View source for Coffeehouse

{{Short description|Establishment that serves coffee}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Cafe|Cafeteria|Cafe (British)}}
{{Other uses|Cafe (disambiguation)|Coffeehouse (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023|cs1-dates=y}}
[[File:Café de Flore.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Café de Flore]] on the [[Rive Gauche]] in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. It is celebrated for its famous clientele, which included high-profile writers and philosophers.]]

A '''coffeehouse''', '''coffee shop''', or '''café''' ({{IPA|fr|kafe|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-café.wav}}), is an establishment that serves various types of [[coffee]] drinks like [[espresso]], [[latte]], [[Caffè americano|americano]] and [[cappuccino]], and other beverages. An [[#Espresso bar|espresso bar]] is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Some coffeehouses may serve [[iced coffee]] among other cold beverages, such as [[iced tea]], as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, [[Sandwich|sandwiches]], [[muffin]]s, cakes, breads, [[Pastry|pastries]] or [[Doughnut|donuts]]. Many [[List of doughnut shops|doughnut shops]] in Canada and the U.S. serve coffee as an accompaniment to doughnuts, so these can be also classified as coffee shops, although doughnut shop tends to be more casual and serve lower-end fare which also facilitates [[take-out]] and [[drive-through]] which is popular in those countries, compared to a coffee shop or cafe which provides more [[gourmet]] pastries and beverages.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcake150re0000cast_m8i1 | url-access=registration | title=A World of Cake | publisher=Storey Publishing | author=Castella, Krystina | year=2010 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcake150re0000cast_m8i1/page/44 44] | isbn=978-1603425766}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCMskYrWKVMC&pg=PA133 | title=American Food by the Decades | publisher=ABC-CLIO | author=Liberman, Sherri | year=2011 | pages=133–134 | isbn=978-0313376993}}</ref> In continental Europe, some cafés even serve alcoholic beverages, and it is popular in West Asia to offer a flavored tobacco smoked through a [[hookah]], called ''shisha'' in most varieties of [[Arabic]] or ''nargile'' in [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].

While ''café'' may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a [[diner]], [[Cafe (British)|British café]] (also colloquially called a "caff"), "[[greasy spoon]]" (a small and inexpensive restaurant), [[transport café]], [[teahouse]] or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of the Paris Café|pages=1–5|first=W. Scott|last=Haine|publisher=JHU Press|date= 11 September 1998|isbn=0801860709}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hTqg7shA-QC&pg=PA121|page=121|first=W. Scott|last=Haine|publisher=Berg|date=12 June 2006|isbn = 9781845201654|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329054356/https://books.google.com/books?id=9hTqg7shA-QC&pg=PA121|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocorf00joh_hvu|url-access=registration|title=The Rough Guide to France|page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocorf00joh_hvu/page/49 49]|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=9781843530381|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/|title=Classic Cafes: London's vintage Formica caffs!|work=classiccafes.co.uk|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820150546/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e72EAAAACAAJ&q=cafes+in+the+uk|title=Egg, Bacon, Chips and Beans: 50 Great Cafes and the Stuff That Makes Them Great|first=Russell|last=Davies|publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment|year=2005|isbn=9780007213788|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610231327/https://books.google.com/books?id=e72EAAAACAAJ&dq=cafes+in+the+uk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DuFGUu3jDcmOswbe-4GgBg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA |archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a [[cafeteria]] (a canteen-type restaurant without table service). Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large [[multinational corporation]]s. Some coffeehouse chains operate on a [[Franchising|franchise business model]], with numerous branches across various countries around the world.

From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal [[social club]] for its regular members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse|title=Coffeehouse|publisher=MerriamWebster|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104152745/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse|archive-date=4 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As early as the 1950s [[Beatnik]] era and the 1960s [[folk music]] scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Joan Shelley|last2=Boyer|first2=Paul S.|last3=Casper|first3=Professor Scott E. |work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= USA|year= 2013|title=Bob Dylan|page= 317}}</ref> The digital age saw the rise of the [[Internet café]] along similar principles.

==Etymology==
[[File:Evolution of the word Coffee.svg|thumb|The word for coffee in various European languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/ |title=Blue Mountain Café vs Blue Mountain Coffee |publisher=Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113213754/http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/ |archive-date=13 January 2013 }}</ref>]]

The most common English spelling of ''café'' is the French word for both ''coffee'' and ''coffeehouse;''<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=CAFÉ definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cafe |website=collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> it was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031127 (''café'').</ref> The Italian spelling, ''caffè'', is also sometimes used in English.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 00333259 (''caffé, n'')</ref> In [[Southern England]], especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to {{IPAc-en|k|æ|f}} and spelt ''caff''.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031130 (''caff'')</ref>

The English word ''coffee'' and French word ''café'' (coffeehouse) both derive from the Italian ''caffè''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=etymonline.com|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627215304/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee|title=Coffee definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary|website=collinsdictionary.com|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163617/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>—first attested as ''caveé'' in [[Venice]] in 1570<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe|title=CAFE : Etymologie de CAFE|website=cnrtl.fr|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018175008/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>—and in turn derived from Arabic ''qahwa'' ({{lang|ar|قهوة}}). The Arabic term ''qahwa'' originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by [[Islam]], the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie |title=etymologiebank.nl |publisher=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319032030/http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie |archive-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with [[Turkey]], likely via Venetian-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] trade relations.

The English word ''café'' to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French ''café.'' The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.<ref name="auto"/> The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in [[Belgrade]], [[Ottoman Serbia]] in 1522 as a [[Kafana]] (Serbian coffee house).<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title="Kafana", the first coffee house in Europe|url=https://www.serbia.com/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=|website=serbia.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071029/http://www.serbia.com:80/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/ }}</ref>

The [[translingual]] word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]] (''café''); [[German language|German]] (''Kaffeehaus'' or ''Café''); [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (''kafé'' or ''fik''); [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (''kahvila''); [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (''cafetería''); [[Italian language|Italian]] (''caffè'' or ''caffetteria''); [[Polish Language|Polish]] (''kawa''); [[Serbian Language|Serbian]] (''кафа / kafa''); [[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]] (''кава'' (kava)); [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (''kahvehane).''

==History==
===Ottoman Empire===
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| caption2 = Storyteller (''[[Culture of the Ottoman Empire|meddah]]'') at a coffeehouse in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The first coffeehouses appeared in the [[Muslim world]] in the 15th century.
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The [[Coffehouses of the Arab World|first coffeehouses]] appeared in [[Damascus]]. These [[Ottoman coffeehouse]]s have also appeared in [[Mecca]], in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 15th century, then spread to the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s capital of [[Istanbul]] in the 16th century and in [[Baghdad]]. Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as [[chess]] and [[backgammon]], listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee |title=Coffee &#124; Origin, Types, Uses, History, & Facts |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425195035/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee |archive-date=25 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=صحيفة التاخي – المســــرح في المقاهي والملاهي البغدادية |url=http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196 |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205940/http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196 |archive-date=10 August 2018 }}</ref>

Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of [[imam]]s who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Çomak |first1=Nebahat |last2=Pembecioğlu |first2=Nilüfer |title=Changing the values of the past to future |url=https://www.academia.edu/35538335 |date=2014 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108100337/https://www.academia.edu/35538335 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples.<ref name="britannica"/> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] chronicler [[İbrahim Peçevi]] reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (''kiva han'') in [[Istanbul]]:
{{blockquote|Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of [[Constantinople]], as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from [[Aleppo]] and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.<ref>Quoted in [[Bernard Lewis]], ''Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire'', [[University of Oklahoma]] Press (reprint, 1989), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQRrbUMojcC&dq=Pechevi+coffeehouses+Constantinople&pg=PA132 p.&nbsp;132 Internet Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328175409/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQRrbUMojcC&pg=PA132&dq=Pechevi+coffeehouses+Constantinople&ei=cLNiSrzFA4OgzASj6cS0DQ |date=2017-03-28 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1060-8}}.</ref>}}

[[File:1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg|thumb|A coffeehouse in [[Cairo]], 18th century]]

===Persia===
The 17th-century French traveler and writer [[Jean Chardin]] gave a lively description of the [[Iran|Persia]]n coffeehouse (''qahveh khaneh'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]) scene:
{{blockquote|People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling [[checkers]], hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, [[mullah|mollas]], [[dervish]]es, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html |title=Coffee – The Wine of Islam |publisher=Superluminal.com |access-date=2011-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135304/http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html |archive-date=2011-06-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Europe===
[[File:17th century coffeehouse england 1-580x400.jpg|thumb|right|[[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|A coffeehouse in London]], 17th century]]
[[File:ParisCafeDiscussion.png|thumb|"Discussing the War in a Paris Café", ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 17 September 1870, during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]]]

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the [[Ottoman Empire]], and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in [[Livorno]], Italy founded by a Jewish merchant,<ref>''Encyclopedia of Jewish Food'', 
Gil Marks, HMH, 17 November 2010</ref><ref>
APM – Archeologia Postmedievale, 19, 2015 – Gran Bretagna e Italia tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico: Livorno – 'un porto inglese' / Italy and Britain between Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds: Leghorn – 'an English port'
Hugo Blake All'Insegna del Giglio, 8 September 2017, p. 18</ref> or later in 1640, in Venice.<ref>Horowitz, Elliot. "Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry". ''AJS Review '' Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1989), pp. 17–46, citing Antonio Pilot, ''La Bottega da Caffe''(Venice, 1916)</ref> In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winick |first=Stephen |date=2014-04-17 |title=Coffeehouses: Folk Music, Culture, and Counterculture {{!}} Folklife Today |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2014/04/coffeehouses-folk-music-culture-and-counterculture |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

==== Austria ====
[[File:Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg|thumb|A [[Viennese coffee house|Viennese café]]]]
[[File:porttrieste old.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trieste]], Italy from where the cappuccino spread]]
The traditional tale of the origins of the [[Viennese café]] begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king [[John III Sobieski|Jan III Sobieski]], who in turn gave them to one of his officers, [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki]], a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in [[Vienna]] with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him.

However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat). He opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685.<ref name="Weinberg2002-77">{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|last1=Weinberg|first1=Bennett Alan|last2=Bealer|first2=Bonnie K.|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92722-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA77 page 77]}}</ref><ref name="Teply_1980"/> Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.<ref name="Teply_1980"/> The [[coffee culture|culture of drinking coffee]] was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.

Over time, a [[Viennese coffee house|special coffee house]] culture developed in [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[Vienna]]. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on the other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] in the 19th century.<ref>Friedrich Torberg "Kaffeehaus war überall" (1982) pp 8.</ref><ref>Wolfram Siebeck "Die Kaffeehäuser von Wien. Eine Melange aus Mythos und Schmäh" (1996) pp 7.</ref>
 
Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic sea]] in [[Trieste]], then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous [[cappuccino]]. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.<ref>Helmut Luther "Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist" In: Die Welt, 16 February 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/ |title=Doron Rabinovici "Kaffeehaus als Menschenrecht (German: Coffee house as a human right)" |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623191030/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/ |title=Coffeehouse culture – Austria's culinary heritage |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116083734/https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Riha, Fritz "Das alte Wiener Caféhaus" (1987), pp 12.</ref>

==== England ====
{{Main|English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries}}
The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in [[Oxford]] in 1650<ref>{{cite book |last=Prinz |first=Deborah R. |title=On the Chocolate Trail: A Delicious Adventure Connecting Jews, Religions, History, Travel, Rituals and Recipes to the Magic of Cacao |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |year=2013 |page=5 |isbn=9781683366775}}</ref>–1651<ref name="CBH">{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century |location=London |isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0 |page= }}</ref>{{pn|date=March 2024}} by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" ([[Queen's Lane Coffee House]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk/oxford-jewish-heritage/exclusion-periods-1290-1656/narrative/155-oxford-exclusion|title=Oxford Exclusion|access-date=11 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100820/https://www.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk/oxford-jewish-heritage/exclusion-periods-1290-1656/narrative/155-oxford-exclusion|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[London]], the earliest coffeehouse was established by [[Pasqua Rosée]] in 1652.<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862 |title=Pasqua Rosee |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/92862 |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151204/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862 |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Cowan |first1=Brian }}</ref> [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]] observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his ''Life and Times'' (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and  speaking of news".<ref>Macaulay, Rose (1936) ''The Minor Pleasures of Life''. London: Victor Gollancz; p. 257</ref> The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the [[Ottoman Empire]] named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.<ref name="Weinberg 2002">{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|first1=Bennett Alan|last1=Weinberg|first2=Bonnie K.|last2=Bealer |publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA154 page 154]|isbn=0-415-92722-6}}</ref><ref name="Wild2005">{{cite book|title=Coffee A Dark History|first=Anthony|last=Wild|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild/page/90 page 90]|isbn=0-393-06071-3}}</ref>

From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1670coffee.asp |title=Internet History Sourcebooks |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011225710/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1670coffee.asp |archive-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreira |first=Jennifer |date=2017 |title=Café nation? Exploring the growth of the UK café industry |journal=Area |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1111/area.12285 |bibcode=2017Area...49...69F |url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/cafe-nation-exploring-the-growth-of-the-uk-cafe-industry(516bfe79-51e2-4aed-82df-605b5c8a867f).html }}</ref> The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. [[Lloyd's of London]] had its origins in [[Lloyd's Coffee House|a coffeehouse]] run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries#Early Oxford coffeehouses ("penny universities")|'Penny Universities']].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild|title=Coffee: A Dark History|last=Wild|first=Antony|date=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton Company & Ltd.|page=[https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild/page/85 85]|chapter=Chapter 5: Coffee and Societies|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Though [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the [[Restoration England|Restoration]], the wits gathered around [[John Dryden]] at [[Will's Coffee House]], in Russell Street, [[Covent Garden]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Lucy Cecil |date=February 1891 |title=WILL'S COFFEE-HOUSE |pages=687 |work=The Chautauquan; A Weekly Newsmagazine (1880–1914), 12(5) |url=|access-date=}}</ref> As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, [[Mary II|Queen Mary II]] and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". [[William III of England|William III]]'s privy council also suppressed [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowan |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhzVN39UciQC |title=The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13350-9 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref>

By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as [[Tory|Tories]] and [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], wits and [[stockjobber]]s, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the [[City of London|old city centre]]. According to one French visitor, [[Abbé Prévost]], coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty".<ref>Prévost, Abbé (1930) ''Adventures of a man of quality'' (translation of ''Séjour en Angleterre'', v. 5 of ''Mémoires et aventures d'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde'') G. Routledge & Sons, London, {{OCLC|396693}}</ref>

[[Jonathan's Coffee-House]] in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the [[London Stock Exchange]]. [[Lloyd's Coffee House]] provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals{{Fix|text=repetition}}, leading to the establishment of [[Lloyd's of London]] insurance market, the [[Lloyd's Register]] [[Ship classification society|classification society]], and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of [[Sotheby's]] and [[Christie's]].

In [[Victorian era|Victorian]] England, the [[temperance movement]] set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], an alternative to the [[public house]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Intemperance: Its Causes and Its Remedies|last=Beatty-Kingston|first=William|year=1892|publisher=No publisher name given|jstor=60222729}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Coffee Tavern|newspaper=Lincolnshire Free Press|date= 27 December 1881|page= 7}}</ref>

==== Finland ====
[[File:Bulevardin Ekberg talvella - Marit Henriksson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Café Ekberg]] in [[Helsinki]] in 2024]]
Finland's first coffee house, Kaffehus, was founded in [[Turku]] in 1778.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Suomen historian merkkipaaluja: Ensimmäisenä Turussa |url=https://www.turku.fi/ensimmaisena-turussa |access-date=11 September 2024 |publisher=[[Turku|City of Turku]] |language=fi}}</ref> The oldest still-in-use coffee house in [[Helsinki]] called [[Café Ekberg]] was founded in 1852.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Ekberg – Helsingin Historiallinen Herkkukeidas |url=https://parastastadissa.com/ekberg-helsingin-historiallinen-herkkukeidas/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |publisher=Parasta Stadissa |language=fi}}</ref>

==== France ====
Pasqua Rosée, an [[Armenians|Armenian]] by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until [[Procopio Cutò]], his apprentice, opened the [[Café Procope]] in 1686.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.procope.com/|title=Le Procope – Paris – Brasserie|website=Zenchef|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309041331/http://www.procope.com/|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]; [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], and [[Denis Diderot]] frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'', the first modern encyclopedia.

==== Hungary ====
The first known cafes in [[Budapest|Pest]] date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja|title=Az első pesti kávéház háborúja|website=Budapest romantikája|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401061636/https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
[[File:Entrata Caffè Florian.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caffè Florian]] in [[Venice]]]]
During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: [[Caffè Florian]] in Venice, [[Antico Caffè Greco]] in [[Rome]], [[Pedrocchi Café|Caffè Pedrocchi]] in [[Padua]], [[Palazzo Agostini, Pisa|Caffè dell'Ussero]] in [[Pisa]] and [[Caffè Fiorio]] in [[Turin]].

==== Ireland ====
In the 18th century, [[Dublin]] coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of [[Dick's Coffee House]], owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.<ref name="Abbas_2014" /> These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Matthew |title=Newspapers, gossip and coffeehouse culture |url=https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture |publisher=British Library |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926082953/https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture |url-status=live }}</ref>

Today, the term ''café''  is used for most coffeehouses – this can be spelled both with and without an [[acute accent]], but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "[[Bewley's|Bewley's Café]]" – i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent.

==== Portugal ====
[[File:Estatua de Fernando Pessoa.jpg|thumb|239x239px|[[Statue]] of [[Fernando Pessoa]] by Lagoa Henriques, next to the [[Café A Brasileira|''A Brasileira'']] café, in [[Chiado]], Lisbon]]
The history of coffee in [[Portugal]] is usually told to have begun during the reign of king [[John V of Portugal|John V]], when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the [[Dutch East India Company]] and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken to [[Cape Verde]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Despite this story, coffee already existed in [[Angola]], having been introduced by [[Missionaries|Portuguese missionaries]]. During the 18th century, the first public ''cafés'' appeared, inspired by French gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment.

Several cafes emerged in [[Lisbon]] such as: ''Martinho da Arcada'' (being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), ''Café Tavares'', ''Botequim Parras,'' among others''.'' Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as [[Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage|Manuel du Bocage]] with his visits to ''Café Nicola,'' which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and [[Fernando Pessoa]] with his visits to [[Café A Brasileira|''A Brasileira'']], which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was the ''Café Marrare'', opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by Júlio Castilho, Raimundo de Bulhão Pato, [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Alexandre Herculano]] and other members of the Portuguese government and the [[intelligentsia]]. It began its saying: «''Lisboa era [[Chiado]], o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei''» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law").

Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as ''Café Vianna,'' opened in [[Braga]], in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as [[Camilo Castelo Branco]] and [[Eça de Queiroz|Eça de Queirós]]. During the [[1930s|1930's]], a surge in coffee houses happened in [[Porto]] with the opening of several that still exist, such as ''Café Guarany'', opened in 1933, and ''A Regaleira'', opened in 1934.

==== Romania ====
In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman [[Janissary]] from [[Constantinople]], opened the first coffee shop in [[Bucharest]] (then the capital of the [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]]), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the [[National Bank of Romania]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2000 |title=Cafenele din Vechiul București (secolele XIX–XX) ('Coffeeshops from Old Bucharest (19th–20th centuries)') |url=http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/cafenele-vechiul-bucure-ti-secolele-xix-xx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021155/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/cafenele-vechiul-bucure-ti-secolele-xix-xx |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Historia.ro}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in [[St. Gallen]].<ref>Willi Leuthold'': 222 Jahre Lebensmittel Gross- und Detailhandel "hinterm Turm" in St.Gallen'', 1983</ref>

==== Gender ====
The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm|title=Coffee History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915014128/http://www.humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=15 September 2007|access-date=27 October 2007}}</ref> [[Émilie du Châtelet]] purportedly [[cross-dressing|cross-dressed]] to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm|title=Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet – and Voltaire|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018200406/http://visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm|archive-date=18 October 2007|access-date=27 October 2007}}</ref>

In a well-known engraving of a [[Parisian café]] c. 1700,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/mtpetley/18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg|title=A coffeehouse at the close of the seventeenth century|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019185259/http://geocities.com/mtpetley/18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg|archive-date=19 October 2009}}</ref> the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, [[sex segregation|separated]] in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were [[Moll King (coffee house proprietor)|Moll King]] in England, and [[Maja-Lisa Borgman]] in Sweden.<ref>Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013</ref>

==== Contemporary ====
In most European countries, such as [[Spain]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], Germany, [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Portugal]], and others, the term ''café'' means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as [[Pastry|pastries]] such as [[Cake|cakes]], [[tart]]s, [[pie]]s, or [[bun]]s. Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, a ''café'' is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands a ''koffiehuis'' serves coffee, while a [[Cannabis coffee shops|coffee shop]] (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs ([[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and [[hashish]]) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a [[croissant]] or [[pain au chocolat]] can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as ''bar''. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomalin |first1=Barry |title=Italy – Culture Smart! : The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |date=2016 |publisher=Kuperard |location=London |isbn=9781857338300 |page=101}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=October 2018|reason=This whole paragraph needs sources.}}

=== Americas ===

==== Argentina ====
[[File:Avenida de Mayo Café Tortoni.jpg|thumb|[[Café Tortoni]] is an emblematic café in Buenos Aires, frequented by [[Jorge Luis Borges]] among many other figures of Argentina.]]
Coffeehouses are part of the culture of [[Buenos Aires]] and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include [[Confitería del Molino]], [[Café Tortoni]], [[:es:El Gato Negro|El Gato Negro]], and [[Café La Biela]].

====United States====
[[File:Caffe Reggio 01.jpg|thumb|[[Caffe Reggio]] on [[MacDougal Street]] in New York City's Manhattan which was founded in 1927]]

The first coffeehouse in America opened in [[Boston]], in 1676.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masstraveljournal.com/page/quick-facts/americas-first-coffeehouse|title=America's First Coffeehouse|website=Massachusetts Travel Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927210021/http://masstraveljournal.com/page/quick-facts/americas-first-coffeehouse|archive-date=27 September 2010|access-date=21 September 2010}}</ref> However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the [[Boston Tea Party]] and the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the [[War of 1812]] when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Burt|title=What We Eat: The True Story of Why We Put Sugar in our Coffee and Ketchup on our Fries|publisher=Tehabi Books|year=2002|isbn=|pages=112–115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Michelle Craig |title=Coffee Nation: How One Commodity Transformed the Early United States |date=2025 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=9781512827552 |edition=1st}}</ref> Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the [[Bank of New York Mellon v. Realogy Corp.|Bank of New York]] and the [[Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York|New York Chamber of Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rotondi|first=Jessica Pearce|title=How Coffee Fueled Revolutions—And Changed History|url=https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions|access-date=10 April 2021|website=HISTORY|date=11 February 2020 |language=en|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032927/https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the [[espresso]]- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably [[New York City]]'s [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] and [[Greenwich Village]], Boston's [[North End, Boston|North End]], and San Francisco's [[North Beach, San Francisco, California|North Beach]]. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly [[Folk music|folk]] performers during the [[American folk music revival]].<ref>Shelton, Robert "Something happened in America", in: Laing, Dave, et al. (1975) ''The Electric Muse''. London: Eyre Methuen; pp. 7–44: p. 31</ref> Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the [[Beat Generation|Beats]], who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like [[Joan Baez]] and [[Bob Dylan]] began their careers performing in coffeehouses. [[Blues]] singer [[Lightnin' Hopkins]] bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Exterior_of_a_modern_Starbucks_in_Knoxville,_Tennessee.jpg|thumb|A modern Starbucks coffee chain location in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] with a drive-through.]]
In 1966, [[Alfred Peet]] began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in [[Berkeley, California]] to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee.<ref name=":0" /> Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic [[Last Exit on Brooklyn]] coffeehouse, [[Seattle]] became known for its thriving [[countercultural]] coffeehouse scene; the [[Starbucks]] chain later standardized and mainstreamed this [[#Espresso bar|espresso bar]] model, now prevalent throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/ |title=Starbucks Coffee Company: Past, Present and Future |publisher=PurelyCoffeeBeans |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107072136/https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walrath-Holdridge |first1=Mary |title=Starbucks Introduces Value Meals with New 'Pairings Menu' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/food/2024/06/13/starbucks-pairing-menu-coffee-meal-deal/74083587007/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref>Sources: Chase Purdy, author, "That joke about a Starbucks on every corner? It's actually true and hurting the company's sales", Quartz, 2017.</ref>

From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like ''The Lost Coin'' ([[Greenwich Village]]), ''The Gathering Place'' ([[Riverside, California|Riverside, CA]]), ''Catacomb Chapel'' (New York City), and ''Jesus For You'' ([[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]]). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and [[Bible study (Christianity)|Bible studies]] were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, ''A Coffeehouse Manual'', served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.<ref>Sources: Tim Schultz, Director, "Jesus For You". ''A Coffeehouse Manual'', Bethany Fellowship, 1972.</ref>

==Format==
{{see also|List of coffeehouse chains}}

[[File:Pastries sold at a coffee shop.jpg|thumb|right|Coffeehouses often sell [[pastries]] or other food items.]]
Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or [[sidewalk cafe|sidewalk café]]) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the [[Internet café]] or [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Hotspot]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089 |title=Julius Briner Message Board |publisher=Investorshub.advfn.com |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501135208/http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned [[diner]]s that they replaced.

===Asia===
Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called ''{{'}}ahwah'' {{IPA|/ʔhwa/}}, which is the dialectal pronunciation of {{lang|ar|قَهْوة}}<!--tag for [[Modern Standard Arabic]]--> ''qahwah'' (literally "coffee")<ref name="Gėzim"/><ref>The {{IPAblink|q}} is [[debuccalization|debuccalized]] to {{IPAblink|ʔ}}. {{cite book|first=Desmond|last=Stewart|title=Cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qctAQAAIAAJ|access-date=1 April 2012|year=1965|publisher=Phoenix House|quote=[...] ''qahwah'', coffee, is pronounced as ''ahwah''; the word for citadel, ''qal'ah'', is pronounced ''al'ah''; in both cases, it should be added, the final 'h' is silent and is often omitted.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103014114/http://books.google.com/books?id=1qctAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> (<small>see also [[Arabic phonology#Local variations]]</small>). Also commonly served in ''{{'}}ahwah'' are tea (''shāy'') and [[herbal tea]]s, especially the highly popular [[hibiscus tea|hibiscus blend]] ([[Egyptian Arabic]]: ''karkadeh'' or ''ennab''). The first ''{{'}}ahwah'' opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo), ''bursa'' <!--need translation--> ([[Alexandria]]) and ''gharza'' (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.<ref name="Gėzim">{{cite book|last=Alpion|first=Gëzim|title=Encounters With Civilizations: From Alexander the Great to Mother Teresa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48|access-date=1 April 2012|date=18 May 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-1831-5|page=48|quote=[T]he drinking establishment began to be named after its newest beverage [i.e., coffee]. This is how ''qahwa'' (coffee shop) came into being in Egypt.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906225907/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like [[Indian Coffee House]], [[Café Coffee Day]], [[Barista Lavazza]] have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/ |title=Middle-class India embraces coffee culture |publisher=Asian Correspondent |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100753/http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/ |archive-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for [[conspicuous consumption]], with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called ''[[kopi tiam]]''. The word is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[Malay language|Malay]] word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] dialect word for shop ({{lang|zh|店}}; [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|POJ]]: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on [[Eggs as food|egg]], [[Toast (food)|toast]], and [[coconut jam]], plus coffee, tea, and [[Milo (drink)|Milo]], a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are called ''kedai kopi'', ''rumah kopi'', or ''warung kopi'' which is often abbreviated as ''warkop''. [[Kopi tubruk]] is a common drink in small ''warkop''. As a coffee drink companion, traditional [[kue]] is also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in [[Jakarta]] which named ''Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asriyati |first1=Asriyati |title=Inilah Kedai Kopi Pertama di Indonesia |url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia |website=goodnewsfromindonesia.id |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=Indonesian |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514123147/https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like [[Starbucks]] have become the prevalent hangouts for upper- and middle-class professionals in such districts as the [[Makati Central Business District|Makati CBD]]. However, carinderias (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or [[merienda]]. There are also a number of establishments often referred to as "cafés" that serve not just coffee and pastries, but full meals, often international cuisine highly altered to Filipino tastes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yuvallos |first1=Andrei |title=What is Filipino café food, anyway? |url=https://nolisoli.ph/108349/filipino-cafe-food-essay/ |website=NOLISOLI |access-date=17 May 2024 |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered [[bar (establishment)|a night restaurant that serves]] [[alcoholic drink]]s during a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|1997 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919|work=[[Manager Daily]]|date=30 June 2015|language=th|title=40 ปี "ตำนานคาเฟ่" เมืองหลวง จากศูนย์รวมบันเทิงถึงยุคเสื่อม นักร้องต้องขายตัวแลกพวงมาลัย|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621222501/http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919|archive-date=21 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the [[Si Kak Phraya Si]] in the area of [[Rattanakosin Island]], by [[Edna Sarah Cole|Madam Cole]], an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later, [[Phraya|Chao Phraya]] Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to the [[Royal Plaza (Thailand)|Royal Plaza]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000010601|work=Manager Daily|first=โรม|last=บุนนาค|date=6 February 2018|title=เมื่อ "เครื่องดื่มปีศาจ" มาสยาม! ร.๓ ทรงปลูกเป็นสวนหลวงในหัวแหวนกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์!!|language=th|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101919/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000010601|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to within [[Phayathai Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP|date=30 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018|language=th|work=today.line.me|title=เที่ยวร้านกาแฟนรสิงห์ ร้านกาแฟแห่งแรกของสยาม ณ พระราชวังพญาไท|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051905/https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[southern Thailand|southern region]], a traditional coffeehouse or ''kopi tiam'' is popular with locals, like many countries in the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book|title=ประชาธิปัตย์ปราศรัย |trans-title=DEMOCRAT LIVE|date=2005|publisher= politikpress|location=Bangkok|isbn=974-92738-6-9|pages=4–5 |language=th}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Caffeena café storefront at NOMO, Bacoor, Cavite — 25 Feb 2022.jpg|A coffee shop in [[Bacoor]], Philippines
File:Rumah Loer - Palembang, SS (9 August 2021).jpg|Rumah Loer, a contemporary-style coffee shop ({{langx|id|rumah kopi kekinian}}) in [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]]
File:2019 02 Rustic Barista Specialty Coffee Korat 01.jpg|A shop specialised in drip coffee in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], Thailand
</gallery>

===Australia===
[[File:Federal Coffee Palace Melbourne.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=|The [[Federal Coffee Palace]], built on Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1888, was the largest and grandest Coffee Palace ever built. It was demolished in 1973.]]
[[File:Centre Place December 2012.jpg|thumb|right|[[Centre Place, Melbourne]]. Australia and New Zealand have competing claims as being the birthplace of the "[[flat white]]".]]

In the 19th century, coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the [[Federal Coffee Palace]] in the centre of [[Melbourne]] were established and were part of the [[temperance movement]] to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2014 |title=State Library Victoria Temperance and Melbourne’s grand coffee palaces |url=https://blogs.slv.vic.gov.au/such-was-life/temperance-and-melbournes-grand-coffee-palaces/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |website= |publisher=State Library Victoria |language=}}</ref>

In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known as ''cafés''. Since the post-[[World War II]] influx of Italian and Greek immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-11 |title=Coffee is consumed everywhere — even in space. How did it win over the world? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-12/history-of-coffee-the-global-beverage-with-chequered-past/102445782 |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee, particularly in [[Sydney]] and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "[[flat white]]" which remains a popular coffee drink.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-16 |title=How the flat white conquered the UK coffee scene |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flat-white-coffee-culture-antipodean-mcdonalds-advert-starbucks-latte-a8246111.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Independent |language=}}</ref>

===Africa===
In [[Cairo]], the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In [[Addis Ababa]], the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled before 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Jeffrey
| first = James
| title = Boom times for Ethiopia's coffee shops
| work = BBC News
| access-date = 21 October 2014
| date = 15 October 2014
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019001552/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768
| archive-date = 19 October 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony
 |work        = Carey Nash Photography
 |access-date  = 21 October 2014
|date        = 28 September 2014
|url         = http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008074931/http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/
 |archive-date = 8 October 2014
}}</ref>

===Europe===
====United Kingdom====
The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Drugs and Society|date=June 1973|issue=9|volume=2}}</ref> and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, [[Italians in the United Kingdom|Italian-run]] espresso bars and their [[Formica (plastic)|formica]]-topped tables were a feature of 1950s [[Soho]] that provided a backdrop as well as a title for [[Cliff Richard]]'s 1960 film ''[[Expresso Bongo]]''. The first was The Moka in [[Frith Street]], opened by [[Gina Lollobrigida]] in 1953. With their "exotic [[Gaggia]] [[espresso machine|coffee machine]][s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s]"<ref name="Perry">Lyn Perry, "Cabbages and Cuppas", in [http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf ''Adventures in the Mediatheque: Personal Selections of Films''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132037/http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf |date=15 May 2011 }}, (London: BFI Southbank / University of the Third Age, 2008), pp 26–27.</ref> they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing affordable, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as [[Starbucks]] and [[Pret a Manger]].<ref name="Perry"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323201633/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|title=The Coming of the Cafes|website=Classic Cafes}} Specifically the section headed "1953...".</ref>

===Espresso bar===
{{More citations needed section |date=October 2018}}
[[File:Baliuagjf1696 08.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Interior of an espresso bar from [[Baliwag]], Philippines]]

The '''espresso bar''' is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from [[espresso]]. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are [[Starbucks|Starbucks Coffee]], based in [[Seattle]], U.S., and [[Costa Coffee]], based in [[Loudwater, Buckinghamshire|Loudwater]], U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield [[espresso machine]] (usually bean to cup machines, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public [[Wi-Fi]] access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.

The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; [[biscotti]], [[cannoli]] and [[pizzelle]] are a common traditional accompaniment to a [[latte|caffe latte]] or [[cappuccino]]. Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include [[scones]], [[muffins]], [[croissant]]s, and even [[doughnuts]]. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink [[masala chai]]. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' [[Frappucino]].

A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a [[barista]]. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:028 Cafe sign free photo - Cafe neon - Creative Commons Attribution.jpg|"Café" neon sign in [[Breda]], Netherlands
File:Café Mélange, Wien.jpg|Café Mélange, [[Vienna]]
File:Kahvila Kampelan terassia.JPG|Café Kampela, [[Helsinki]]
File:The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman Oklahoma on the morning of 10 Dec 2023.jpg|The Grey Owl Coffee shop in [[Norman, Oklahoma]]
File:In café omgebouwde kerk in Utrecht.jpg|A café in a former church, [[Utrecht]]
File:Roadside cafe on the summer terrace. Buryatia, Russia.jpg|Roadside café with a summer terrace, [[Buryatia]], Russia
File:Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg|Inside of a [[kopitiam]], Malaysia
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Coffee|Drink}}
* [[Café society]]
* [[Caffè sospeso]]
* [[Cat café]]
* [[Cha chaan teng]], Hong Kong-style café
* [[Coffeehouse culture of Baghdad]]
* [[Coffee service]]
* [[Death Cafe]]
* [[Dog café]]
* [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries]]
* [[Greasy spoon]]
* [[History of coffee]]
* [[Kafana]]
* [[Kissaten]]
* [[Kopi tiam]]
* [[List of coffeehouse chains]]
* [[Manga café]]
* [[Teahouse]]
* [[Turkish coffee]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Teply_1980">{{cite book |author-last=Teply |author-first=Karl |title=Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien. Georg Franz Koltschitzky. Johannes Diodato. Isaac de Luca. |language=de |trans-title= |publisher={{ill|Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien|de}} / Kommissionsverlag Jugend und Volk |editor-first=Felix |editor-last=Czeike |editor-link=Felix Czeike |series=Sonderreihe der "Wiener Geschichtsblätter" (später Reihe: "Forschungen und Beiträge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte") |volume=6 |date=1980 |publication-place=Vienna, Austria & Munich, Germany |isbn=3-7141-9330-8 |id={{ISBN|3-7005-4536-3}} |oclc=14949012 |s2cid=190364058 |page=104}} (208 pages, 15 illustrations). Cited in: Seibel, Anna Maria: "Die Bedeutung der Griechen für das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien". https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/1675</ref>
<ref name="Abbas_2014">{{cite journal |author-last=Abbas |author-first=Hyder |title='A Fund of entertaining and useful Information': Coffee Houses, Early Public Libraries, and the Print Trade in Eighteenth-Century Dublin |journal=Library & Information History |date=February 2014 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=41–61 [46] |doi=10.1179/1758348913Z.00000000051 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]] |s2cid=161212491 |issn=1758-3489}}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Marie-France Boyer; photographs by Eric Morin (1994) ''The French Café''. London: Thames & Hudson.
* Brian Cowan (2005), ''The Social Life of Coffee:  The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse'', Yale University Press.
* Markman Ellis (2004), ''The Coffee House: A Cultural History'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
* {{Cite book|title=The Coffee-House: A Cultural History|last=Ellis|first=Markman|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2004|location=London}}
* {{cite news |last1=Homsi |first1=Nada |last2=Hendawi |first2=Hamza |last3=Mahmoud |first3=Sinan |last4=Oweis |first4=Khaled Yacoub |title=Coffee houses of the Middle East: inside the region's historic cauldrons of culture |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2023/02/24/coffee-houses-of-the-middle-east-inside-the-regions-historic-cauldrons-of-culture/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=Abu Dhabi |date=24 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430092001/https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2023/02/24/coffee-houses-of-the-middle-east-inside-the-regions-historic-cauldrons-of-culture/ |url-status=live }}
* Robert Hume. "Percolating Society", ''Irish Examiner'', 27 April 2017. p.&nbsp;13.
* Nautiyal, J. J. (2016). "Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops: a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces". ''Education & Culture'', 32(2), 99–118.
* [[Ray Oldenburg]], ''[[The Great Good Place (Oldenburg)|The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day]]''. New York: Parragon Books, 1989. {{ISBN|1-56924-681-5}}.
* Tom Standage (2006). ''A History of the World in Six Glasses'', Walker & Company, {{ISBN|0-8027-1447-1}}.
* Antony Wild, ''Coffee: A Dark History'', New York: W. W. Norton & Company, {{ISBN|9780393060713}}; London: Fourth Estate, 2004 {{ISBN|1841156493}}.
* Withington, Phil. "Public and Private Pleasures." ''History Today'' (June 2020) 70#6 pp.&nbsp;16–18. Covers London 1630 to 1800.
* Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?" ''Journal of Modern History'' 92.1 (2020): 40–75.
* {{Cite thesis |last=Yaşar |first=Ahmet |year=2003 |title=The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance |url=https://seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr/search/aya%7B240%7Dsar%2C+ahmet/ayas~aar+ahmet/1%2C1%2C3%2CB/frameset%26FF%3Dayas~aar+ahmet+1978%262%2C%2C3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405081750/https://seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr/search/aya%7B240%7Dsar%2C+ahmet/ayas~aar+ahmet/1%2C1%2C3%2CB/frameset%26FF%3Dayas~aar+ahmet+1978%262%2C%2C3 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |type=M.A. |location=Istanbul |publisher=Boğaziçi University |access-date=18 May 2023}}
* Ahmet Yaşar, "Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6, 2005, 237–256. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090111170216/http://www.talid.org/dergiler.aspx?SAYI=6 Talid.org].
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
https://zuscoffeemenu.org/
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[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés| ]]
[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Coffee]]
[[Category:Coffee culture]]
[[Category:Restaurants by type]]