View source for Coahuila

{{short description|State of Mexico}}
{{for|the Native American people|Coahuiltecan}}
{{expand Spanish|date=January 2023|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Coahuila
| official_name      = {{raise|0.2em|Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza}}<br />{{nobold|''Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza'' {{small|([[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}
| settlement_type    = [[States of Mexico|State]]
| image_flag         = <!--As per the consensus reached at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mexico]] (oldid: 1007177146), this article should not use a flag because none is officially recognized by the government of the state-->
| flag_size          = 
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Coahuila.svg
| shield_size        = 80px
| nickname           = <!-- NO -->
| motto              = ''Plus Ultra'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 |border            = infobox
 |total_width        = 280
 |perrow             = 1/2/2/2
 |caption_alignment  = center
| image1            =
| caption1 = [[Saltillo]], the capital city of Coahuila
| image2           = 
| caption2 = [[Coahuila State Government Palace]] 
|image3            =
 |caption3 = Forest of [[Arteaga, Coahuila|Arteaga]], [[Saltillo metropolitan area]]
| image4            = Las Playitas Cuatrocienegas 2.jpg
|caption4 =  [[Cuatro Ciénegas]]
| image5 = Espiga de trigo.jpg
|caption5 = [[Torreón]]    
| image6 = AstaBanderaMonumental.JPG
| caption6 = [[Piedras Negras, Coahuila|Piedras Negras]]
| image7 = ParroquiadeSantiagoApóstolMonclova-SolyPepe201209 016.jpg
|caption7 = [[Monclova]]
}}
| anthem             = {{center|[[File:Himno de Coahuila.ogg]]<br>[[State Anthem of Coahuila]]<br>(Español: Himno Coahuilense)}}
| image_map          = Coahuila in Mexico (location map scheme).svg
| map_caption        = State of Coahuila within Mexico
| coordinates        = {{coord|27|18|N|102|3|W|region:MX-COA_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Mexico]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Capital city|Capital]]<br>{{nobold|and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]]}}
| subdivision_name1  = [[Saltillo]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Metropolitan area|Largest metro]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Comarca Lagunera|La Laguna]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Municipalities of Coahuila|38]]
| established_title  = [[Sovereign state|Admission]]
| established_date   = May 7, 1824<ref>{{cite news | title=La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano|isbn = 9789681205867| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&pg=PA227 | language =es|last1 = Benson|first1 = Nettie Lee|year = 1994}}</ref>
| established_title2 = [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|Order]]
| established_date2  = [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|16th]]{{Ref label|engoffbox|a|}}
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = 
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_title       = [[Governor of Coahuila|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Manolo Jiménez Salinas]]
| leader_title1      = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]
| leader_name1       = {{nowrap|[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Reyes Flores Hurtado]]<br />[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Eva Eugenia Galaz Caletti]]<br />[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Verónica Martínez García]]}}
| leader_title2      = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Listado de Diputadas y Diputados alfabético |url=http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXIV_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=7 |website=Cámara de Diputados del Congreso de la Unión |access-date=17 September 2018 |language=es}}</ref>
| leader_name2       = {{Collapsible list
 |title       = [[LXV Legislature of the Mexican Congress#Chamber of Deputies 2|Federal Deputies]]
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
 |list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
 |1           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PT Party (Mexico).svg|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Brígido Moreno Hernández]] ([[I Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|1st]])}}
 |2           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Francisco Javier Borrego Adame]] ([[II Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|2nd]])}}
 |3           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Ana Patricia Cardona Ortiz]] ([[III Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|3rd]])}}
 |4           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Jericó Abramo Masso]] ([[IV Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|4th]])}}
 |5           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[José Antonio Gutiérrez Jardón]] ([[V Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|5th]])}}
 |6           = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Shamir Fernández Hernández]] ([[VI Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|6th]])}}
 |7           = {{nowrap|• [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|23px]] [[Jaime Bueno Zertuche]] ([[VII Federal Electoral District of Coahuila|7th]])}}
}}
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/default.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419033226/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/default.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |archive-date=April 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 151595
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_note          = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 3rd]]
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=October 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213131006/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| elevation_max_m    = 3710
| elevation_max_point = [[Sierra de la Marta]]
| elevation_max_ft   = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_min_ft   = 
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores|title=México en cifras|date=January 2016}}</ref>
| population_total   = 3146771
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|26th]]
| population_demonym = Coahuilense
| population_note    = 
| population_rank    = [[List of Mexican states by population|15th]]
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = MXN 1.035 trillion<br />(US$51.5 billion) (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = (US$15,699) (2022)
| timezone1          = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1        = −6
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = −5
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 25 - 27
| area_code_type     = [[Area code]]
| area_code          = {{Collapsible list
|title       = [[Area codes in Mexico by code (800-899)|Area codes]]
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
|list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
 |1           = • 842
 |2           = • 844
 |3           = • 861
 |4           = • 862
 |5           = • 864
 |6           = • 866
 |7           = • 867
 |8           = • 869
 |9           = • 871
 |10          = • 872
 |11          = • 873
 |12          = • 877
 |13          = • 878
}}
| iso_code           = MX-COA
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1    = {{increase}} 0.833 <span style="color:#090">very high</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 3rd of 32]]</small>
| website            = {{URL|http://www.coahuila.gob.mx|Official Web Site}}
| footnotes          = {{note|engoffbox}}a. Joined to the federation under the name of ''[[Coahuila y Texas]]''; also recognized as ''Coahuila y Tejas''.
| native_name        = {{nativename|apl|Nacika}}
}}

'''Coahuila''',{{efn|{{IPA|es|koaˈwila|-|Coahuila.ogg}}}} formally '''Coahuila de Zaragoza''',{{efn|{{IPA|es-419|koaˈwila ðe saɾaˈɣosa|lang|ES-pe - Coahuila de Zaragoza.ogg}}; [[Lipan language|Lipan]]: ''Nacika''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toponimia en lengua ndé |url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/capsula-toponimia-en-lengua-nde}}</ref>}} officially the '''Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza''',{{efn|{{langx|es|Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza}}}} is one of the 31 [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|states]] of Mexico. The largest city and state capital is the city of [[Saltillo]]; the second largest is [[Torreón]] and the third largest is [[Monclova]] (a former state capital); the fourth largest is [[Piedras Negras, Coahuila|Piedras Negras]]; and the fifth largest is [[Ciudad Acuña]].

Coahuila borders the Mexican states of [[Nuevo León]] to the east, [[Zacatecas]] to the south, and [[Durango]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] to the west. To the north, Coahuila accounts for a {{convert|512|km|mi}} stretch of the [[Mexico–United States border]], adjacent to the [[U.S. state]] of [[Texas]] along the course of the [[Rio Grande]] (Río Bravo del Norte). With an area of {{convert|151563|km2|sqmi}}, it is the nation's third-largest state. It comprises 38 municipalities ''([[Municipio (Mexico)|municipios]])''. In the 2020 Census, Coahuila had a population of 3,146,771.

==History==
The name Coahuila derives from native terms for the region, and has been known by variations such as Cuagüila and Cuauila. Some historians believe that this means "flying serpent", "place of many trees", or "place where serpents creep". The official name of the state is Coahuila de Zaragoza, in honor of General [[Ignacio Zaragoza]].

The Spanish explored the north of Mexico some decades after their victory in [[Tenochtitlan]], the capital of the Aztecs. Such exploration was delayed because the northern climate was harsher and there was no gold. The first Spanish settlement in the region now called Coahuila was at [[Minas de la Trinidad]] in 1577. Saltillo was settled in 1586, to form part of the province of [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nueva Vizcaya]] of the Vice-royalty of [[New Spain]]. Later it became one of the first provinces of [[Nueva Extremadura]] to be explored by Europeans.  Among the 16th century settlers of Saltillo and other communities in Nueva Vizcaya were [[Tlaxcala (Nahua state)|Tlaxcalans]], who founded an independent community bordering Saltillo, called [[San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala]]. 
 
[[Coahuila y Tejas]] was one of the constituent states of the newly independent [[United Mexican States]] under their [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 Constitution]], and included [[Texas]], Coahuila and [[Nuevo León]]. Later in the same year Nuevo León was detached, but Texas remained a part of the state until 1836, when it seceded to form the [[Republic of Texas]]. Monclova was the capital of the state from 1833 to 1835.

In 1840, Coahuila briefly became a member of the short lived [[Republic of the Rio Grande]]. In the mid-19th century, the [[Sánchez Navarro latifundio|Sánchez Navarro]] family owned a ranch of {{cvt|16500000|acre|ha|disp=flip}} mostly in Coahuila. It was the largest privately owned property in the Americas.
<ref name="DeLay">{{cite book |last1=DeLay |first1=Brian |title=War of a Thousand Deserts |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300119329 |pages=52–53}}</ref>

In the 1840s and 1850s, Coahuila was the target of frequent [[Comanche–Mexico Wars|Comanche raids]].

On February 19, 1856, [[Santiago Vidaurri]] annexed Coahuila to his state, [[Nuevo León]], but it regained its separate status in 1868.

During the [[Mexican Revolution]], [[Francisco Villa]] attacked the city of [[Torreón]].

On April 4, 2004, the border city of Piedras Negras was flooded. More than 30 people died and more than 4,000 lost their homes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boudreaux |first1=Richard |title=Flooding Leaves 31 Dead. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-06-fg-flood6-story.html |newspaper=LA Times|date=6 April 2004 }}</ref>

In 2007 Coahuila became the first state in Mexico to offer [[civil union]]s (Pacto Civil de Solidaridad) to same-sex couples.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2007%2F01%2F12%2F1 |title="Mexican state moves to allow same-sex unions", ''Advocate News'', Gay.com, January 11, 2007 |access-date=January 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114050558/http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2007%2F01%2F12%2F1 |archive-date=January 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

== Archaeological finds ==
In July 2025, archaeologists from Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History ([[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|INAH]]) and [[Protected natural areas of Mexico|CONANP]] discovered a pre-Hispanic mortuary cave in the desert mountains of Coahuila. Accessed via a narrow 50‑cm vertical shaft, the cave contained the remains of around 17 individuals, including men, women, and children, who were interred in bundled form on baskets or mats. The semi-circular chamber preserved 12 complete skulls (five of which belonged to children), and while evidence of modern looting was present, the burials share significant similarities with those at Coahuila’s [[Candelaria Cave]]. The finds are being preserved at the Regional Museum of La Laguna in [[Torreón]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=50 cm. shaft leads archaeologist to hidden cave and secret burial site {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-859886 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mark |date=2025-07-02 |title=Ancient mortuary cave found hidden within desert mountains |url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2025/07/ancient-mortuary-cave-found-hidden-within-desert-mountains/155541 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=HeritageDaily - Archaeology News |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Geography==

The [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] runs northwest to southeast through the State, and the higher elevations are home to the [[Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests]]. The northernmost fingers of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the [[Sierra del Burro]] and the [[Sierra del Carmen]], reach to the border with the United States at the [[Rio Grande]].

East of the range, the land slopes gently toward the Rio Grande, and is drained by several rivers, including the [[Salado River, Mexico|Salado]] and its tributary, the Sabinas River. The [[Tamaulipan mezquital]], a [[deserts and xeric shrublands|dry shrubland]] [[ecoregion]], occupies the eastern portion of the State, and extends across the Rio Grande into southern Texas.

The portion of the State west of the Sierra Madre Oriental lies on the [[Mexican Plateau]], and is part of the [[Chihuahuan Desert]]. The [[Bolsón de Mapimí]] is a large [[endorheic basin]] which covers much of the western portion of the State and extends into adjacent portions of Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas. The [[Nazas River]], which flows east from Durango, and the [[Aguanaval River]], which flows north from Zacatecas, empty into lakes in the Bolsón. [[Torreón]], the most populous city in the State, lies on the Nazas in the irrigated [[Laguna Region]], the ''(Comarca Lagunera)'', which straddles the border of Coahuila and Durango.

Coahuila contains two [[biosphere reserve]]s. [[Maderas del Carmen]] lies on the northern border of the State, and includes sections of the Chihuahuan desert and [[sky island]]s of pine-oak forest in the [[Sierra del Carmen]]. The springs, lakes, and wetlands of the [[Cuatro Ciénegas Basin]] lie west of Monclova on the west slope of the Sierra Madre.

Coahuila is largely arid or semi-arid, but the rivers of the State support extensive irrigated agriculture, particularly [[cotton]]. The [[Parras]] district in the southern part of the State produces wines and brandies. The [[Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests|pine-oak forests]] of the Sierra Madre produce timber.

===Flora and fauna ===

<div align=center>
<!-- galería de mapas -->
{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=800px style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e"
|colspan=8 style="background:#green; color:white; font-size:100%" align=center bgcolor="green"|'''Flora and fauna of Coahuila'''
|-
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Acer grandidentatum branches.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Figa de moro 01.JPG|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Singapore Botanic Gardens Cactus Garden 2.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Cylindropuntia spinosior, with flower, Albuquerque.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Pinus ponderosa 9681.JPG|120px]]
|-
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Acer grandidentatum]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Opuntia ficus-indica]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Echinocactus grusonii]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Cylindropuntia imbricata]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Pinus ponderosa]]''
|-
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Schwarzbär-Omega Park.jpg|125px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:MountainLion.jpg|125px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Tamiasciurus douglasii 000.jpg|125px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Cynomys ludovicianus.jpg|125px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Aquila chrysaetos Flickr.jpg|125px]]
|-
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Ursus americanus]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Puma concolor]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Tamiasciurus fremonti]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Cynomys ludovicianus]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Aquila chrysaetos]]''
|-
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Wild Turkey.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Northern_black-tailed_rattlesnake.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Antilocapra americana.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Deer running.jpg|120px]]
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="white"|[[File:Opossum with grapes.jpg|120px]]
|-
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Meleagris gallopavo]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Crotalus molossus]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Antilocapra americana]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Odocoileus virginianus]]''
|style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|''[[Didelphis virginiana]]''
|-
|}
</div>

==Demographics==
{{Largest cities
| country = Coahuila
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name=COAHUILAINEGI>{{cite web |url=https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_coah_01_poblacion.xlsx|title=Censo Coahuka 2020}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = 
| div_link = Municipalities of Coahuila{{!}}Municipality
| city_1 = Saltillo| div_1 =Saltillo Municipality{{!}} Saltillo| pop_1 = 864,431| city_2 =Torreón| div_2 =Torreón Municipality{{!}} Torreón| pop_2 = 690,193| city_3 =Monclova| div_3 =Monclova Municipality{{!}} Monclova| pop_3 = 237,169| city_4 = Piedras Negras, Coahuila{{!}}Piedras Negras| div_4 = Piedras Negras Municipality{{!}}Piedras Negras| pop_4 =173,959| city_5 =Ciudad Acuña| div_5 = Acuña Municipality {{!}} Acuña| pop_5 =160,255
| city_6 = 	Ramos Arizpe| div_6 = Ramos Arizpe Municipality{{!}}Ramos Arizpe| pop_6 = 114,010
| city_7 = Ciudad Frontera{{!}}Frontera| div_7 =Frontera Municipality{{!}}Frontera| pop_7 = 75,242
| city_8 = Matamoros, Coahuila{{!}}Matamoros| div_8 = Matamoros  Municipality, Coahuila{{!}}Matamoros| pop_8 =59,762
| city_9 = Sabinas, Coahuila{{!}}Sabinas| div_9 = Sabinas Municipality {{!}} Sabinas| pop_9 = 59,196
| city_10 =	San Pedro, Coahuila{{!}}San Pedro| div_10 = San Pedro Municipality, Coahuila {{!}} San Pedro| pop_10 = 49,490
}}
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Coahuila (2010 census)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/cpv2010/Default.aspx|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 |publisher=INEGI |access-date=2013-02-04}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|float=left
|bars=
{{Bar percent|Roman Catholicism|blue|80.4}}
{{Bar percent|Other Christian|purple|12.0}}
{{Bar percent|Other Religion|red|0.0}}
{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|green|5.5}}
{{Bar percent|Unspecified|orange|2.1}}
}}

{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote =
|1787 | 15,287
|1815<ref>Jones, Jr., Oakah L. (1979), ''Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers of the Northern Frontier of New Spain,'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 240</ref> | 50,600
|1895 | 242021
|1900 | 296938 
|1910 | 362092
|1921 | 393480
|1930 | 436425
|1940 | 550717
|1950 | 720619
|1960 | 907734
|1970 | 1114956
|1980 | 1557265
|1990 | 1972340
|1995 | 2173775
|2000 | 2298070
|2005 | 2495200
|2010 | 2748391
|2015 | 2954915
|2020 | 3146771
}}

The last population census run across Mexico in the year 2020, reports Coahuila de Zaragoza as having 3,146,771 inhabitants, which, considering its size, means that the state has a very low density, in fact as low as only 15 persons per square kilometer.

Coahuila's population is mainly made up of [[Mestizo]]s. Fewer than 7,500 natives reside in Coahuila, or merely 0.3% of the total population. According to the 2020 Census, 1.46% of Coahuila's population identified as Black, [[Afro-Mexican]], or of African descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|title=Panorama sociodemográfico de México|website=www.inegi.org.mx}}</ref>

The rest of the demographic particulars in the state are very similar to national averages, such as a high life expectancy (reaching 75 years of age) and a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] majority.

==Education==

* Basic education 
Basic public education in Coahuila is mainly managed by the state's Secretary of Education, but federal-sustained schools are also very common. There are also a lot of private schools in the main cities of the state.

* Higher education 
:Some of the most recognized universities in Coahuila include:

** Iberoamerican University of Torreón|Iberoamerican University (Universidad Iberoamericana) 
:::A private university part of the Jesuit University System with a campus in Torreón and a university extension center in Saltillo.
[[File:Edificio_D_Ibero_Torreón.jpg|thumb|Building at the Iberoamerican University]]

** Technological Institute of La Laguna (Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna) 
:::The most recognized public technological university of La Laguna Region located in the city of Torreón.

** [[Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo|Technological Institute of Saltillo (Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo)]]
** [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education|Monterrey Institute Of Technology and Higher Studies]]
:::It is the most known technological university in Mexico with two campuses: one in Saltillo and another one in Torreón.

** Autonomous University of La Laguna
** [[Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro|Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University]] (UAAAN)
** [[Autonomous University of Coahuila|Autonomous University of Coahuila (Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila)]]
:::It is considered the best public university of the states and it has campuses and schools all across Coahuila.

== Economy ==
About 95% of Mexico's [[coal]] reserves are found in Coahuila, which is the country's top mining state.

[[Saltillo]] and the Southeast region have one of the largest automobile industry in the country and the major industry in the state, hosting companies such as [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[Stellantis]] assembly plants.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World Book |date=2022 |publisher=Wold Book, Inc. |isbn=9780716601227 |edition=72nd |location=Chicago, IL |publication-date=2022 |pages=715}}</ref>

[[Torreón]] has [[Met-Mex Peñoles]], a mining company. The city is the world's largest [[silver]] producer and Mexico's largest [[gold]] producer. It also has Lala, a [[dairy]] products company, which produces 40% of Mexico's [[milk]] consumption and distribution.
 
As of 2005, Coahuila's economy represents 3.5% of Mexico's total [[gross domestic product]] or US$22,874 million.<ref>{{cite book | title = Industrial Costs in Mexico - A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007
  | publisher = Bancomext
  | year = 2007
  | location = Mexico City
  | page = 90
   }}</ref> Coahuila's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. [[maquiladora]] / [[INMEX]]). As of 2005, 221,273 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.<ref>
{{cite book
  | title = Industrial Costs in Mexico - A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007
  | publisher = Bancomext
  | year = 2007
  | location = Mexico City
  | page =  92
   }}</ref>  Foreign direct investment in Coahuila was US$143.1 million for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Coahuila is approximately 190 pesos per day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

On the other hand, Coahuila is the Mexican state with the highest level of [[public debt]] in the nation.

==Municipalities==
{{main|Municipalities of Coahuila}}

Coahuila is subdivided into five regions and 38 municipalities ''([[municipality|municipios]])''.
[[File:Plaza Mayor Torreón 05.jpg|thumb|Torreón]]

==Media==
[[List of newspapers in Mexico|Newspapers]] of Coahuila include: ''El Diario de Coahuila'', ''El Guardián'', ''El Heraldo de Saltillo'', ''El Siglo de Torreón'', ''Esto del Norte'', ''La I (Laguna)'', ''la I (Saltillo)'', ''La Opinión Milenio'', ''La Voz de Coahuila (Monclova)'', ''Noticias de El Sol de la Laguna'', ''Vanguardia'', ''Zócalo (Monclova)'', ''Zócalo (Piedras Negras)'', ''Zócalo El Periódico de Saltillo'', and ''Zócalo Saltillo.''<ref name=SIC>{{cite web |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |language=es |access-date= March 7, 2020 |url= https://sic.gob.mx/lista.php?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=5 |title= Publicaciones periódicas en Coahuila }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews |title=Latin American & Mexican Online News |work=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries]] |location=US |archive-date= March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews }}</ref>

== Politics ==
Coahuila has eight [[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|Electoral Districts]] that elect one deputy each to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]].
{| class="wikitable"
!'''District'''
!'''Head town'''
|-
|[[First Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Piedras Negras, Coahuila|Piedras Negras]]
|-
|[[Second Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[San Pedro de las Colonias]]
|-
|[[Third Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Monclova]]
|-
|[[Fourth Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Saltillo]]
|-
|[[Fifth Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Torreón]]
|-
|[[Sixth Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Torreón]]
|-
|[[Seventh Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Saltillo]]
|-
|[[Eighth Federal Electoral District of Coahuila]]
|[[Ramos Arizpe]]
|}

==List of governors==
{{Main|Governor of Coahuila}}

This list is incomplete
*[[José María Garza Galán]] (1886–1893)<ref>Benjamin, Thomas, and William McNellie. Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.</ref>
*[[José María Múzquiz]] (1894)
*[[Miguel Cárdenas (politician)|Miguel Cárdenas]] (1894–1909)
*[[Jesús de Valle]] (1909–1911)
*[[Venustiano Carranza]] (1911–1913)
*[[Gustavo Espinoza Mireles]] (1917–1920)
*[[Luis Gutiérrez Ortíz]] (1920–1921)
*[[Arnulfo González]] (1921–1923)
*[[Carlos Garza Castro]] (1923–1925)
*[[Manuel Pérez Treviño]] (1925–1929)
*[[Bruno Neira González]] (1929–1929)
*[[:es:Nazario S. Ortiz Garza|Nazario S. Ortiz Garza]] (1929–1933)
*[[Jesús Valdez Sánchez]] (1933–1937)
*[[Pedro Rodríguez Triana]] (1937–1941)
*[[Gabriel Cervera Riza]] (1941–1941)
*[[Benecio López Padilla]] (1941–1945)
*[[Ignacio Cepeda Dávila]] (1945–1947)
*[[Ricardo Ainslie Rivera]] (1947–1948)
*[[Paz Faz Risa]] (1948–1948)
*[[Raúl López Sánchez]] (1948–1951)
*[[Roman Cepeda Flores]] (1951–1957)
*[[Raúl Madero González]] (1957–1963)
*[[Braulio Fernández Aguirre]] (1963–1969)
*[[Eulalio Gutiérrez Treviño]] (1969–1975)
*[[Oscar Flores Tapia]] (1975–1981)
*[[Francisco José Madero González]] (1981–1981)
*[[José de las Fuentes Rodríguez]] (1981–1987)
*[[Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto]] (1987–1993)
*[[Rogelio Montemayor Seguy]] (1993–1999)
*[[Enrique Martínez y Martínez]] (1999–2005)
*[[Humberto Moreira Valdés]] (2005–2011) (Left)
*[[Jorge Torres López]] (2011) (Humberto Moreira's substitute)
*[[Rubén Moreira Valdez]] (2011–2017)
*[[Miguel Riquelme Solís]] (2017–2023)
*[[Manolo Jiménez Salinas]] (2023–present)

==People==
*[[Raul Allegre]] - Former football placekicker in the [[National Football League]]
*[[Gladys Pearl Baker]] - mother of [[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[Berniece Baker Miracle]]
*[[Reading Wood Black]] - Founder of [[Uvalde, Texas]], spent [[American Civil War]] years in Coahuila
*[[Venustiano Carranza]] - [[President of Mexico]]
*[[Sangre Chicana]] - Professional wrestler
*[[Mario Domm]] - musician and lead singer of Mexican pop band [[Camila (band)|Camila]]
*[[Luis Farell]] - Combat pilot and general
*[[Eulalio Gutiérrez]] - [[President of Mexico]]
*[[Rosario Ibarra]] - Activist, deputy and senator
*[[Francisco I. Madero]] - President of Mexico November 1911 – February 1913
*[[Pablo Montero]] - Singer and actor
*[[Sánchez Navarro latifundio|Sanchez Navarro]], large landholding family in the 18th and 19th centuries.
*[[Oribe Peralta]] - football player
*[[Horacio Piña]] - [[MLB]] [[pitcher]]
*[[Marco Antonio Rubio]] - Professional boxer
*[[Joakim Soria]] - [[MLB]] [[closer (baseball)|closer]]
*[[Ari Telch]] - Actor
*[[Andrea Villarreal]] - Feminist and revolutionary
*[[Dr. Wagner]] - Professional wrestler
*[[Dr. Wagner, Jr.]] - Professional wrestler
*[[Susana Zabaleta]] - singer and actress
*[[Humberto Zurita]] - Actor, director and producer

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|North America|Latin America|Mexico}}
* [[Coahuila y Tejas]]
* [[Nueva Extremadura]]
* [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nueva Vizcaya]]
* [[State Anthem of Coahuila]]
* [[States of Mexico]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Coahuila}}
* {{osmrelation|1661524}}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.coahuila.gob.mx Coahuila State Government]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://en.coahuila.gob.mx Coahuila State Government]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.seducoahuila.gob.mx/colegiocoahuilense/ Coahuilense College of Historical Research] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20241107164934/https://web.seducoahuila.gob.mx/colegiocoahuilense/ Archived])
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Coahuila|short=x}}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Coahuila|short=x}}

{{Coahuila}}
{{States of Mexico}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coahuila| ]]
[[Category:1824 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:Mexican Plateau states]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1824]]
[[Category:States of Mexico]]