers had some of their music inspired by choro, dressing it with classical tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brazzil.com/musfeb96.htm|website=brazzil.comL|title=Choro, chorinho, chorão}}</ref>  The French composer [[Darius Milhaud]] was enchanted by choro when he lived in Brazil (in 1917) and he composed the ballet ''[[Le Bœuf sur le toit]]'', in which he quotes close to 30 Brazilian tunes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Le_Boeuf/boeuf_chronicles.htm|title=Musica Brasiliensis &#124; the Boeuf Chronicles}}</ref>

According to Aquiles Rique Reis (a Brazilian singer), ”Choro is classical music played with bare feet and callus on the hands”<ref>http://www.brazilianvoice.com/mostracolunas.php?colunista=Aquiles%20Reis&id=772{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Notable choro compositions==
* "Brejeiro" ([[Ernesto Nazareth]])
* "[[Apanhei-te, cavaquinho]]" ([[Ernesto Nazareth]])
* "Odeon" ([[Ernesto Nazareth]])
* "Corta Jaca" ([[Chiquinha Gonzaga]])
* "Carinhoso" ([[Pixinguinha]])
* "Lamentos" (Pixinguinha)
* "Descendo a Serra" (Pixinguinha)
* "Cochichando" (Pixinguinha)
* "Segura Ele" (Pixinguinha)
* "Um a zero" (Pixinguinha)
* "Vou Vivendo" (Pixinguinha)
* "Sete cordas" (Raphael Rabello)
* "[[Brasileirinho]]" ([[Valdir Azevedo]])
* "Pedacinhos do Céu" (Waldir Azevedo)
* "Dôce de Coco" ([[Jacob do Bandolim]])
* "Noites Cariocas" (Jacob do Bandolim)
* "[[Tico-Tico no Fubá]]" ([[Zequinha de Abreu]])
* "Meu caro amigo" ([[Chico Buarque]] and [[Francis Hime]])
* "Meu amigo Radamés" ([[Antônio Carlos Jobim]])
* "[[Chôros|Choros nos. 1 to 14]]" (Concert music inspired by Choro, by [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]])

==See also==
{{Portal|Latin music}}
*[[Frevo]]
*[[Jongo]]
*[[Lundu (dance)|Lundu]]
*[[Maxixe (dance)|Maxixe]]
*[[Samba]]
*[[Seresta (music)|Seresta]]

;Films
*2005 – ''[[Brasileirinho (film)|Brasileirinho]]''. Directed by [[Mika Kaurismäki]].
*2016 – "Mexicano: Carlito y La Choro Fábrica". Directed by Cristina Gonzalez.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Amaral Júnior, José de Almeida (2013). "Chorando na Garoa – Memórias Musicais de São Paulo". São Paulo: Fundação Theatro Municipal de São Paulo.
*Koidin, Julie (2011). ''Os Sorrisos do Choro:  Uma Jornada Musical Através de Caminhos Cruzados''. São Paulo: Global Choro Music.
*Koidin, Julie (2013). "Choro Conversations: Pursuing Life, Love and Brazil's Musical Identity", Fremont, California: Global Choro Music.

==External links==
*[http://www.maria-brazil.org/choros.htm Maria-Brazil – Brazilian Culture on the Web]

{{Lusophonemusic}}
{{Pop music}}
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[[Category:Choro| ]]
[[Category:Brazilian styles of music]]
[[Category:Culture of Brazil]]
[[Category:Lusophone music|*]]
[[Category:Polka derivatives]]