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{{short description|German physician and naturopath}}
{{Infobox person
| name       =  Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland
| image      = Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland.jpg
| image_size = 225px
|caption = Engraving by [[Johann Friedrich Müller]], after a painting by [[Johann Friedrich August Tischbein|J. F. A. Tischbein]] (1802)
|birth_date  = 12 August 1762
|birth_place = [[Bad Langensalza|Langensalza]]
|death_date  = 25 August 1836
|death_place = [[Berlin]]
| occupation = Physician, naturopath, writer}}

'''Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland''' (12 August 1762 – 25 August 1836) was a  German physician, [[Naturopathy|naturopath]] and writer.  Considered one of the most eminent practical physicians of his time in Germany, he authored numerous works displaying extensive reading and a cultivated critical faculty.

==Biography==
Hufeland was born at [[Langensalza]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] (now [[Thuringia]]) and educated at [[Weimar]], where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the [[University of Jena]], and in the following year went on to [[university of Göttingen|Göttingen]], where in 1783 he graduated in [[medicine]].

After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine at Jena, receiving at the same time the positions of court physician and professor of [[pathology]] at Weimar.  During this time, he began a substantive correspondence with [[Immanuel Kant]]. In 1798 [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] granted him the position director of the medical college and generally of state medical affairs at the [[Charité]], in [[Berlin]]. He filled the chair of [[pathology]] and therapeutics in the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], founded in 1809, and in 1810 became councillor of state. In 1823, he was elected a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].

In time he became as famous as [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]], [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], and [[Christoph Martin Wieland|Wieland]] in his homeland.

Hufeland was a close friend of [[Samuel Hahnemann]] and published his original writings in his journal in 1796.<ref name="Mehdipour">Mehdipour, Parvin. (2017). ''Cancer Genetics and Psychotherapy''. Springer. p. 942. {{ISBN|978-3-319-64548-3}}</ref> He also "joined the [[Illuminati]] order at this time, having been introduced to freemasonry in Göttingen in 1783."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.edu/kant/Bio/FullBio/HufelandCWF.html |title=Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland (1762–1836) |access-date=2009-06-02 |archive-date=2021-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425172742/https://www.manchester.edu/kant/Bio/FullBio/HufelandCWF.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also seems to have professed an interest in [[China|Chinese]] [[Alchemy]] and methods of extending [[longevity]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1NllD8F_dfcC&dq=hufeland+alchemy&pg=PA158 G J Gruman, ''A History of Ideas about Prolongation of Life,'' Springer Publishing, 2005, p.158]</ref>

The most widely known of his many writings is the treatise entitled ''[[Macrobiotic diet|Makrobiotik]] oder Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern'' (1796), which was translated into many languages, including in Serbian by Jovan Stejić in Vienna in 1828. Of his practical works, the ''System of Practical Medicine'' (''System der praktischen Heilkunde'', 1818–1828) is the most elaborate. From 1795 to 1835, he published a ''Journal der praktischen Arznei und Wundarzneikunde''. His [[autobiography]] was published in 1863.

Hufeland died on 25 August 1836, in [[Berlin]].

[[Image:Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland grave (aka).jpg|thumb|Grave of Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland in the [[Dorotheenstadt cemetery]] in Berlin]]

==Naturopathy==

Hufeland was an early supporter of [[Naturopathy|naturopathic medicine]] who posited the existence of a [[Vitalism|vitalistic]] "life force", which he believed could be maintained through behavioral and dietary practices.<ref name="Mehdipour"/><ref>Raso, Jack. (1993). ''Mystical Diets: Paranormal, Spiritual, and Occult Nutrition Practices''. Prometheus Books. p. 30. {{ISBN|0-87975-761-2}}</ref><ref>Wellmon, Chad. (2010). ''Becoming Human: Romantic Anthropology and the Embodiment of Freedom''. Pennsylvania State University. p. 49. {{ISBN|978-0-271-03734-9}}</ref> Hufeland was influenced by [[Hippocrates]] and promoted what he termed "natural therapeutics" (''naturtherapeutik'').<ref name="Mehdipour"/><ref name="Weinrich">Weinrich, Harald. (2008). ''On Borrowed Time: The Art and Economy of Living with Deadlines''. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30–33. {{ISBN|978-0-226-88601-5}}</ref> He supported the use of [[homeopathy]].<ref name="Mehdipour"/>

The term ''macrobiotics'' was used by Hufeland in his book ''Macrobiotics: The Art of Prolonging Life'', that was translated into English in 1797.<ref>Kushi ''et al''. (2001). ''The Macrobiotic Diet in Cancer''. ''[[The Journal of Nutrition]]'' 131 (11): 3056S–3064S.</ref><ref>Heelas, Paul. (2008). ''Spiritualities of Life: New Age Romanticism and Consumptive Capitalism''. Wiley. p. 43. {{ISBN|978-1405139380}}</ref><ref>Bergdolt, Klaus. (2008). ''Wellbeing: A Cultural History of Healthy Living''. Polity Press. pp. 253–254. {{ISBN|978-07456-2913-1}}</ref> The book endorsed a program for good health and prolonging life. Hufeland recommended a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet.<ref name="Weinrich"/><ref>Williams, Howard. (1883). ''The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-Eating''. London: F. Pitman. p. 184.</ref> Goethe and his wife took interest in the book.<ref name="Weinrich"/> His German disciples gave his dieting and health ideas the name of the Hufelandist movement.<ref>Freeman, Joseph T. (1979). ''Aging: Its History and Literature''. Human Science Press. p. 71. {{ISBN|978-0877052517}}</ref><ref>Boyle, Joan M; Morriss, James E. (1987). ''The Mirror of Time: Images of Aging and Dying''. Greenwood Press. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-0313255977}}</ref>

[[George Ohsawa]], founder of the [[macrobiotic diet]] based on [[yin and yang]] foods, was influenced by Hufeland.<ref>Friedhelm Kirchfeld, Wade Boyle. (1994). ''Nature Doctors: Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine''. Medicina Biológica. p. 7. {{ISBN|0-9623518-5-7}}</ref>

==Marriage and issue==
He first married Juliane Amelung (1771–1845) and married for the second time to Elisabeth Helene Troschel (1777–1862). From his first marriage he had:
*Elwira Laura (born in 1799), married to Karl Wilhelm von Becherer
*Rosalia (born in 1801), married her cousin August Wilhelm Adolph Hufeland
*Elisabeth, married Prince [[Alexandru Sturdza]], scion of the reigning [[List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia|Princes of Moldavia]]. Through their son Prince Nicolae [[Sturdza]] (died in 1832) Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland is great-great-grandfather of [[Natalie of Serbia|Queen Natalie of Serbia]] and great-great-great-grandfather of [[Alexander I of Serbia|King Alexander I of Serbia]].

==Bibliography==

===Works===
* ''Enchiridion medicum oder Anleitung zur medizinischen Praxis: Vermächtniß einer Fünfzigjährigen Erfahrung''. Sechste Auflage. Jonas Verlagsbuchhandlung. Berlin, 
* ''Medizinischer Nutzen der elektrischen Kraft beim Scheintod'', [[Verlag Rockstuhl]], Bad Langensalza, 1. Reprintauflage 1783/2008, {{ISBN|978-3-938997-37-6}}
* ''Vollständige Darstellung der medicinischen Kräfte und des Gebrauchs der salzsauren Schwererde'' . Rottmann, Berlin 1794 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-8938 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]]
* ''Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern'' . (Volume1/2) Haas, Wien 1798 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-16631 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]]  
* ''Armen-Pharmakopöe, entworfen für Berlin nebst der Nachricht von der daselbst errichteten Krankenanstalt für Arme in ihren Wohnungen'' . Realschulbuchhandlung, Berlin 3. Aufl. 1818 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-10701 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]]
* ''Conspectus Materiae medicae secundum Ordines naturales in Usum Auditorium'' . Dümmler, Berolini Editio altera aucta 1820 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-2301 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]] 
* ''Armen-Pharmakopöe'' . Reimer, Berlin 4. Aufl. 1825 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-9283 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]]
* ''Armen-Pharmakopöe : Zugleich eine Auswahl bewährter Arzneimittel und Arzneiformeln'' . Reimer, Berlin 7.Aufl. 1832 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-2283 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]] 
* [https://archive.org/details/makrobiotikoderd00hufeuoft/page/n4 ''Makrobiotik oder Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern''], Stuttgart: A.F. Macklot, 1826.
* ''Aphorismen und Denksprüche'', Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, 1. Reprintauflage 1910/2009, {{ISBN|978-3-86777-066-8}}
* ''Bibliothek der practischen Heilkunde'' Veröffentlicht in der academischen Buchhandlung, 1802. Notizen: v. 6 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3h0UAAAAQAAJ Digitised on Google Books]
*[https://archive.org/details/hufelandsartofpr00huferich/page/n6 ''Hufeland's Art of Prolonging Life''], edited by [[William James Erasmus Wilson]], 1854.

===Studies===

* Helmut Busse: ''Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland'', Blaeschke Verlag, St. Michael, Austria, 1982
* Klaus Pfeifer: ''Medizin der Goethezeit – Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland und die Heilkunst des 18. Jahrhunderts'', Verlag Böhlau, Cologne, 2000, {{ISBN|978-3-412-13199-9}}
* Günther Hufeland: ''Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (1762–1836)'', Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, 2002, {{ISBN|978-3-936030-79-2}}
* Wolfgang U. Eckart: ''Geschichte der Medizin'', Heidelberg 2005

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm|volume=13|page=856}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39379| name=C. W. Hufeland}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland}}


{{Naturopathy}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Illuminati}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm}}

[[Category:1762 births]]
[[Category:1836 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German physicians]]
[[Category:18th-century German physicians]]
[[Category:German vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin]]
[[Category:Physicians of the Charité]]
[[Category:Macrobiotic diet advocates]]
[[Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Naturopaths]]
[[Category:People from Bad Langensalza]]
[[Category:Scientists from the Electorate of Saxony]]
[[Category:Scientists from the Kingdom of Saxony]]
[[Category:University of Jena alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Jena]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Vitalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal]]