View source for Cisleithania

{{Short description|Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{small|{{native name|de|Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder}}}}
| conventional_long_name = The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council
| common_name            = Austria
| linking_name           = Cisleithania
| era                    = [[New Imperialism]]
| status                 = Monarchy
| status_text            = Constituent of [[Austria-Hungary]]
| empire                 = Austria-Hungary
| government_type        = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
| event_start            = [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|1867 Compromise]]
| date_start             = 30 March
| year_start             = 1867
| event_end              = Monarchy abolished
| date_end               = 12 November
| year_end               = 1918
| year_exile_start       = 
| year_exile_end         = 
| event1                 = [[Aftermath of World War I#Austria-Hungary|Dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]
| date_event1            = 31 October 1918
| event2                 = [[Charles I of Austria#Proclamation of 11 November|Schönbrunn Declaration]]
| date_event2            = 11 November 1918
| event3                 = 
| date_event3            = 
| event4                 = 
| date_event4            = 
| event_pre              = 
| date_pre               = 
| event_post             = 
| date_post              = 
| image_flag             = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
| flag_alt               = 
| flag_type_article      = Flag of the Habsburg monarchy
| flag_type              = 
| image_coat             = Imperial Coat of Arms of Austria.svg
| coat_alt               = 
| coa_size               = 85px
| symbol_type_article    = Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary
| symbol_type            = Coat of Arms<br />(1915–1918)
| image_map              = Cisleithania, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg
| image_map_alt          = 
| image_map_caption      = Cisleithania (pink) within Austria-Hungary, the other parts being [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithania]] (green) and the [[Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (blue)
| image_map2             = Karte Leitha-Cisleithanien-Transleithanien.svg
| image_map2_alt         = 
| image_map2_caption     = Map of the Leitha with the demarcation of Cis- and Transleithania (coloured) and the current borders (black)
| capital                = [[Vienna]]
| capital_exile          = 
| largest_city           = capital
| national_motto         = {{langnf|la|[[Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary|Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter]]|Indivisibly and inseparably|break=yes}}
| national_anthem        = ''None''<hr/>'''Imperial anthem'''<br />{{lang|de|[[Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser#Use in national anthems, alma maters, and hymns|Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze]]}}<br />([[English language|English]]: God preserve, God protect)<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div><br />[[File:Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze -- Kaiserhymne (1910's recording).ogg|Recording from the 1910's]]
| common_languages       = {{ubl|[[German language|German]]|[[Slovene language|Slovene]]|[[Czech language|Czech]]|[[Polish language|Polish]]|[[Croatian language|Croatian]]|[[Serbian language|Serbian]]|[[Yiddish]]|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|[[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|[[Italian language|Italian]]}}
| religion               = 
| currency               = {{plainlist|
* [[Austro-Hungarian florin|Florin]] <small>(1867–1892)</small>
* [[Austro-Hungarian crown|Crown]] <small>(1892–1918)</small>
}}
| leader1                = [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]
| leader2                = [[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]]
| year_leader1           = 1867–1916
| year_leader2           = 1916–1918
| title_leader           = [[Emperor of Austria|Emperor ''(of Austria)'']]
| deputy1                = [[Prince Karl of Auersperg]] (first)
| deputy2                = [[Heinrich Lammasch]] (last)
| year_deputy1           = 1867–1868
| year_deputy2           = 1918
| title_deputy           = [[List of Ministers-President of Austria|Minister-President]]
| legislature            = [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Imperial Council]]
| area_km2               = 300,005
| house1                 = [[House of Lords (Austria)|House of Lords]]
| type_house1            = 
| house2                 = [[House of Deputies (Austria)|House of Deputies]]
| type_house2            = 
}}

'''Cisleithania''',{{efn|{{langx|de|Cisleithanien}}, also ''Zisleithanien''<br />{{langx|sl|Cislajtanija}}<br />{{langx|hu|Ciszlajtánia}}<br />{{langx|cs|Předlitavsko}}<br />{{langx|sk|Predlitavsko}}<br />{{langx|pl|Przedlitawia}}<br />{{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|Цислајтанија|Cislajtanija}}<br />{{langx|ro|Cisleithania}}<br />{{langx|uk|Цислейтанія|Tsysleitaniia}}<br />{{langx|it|Cisleitania}}}} officially '''The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council''' ({{Langx|de|Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder}}), was the northern and western part of [[Austria-Hungary]], the Dual Monarchy created in the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Compromise of 1867]]—as distinguished from ''Transleithania'' (i.e., the Hungarian [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]] east of ["beyond"] the [[Leitha]] River). This name for the region was a common, but unofficial one.

The Cisleithanian capital was [[Vienna]], the residence of the [[Emperor of Austria]]. The territory had a population of 28,571,900 in 1910. It reached from [[Vorarlberg]] in the west to the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] and the [[Duchy of Bukovina]] (today part of [[Ukraine]] and [[Romania]]) in the east, as well as from the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] in the north to the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] (today part of [[Croatia]] and [[Montenegro]]) in the south. It comprised the current [[States of Austria]] (except for [[Burgenland]]), as well as most of the territories of the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovenia]] (except for [[Prekmurje]]), southern [[Poland]], parts of Italy ([[Trieste]], [[Gorizia]], [[Tarvisio]], [[Trentino]], and [[South Tyrol]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria]], [[Dalmatia]]), [[Montenegro]] ([[Kotor Bay]]), [[Romania]] (Southern [[Bukovina]]), and [[Ukraine]] (Northern Bukovina and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]).

==Term==
[[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of Austria.svg|thumb|Lesser coat of arms of the Austrian lands from 1915, featuring the double-headed [[Reichsadler|Imperial Eagle]] with [[Flag of Austria|red-white-red]] escutcheon, [[Imperial Crown of Austria|Imperial Crown]] and [[Imperial Regalia]]]]
The [[Latin]] name ''Cisleithania'' derives from that of the [[Leitha River]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Austro-Hungarian Monarchy|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-AustroHu.html|access-date=2008-04-23}}</ref> a tributary of the [[Danube]] forming the historical boundary between the [[Archduchy of Austria]] and the Hungarian Kingdom in the area southeast of [[Vienna]] (on the way to [[Budapest]]). Much of its territory lay west (or, from a Viennese perspective, on "this" side) of the Leitha.

After the constitutional changes of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Cisleithanian [[crown lands]] (''Kronländer'') continued to constitute the [[Austrian Empire]], but the latter term was rarely used to avoid confusion with the era before 1867, when the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] had been a constituent part of that empire. The somewhat cumbersome official name was ''Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder'' ("The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Imperial Council]]"). The phrase was used by politicians and bureaucrats, but it had no official status until 1915; the press and the general public seldom used it and then with a derogatory connotation. In general, the lands were just called Austria, but the term "Austrian lands" (''Österreichische Länder'') originally did not apply to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] (i.e., [[Bohemia]] proper, the [[Margraviate of Moravia]] and [[Austrian Silesia|Duchy of Silesia]]) or to the territories annexed in the 18th-century [[Partitions of Poland]] ([[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]) or the former [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] Dalmatia ([[Kingdom of Dalmatia]]).

From 1867, the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]], the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]], the [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] and the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]] were no longer "Austrian" crown lands. Rather, they constituted an autonomous state, officially called the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St Stephen" ({{langx|hu|Szent István Koronájának Országai}} or ''A Magyar Szent Korona Országai'', {{langx|de|Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone}}) and commonly known as ''Transleithania'' or just Hungary. The [[Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], occupied in 1878, formed a separate part. Both the "Austrian" and "Hungarian" lands of the Dual Monarchy had large [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]]-settled territories in the north ([[Czechs]], [[Slovaks]], [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Ruthenians]]) as well as in the south ([[Slovenes]], [[Croats]] and [[Serbs]]).

==Crown lands==
Cisleithania consisted of 15 crown lands which had representatives in the Imperial Council (''Reichsrat''), the Cisleithanian parliament in Vienna. The crown lands centered on the [[Archduchy of Austria]] (''Erzherzogtum Österreich'') were not states, but provinces in the modern sense.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} However, they were areas with unique historic political and legal characteristics and were therefore more than mere administrative districts.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} They have been conceived of as "historical-political entities".{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Each crown land had a regional assembly, the [[Landtag]], which enacted laws (''Landesgesetze'') on matters of regional and mostly minor importance. Until 1848, the ''Landtage'' had been traditional [[diet (assembly)|diets]] (assemblies of the [[estates of the realm]]). They were disbanded after the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Revolutions of 1848]] and reformed after 1860. Some members held their position as ''ex officio'' members (e.g., bishops), while others were elected. There was no universal and equal suffrage, but a mixture of privilege and limited franchise. The executive committee of a Landtag was called ''Landesausschuss'' and headed by a ''[[Landeshauptmann]]'', being president of the Landtag as well.

From 1868 onwards Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] himself (in his function as monarch of a crown land, being king, archduke, grandduke, duke or count) and his [[Imperial–royal|Imperial–Royal]] (''k.k.'') government headed by the [[List of Ministers-President of Austria|Minister-President of Austria]] were represented at the capital cities of the crown lands—except for Vorarlberg which was administered with Tyrol, and Istria and Gorizia-Gradisca which were administered together with Trieste under the common name of Austro-Illyrian Littoral— by a [[stadtholder]] (''Statthalter''), in few crown lands called ''Landespräsident'', who acted as chief executive.
[[File:Austria-Hungary map.svg|400px|thumb|right|'''<u>Austria–Hungary</u>''':<br />'''Cisleithania (Empire of Austria)''': 1. Bohemia, 2. Bukovina, 3. Carinthia, 4. Carniola, 5. Dalmatia, 6. Galicia, 7. Austrian Littoral, 8. Lower Austria, 9. Moravia, 10. Salzburg, 11. Silesia, 12. Styria, 13. Tyrol, 14. Upper Austria, 15. Vorarlberg;<br /> '''Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary)''': 16. Hungary proper 17. Croatia-Slavonia; <br />'''Austrian-Hungarian Condominium''': 18. Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

===Kingdoms===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bohemia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] <small>([[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Land of the Bohemian Crown]])</small>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Dalmatia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Galicia and Lodomeria (1849-1890).svg}} [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]

===Archduchies===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oberösterreich.svg}} [[Upper Austria|Archduchy of Austria above the Enns]] <small>(unofficially Upper Austria)</small>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Niederösterreich.svg}} [[Lower Austria|Archduchy of Austria below the Enns]] <small>(unofficially Lower Austria)</small>

===Grand duchies===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Grand Duchy of Cracow.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] <small>(Subdivision of Galicia and Lodomeria)</small>

===Duchies===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bukowina.svg}} [[Duchy of Bukovina]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Carinthia until 1946.svg}} [[Duchy of Carinthia]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Krain.svg}} [[Duchy of Carniola]]
* {{Flagicon image|Vlag Hertogdom Salzburg.svg}} [[Duchy of Salzburg]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Czech Silesia.svg}} [[Austrian Silesia|Duchy of Silesia]] <small>(Land of the Bohemian Crown)</small>
* {{Flagicon image|Styria Flag until 1960.svg}} [[Duchy of Styria]]

===Margraviates===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Austrian Littoral.svg}} [[Margraviate of Istria]] <small>(Part of the [[Austrian Littoral]])</small>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Prague.svg}} [[Margraviate of Moravia]] <small>(Land of the Bohemian Crown)</small>

===Princely Counties===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Görz und Gradisca.svg}} [[Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] <small>(Part of the Austrian Littoral)</small>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Tirol.svg}} [[Princely County of Tyrol]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Vorarlberg.svg}} [[Princely County of Vorarlberg]]

===Free Cities===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Imperial Free City of Trieste.svg}} [[Imperial Free City of Trieste|Free City of Trieste]] <small>(Part of the Austrian Littoral)</small>

===Condominium===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bosnia (1908–1918).svg}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary|Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] <small>(Governed Jointly by ''Cisleithania'' and ''Transleithania'') from 1878</small>

==Politics==
According to the "December Constitution", a redraft of the emperor's 1861 [[February Patent]], the Austrian government was generally responsible in all affairs concerning the Cisleithanian lands, except for the common [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]] and the [[Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary|Foreign Ministry]], these ''[[Imperial and Royal|k.u.k.]]'' matters remained reserved for the Imperial and Royal Ministers' Council for Common Affairs of Austria-Hungary.
[[File:Reichsrat 1907.jpg|thumb|280px|Initial meeting of the ''Abgeordnetenhaus'' in 1907]]
The Austrian ''[[Imperial Council (Austria)|Reichsrat]]'', a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature implemented in 1861, became the Cisleithanian parliament. Originally consisting of delegates of the ''Landtage'', in 1873 direct election of the House of Deputies (''Abgeordnetenhaus'') was introduced with a four-class franchise [[suffrage]] for male landowners and bourgeois. Equal, direct, secret and universal suffrage—for men—was not introduced until a 1907 electoral reform. In this [[Lower House]] (with 353 members in 1873 and 516 in 1907), at first German-speaking deputies dominated, but with the extension of the suffrage the Slavs gained a majority. An [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] struggle between German-speaking and Slavic deputies, especially in the context of the [[Czech National Revival]], was played out. Leaders of the movement like [[František Palacký]] advocated the [[emancipation]] of the Slavic population within the Monarchy ([[Austroslavism]]), while politicians of the [[Young Czech Party]] principally denied the right of the ''Reichsrat'' to put any decisions relevant for the "[[Czech lands]]", and used means of filibustering as well as absence to torpedo its work. They were antagonized{{dubious|Illogical, or at least anti-intuitive: it seems that both the Young Czechs and the German nationalists had the same goal, of dissolving the empire and moving in the direction of nation-states. It's maybe an editing mistake, where Schönerer was the "antagonist" of the Austroslavists, and not of the Young Czechs - the latter were edited in, inserted, and the larger context was forgotten and the next sentence was not reworded. Very likely, but is it so? As of now, the logic is suffering & aching.|date=December 2020}} by radical [[German nationalism in Austria|German nationalists]] led by [[Georg Ritter von Schönerer|Georg von Schönerer]], demanding the dissolution of the Monarchy and the unification of the "[[German Austria]]n" lands with the [[German Empire]].

After 1893, no ''k.k.'' government was able to rely on a parliamentary majority. Nevertheless, Polish members of parliament and politicians like [[Count Kasimir Felix Badeni]] achieved some success involving Galician Poles by special regulations for this "developing country"; thence the ''Polenklub'' played a constructive role most of the time. Politics were frequently paralysed because of the tensions between different nationalities. When Czech obstruction at the Reichsrat prevented the parliament from working, the emperor went on to rule autocratically through imperial decrees (''Kaiserliche Verordnungen'') submitted by his government. The ''Reichsrat'' was prorogued in March 1914 at the behest of Minister-President Count [[Karl von Stürgkh]], it did not meet during the [[July Crisis]] and was not reconvened until May 1917, after the accession of Emperor [[Charles I of Austria|Karl]] in 1916.

For representation in matters relevant to the whole [[real union]] of Austria-Hungary (foreign affairs, defence, and the financing thereof) the ''Reichsrat'' appointed delegations of 60 members to discuss these matters parallel to Hungarian delegations of the same size and to come, in separate votes, to the same conclusion on the recommendation of the responsible common ministry. In Cisleithania, the 60 delegates consisted of 40 elected members of the House of Representatives (''Abgeordnetenhaus'') and 20 members of the Upper House (''Herrenhaus''). The delegations convened simultaneously, both either in Vienna or in Budapest, though spatially divided. In case of not getting the same decision in three attempts, the law permitted the summoning of a common session of both delegations and the eventual counting of the votes in total, but the Hungarians, who averted any Imperial "roof" over their part of the dual monarchy, as well as the common ministers, carefully avoided reaching this situation. Austria-Hungary as a common entity did not have its own [[jurisdiction]] and legislative power, which was shaped by the fact that there was no common parliament. The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. According to the compromise, the members of the delegates from the two parliaments had no right to debate, they had no right to introduce new perspectives and own ideas during the meetings, they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. All decisions had to be ratified by the Imperial council in Vienna and by the Hungarian parliament in Budapest. Without the Austrian and Hungarian parliamentary ratifications, the decisions of the delegates were not valid in Austria or in Kingdom of Hungary.<ref>{{cite book |author=István Bibó |author-link=István Bibó |title=The Art of Peacemaking: Political Essays by István Bibó|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2015|page=208|isbn=9780300210262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0TwBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Austria-Hungary%22+%22common+parliament%22&pg=PA208}}</ref>

==Population==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
The largest group within Cisleithania were [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[Germans]] (including [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jews]]), who made up around a third of the population. German-speakers and [[Czechs]] made up a majority of the population.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/08/11/97016200.pdf GERMAN AUSTRIA.], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 11, 1918 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])</ref> Almost 60% of Cisleithania's population was ethnically Slavic.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ethnic composition of the Cisleithanian population (1910)
! Ethnicity!! % of total population
|-
|[[German people|Germans]]||33%
|-
|[[Czechs]]||22%
|-
|[[Polish people|Poles]]||15%
|-
|[[Ruthenians]] ([[Ukrainians]])||12%
|-
|[[Slovenes]]||5%
|-
|[[Italians]]||3%
|-
|[[Croats]]||3%
|-
|Other||7%
|-
|colspan="2" align="left" width="500"|<small>Source: ''Allgemeines Verzeichnis der Ortsgemeinden und Ortschaften Österreichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910'' (ed. by K.K. Statistische Zentralkommission, Vienna, 1915) (the latest Austrian [[gazetteer]], register of political communities, giving the results of the 1910 census)</small>
|}

== Religion ==
Religion groups in Cisleithania included Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Evangelicals, Muslims and Jews. Roman Catholics were the largest religious group in the country that accounted for 79% of the population. While on the other hand, Greek Catholics accounted for 12% of the population. In the Austrian half, Orthodox church had 770,000 believers mostly concentrated in Dalmatia and Bukovina which represented 2.3% of the population. The Evengelical churches had 600,000 believers that represented 2% of the population in Cisleithania. Muslims, predominantly Sunni,  became the citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the occupation in 1878 and later annexation in 1908. At the time they were called the Mohammedans and they were accounted for 1.2% of the population. Jews, according to the resource, represented 4.6% of the whole Austro-Hungarian population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Habsburger Website - Translation: Nick Somers |url=https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/diversity-confessions |website=Habsburger}}</ref>       

== See also ==
* [[Imperial Crown of Austria]]
* [[Republic of German-Austria]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|first=Peter|last=Thaler|title=The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building in a Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjUA1kQk54C&pg=PA72|year=2001|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-201-5}}
* Catherine Horel (2023). ''Multicultural Cities of the Habsburg Empire, 1880–1914: imagined communities and conflictual encounters.'' Budapest-Vienna-New York: Central European University Press, {{ISBN|978-9633862896}}.

{{commons category|Cisleithania}}

{{Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary}}

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Empire of Austria (1867–1918)| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary|.]]
[[Category:Leitha]]
[[Category:Geography of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary]]