View source for Coffea

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{about|the biology of coffee plants|the beverage|Coffee}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{stack
|{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Coffee Flowers.JPG
|image_caption = Flowering branches of ''[[Coffea arabica]]''
|taxon = Coffea
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species = ''[[Coffea arabica]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = * ''Buseria'' {{Au|T. Durand}}
* ''Cafe'' {{Au|Adans.}}
* ''Cofeanthus'' {{Au|A.Chev.}}
* ''Hexepta'' {{Au|Raf.}}
* ''Leiochilus'' {{Au|Hook. f.}}
* ''Nescidia'' {{Au|A. Rich.}}
* ''Paracoffea'' {{Au|J.-F.Leroy}}
* ''Paolia'' {{Au|Chiov.}}
* ''Pleurocoffea'' {{Au|Baill.}}
* ''Psilanthopsis'' {{Au|A. Chev.}}
* ''Psilanthus'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
* ''Solenixora'' {{Au|Baill.}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}
[[File:Detail of Coffea canephora branch and leaves.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Coffea canephora]]'']]
}}

'''''Coffea''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]]. ''Coffea'' species are [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s native to tropical and southern [[Africa]] and tropical [[Asia]]. The [[seed]]s of some species, called [[coffee]] [[coffee bean|bean]]s, are used to flavor various beverages and products. The fruits, like the seeds, contain a large amount of [[caffeine]], and have a distinct sweet taste.

The plant ranks as one of the world's most valuable and widely traded [[commodity crop]]s and is an important [[export]] product of several countries, including those in Central and South America, the Caribbean and Africa. The coffee trade relies heavily on two of the over 120 species, ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80% of the world's coffee production, and ''[[Coffea canephora]]'' (known as "[[Robusta coffee|Robusta]]"), which accounts for about 20–40%.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CoffeeProduction" /> 

Both coffee species are vulnerable to [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|shifts, caused by climate change, in their growing zones]], which are likely to result in a decline in production in some of the most important growing regions.<ref name="laderach">{{cite journal |last1=Läderach |first1=Peter |last2=Ramirez–Villegas |first2=Julian |last3=Navarro-Racines |first3=Carlos |last4=Zelaya |first4=Carlos |last5=Martinez–Valle |first5=Armando |last6=Jarvis |first6=Andy |title=Climate change adaptation of coffee production in space and time |journal=Climatic Change |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=47–62 |date=26 October 2016 |issn=0165-0009 |doi=10.1007/s10584-016-1788-9 |doi-access=free|hdl=10568/77563 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Moat">{{cite journal |last1=Moat |first1=Justin |last2=Williams |first2=Jenny |last3=Baena |first3=Susana |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Timothy |last5=Gole |first5=Tadesse W. |last6=Challa |first6=Zeleke K. |last7=Demissew |first7=Sebsebe |last8=Davis |first8=Aaron P. |title=Resilience potential of the Ethiopian coffee sector under climate change |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317894875 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=17081 |date=19 June 2017 |issn=2055-0278 |pmid=28628132 |s2cid=6873955 |doi=10.1038/nplants.2017.81|bibcode=2017NatPl...317081M }}</ref><ref name="worland">{{cite magazine |last=Worland |first=Justin |date=21 June 2018 |title=Your Morning Cup of Coffee Is in Danger. Can the Industry Adapt in Time? |url=https://time.com/5318245/coffee-industry-climate-change/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804074707/https://time.com/5318245/coffee-industry-climate-change/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lashermes |first1=Philippe |last2=Andrade |first2=Alan Carvalho |last3=Etienne |first3=Hervé |title=Genomics of Tropical Crop Plants |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-71219-2 |pages=203–226 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-71219-2_9 |editor1=Paul H. Moore |editor2=Ray Ming |language=en |volume=1 |chapter=Genomics of Coffee One of the World’s Largest Traded Commodities |quote=Consequently, bean quality may be lowered and supply become less stable to adversely affect the coffee market of consumer countries. Furthermore, in the light of climate changes and increasing awareness of the negative impacts of the nonsustainable use of natural resources, coffee production will have to evolve. This is particularly relevant for perennial plants such as coffee whose productive life is very long and for which rapid genetic gains are tedious to obtain.}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Coffea'' and the type species ''Coffea arabica'' were first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=POWO/> New species of ''Coffea'' are still being identified in the 2000s. In 2008 and 2009, researchers from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], named seven from the mountains of northern [[Madagascar]], including ''[[Coffea ambongensis|C. ambongensis]]'', ''[[Coffea boinensis|C. boinensis]]'', ''[[Coffea labatii|C. labatii]]'', ''[[Coffea pterocarpa|C. pterocarpa]]'', ''[[Coffea bissetiae|C. bissetiae]]'', and ''[[Coffea namorokensis|C. namorokensis]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven species of wild coffee amongst Kew's haul of new discoveries |work=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |date=22 December 2009 |url=https://www.kew.org/discover/news/seven-species-wild-coffee-amongst-kews-haul-new-discoveries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830012109/https://www.kew.org/discover/news/seven-species-wild-coffee-amongst-kews-haul-new-discoveries |archive-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2008, two new species were discovered in [[Cameroon]]: ''[[Coffea charrieriana]]'', which is caffeine-free, and ''[[Coffea anthonyi]]''.<ref name=cameroon>{{cite journal |last1=Stoffelen |first1=Piet |last2=Noirot |first2=Michel |last3=Couturon |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Anthony |first4=François |year=2008 |title=A new caffeine-free coffee from Cameroon. |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00845.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> By crossing the new species with other known coffees, two new features might be introduced to cultivated coffee plants: beans without [[caffeine]] and [[self-pollination]].

In 2011, ''Coffea'' absorbed the twenty species of the former genus ''Psilanthus'' due to the morphological and genetic similarities between the two genera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=A.P. |last2=Tosh |first2=J. |last3=Ruch |first3=N. |last4=Fay |first4=M.F. |title=Growing coffee: ''Psilanthus'' (Rubiaceae) subsumed on the basis of molecular and morphological data; implications for the size, morphology, distribution and evolutionary history of ''Coffea'' |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2011 |volume=167 |issue=4 |pages=357–377 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01177.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Historically, the two have been considered distinct genera due to differences in the length of the [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] tube and the [[anther]] arrangement: ''Coffea'' with a short corolla tube and exserted style and anthers; ''Psilanthus'' with a long corolla tube and included anthers. However, these characteristics were not present in all species of either respective genus, making the two genera overwhelmingly similar in both morphology and genetic sequence. This transfer expanded ''Coffea'' from 104 species to 124, and extended its native distribution to tropical Asia and Australasia.

The coffee [[genome]] was published in 2014, with more than 25,000 [[gene]]s identified. This revealed that coffee plants make caffeine using a different set of genes from those found in [[tea]], [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] and other such plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |title=Coffee got its buzz by a different route than tea |journal=Nature |date=4 September 2014 |s2cid=168085931 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15832}}</ref>

A robust and almost fully resolved phylogeny of the entire genus was published in 2017.<ref name="HamoGrov17" /> In addition to resolving the relationships of ''Coffea'' species, this study's results suggest Africa or Asia as the likely ancestral origin of ''Coffea'' and point to several independent radiations across Africa, Asia, and the Western Indian Ocean Islands.

In 2020, a technique of DNA fingerprinting, or genetic authentication of plant material, was proven effective for coffee.<ref name="Pruvot-Woehl">{{cite journal |last1=Pruvot-Woehl |first1=Solène |last2=Krishnan |first2=Sarada |last3=Solano |first3=William |last4=Schilling |first4=Tim |last5=Toniutti |first5=Lucile |last6=Bertrand |first6=Benoit |last7=Montagnon |first7=Christophe |title=Authentication of Coffea arabica Varieties through DNA Fingerprinting and its Significance for the Coffee Sector |url=https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/103/2/325/5809455 |journal=Journal of AOAC International |issn=1060-3271 |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=325–334 |date=2020-04-01 |access-date=2021-04-01 |pmid=33241280 |doi=10.1093/jaocint/qsz003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For the study, scientists used DNA extraction and [[Microsatellite|SSR]] marker analysis. This technique or similar ones may allow for several improvements to coffee production such as improved information for farmers as to the susceptibility of their coffee plants to pests and disease, a professionalized coffee seed system, and transparency and traceability for buyers of green, un-roasted coffee.

=== Species ===
As of May 2024, [[Plants of the World Online]] includes:<ref name=POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325985-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Coffea'' L.] (retrieved 31 May 2024)</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# ''[[Coffea abbayesii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea affinis]]'' <small>[[Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman|De Wild.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea alleizettii]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
# ''[[Coffea ambanjensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea ambongenis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea andrambovatensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea ankaranensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea anthonyi]]'' <small>Stoff. & F. Anthony</small>
# ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea arenesiana]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea augagneurii]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
# ''[[Coffea bakossii]]'' <small>Cheek & [[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea benghalensis]]'' <small>B. Heyne ex [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea bertrandii]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea betamponensis]]'' <small>Portères & [[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea bissetiae]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea boinensis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea boiviniana]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea bonnieri]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
# ''[[Coffea brassii]]'' <small>([[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]) A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea brevipes]]'' <small>[[William Philip Hiern|Hiern]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea bridsoniae]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Mvungi</small>
# ''[[Coffea buxifolia]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea callmanderi]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea canephora]]'' (''"Coffea robusta"'') <small>Pierre ex A. Froehner</small>
# ''[[Coffea carrissoi]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea charrieriana]]'' <small>Stoff. & F. Anthony</small>
# ''[[Coffea cochinchinensis]]'' <small>Pierre ex Pit.</small>
# ''[[Coffea commersoniana]]'' <small>([[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]) [[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea congensis]]'' <small>A. Froehner</small>
# ''[[Coffea costatifructa]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea coursiana]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea dactylifera]]'' <small>[[Elmar Robbrecht|Robbr.]] & Stoff.</small>
# ''[[Coffea darainensis]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea decaryana]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea dubardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small>
# ''[[Coffea ebracteolata]]'' <small>([[William Philip Hiern|Hiern]]) Brenan</small>
# ''[[Coffea eugenioides]]'' <small>[[Spencer Le Marchant Moore|S. Moore]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea fadenii]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea farafanganensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea floresiana]]'' <small>Boerl.</small>
# ''[[Coffea fotsoana]]'' <small>Stoff. & Sonké</small>
# ''[[Coffea fragilis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea fragrans]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]] ex [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook. f.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea gallienii]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
# ''[[Coffea grevei]]'' <small>[[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] ex [[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea heimii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea × heterocalyx]]'' {{Au|Stoff.}}
# ''[[Coffea homollei]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea horsfieldiana]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea humbertii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea humblotiana]]'' <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea humilis]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea jumellei]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea kalobinonensis]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea kapakata]]'' <small>([[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]) [[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea kianjavatensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea kihansiensis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Mvungi</small>
# ''[[Coffea kimbozensis]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea kivuensis]]'' <small>Lebrun</small>
# ''[[Coffea labatii]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea lancifolia]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea lebruniana]]'' <small>Germ. & Kester</small>
# ''[[Coffea leonimontana]]'' <small>Stoff.</small>
# ''[[Coffea leroyi]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea liaudii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea liberica]]'' <small>[[William Philip Hiern|Hiern]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea ligustroides]]'' <small>[[Spencer Le Marchant Moore|S. Moore]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea littoralis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea lulandoensis]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea mabesae]]'' <small>(Elmer) [[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea macrocarpa]]'' <small>[[Achille Richard|A. Rich.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea madurensis]]'' <small>[[Johannes Elias Teijsmann|Teijsm.]] & [[Simon Binnendijk|Binn.]] ex Koord.</small>
# ''[[Coffea magnistipula]]'' <small>Stoff. & [[Elmar Robbrecht|Robbr.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea malabarica]]'' <small>(Sivar., Biju & P. Mathew) A.P.Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea mangoroensis]]'' <small>Portères</small>
# ''[[Coffea mannii]]'' <small>([[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook. f.]]) A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea manombensis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea mapiana]]'' <small>Sonké, Nguembou & A P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea mauritiana]]'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea mayombensis]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea mcphersonii]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea melanocarpa]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Welwitsch|Welw.]] ex [[William Philip Hiern|Hiern]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea merguensis]]'' <small>[[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea microdubardii]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea millotii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea minutiflora]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea mogenetii]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
# ''[[Coffea mongensis]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea montekupensis]]'' <small>Stoff.</small>
# ''[[Coffea montis-sacri]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea moratii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea mufindiensis]]'' <small>[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutch.]] ex [[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea myrtifolia]]'' <small>([[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]) [[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea namorokensis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea neobridsoniae]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea neoleroyi]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea perrieri]]'' <small>[[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]] ex Jum. & H. Perrier</small>
# ''[[Coffea pervilleana]]'' <small>([[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]) [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea pocsii]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea pseudozanguebariae]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea pterocarpa]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea pustulata]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea racemosa]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea rakotonasoloi]]'' <small>A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea ratsimamangae]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea resinosa]]'' <small>([[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook. f.]]) Radlk.</small>
# ''[[Coffea rhamnifolia]]'' <small>([[Emilio Chiovenda|Chiov.]]) [[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea richardii]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea rizetiana]]'' {{Au|Stoff. & Noirot}}
# ''[[Coffea rupicola]]'' {{Au|A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.}}
# ''[[Coffea sahafaryensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea sakarahae]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea salvatrix]]'' <small>Swynn. & Philipson</small>
# ''[[Coffea sambavensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]] ex A. P Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea sapinii]]'' <small>([[Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman|De Wild.]]) A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea schliebenii]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea semsei]]'' <small>([[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]) A. P. Davis</small>
# ''[[Coffea sessiliflora]]'' <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea stenophylla]]'' <small>[[George Don|G. Don]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea tetragona]]'' <small>Jum. & H. Perrier</small>
# ''[[Coffea togoensis]]'' <small>[[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier|A. Chev.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea toshii]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea travancorensis]]'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea tricalysioides]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea tsirananae]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea vatovavyensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea vavateninensis]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea vianneyi]]'' <small>[[Jean-François Leroy (botanist)|J.-F. Leroy]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea vohemarensis]]'' <small>A. P. Davis & Rakotonas.</small>
# ''[[Coffea wightiana]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]] ex [[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small>
# ''[[Coffea zanguebariae]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]</small>
{{div col end}}

== Ecology ==
The [[caffeine]] in coffee beans serves as a [[Toxin|toxic]] substance that protects against insects and other pests, a form of natural [[plant defense against herbivory]]. Caffeine simultaneously attracts [[pollinator]]s, specifically honeybees, by creating an olfactory memory that signals bees to return to the plant's flowers.<ref name=HamoGrov17>{{cite journal |last1=Hamon |first1=Perla |last2=Grover |first2=Corrinne E. |last3=Davis |first3=Aaron P. |last4=Rakotomalala |first4=Jean-Jacques |last5=Raharimalala |first5=Nathalie E. |last6=Albert |first6=Victor A. |last7=Sreenath |first7=Hosahalli L. |last8=Stoffelen |first8=Piet |last9=Mitchell |first9=Sharon E. |last10=Couturon |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Hamon |first11=Serge |last12=de Kochko |first12=Alexandre |last13=Crouzillat |first13=Dominique |last14=Rigoreau |first14=Michel |last15=Sumirat |first15=Ucu |last16=Akaffou |first16=Sélastique |last17=Guyot |first17=Romain |date=2017 |title=Genotyping-by-sequencing provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (''Coffea'') and insights into the evolution of caffeine content in its species: GBS coffee phylogeny and the evolution of caffeine content |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=109 |pages=351–361 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009 |pmid=28212875 |bibcode=2017MolPE.109..351H |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Not all ''Coffea'' species contain caffeine, and the earliest species had little or no caffeine content. Caffeine has evolved independently in multiple lineages of ''Coffea'' in Africa, perhaps in response to high pest predation in the humid environments of West-Central Africa.<ref name="HamoGrov17" /> 

Caffeine has also evolved independently in the more distantly related genera ''[[Theobroma]]'' ([[cocoa bean|cacao]]) and ''[[Camellia]]'' ([[tea]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Denoeud |first=France |display-authors=et al. |title=The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis |journal=Science |date=5 September 2014 |volume=345 |issue=6201 |pages=1181–1184 |doi=10.1126/science.1255274|pmid=25190796 |bibcode=2014Sci...345.1181D |doi-access=free}}</ref> This suggests that caffeine production is an [[Adaptation|adaptive trait]] in coffee and plant evolution. The fruit and leaves also contain caffeine, and can be used to make [[coffee cherry tea]] and [[coffee-leaf tea]]. The fruit is also used in many brands of soft drink as well as pre-packaged teas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slimfast.com/product_cat/slimcafe-coffee-drinks/|title=SlimCafe is no longer available|first=Craig|last=Selby|date=31 May 2019|website=SlimFast}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.futureceuticals.com/coffeeberry-cascara|title=Coffeeberry Cascara – Soluble, Sustainable &#124; FutureCeuticals|website=www.futureceuticals.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2017/starbucks-cascara-latte/|title=Starbucks|website=stories.starbucks.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dwellerscoffee.com/products/cascara|title=Brazilian Cascara|website=Dwellers Coffee|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419220646/https://dwellerscoffee.com/products/cascara|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several insect pests affect coffee production, including the coffee borer beetle (''[[Hypothenemus hampei]]'') and the coffee leafminer (''[[Leucoptera caffeina]]'').

Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species, ''[[Dalcera]] abrasa'', [[turnip moth]] and some members of the genus ''[[Endoclita]]'', including ''[[Endoclita damor|E. damor]]'' and ''[[Endoclita malabaricus|E. malabaricus]]''.

== Cultivation and use ==
{{Cookbook|Coffee}}{{main|Coffee production}}
[[File:Freshly harvested coffee cherries.jpg|thumb|alt=Freshly harvested coffee cherries|Freshly harvested coffee cherries]]
[[File:CoffeeBerry.jpg|thumb|''Coffea'' fruits, [[Bali]]]]
There are over 130 species of ''Coffea'', which is grown from seed. The two most popular are ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80% of the world's coffee production, and ''[[Coffea canephora]]'' (known as "[[Robusta coffee|Robusta]]"), which accounts for about 20–40%.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Coffee Plant: Arabica and Robusta |url=http://www.coffeeresearch.org/agriculture/coffeeplant.htm |publisher=[[Coffee Research Institute]] |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref name="CoffeeProduction">{{cite web |title=Coffee: World Markets and Trade |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service |date=16 June 2017 |url=https://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod//2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010184341/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod/2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-10 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> ''C. arabica'' is preferred for its sweeter taste, while ''C. canephora'' has a higher caffeine content. ''C. arabica'' has its origins in the highlands of Ethiopia and the [[Boma Plateau]] of Sudan, and came about as the result of a hybrid between ''C. canephora'' and ''[[Coffea eugenioides|C. eugenioides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lashermes |first1=P. |last2=Combes |first2=M.-C. |last3=Robert |first3=J. |last4=Trouslot |first4=P. |last5=D'Hont |first5=A. |last6=Anthony |first6=F. |last7=Charrier |first7=A. |title=Molecular characterisation and origin of the ''Coffea arabica'' L. genome |journal=Molecular and General Genetics |date=1999 |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=259–266 |pmid=10102360 |s2cid=7978085 |doi=10.1007/s004380050965}}</ref>

The trees produce edible red or purple fruits that are either [[epigynous berries]] or [[Dehiscence (botany)|indehiscent]] [[drupe]]s.<ref name=DaviGovaBridStof06>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Aaron P. |last2=Govaerts |first2=Rafael |last3=Bridson |first3=Diane M. |last4=Stoffelen |first4=Piet |date=2006 |title=An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus ''Coffea'' (Rubiaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=465–512 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free}}</ref> The fruit is often referred to as a "[[coffee cherry]]", and it contains two seeds, called "[[coffee bean]]s".<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Coffee? |url=https://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee |access-date=2020-07-14 |website=www.ncausa.org}}</ref> Despite these terms, coffee is neither a true [[cherry]] (the fruit of certain species in the genus ''[[Prunus]]'') nor a true [[bean]] (seeds from plants in the family [[Fabaceae]]).

In any coffee crop, about 5–10% of fruits contain only a single bean. Called a [[peaberry]], it is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean.

When grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to a height of {{convert|3|-|3.5|m|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}. Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at high elevations, but do not tolerate freezing temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petek |first1=Marcos Rafael |last2=Sera |first2=Tumoru |last3=Alteia |first3=Marcos Zorzenon |title=Genetic variability for frost resistance among Coffea accessions assessed in the field and in a cold chamber |journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology |date=January 2005 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |doi=10.1590/S1516-89132005000100003 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The ''Coffea arabica'' tree grows fruit after three to five years, producing for an average of 50 to 60 years, though up to 100 years is possible.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cips.org/Documents/Knowledge/Categories-Commodities/Mintec/MintecCFS_Coffee.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120152115/https://www.cips.org/Documents/Knowledge/Categories-Commodities/Mintec/MintecCFS_Coffee.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-20 |url-status=dead|publisher=Mintec|title=Coffee bean: commodity factsheet}}</ref> The white flowers are highly scented. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen.
[[File:Coffe flower.jpg|thumb|''Coffea'' flower]]

[[File:Pollen grains of Coffee plant.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains of Coffee plant]]
[[File:Coffee cherry cross section.JPG|thumb|''Coffea'' fruit cross section]]
[[File:Coffea racemosa00.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea racemosa]]'' fruits]]
[[File:Coffee germination.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea arabica]]'' beans germinating]]
[[File:Coffee arabica flower.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea arabica]]'' flowers]]
[[File:Coffee arabica cherry.jpg|thumb|Ripe ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' fruits]]
[[File:Open coffee cherry.jpg|thumb|Beans inside a ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' fruit]]
[[File:咖啡樹-草坪頭 Coffea 20220203134728.jpg|thumb|''Coffea'' branches]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Coffea}}
{{Wikispecies|Coffea}}
* [https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/ World Checklist of Rubiaceae]
* [https://www.coffeehabitat.com/ Coffee & Conservation]

{{coffee|nocat=1}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156354}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coffea| ]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Rubiaceae genera]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]