View source for Clamp (manga artists)

{{Short description|Manga artist group}}
{{Infobox company
| name             = Clamp
| image            = File:Clamp at Anime Expo 2006 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption    = Clamp at [[Anime Expo]] 2006. From left to right: Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Mokona.
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = ja
| type             = [[Manga]] studio
| foundation       = 1987
| location_country = Japan
| key_people       = 
'''Current:'''
{{plainlist|
* [[Nanase Ohkawa]]
* [[Mokona]]
* [[Tsubaki Nekoi]]
* [[Satsuki Igarashi]]}}
'''Former:'''{{plainlist|
*O-Kyon
*Sei Nanao
* [[Tamayo Akiyama]]
*Leeza Sei
*Sōshi Hishika
*Kazue Nakamori
*Shinya Ōmi}}
| homepage         = 
}}
{{Anime and manga}}
'''Clamp''' (stylized in [[all caps]]) is an all-female Japanese [[manga artist]] group, consisting of leader and writer [[Nanase Ohkawa]] (born in Osaka), and three artists whose roles shift for each series: [[Mokona]], [[Tsubaki Nekoi]], and [[Satsuki Igarashi]] (all born in Kyoto).

Clamp was first formed in the mid-1980s as an eleven-member group creating ''[[dōjinshi]]'' (self-published [[Fan labor|fan works]]), and began creating original manga in 1987. By the time the group made its mainstream publishing debut with ''[[RG Veda]]'' in 1989, it was reduced to seven members; three more members left in 1993, leaving the four current members of the group.

Notable works by Clamp include ''[[X (manga)|X]]'' (1992), ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'' (1993), ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'' (1996) and its sequel ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card]]'' (2016), ''[[Chobits]]'' (2000), and ''[[xxxHolic]]'' and ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'' (both 2003). Various series by the group cross-reference each other, and characters reappear in multiple works by the group. Clamp are noted as among the most critically and commercially acclaimed manga artists in Japan, and as of 2007, have sold nearly 100 million books worldwide.<ref name="Wired Magazine: issue 15.11">{{cite journal |last=Pink |first=Daniel H. |title=Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex |date=2007-10-22 |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |journal=[[Wired Magazine]] |issue=15–11 |page=5 |url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga?currentPage=4 |access-date=2009-04-18}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Clamp" refers to a [[storage clamp]], in the sense of "a bunch of potatoes".<ref>[https://www.gwern.net/docs/eva/1997-ledoux-animeinterviewsthefirst5yearsofanimerica.pdf "Nanase Okawa" ''Animerica Anime & Manga Monthly'' 1997 © Viz Communications, Inc., 172]</ref> This is referenced in ''[[Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders]]'', where a teacher is observed saying: "The name 'Clamp' incorporates the words 'hinge,' as well as 'potato mountain,' within its definition."<ref>{{cite book |last=Clamp |title=Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders |volume=1 |page=44 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |isbn=978-1-4215-8202-3 |url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/duklyon-clamp-school-defenders-volume-1/product/4529}}</ref>

==History==

===Before their debut (1980s–1989)===
Clamp originally began in the mid-1980s<ref name=miteiru>{{cite journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902100424/http://web.mit.edu/anime/miteiru%21/2003-02-15.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |url=http://anime.scripts.mit.edu/ |last=Wu |first=Lisa "Skuld" |date=February 2003 |journal=Miteiru! |volume=II |issue=3 |title=The Legend of CLAMP |publisher=[[MIT]] |format=PDF |access-date=2015-02-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as an eleven-member [[dōjinshi]] circle, to fill a booth vacancy at Dream Comic, a doujin event in Osaka. To fill a vacancy next to [[Yun Kōga]]'s CLUB/Y booth, they called themselves CLAMP, since club and clamp both started with {{nihongo|kura|クラ}} in Katakana spelling, and the booths were sorted according to [[gojūon]] order. The original circle included {{nihongo|O-Kyon|お·きょん}}, {{nihongo|Sei Nanao|七穂せい|Nanao Sei}}, {{nihongo|[[Tamayo Akiyama]]|秋山 たまよ|Akiyama Tamayo}}, {{nihongo|Leeza Sei|聖りいざ|Sei Riiza}}, {{nihongo|Sōshi Hishika|日鷺総司|Hishika Sōshi}}, {{nihongo|Kazue Nakamori|中森かずえ|Nakamori Kazue}}, and {{nihongo|Shinya Ōmi|大海神哉| Ōmi Shin'ya}}. Three of Clamp's artists—[[Mokona]], [[Tsubaki Nekoi]], and [[Satsuki Igarashi]]—first began drawing manga when they were teenagers, inspired by friends. The three artists were good friends in the same school. They met and befriended Nanase Ohkawa through one of her friends who had bought comics from Mokona. The original group of eleven members began to meet at every event held in Osaka and Kobe, which usually occurred once a month.<ref name="Clamp North Side">{{cite book |author=Clamp |others=English translation Yuki N. Johnson and Alexis Kirsch |title=Clampノ絵シゴト NORTH SIDE |trans-title=Clamp Art Works North Side Illustration Book |date=January 2005 |publisher=[[Tokyopop]] |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-59182-902-7}}</ref> Before they began creating original work, the group produced dōjinshi of ''[[Captain Tsubasa]]'', and [[yaoi]] dōjinshi of ''[[Saint Seiya]]'' and ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]]''.<ref name="Wired Magazine: issue 15.11"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Sébastien |last=Kimbergt |contribution=Ces mangas qui utilisent le yaoi pour doper leurs ventes |editor-last=Brient |editor-first=Hervé |title=Homosexualité et manga : le yaoi |publisher=Editions H |series=Manga: 10000 images |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-9531781-0-4 |pages=113–115 |language=fr}}</ref> However, in 1987, the group stopped dōjinshi and began creating original work; it was at this time they began working on ''[[RG Veda]]'', a loose adaptation of the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref name=miteiru/> Their first collaborative work was entitled "Clamp", which they continued to work on until shortly after their debut.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/>

The group debuted as professional [[manga artist]]s when they decided to print the manga ''RG Veda'', which they had first started as a fan comic. After seeing the [[digest size|comic digest]] of the manga series that Clamp had published, an editor for [[Shinshokan]]'s ''[[Wings (manga magazine)|Wings]]'' manga magazine asked the group to work for them. They submitted an approximately sixty-page story as a sample, but the work was rejected. Ohkawa later lambasted the draft, stating that "everything was bad" and attributing the quality to the group's lack of experience, since they had never before completed a story as a cohesive group. The group was given another chance at publication should they submit a new story that Shinshokan liked; this time, they submitted ''RG Veda'', which was serialized in ''Wings'' magazine.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/>

During the time before their official debut, the group moved to Tokyo and rented a small, two-bedroom apartment. Ohkawa stated that she thought she was "gonna die there". Nekoi stated that "the only private space [they] had was under [their] desk."<ref name="Clamp North Side"/>

By the time ''[[RG Veda]]'' debuted, its members had gone down to seven.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile:1987 |publisher=Clamp |url=http://www.clamp-net.com/html/contents/profile/#1987 |access-date=2009-04-15 |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527124204/http://www.clamp-net.com/html/contents/profile/#1987 |archive-date=2011-05-27 }}</ref> During the production of the manga ''RG Veda'', O-Kyon had left the group. In June 1990, Nanao officially left the group (last mentioned in ''Shōten 6'').<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> Hishika, Nakamori and Ōmi officially left in March 1993 (as mentioned in the Shōten 3).{{Verify source|date=May 2009}} In October 1992, Akiyama and Sei officially left the group.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

''RG Veda'' was originally planned to be a single story rather than a series, although because of good reader response and higher-than-expected sales for its first volume Shinshokan permitted the group to create more volumes,<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> however after each chapter of the manga was released, Shinshokan threatened that it would cease serialization should its popularity fall.

In July 1989, ''Genki Comics'' began serializing Clamp's second work, ''[[Man of Many Faces]]''.

===1990–1999===
''Genki Comics'' began serializing ''[[Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders]]'' in August 1991, which became the work that the three artists Mokona, Nekoi, and Igarashi enjoyed working on most.<ref name="FocusPanel2">{{cite web |title=Anime Expo 15 Cosplay 2006 |publisher=John (Phoenix) Brown |date=January 11, 2009 |url=http://www.phoenixanime.com/ax06/page5.htm |access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref>  In March 1990, ''Wings'' began serializing ''[[Tokyo Babylon]]''. In December 1990, ''[[Monthly Asuka]]'' ran ''[[Clamp School Detectives]]'', and in May 1992, it began serializing ''[[X (manga)|X]]''.

Clamp was serialized by many other magazines and publishers including [[Kobunsha]] publishing ''[[Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales]]'' on June 10, 1992. In 1993, Clamp released two different manga: in March, ''[[Miyuki-chan in Wonderland]]'', which began serializing in ''[[Newtype]]'', and in November, ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'' which was serialized in ''[[Nakayoshi]]''. ''Nakayoshi'' also began to serialize ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'' in May 1996; Ohkawa, Clamp's leader and storyboarder, particularly enjoyed working on ''Cardcaptor Sakura'' because unlike many of her previous works, it wasn't tragic.<ref name="FocusPanel2"/> [[Kadokawa Shoten]] published ''[[The One I Love (manga)|The One I Love]]'' on July 17, 1995. ''[[Wish (manga)|Wish]]'' first began serializing in ''[[Monthly Asuka|Asuka Comics DX]]'' in October 1996. In December 1998, ''[[Suki: A Like Story]]'' began first serializing in Asuka Comics DX, and in January 1999, ''[[Angelic Layer]]'' first began serializing in ''[[Monthly Shōnen Ace]]''.

===2000–2009===
[[File:Syaoran Clamp.jpg|thumb|450px|Clamp's cross-referencing and storytelling led to characters being re-used in different ways. Left: [[Syaoran Li]], originally from ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]''. Centre: [[Syaoran (Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, clone)|Syaoran]] as he first appears in later work ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]''. Right: an alternative [[Syaoran (Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, original)|Syaoran]] who appears later in ''Tsubasa''.]]
In 2001, ''[[Young Magazine]]'' began serializing Clamp's ''[[Chobits]]'' which completed its run in 2002. Although their previous works are targeted at a female audience, ''Chobits'' marked the first time Clamp wrote for an older teen male audience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clamp |author-link=Clamp (manga artists) |others=Translanted and adapted by [[Tokyopop]] |title=Clamp no Kiseki Vol. 7 |publisher=Tokyopop |year=2005 |location=[[Los Angeles]] |page=11 |isbn=978-1-59532-611-9}}</ref> Clamp began writing the two works that tell separate parts of the same overarching plot, ''[[xxxHolic]]'' serialized in ''Young Magazine'' beginning in 2003 followed by ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'' serialized in the ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'' beginning in the same year.<ref name="ccs">{{cite web |title=Cardcaptor Sakura Sequel |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=May 21, 2003<!-- 23:30 EDT -->|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-05-21/cardcaptor-sakura-sequel |access-date=April 19, 2009}}</ref> ''Tsubasa'' marked the first time Clamp had ever tried writing for a younger male audience, although their first work published in the Shōnen demographic was ''[[Angelic Layer]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book |last=Clamp |author-link=Clamp (manga artists) |others=Translanted and adapted by William Flanagan |title=Tsubasa CHARACTer GuiDE |publisher=[[Del Rey Manga|Del Rey]] |year=2006 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tsubasacharacter00clam/page/126 126–132] |isbn=978-0-345-49484-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tsubasacharacter00clam/page/126 }}</ref>

In 2004, Clamp's 15th anniversary as a manga artist group, the members changed their names from [[Nanase Ohkawa]], Mokona Apapa, Mick Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi to Ageha Ohkawa, [[Mokona]], [[Tsubaki Nekoi]] and [[Satsuki Igarashi]] (her name is pronounced the same, but written with different characters) respectively.<ref name="Chang Interview"/> To celebrate Clamp's 15th anniversary, [[Tokyopop]] released a twelve-part magazine series entitled ''[[Clamp no Kiseki]]'' that contained a plethora of information for fans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Lesley |title=Happy Birthday, Clamp! |work=Animefringe |date=April 2005 |url=http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2005/04/feature/01.php |access-date=2009-04-18}}</ref> The August 2004 issue of ''[[Newtype USA]]'', a magazine specializing in events of the [[anime]] and [[manga]] subcultures, reported that the members of Clamp simply wanted to try out new names. In a later interview with Ohkawa, it was revealed that initially Mokona wanted to drop her surname because it sounded too immature for her liking, while Nekoi disliked people mistakenly commenting on her as [[Mick Jagger|a Rolling Stones member]]. Ohkawa and Igarashi, wanting to go with the flow of Nekoi's and Mokona's name changes, changed their names as well.<ref name="Chang Interview">{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Chih-Chieh |title=Interview with Ageha Ohkawa and Mitsuhisa Ishikawa |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=March 2, 2006 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature.php?id=245 |access-date=2007-10-15}}</ref>

In 2006, Clamp provided the character designs for ''[[Code Geass]]''. This came into fruition after producer Yoshitaka Kawaguchi called them. This also marked Clamp's first time being requested to provide a character design for an anime series not originally created by them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with Ichirō Ōkouchi|work=Code Geass DVD Volume 1|publisher=[[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with Gorō Taniguchi and Ageha Ōkawa, head writer of Clamp|work=[[Newtype]], May 2007 issue}}</ref>

Ohkawa made her first appearance overseas at the [[Taipei International Book Exhibition]] sponsored by [[Production I.G]] that same year.<ref name="Chang Interview"/> During an interview there, she announced that Clamp would be making its first United States public debut at ''[[Anime Expo]]'' in July in [[Anaheim, California]] co-sponsored by Anime Expo, [[Del Rey Manga]], [[Funimation]] and Tokyopop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clamp scheduled for US appearance in July |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2006-03-08<!-- 15:51 EST -->|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-03-08/clamp-scheduled-for-us-appearance-in-july |access-date=2009-04-10}}</ref><ref name="Anime Expo 2006">{{cite web |title=Clamp to make first U.S. appearance |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=April 10, 2006 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2006-04-10/clamp-to-make-first-u.s-appearance |access-date=2009-04-10}}</ref> They were well received at the convention as fans completely filled all 6,000 seats present in the auditorium of the focus panel in addition to more on the waiting list.<ref name="FocusPanel2"/> By 2006, Clamp had reportedly sold in excess of 90 million copies of their manga internationally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clamp at Anime Expo |publisher=ICv2 |date=2006-11-04 |url=http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/8493.html |access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref>

===2010–present===
While ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle|Tsubasa]]'' ended in October 2009, ''xxxHolic'' ended in early 2011. The authors were satisfied with the two manga ending commenting it was difficult to serialize the two interconnected manga at the same time due to ''Tsubasa''{{'}}s focus on action which required them to write side stories for ''xxxHolic''.<ref name="finalinter">{{cite web |title=CLAMP ：「想像以上に大変でした」"×××HOLiC""ツバサ"異例の並行連載7年を振り返る|language=ja|publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|date=March 5, 2011|url=http://mantan-web.jp/2011/03/05/20110305dog00m200014000c.html|trans-title=CLAMP: "It was hard to imagine more "×××HOLiC" "Tsubasa" looking back on an unprecedented 7 year simultaneous serialization|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307223025/http://mantan-web.jp/2011/03/05/20110305dog00m200014000c.html|archive-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

Clamp collaborated in the ''[[Blood: The Last Vampire]]'' spin off anime, ''[[Blood-C]]'', as they are responsible for designing the characters and providing the story. Ohkawa wrote the scripts with series supervisor, Junichi Fujisaku for both anime series and the sequel movie, ''[[Blood-C: The Last Dark]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-03-24/clamp-i.g-to-collaborate-on-blood-c-original-anime|title=CLAMP, I.G to Collaborate on Blood-C Original Anime|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=March 24, 2011|access-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-08/clamp-blood-c-to-be-made-as-both-tv-series-and-film|title=CLAMP's Blood-C to Be Made as Both TV series and Film|date=2011-04-08|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-12-02/blood-c/the-last-dark-anime-film-trailer-streamed|title=Blood-C The Last Dark Anime Film's Trailer Streamed|date=2011-12-02|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref>

''Legal Drug'' restarted serialization in the same year in Kadokawa Shoten's ''Young Ace'' under the new title of ''Drug and Drop''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-08-06/clamp-to-start-new-lawful-drug-manga-series|title=Clamp to Start New Lawful Drug Manga Series|publisher=Anime News Network|date=August 6, 2011|access-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref> A new ''xxxHolic'' manga titled ''XXXHOLiC Rei'' also started serialization in Kodansha's ''Young Magazine'' in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-02/clamp-to-launch-xxxholic-rei-manga-next-february|title=Clamp to launch xxxHolic Rei manga next February|date=December 2, 2012|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=December 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-07/xxxholic-rei-manga-delayed-to-early-march|title=xxxHolic: Rei manga delayed to early March|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref>

Clamp also provided character design for [[Studio Deen]]'s the anime adaptation of ''[[Kabukibu!]]'', which aired in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherman|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-15/clamp-designed-kabukibu-anime-reveals-cast-with-video/.112272|title=CLAMP-designed Kabukibu! Anime Reveals Cast with Video|date=2017-02-15|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref>

''[[Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card]]'' began serialization in 2016 with an anime that aired from January to June 2018 on [[NHK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/cardcaptor-sakura-new-manga-series-sequel-and-launches-june-529577 |title='Cardcaptor Sakura' New Manga Series Is A Sequel And Launches In June |last=Martinez |first=Phillip |date=26 April 2016 |website=iDigitalTimes |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110936/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/cardcaptor-sakura-new-manga-series-sequel-and-launches-june-529577 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-02/cardcaptor-sakura-gets-new-project-to-celebrate-manga-20th-anniversary/.98171 |title=Cardcaptor Sakura Gets 'New Project' to Celebrate Manga's 20th Anniversary |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 February 2016 |publisher=Anime News Network |access-date=21 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-11-26/cardcaptor-sakura-clear-card-arc-manga-gets-tv-anime-series-in-january-2018/.109204 |title=Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Arc Manga Gets TV Anime Series in January 2018 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 November 2016 |publisher=Anime News Network |access-date=21 February 2017 }}</ref>

On October 19, 2020, the official Clamp fans website posted a link to a YouTube video due to start on October 25, 2020. These daily links are each accompanied by a graphic displaying the number of days to go until the announcement, and a single word. Each word relates to a chapter of ''Tokyo Babylon'' from the respectively numbered [[Tankōbon|tankobon]] volume. This has caused speculation among Clamp's fans that a new ''Tokyo Babylon'' related work is due to be announced.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wolf|first=Ian|url=https://animeuknews.net/2020/10/speculation-growing-over-forthcoming-news-from-clamp/|title=Speculation growing over forthcoming news from CLAMP|publisher=Anime UK News|date=October 20, 2020|access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref> On October 25, 2020, at 15:00 UTC (October 26, 2020 at midnight Japan Standard Time), a trailer was released for a new anime adaptation of ''Tokyo Babylon''. The new series, ''Tokyo Babylon 2021'', will be released and set the story in the year 2021. It was to be made by the studio [[GoHands]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-10-25/clamp-tokyo-babylon-manga-gets-tv-anime-in-2021-by-gohands/.165573|title=CLAMP's Tokyo Babylon Manga Gets TV Anime in 2021 by GoHands|publisher=Anime News Network|date=October 25, 2020|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref> The series was to debut in April 2021, but was postponed due to the production team's plagiarism incident.<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-11-19/clamp-tokyo-babylon-2021-tv-anime-unveils-cast-staff-new-video-april-debut/.166505|title= CLAMP's Tokyo Babylon 2021 TV Anime Unveils Cast, Staff, New Video, April Debut|date=November 19, 2020|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-24/tokyo-babylon-2021-anime-delayed-from-april-2021-due-to-plagiarism-incident/.167817|title=Tokyo Babylon 2021 Anime Delayed From April 2021 Due to Plagiarism Incident|date=2020-12-24|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> On March 28, 2021, the production committee announced that the series's production was discontinued, and Clamp and the production committee will restart the anime series with a different studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-03-28/tokyo-babylon-2021-anime-canceled-with-restart-planned-after-more-plagiarism-uncovered/.171243|title=Tokyo Babylon 2021 Anime Canceled with Restart Planned, After More Plagiarism Uncovered|last=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|date=2021-03-28|website=Anime News Network|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref>

In January 2021, it was announced that a new series in the ''Cardfight!! Vanguard'' franchise will begin on April 3, 2021, and will feature character designs by Clamp. The new series will be called ''[[Cardfight!! Vanguard|Vanguard overDress]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=New Cardfight!! Vanguard Series Vanguard overDress Announced|url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/new-cardfight-vanguard-series-vanguard-overdress-announced/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Otaku USA Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2021, it was announced that Clamp will collaborate with [[Netflix]] to produce an original anime series based on the ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'', with [[Wit Studio]] handling the animation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-15/netflix-collaboration-with-clamp-to-adapt-grimm-fairy-tales-with-wit-studio/.173977|title=Netflix's Collaboration With CLAMP to Adapt Grimm's Fairy Tales With WIT Studio|last=Hazra|first=Adriana|date=2021-06-15|website=Anime News Network|access-date=2021-06-15}}</ref> In March 2024, the series' title was revealed as ''[[The Grimm Variations]]'', which was released as a Netflix exclusive in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-03-20/netflix-streams-the-grimm-variations-anime-on-april-17/.208965|title=Netflix Streams The Grimm Variations Anime on April 17|last=Mateo|first=Alex|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2024-03-20|access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref>

==Business model==
The members of Clamp all share a single workplace and as such do not need to arrange specific meetings.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> [[Nanase Ohkawa]] acts as the group's spokesperson, producer-director, and storyboarder.<ref name="NYT report"/> [[Mokona]] is the chief character designer, while Igarashi and Nekoi work for the background; however, the three often shuffle their roles.<ref name="Chang Interview"/> Sometimes, they may split the work of the characters and backgrounds or have one person draw all the art depending on the story. The three artists try to stay as "close as possible" to Ohkawa's original designs. Ohkawa advises the artists on what colors to use.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> Although Ohkawa chooses which projects they decide to decline or accept, [[Satsuki Igarashi]] decides on the actual time and order the group works on each project, creating the schedules for time allotted to each individual work.<ref name="Clamp Focus Panel"/> They do not have any assistants, stating that assistants would slow them down because they would not understand the "years worth of jargon" they created among themselves.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/>

Once Ohkawa has conceived a story, the four members of the group gather "to discuss the purpose of the story and its main characters". After the group members become familiar with the story, Ohkawa drafts an outline for the story and determines the story's setting.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> The ending for each story is predetermined.<ref name="FocusPanel2"/> Ohkawa designs many of the characters early in the story's development; frequently appearing guest characters are designed from the beginning whereas minor characters are designed early on.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> As Ohkawa drafts the outline, the other three members formulate character designs by creating character profile sheets so as to avoid confusion.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/> After drawing a sample story and sketch for their editor and receiving approval, Ohkawa assigns the roles to each group member and then chooses the visual styles depending on factors such as the complexity of the story, the chosen art style, and its relationship to the group's other works.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/><ref name="Chang Interview"/><ref name="NYT report"/><ref name="Clamp Focus Panel"/> Ohkawa provides a rough draft for each chapter detailing things such as dialogue, panel size, props, movement, and character's emotions.<ref name="Clamp North Side"/>

On average for each chapter that they produce (for Clamp, an average of 20 pages of artwork in a magazine), storyboarding takes twelve hours, the script takes eight hours to write, and the artwork depends on the story. For example, a chapter of ''[[xxxHolic]]'' takes two days, whereas a chapter of ''[[X (manga)|X]]'' took four to five days.<ref name="FocusPanel2"/>

==Style==
[[File:Sakura, Syaoran, Yuko Ichihara cosplayers at NCCBF 2010-04-18 1.JPG|thumb|right|A group [[cosplay]]ing three Clamp characters: [[Sakura (Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle)|Sakura]] (top left) and [[Syaoran (Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, clone)|Syaoran]] (top right) from ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]''; and [[Yuko Ichihara]] (bottom) from ''[[xxxHolic]]''.]]
In general, Ohkawa gets her inspiration for the group from everyday events such as dreams or the news.<ref name="Clamp Focus Panel">{{cite web |last=Bertschy |first=Zac |title=Clamp Focus Panel and Press Conference |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2006-07-03 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2006/anime-expo/22 |access-date=2009-04-12}}</ref> Unlike most manga artists who specialize in a single genre, Clamp has created a diverse body of work.<ref name="NYT report"/> Clamp's genres vary widely, from childish and comedic (''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'',''[[Clamp School Detectives]]'') to more dramatic and teen-rated (''[[xxxHolic]]'', ''[[X (manga)|X]]'') series. Furthermore, drawing from the idea of [[Osamu Tezuka's Star System]] as they did in ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Fujie |first=Kazuhisa |author-link=Kazuhisa Fujie |author2=LABAAMEN |author2-link=LABAAMEN |title=Tsubasa Chronicle Factbook: Mystery, Magic & Mischief |publisher=[[DH Publishing]] |year=2008 |page=10 |isbn=978-1-932897-26-5}}</ref> Clamp often crossover characters from their own series into their other works, which gives rise to a loosely defined "Clamp Universe".<ref name="Oppliger"/>

Although most of their manga are female-oriented, Clamp has also attracted male readers in their early works through their handling of fight scenes in ''X'' and ''Tokyo Babylon''.<ref name="manganews">{{cite web|url=https://www.manga-news.com/index.php/manga/critique/X-1999-Double/vol-1|title=X - 1999 - Double Vol.1|website=Manga News|access-date=11 December 2020|language=fr|date=7 January 2020|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109035714/https://www.manga-news.com/index.php/manga/critique/X-1999-Double/vol-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="askjohn1543">{{cite web|url= http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/04/23/ask-john-should-there-be-more-variety-in-shonen-shoujo-anime/|title= Ask John: Should There Be More Variety in Shōnen & Shōjo Anime?|date= 23 April 2007|access-date= 1 July 2007|publisher= Anime Nation|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927113540/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/04/23/ask-john-should-there-be-more-variety-in-shonen-shoujo-anime/|archive-date= 27 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Divers|first=Allen|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/tankobon-tower/2003-07-02|title=A New Beginning - TT|work=Anime News Network|date=2 July 2003|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411064419/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/tankobon-tower/2003-07-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zonanegativa.com/tokyo-babylon/|language=Spanish|title=Tokyo Babylon|website=ZonaNegativa|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=November 11, 2021}}</ref> ''Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle'' is a male-oriented manga but Clamp still added multiple motifs to attracts readers such as Syaoran's romantic journey.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shōjo Across Media: Exploring "Girl" Practices in Contemporary Japan|page=241|asin=B07NYCQYCG|year=2019|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> ''[[xxxHolic]]'' is an adult-oriented manga but it uses Kimihiro Watanuki as a protagonist that would attract a female demographic.<ref name="mangacultures">{{cite book|title=Manga Cultures and the Female Gaze|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|author=Hemmann, Kathryn|isbn=978-3030180942|year=2020}}</ref>

===Art===
The current members of Clamp took art-focused classes during their high school. However, [[Tsubaki Nekoi]] feels that, aside from basic art skills, drawing manga requires a different skill set; however, none of the group members has worked as an assistant for already established manga artists, and most of their ability is self-taught.<ref name="Clamp Focus Panel"/> Clamp's manga is distinguished by its diverse visual styles.<ref name="NYT report"/> Their work ''[[Clover (Clamp manga)|Clover]]'', for example, is remarkable for its heavy use of [[negative space]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manga: Clover (Clamp) vol.1 |publisher=[[Chibi Reviews]] |date=2008-03-09 |url=http://www.chibi-reviews.com/2008/03/09/manga-clover-clamp/ |access-date=2009-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222182151/http://www.chibi-reviews.com/2008/03/09/manga-clover-clamp/ |archive-date=2012-02-22 }}</ref>

===Themes===
Clamp's works span a wide variety of themes. As opposed to keeping consistent themes across their works or having individual themes for each work, Nanase Ohkawa stated "we come up with a new theme for each story. One thing to say each time." Their works often deal with the theme of human fate that relates to Ohkawa's view on life; Ohkawa believes that "fate is something you choose", not a "mystical force manipulating your destiny", and that with determination and resolve, "you can change your fate".<ref name="Animerica Interview">{{cite book |editor-last=Ledoux |editor-first=Trish |title=Anime Interviews: The First Five Years of Animerica, Anime & Manga Monthly (1992-97) |publisher=[[Viz Media|Cadence Books]] |year=2005 |location=[[San Francisco]] |page=177 |isbn=978-1-56931-220-9}}</ref>

Also common is the idea of [[soulmate]]s, or couples tied together by [[destiny|fate]]. Syaoran and Sakura (featured in both ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'' and ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'') are among Clamp's signature couples that best fits this representation. As also seen in ''Magic Knight Rayearth'', three girls are bound together by fate to save Cephiro. Fate is also the reason the three girls consider each other "sisters"; another idea that elaborates people being tied together (family cannot be chosen). Clamp also explores the idea of [[chastity|chaste]] or pure [[romantic love|love]] (as in the manga ''[[Chobits]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Lamarre |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Lamarre |title=The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/animemachinemedi00lama |url-access=limited |date=October 30, 2009  |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-0-8166-5154-2 |chapter=Chapter 17 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/animemachinemedi00lama/page/n259 221]–233}}</ref> Clamp's disregard for sex or gender (or at times biological age) in these couples has led them to write same-sex couples into many of their manga in contrast to many other manga artists (for example, Tōya and Yukito in ''Cardcaptor Sakura''). A number of such couples have been shown together across parallel dimensions in the Clamp [[multiverse]]. Although Clamp often writes romantic works, Ohkawa has mentioned that she feels that it is more putting one's life on the line than love that causes women to grow or change.<ref name="Clamp Focus Panel"/>  Clamp never features love as a central theme; Ohkawa stated in an interview with Takeshi Oshiguchi in 1997 for ''[[Animerica]]'' that she is not "good at love stories" since her "idea of a relationship is different from that of a lot of other people".<ref name="Animerica Interview"/>

Perhaps drawing inspiration from Ohkawa's own poor right-eye vision, Clamp frequently features one-eyed characters or characters that lose their sight in one eye as means to express the feeling of loneliness (for example, Subaru and Seishirō in ''Tokyo Babylon'' and ''X'' and Fay in ''Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle''). However, there is always something later on that comes to supplement the loss in vision.<ref name="Clamp Focus Panel"/>

==Works==
{{Main|List of Clamp works}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Start !! End !! Title !! Publisher !! Serialized in !! Status !! Volumes
|-
|1989
|1996
|''[[RG Veda]]''
|[[Shinshokan]]
|''[[Wings (manga magazine)|Wings]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|10
|-
|1990
|1991
|''[[Man of Many Faces]]''
|[[Kadokawa Shoten]]
|''[[Newtype]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|2
|-
|1990
|1993
|''[[Tokyo Babylon]]''
|Shinshokan
|''Wings''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|7
|-
|1991
|1993
|''[[Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Newtype Comic Genki''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|2
|-
|1992
|1993
|''[[Clamp School Detectives]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''[[Monthly Asuka]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|3
|-
|1992
|1992
|''[[Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales|Shirahimeshou: Snow Goddess Tales]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Monthly Asuka''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|1
|-
|1992
|2003
|''[[X (manga)|X/1999]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Monthly Asuka''
|{{No|Halted<ref name="X Note" group="n">The remaining uncollected chapters following the hiatus were collected into "Volume 18.5", first released in the book ''All About Clamp''. These were released as their own tankobon, "Volume 18.5", on 4 November 2023. </ref>}}
|19
|-
|1992
|1994
|''[[Legend of Chun Hyang]]''
|[[Hakusensha]]
|''Serie Mystery - Special''
|{{Yes|Complete}}
|1
|-
|1993
|1995
|''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]''
|[[Kodansha]]
|''[[Nakayoshi]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|3
|-
|1993
|1995
|''[[Miyuki-chan in Wonderland]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''[[Newtype]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|1
|-
|1993
|1995
|''[[The One I Love (manga)|The One I Love]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Young Rose Comics DX''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|1
|-
|1995
|1996
|''[[Magic Knight Rayearth 2]]''
|Kodansha
|''Nakayoshi''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|3
|-
|1995
|1998
|''[[Wish (manga)|Wish]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Monthly Asuka''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|4
|-
|1996
|2000
|''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]''
|Kodansha
|''Nakayoshi''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|12
|-
|1997
|1999
|''[[Clover (Clamp manga)|Clover]]''
|Kodansha
|''Amie''
|{{no|Halted}}
|4
|-
|1999
|2001
|''[[Angelic Layer]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''[[Monthly Shōnen Ace]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|5
|-
|1999
|2000
|''[[Suki: A Like Story]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Monthly Asuka''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|3
|-
|2000
|2003
|''[[Legal Drug]]''
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''Monthly Asuka''
|{{yes|Complete<ref name="Legal Drug Note" group="n">''Drug & Drop'' is the continuation of ''Legal Drug''</ref>}}
|3
|-
|2000
|2002
|''[[Chobits]]''
|Kodansha
|''[[Young Magazine]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|8

|-
|2002
|2002
|''[[Murikuri]]''
|Kodansha
|''Young Magazine''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|1 (one shot)
|-
|2003
|2011
|''[[xxxHolic]]''
|Kodansha
|''Young Magazine'', then ''Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|19
|-
|2003
|2009
|''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]''
|Kodansha
|''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|28
|-
|2005
|2011
|''[[Kobato]]''
|[[Shogakukan]], then Kadokawa Shoten
|''[[Monthly Sunday Gene-X]]'', then ''Newtype''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|6
|-
|2011
|2013
|''[[Gate 7]]''
|[[Shueisha]]
|''[[Jump SQ]]''
|{{No|Halted}}
|4 (23 chapters)
|-
|2011
|2013
|''[[Legal Drug|Drug & Drop]]''<ref name="Legal Drug Note" group="n" />
|Kadokawa Shoten
|''[[Young Ace]]''
|{{No|Halted}}
|2 (17 chapters)
|-
|2013
|N/A
|''[[xxxHolic|xxxHolic: Rei]]''
|Kodansha
|''[[Young Magazine]]''
|{{Yes-No|Current}}
|4 (67 chapters)
|-
|2014
|2016
|''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle|Tsubasa World Chronicle: Nirai Kanai-hen]]''
|Kodansha
|''[[Magazine Special]]''
|{{yes|Complete}}
|3 (19 chapters + extra)
|-
|2016
|2024
| ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card]]''
|Kodansha
| ''Nakayoshi''
|{{yes|Complete}}
| 16 (80 chapters)
|}

==Reception and awards==
Mystery has surrounded the members of Clamp as, in order to avoid being harassed by overzealous fans, they avoid making public appearances.<ref name="Chang Interview"/> In polls conducted by marketing research firm [[Oricon]], Clamp was elected ninth most popular manga artist from Japan in 2007, while they were eighth in 2008, sharing the spot with [[Fujiko F. Fujio]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2011-05-26|publisher=[[Oricon]]|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/16945/|date=2006-03-30|title=『NANA』の矢沢あいが好きなマンガ家No.1！}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-02-01|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-03-04/oricon-nana-yazawa-db-toriyama-are-most-popular|date=2008-03-04|title=Oricon: Nana's Yazawa, DB's Toriyama are Most Popular}}</ref>

[[Gen Fukunaga]], the president and CEO of [[Funimation]], has praised Clamp as being "one of the most acclaimed groups of artists in Japan".<ref name="Anime Expo 2006"/> According to Charles Solomon, a journalist for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Clamp "ranks among the most successful creators of manga ... in Japan and the United States". Dallas Middaugh, associate publisher of [[Del Rey Manga]], stated that Clamp was an integral part of "manga explosion" that has been occurring in the United States over the past few years. He also praised the group's artwork and storytelling style as having "struck a strong chord with male and female manga readers".<ref name="NYT report">{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Solomon |title=Four Mothers of Manga Gain American Fans With Expertise in a Variety of Visual Styles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/28/arts/design/28clam.html?ex=1322370000&en=915b5385604af201&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 28, 2006 |access-date=2009-04-14}}</ref> The group was placed third after the winner for the [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] in the Children's category in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shogakukan Manga Award |publisher=Joel Hahn |url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/shogakukan.php |access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref> Their work ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'' won the [[Seiun Award#Best Comic of the Year|Seiun Award]] for best manga in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=List |date=2007-09-05 |url=http://www.sf-fan.gr.jp/awards/list.html |access-date=2009-04-14}}</ref> Almost 100 million Clamp ''[[tankōbon]]'' copies have been sold worldwide as of October 2007.<ref name="Wired Magazine: issue 15.11"/> Various of their selling series include ''xxxHolic'' and ''Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle'' that have sold over eleven million and twenty million volumes, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clamp |author-link=Clamp (manga artists) |title=xxxHolic #17|publisher=[[Kodansha]] |year=2010 |page=1 |isbn=978-4-06-375906-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mantan-web.jp/2009/09/30/20090930mog00m200001000c.html|script-title=ja:ツバサ ：ＣＬＡＭＰの2000万部マンガが「完結」 ６年の連載に幕|trans-title=Tsubasa: Clamp manga of 20 million copies completed|publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|language=ja|date=September 30, 2009|access-date=January 1, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054228/http://mantan-web.jp/2009/09/30/20090930mog00m200001000c.html|archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref>

When asked about the universal popularity of Clamp's works, [[John Oppliger]] of [[AnimeNation]] stated that although it is "not based on originality [or] their artistic skill", they possess a distinct style that "perfectly mesh[es] the conventional attributes of [[shōnen manga|shōnen]] and [[shōjo manga]]". He also pointed out that Clamp often "recycles" characters from their own earlier works, which gave rise to "a loosely defined 'Clamp Universe' that gives much of their work a unifying tone", and creates "absorbing, complex narratives that appeal to both male and female readers". All these factors result in "a [[cult following]] devoted to anything and everything the group publishes".<ref name="Oppliger">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/10/24/ask-john-what-makes-clamp-works-so-special/|title=Ask John: What Makes Clamp Works So Special?|first=John|last=Oppliger|author-link=AnimeNation#John Oppliger|date=2007-10-24|access-date=2007-10-26|publisher=[[AnimeNation]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222042013/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/10/24/ask-john-what-makes-clamp-works-so-special/|archive-date=2012-02-22}}</ref> ''[[The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917|The Anime Encyclopedia]]'' authors stated that "whatever Clamp are on, we'd like some".<ref>Jonathan Clements, Helen McCarthy. ''[[The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917]]. Revised and Expanded Edition.'' — Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2006. — P. 635. — {{ISBN|978-1-933330-10-5}}</ref>

[[Helen McCarthy]] in ''500 Essential Anime Movies'' stated that Clamp's works "are among the most successful manga and anime with Western fans".<ref>[[Helen McCarthy|McCarthy, Helen]]. ''500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide''. — Harper Design, 2009. — P. 49. — 528 p. — {{ISBN|978-0061474507}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="n" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
<!-- per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only -->
*{{Official website|http://www.clamp-net.com}} {{in lang|ja}}
*{{anime News Network|people|5765|Clamp}}
*{{IMDb name|1220477}}

{{Clamp}}
{{X/1999}}
{{Magic Knight Rayearth}}
{{Cardcaptor Sakura}}
{{Chobits}}
{{xxxHolic|state=collapsed}}
{{Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clamp (Manga Artists)}}
[[Category:Clamp (manga artists)| ]]
[[Category:Japanese female comics artists]]
[[Category:Women manga artists]]
[[Category:Manga artists]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese women writers]]
[[Category:Collective pseudonyms]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]