View source for Communist Party of Brazil

{{Short description|Political party in Brazil}}
{{Distinguish|Brazilian Communist Party}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{POV|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| country          = Brazil
| name             = Communist Party of Brazil
| native_name      = Partido Comunista do Brasil
| native_name_lang = pt-br
| colorcode        = {{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}
| logo             = PCdoB logo.svg
| logo_size        = 250px
| president        = [[Luciana Santos (politician)|Luciana de Oliveira Santos]]
| foundation       = {{start date and age|df=yes|1922|03|25}} (official)<ref name="Apresentação">[https://pcdob.org.br/apresentacao-do-partido/] Apresentação do Partido</ref><br />{{start date|df=yes|1962|02|18}} (split from [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
| legalised        = {{start date and age|df=yes|1985|05|10}}{{efn|Communist Parties legalization in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memorialdademocracia.com.br/card/comunistas-voltam-para-a-legalidade |title=Communists return to legality |website=Memorial da Democracia |language=pt |accessdate=23 October 2022}}</ref>}}
| registered       = {{start date|df=yes|1988|06|23}}
| banned           = {{end date|df=yes|1965|10|27}}{{efn|Via Institutional Act no. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/ait/ait-02-65.htm|title=Ato Institucional N°2, de 27 de outubro de 1965|website=Palácio do Planalto|language=pt|date=27 October 1965|accessdate=23 July 2022}}</ref>}}
| split            = [[Brazilian Communist Party]]
| ideology         = [[Communism]] ([[Communism in Brazil|Brazilian]])<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Estatuto">[http://www.justicaeleitoral.jus.br/arquivos/tse-estatuto-do-partido-comunista-do-brasil.2011 TSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216051000/http://www.justicaeleitoral.jus.br/arquivos/tse-estatuto-do-partido-comunista-do-brasil.2011 |date=16 February 2017}} Estatuto do Partido Comunista do Brasil</ref><br />'''Historical:'''<br />[[Maoism]]<ref name=handbook>{{cite book |last1=Banks |first1=Arthur S. |last2=Overstreet |first2=William |date=1983 |title=Political Handbook of the World: 1982-1983: Governments and Intergovernmental Organisation as of January 1st 1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_Handbook_of_the_World.html?id=NGO1zwEACAAJ |publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |page=63 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><br />[[Hoxhaism]]<ref name=hc>{{Cite web |url=https://pcb.org.br/portal2/580/as-diferencas-entre-pcb-e-pcdob/ |title=As diferenças entre PCB e PCdoB |date=26 March 2009 |access-date=2020-11-17 |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120170345/https://pcb.org.br/portal2/580/as-diferencas-entre-pcb-e-pcdob/}}</ref><ref name=handbook />
| position         = {{Nowrap|[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{Cite journal |last1=Dias |first1=Marcia Ribeiro |last2=Menezes |first2=Daiane Boelhouwer |last3=Ferreira |first3=Geison da Cunha |date=2020-07-03 |title='A quem serve o Graal?': Um estudo sobre a classificação ideológica dos partidos políticos através de seus projetos de lei na Alergs (2003 a 2006) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/civitas/a/Kgtg3wYbqypmSXmKC46MhrP/abstract/?lang=pt |journal=Civitas – Revista de Ciências Sociais |language=pt |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=209–235 |doi=10.15448/1984-7289.2012.2.11918 |issn=1519-6089 |quote=O PC do B surpreendeu por sua classificação muito mais à direita do que se esperaria de um partido comunista. Revelou-se, em suas proposições, um partido de centro-esquerda moderado, intensamente predisposto à incorporação de valores pós-materialistas. |trans-quote=The PC do B surprised with its classification much more to the right than one would expect from a communist party. It proved itself, in its propositions, a moderate center-left party, intensely predisposed to the incorporation of post-materialist values.|doi-access=free }}|{{cite book|date=2019|first=Sabrina|last=Fernandes|location=São Paulo|oclc=1229932805|quote=Embora  ambas  as  partes  reivindiquem  a  propriedade  da  história  do  Partido Comunista  do  Brasil  (PCB)  original,  fundado  em  1922,  é  a  virada  gradual  do PCdoB  de  um  partido  comunista  para  o  aceite  de  práticas  social-democratas,  e até  uma  política  de  apreço  da  burguesia  nacional,  que  atualmente  define  sua localização no espectro político <br /> Enquanto  os  documentos  da recente  era  do  PCdoB  mantêm  uma  lealdade  às suas  raízes  marxista-leninistas,  eu  argumento,  contrariamente  à  visão  geral  de Daniel  Aarão  Reis, que  esses documentos  foram  concebidos  para  coesão partidária em relação às suas raízes e não correspondem às práticas políticas que predominaram no PCdoB desde o período de democratização no Brasil.|title=Sintomas mórbidos : a encruzilhada da esquerda Brasileira}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->|{{Cite journal |date=6 May 2022 |title=Brazilian Electoral Bulletin 2022 |url=https://www.braziloffice.org/campaigns/view-campaign/3Cr3BcCcZNfslVusPicWnj9l_ye50Z7Ay2W3I-YDvdoGBcD0riXdq3mEN2B2J5J3-CY579oj7OI1_lvF9wB9KDKvgcbUzwoq |journal=Washington Brazil Office |volume=13 |issue= |quote=The party alliance supporting Lula da Silva's candidacy is practically defined and will be composed of one center-right party (Solidariedade), two center parties (Green Party, PV; Sustainable Network, REDE), three center-left parties (Workers’ Party, PT; Communist Party of Brazil, PCdoB; and the Brazilian Socialist Party, PSB), and one left-wing party (Party of Socialism and Liberty, PSOL).}}|{{Cite web |title=PT reforça candidatura de Lula e quer aliança com PSB e PCdoB |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/pt-reforca-candidatura-de-lula-e-quer-alianca-com-psb-e-pcdob |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |language=pt-BR |quote=O PT também definiu que irá construir palanques estaduais com partidos de centro-esquerda (preferencialmente PSB, PCdoB e outros que apoiem o petista). |trans-quote=The PT also decided that it will build state platforms with center-left parties (preferably PSB, PCdoB and others that support the PT member).}}|{{Cite journal |last=Carlomagno |first=Márcio |last2=Braga |first2=Sérgio |last3=Angeli |first3=Alzira Ester |date=2022 |title=Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/703/70373170005/html/ |journal=Revista Sociedade e Cultura |language=en |volume=25 |doi=10.5216/sec.v25.70812 |quote=(vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a ‘démodé’ variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS,PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.|doi-access=free }}}}</ref> to [[Left politics|left-wing]]<ref name="sintomas">
* {{cite book|date=2019|first=Sabrina|last=Fernandes|location=São Paulo|oclc=1229932805|pages=128–157|publisher=Autonomia Literária|title=Sintomas mórbidos : a encruzilhada da esquerda Brasileira}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
* {{cite web|date=30 September 2006|publisher=Congresso em Foco|title=As diferenças entre os partidos de esquerda|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/reportagem/as-diferencas-entre-os-partidos-de-esquerda/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
* {{cite web|date=29 September 2021|publisher=Exame|title=PSB e PCdoB devem formar federação; entenda as regras do novo modelo|url=https://exame.com/brasil/psb-e-pcdob-devem-formar-federacao-entenda-as-regras-do-novo-modelo/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
* {{cite web|author=Sergio Roxo|date=15 September 2020|publisher=[[O Globo]]|title=Partidos pequenos de esquerda e de centro já negociam formar federações; entenda as regras do novo modelo|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/partidos-pequenos-de-esquerda-de-centro-ja-negociam-formar-federacoes-entenda-as-regras-do-novo-modelo-25216867}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
*  {{cite journal|author=Edmar Almeida de Macedo|date=2017|location=Montevidéu|periodical=Congresso Latino-americano de Ciência Política|pages=2–3|publisher=Biblioteca Digital da Justiça Eleitoral|title=Recrutamento político da esquerda nas eleições municipais do Brasil em 2016|url=http://bibliotecadigital.tse.jus.br/xmlui/handle/bdtse/6811}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
</ref>}}{{cref|A}}<br />'''Historical:'''<br />[[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harmer |first1=Tanya |last2=Álvarez |first2=Alberto Martín |date=2021-04-06 |title=Toward a Global History of Latin America’s Revolutionary Left |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Toward_a_Global_History_of_Latin_America.html?id=JYTSEAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]] |chapter=The Brazilian Far Left, Cuba, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1963: New International Evidence on a Discordant 'Struggle for Ascendancy' |page=103-105, 110 |isbn=1683402839 |access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]]<ref name="Estatuto"/><ref name="TSE_InfoGerais">[http://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-politicos/partido-comunista-do-brasil TSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012107/http://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-politicos/partido-comunista-do-brasil |date=15 April 2017 }} Partidos – Partidos políticos – PCdoB</ref>
| newspaper        = ''Classe Operária''
| youth_wing       = [[Socialist Youth Union (Brazil)|Socialist Youth Union]]
| membership       = 391,474<ref>{{cite web |title=Estatísticas eleitorais {{!}} Filiação partidária da eleição {{!}} Estatísticas de filiação |trans-title=Election statistics {{!}} Election party affiliation {{!}} Membership statistics |url=https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/r/seai/sig-eleicao-filiados/ |website=sig.tse.jus.br |publisher=[[Superior Electoral Court]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
| membership_year  = 2024
| national         = [[Brazil of Hope]]
| regional         = [[São Paulo Forum]]
| international    = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]
| colours          = {{Color box|#CC0000|border=darkgray}} Red <br /> {{Color box|#FFE500|border=darkgray}} Yellow
| blank1_title     = TSE Identification Number
| blank1           = 65
| seats1_title     = [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|7|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
| seats3_title     = Governorships
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|0|27|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
| seats4_title     = Mayors
| seats4           = {{Composition bar|19|5569|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
| seats5_title     = City Councillors
| seats5           = {{Composition bar|354|58026|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
| website          = {{Official URL}}
| flag             = PCdoB flag.svg
| footnotes        = {{cnote|A|The PCdoB is a centre-left to left-wing [[developmentalist]] party, but was described as "[[Far-left politics|far-left]]" in some news outlets because it still de jure supports Marxist–Leninist theory.<ref>

'''[[Al Jazeera]]''':
* {{cite news |date= 5 February 2021 |title= Brazil's Bolsonaro faces probe after hospitals ran out of oxygen |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/5/bolsonaro-under-investigation-over-pandemic-response-in-manaus |work= Al Jazeera |access-date= 31 August 2022}}

'''[[Reuters]]''':
* {{cite news |last= Brito |first= Ricardo |date= 5 February 2022 |title= Brazil's top prosecutor probes Bolsonaro over Manaus COVID-19 outbreak |url= https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/brazils-top-prosecutor-probes-bolsonaro-over-manaus-covid-19-outbreak-2021-02-05/ |work= Reuters |access-date= 31 August 2022}}

</ref>}}
}}

The '''Communist Party of Brazil''' ({{langx|pt|Partido Comunista do Brasil}}, '''PCdoB''') is a [[List of political parties in Brazil|political party]] in Brazil. The PCdoB officially adheres to [[Marxist–Leninist]] theory.<ref name="Estatuto"/> It has national reach and deep penetration in the [[trade union]] and [[Student activism|student]] movements.

PCdoB shares the disputed title of "oldest political party in Brazil" with the [[Brazilian Communist Party]] (PCB). The predecessor of both parties was the Brazilian Section of the Communist International, founded on 25 March 1922. The current PCdoB was launched on 18 February 1962, in the aftermath of the [[Sino-Soviet split]], initially having a [[Maoist]] guideline, which would later substitute with [[Hoxhaism]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-04-10 |date=2013-07-16 |first=Joanne |language=pt-BR |last=Mota |title=CDM divulga registro raro da 7ª Conferência do PCdoB na Albânia |url=https://vermelho.org.br/2013/07/16/cdm-divulga-registro-raro-da-7-conferencia-do-pcdob-na-albania/ |website=Vermelho}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Outlawed after the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 coup d'état]], PCdoB supported the [[Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship|armed struggle against the regime]] before its legalization in 1988. Its most famous action in the period was the [[Araguaia guerrilla]] (1966–1974).<ref name="CIDH">[http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2000eng/ChapterIII/Admissible/Brazil11.552.htm "Araguaia guerrilla movement case"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607000044/http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2000eng/ChapterIII/Admissible/Brazil11.552.htm|date=June 7, 2011}}. [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]], March 6, 2001.</ref> 

After the [[Redemocratization in Brazil]], the PCdoB was legalized and adopted a more moderate leftist stance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Miazzo |first=Leonardo |date=2022-08-22 |title=Federação de centro-esquerda pode nascer sem resolver todos os impasses, diz presidenta do PCdoB... |url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/federacao-de-centro-esquerda-pode-nascer-sem-resolver-todos-os-impasses-diz-presidenta-do-pcdob/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=CartaCapital}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Since 1989, the party has been allied to the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] (PT) at the federal level, and, as such, it participated in the [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] administration and joined the "[[With the strength of the people]]" coalition, which elected his successor, [[Dilma Rousseff]]. In [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]], the party again allied with PT and the candidacy of [[Fernando Haddad]]. Haddad's running mate was PCdoB member [[Manuela d'Ávila]]. In 2022 it joined the [[Brazil of Hope]] coalition with the PT and the [[Green Party (Brazil)|Green Party]].

In 2018, after falling to get enough votes to break through the [[electoral threshold]] and to keep receiving funds, the [[Free Fatherland Party (Brazil)|Free Fatherland Party]] (PPL) voted to merge into PCdoB.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povo |first=Hora do |date=2018-12-02 |title=Unidade do PCdoB e PPL fortalece a luta democrática no Brasil |url=https://horadopovo.com.br/ppl-e-pcdob-se-unem-em-defesa-da-democracia-e-do-brasil/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Hora do Povo |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

PCdoB publishes the newspaper ''Working Class'' (''Classe Operária'') as well as the magazine ''Principles'' (''Princípios''), and is a member of the [[Foro de São Paulo]]. Its youth wing is the Union of the Socialist Youth (''União da Juventude Socialista'', UJS), launched in 1984, while its trade union wing is the Central of the Workers of Brazil (''Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil, CTB''), founded in 2007 as a dissidence from the [[Central Única dos Trabalhadores|Unified Workers' Central]] (''Central Única dos Trabalhadores'', CUT).

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
The Communist Party – Brazilian Section of the Communist International (''Partido Comunista – Seção Brasileira da Internacional Comunista, PC-SBIC'') was founded on 25 March 1922, gathering Brazilian Communists under the same label until the international rupture in the movement that occurred after the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) in 1956, and the 5th Congress of the PC-SBIC in 1960, when Brazilian Communists found themselves divided into two tendencies. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] had delivered the so-called "[[On the Personality Cult and its Consequences|Secret Speech]]", which denounced the abuses committed by the Soviet state under [[Joseph Stalin]]'s rule. Khrushchev was considered a [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]] by supporters of the late Stalin, which led to a rupture in the Communist movement in various countries.

In Brazil, the rupture reached the party leadership, which had rebuilt PC-SBIC after the setbacks it suffered under the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] regime (1930–1945), which tried to pit workers against the party and violently repressed it. The party leadership prior to the rupture, primarily composed of revisionists, was formed in 1943 by [[João Amazonas]], [[Maurício Grabois]], Pedro Pomar, Diógenes Arruda Câmara, and Secretary General [[Luís Carlos Prestes]], among others.

===PC-SBIC (1922–1962)===
The PC-SBIC was ideologically grounded in the writings of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], and in the actions of [[Vladimir Lenin]] in the aftermath of the [[October Revolution]], advocating [[democratic centralism]] and [[Marxism–Leninism]]. It was launched on 25 March 1922 in [[Niterói]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], when members of the Brazilian working class took their first big step towards arranging themselves under a class organization; nine delegates, representing 50 workers, held a Congress and founded the PC-SBIC. On 4 April 1922, it was recognized as a political party by the federal government, with its [[manifesto]] being published in the Official Gazette. Following the international guidance, the party was given the name of Communist Party – Brazilian Section of the Communist International.

The nine delegates which attended the founding Congress of the PC-SBIC were [[Abílio de Nequete]], a [[Lebanese Brazilian]] barber; Astrojildo Pereira, a journalist from [[Rio de Janeiro]]; Cristiano Cordeiro, an accountant from [[Recife]]; Hermogênio da Silva Fernandes, an electrician from [[Cruzeiro, São Paulo|Cruzeiro]]; João da Costa Pimenta, a [[Linotype machine|linotype]] operator; Joaquim Barbosa, a tailor from Rio de Janeiro; José Elias da Silva, a shoemaker from Rio de Janeiro; Luís Peres, a broom seller from Rio de Janeiro; and Manuel Cendón, a [[Spanish people|Spanish]]-born tailor.

A series of influential parties in the Brazilian political scene emerged from the PC-SBIC, such as the [[Brazilian Communist Party]] (PCB) and the [[Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)|Revolutionary Communist Party]] (PCR), in addition to many [[Trotskyist]] and [[Stalinist]] groups. The international rupture that arose in the Communist movement after 1956 caused the PC-SBIC to split on 18 February 1962, during its 5th National Congress. At the occasion, the ''Manifesto – Program'', which advocated the disassociation of the party with the [[Comintern|Communist International]], was approved, and the party took the name of Communist Party of Brazil (''Partido Comunista do Brasil'', PCdoB).

===Schisms===
[[File:Logo PCB-FV.svg|thumb|The version of the Hammer and Sickle used as the logo of the Communist Party of Brazil (Red Fraction)]]
* The Trotskyist Dissence (1928): In mid-1928, PC-SBIC suffered its first schism, when a small group of Marxist intellectuals broke with the political theses of PC-SBIC influenced by [[Leon Trotsky]]'s [[Left Opposition]], and its criticism of [[Stalinism]] prevailing as the official ideology of the [[Comintern|Communist International]] and the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].
* Brazilian Communist Party (1961): In 1961, the "[[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]]" group held an Extraordinary National Conference, adopting a new program, a new statute, replacing the main body of the party (''The Working Class''), and adopting the name of [[Brazilian Communist Party]], keeping the acronym of PCB, until then popularly used to identify PC-SBIC. The maneuver was led by [[Luís Carlos Prestes]], which claimed that the move made it possible for PC-SBIC to regain its legal registration – which was ultimately not obtained. The [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] group claimed that Prestes' move broke PC-SBIC's statute and was, therefore, illegal according to the party rules. They launched a document called ''The Hundred Men Letter'', claiming the implementation of an extraordinary congress to validate the changes. It also criticized the new party line, accusing it of being "[[right-wing]] and opportunistic." After that, the self called "anti-revisionist" group adopted the name of Communist Party of Brazil and the acronym of PCdoB to differentiate themselves from PCB.
* Communist Revolutionary Party (1968): The Revolutionary Communist Party (''Partido Comunista Revolucionário'', PCR) emerged as an internal split of PCdoB in 1966, four years after the split of PC-SBIC into two parties. It was formed by activists of the student movement and the [[Peasant Leagues (Brazil)|peasant leagues]] (a pro-[[agrarian reform]] group, considered the predecessor of [[Landless Workers' Movement|MST]]). Its party line was that of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[people's war]], aiming to besiege the cities from the countryside, considering the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] the best area to trigger the revolution.
* PCdoB's Red Wing (1968)
* Revolutionary Communist Party (1979)
* Communist Party of Brazil (formerly Red Fraction) (1990s): The ''Partido Comunista do Brasil – Fração Vermelha'' originated as an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] split of the Communist Party of Brazil in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=96 years of the Communist Party of Brazil – PCB |url=https://www.redspark.nu/en/brazil/96-years-of-the-communist-party-of-brazil-pcb/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624114408/https://www.redspark.nu/en/brazil/96-years-of-the-communist-party-of-brazil-pcb/ |archive-date=24 June 2019 |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=Redspark}}</ref> In late 2022 they began appearing as the "Communist Party of Brazil" on documents, removing "Red Fraction" from their name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical News of the successful Holding of the Unified Maoist International Conference: the International Communist League was founded! – Communist International |url=https://ci-ic.org/blog/2022/12/26/historical-news-of-the-successful-holding-of-the-unified-maoist-international-conference-the-international-communist-league-was-founded/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> They are a founding member of the [[International Communist League (Maoist)|International Communist League (ICL)]] and currently uphold an ideology they describe as "[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]] principally Maoism with the Contributions of Universal Validity of [[Abimael Guzmán|Chairman Gonzalo]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=A Revolução de Nova Democracia é a força principal da Revolução Proletária Mundial (Partido Comunista do Brasil – P.C.B., Dezembro de 2023) |url=https://serviraopovo.com.br/2023/12/27/a-revolucao-de-nova-democracia-e-a-forca-principal-da-revolucao-proletaria-mundial-partido-comunista-do-brasil-p-c-b-dezembro-de-2023/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Servir ao Povo |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

=== Reorganization of the Communist Party of Brazil ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}

==== The 1st Reorganization (11 August 1943) ====
The National Party Conference (Conference of Mantiqueira) was held on 11 August 1943, in the era of [[Vargas Era|Estado Novo]], with delegates from Rio, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia, Sergipe, and Paraíba. This conference would play an enormous role in party life. The Conference reviewed the political situation and the tasks of the Party, politics, and tasks of construction and rebuilding to which it must attend. A new Central Committee was elected, for the old leadership and the party organization was almost torn apart due to arrests by the police. Defeated factions dissolved, and a need to reorganize the party was established, as well as an outlining the tasks of communists in the struggle against fascism, and a declaration of war on the Axis, sending an expeditionary force to fight in Europe. Many Communists marched willingly into the theater of operations in Italy, and the Party organized a broad movement in solidarity with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB). On 1 August 1950, the Manifesto of August, was released to the public from the Central Committee of Communist Party of Brazil. An attempt to break with the remnants of the "right-wing" and "opportunist" line of the period under review, the Manifesto presented, in essence, a revolutionary line, urging the people to overthrow the regime of landlords and capitalists in the service of American imperialism, and to provide for this a popular army.

==== The 2nd Reorganization (18 February 1962) ====
At the 5th National Conference Meetings, held on 18 February 1962, in São Paulo, with the dissent of [[Marxist-Leninist]] tendencies, the party was reorganized. Delegates from Guanabara, São Paulo, Rio, Rio Grande do Sul and Espirito Santo were in attendance. Embracing the acronym and symbol PCdoB, the party was proclaimed the legitimate successor of the Communist Party – Brazilian Section of the Communist International (PC-SBIC). This conference marked a break with [[Luís Carlos Prestes]], who had usurped the party leadership in 1943 and reorganized it along a revisionist line. In opposition to the revisionist line of the 5th Congress, the Conference adopted the Manifesto-Program, which draws a revolutionary line, reintroduced the Statute adopted at the Fourth Congress, adopted a resolution on the unity of the Communists, signed the principle that each country can only exist a single Marxist–Leninist party, decided to reissue The Working Class, a former central organ of the Party, approved the break with the USSR, and, finally, elected a new Central Committee. These historic resolutions mark not only a decisive break with the revisionists, but also purposed the organization of a true Marxist–Leninist vanguard in this conference Brazil. These meetings were attended by Joao Amazonas, Mauricio Grabois, Camara Ferreira, Mário Alves, Jacob Gorender, Miguel Batista de Carvalho, and Apollonius.

=== Maoist guideline (1962–1969) ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
The crisis between the Soviet Union and China reached its peak when the Chinese leader [[Mao Zedong]] criticized the ongoing process of de-Stalinization in the USSR, and accused Khrushchev of "opportunistic" and "reformist" deviations. A division of Mao with the rest of the communist movement attracted the sympathy of the PCdoB, who sent emissaries to Beijing to formalize the ideological link with the new ideological guidelines of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Among these messengers was the party's exiled former president, Joao Amazonas, who was received by Mao Zedong. Subsequently, the party gravitated towards [[Maoism]], considering only China and Albania socialist countries, and asserting that others were no longer revolutionary, but revisionist.

However, adherence to Maoism included a shift in the strategies of the PCdoB. Following the principle of protracted people's war, PCdoB undertook to transfer ideology to the field, initiating the formation of a peasant army. This conception of revolutionary struggle contrasted with both the traditional tactics of the PCB (which true to the "peaceful path" opposed the armed struggle against the dictatorship) and with Foco new forces such as the MR-8 and the ALN, which prioritized the urban guerrilla and focus as a way of fighting the military government established in 1964.

The final adoption of Maoism by the PCdoB was in 1966 at its 6th Congress. The following year, the party drew up a declaration in support of the Cultural Revolution underway in China. In 1968, PCdoB suffered two internal splits: the Red Wing of PCdoB (favorable to foquista tactics) and the [[Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)|Revolutionary Communist Party]] (PCR).

=== The Araguaia Guerrilla (1969–1976) ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}{{Main|Araguaia guerrilla}}

Forward from 1966, PCdoB sought to form a nucleus guerrilla camp. The area chosen for the irradiation of the future peasant army (along a Maoist line) was a region south of Para, near the border with Tocantins. It is estimated that the party met 70–80 guerrillas in the area under the military command of former military Osvaldo Orlando da Costa (Osvaldão) and under the command of Mauritius maximum Grabois (then commander in chief of the guerrillas).

The most effective guerrilla of the PCdoB column (under the name "Araguaia Guerrilla Force") was composed of high school and college students, organized around the Patriotic Union of Youth (UJP, youth wing of the party), professionals, and workers mainly from São Paulo and Minas Gerais. As there was originally little adhesion between locals, the party created the Freedom Union and the People's Rights (ULDP), whose manifesto contained the programmatic basis of the guerrillas.

In 1971, Army units discovered the location of the guerrilla nucleus and were deployed to cordon off the area, preventing it from spreading its operations to the north of the Amazon. The repression of guerrilla operations began in 1972, with three military expeditions that mobilized 25,000 soldiers. While the first two were repelled, the third expedition defeated the last pockets of resistance. Most of the guerillas died in clash with Army forces, including Osvaldão Grabois and Maurice, who died in confrontation with the Army on 25 December 1973. In the 3rd campaign of annihilation, the Army used "dirty tactics", including torture of civilians, and execution and beheading of prisoners, hiding the bodies where they would remain unknown for decades.

The defeat of the Araguaia would establish the ideal of the PCdoB guerrillas as the most effective and experienced of armed struggle the dictatorship. Most of the dead in the repression of the military regime between 1964 and 1979 would be PCdoB militants. The Araguaia Guerrilla redefined the dictatorship's plans for the Amazon region, whose repressions in the region were hidden long after the dictatorship's fall.

=== The abandonment of Maoism (1976–1979) ===
In the late 1960s, Marxist–Leninist Popular Action (APML), a group derived from the Catholic left, adopted a Maoist ideology and approached the PCdoB. The two groups were merged in 1975, after the end of armed struggle. PCdoB also attracted former members of Pcbr and MR-8.

On 16 December 1976, the DOI-Codi-SP invaded a house on Pius XI Street, São Paulo, killing Pedro Pomar and Ângelo Arroio, torturing João Batista Drumond to death, and taking prisoner [[Wladimir Pomar]] (son of Pedro), Aldo Arantes, Haroldo Lima, and Elza Monnerat (the latter two former members of the AP), in an episode that would become known as the Massacre or Slaughter of Lapa. In a climate where the opposition was beginning to gain strength, news coverage of the event resulted in shock and emotion within and outside Brazil. The party leadership, hit hard, began to operate with a core base in exile. Years later, it was discovered that the operation had the help of an informer arrested that year, the head of the PCdoB, Manoel Jover Teles (ex CC member of the PCB and former Pcbr), who was subsequently expelled from the party in 1983.

Shorn of its main cadres, PCdoB began to regroup with staff from the PA leadership and staff of João Amazonas, who, with Diógenes Arruda, were the last remnants of the group that rebuilt the party in 1962. Arruda's death (in 1979) left Amazonas as Secretary of the PCdoB until his death.

Observing the failure of the rural guerrilla and the new policy adopted by China since Mao's death in 1976, PCdoB decided to break with Maoism. In 1978, the party followed Enver Hoxha in his criticism of Chinese leaders, and considered Albania alone as a socialist country, the last bulwark of Marxism-Leninism.

During this period, an internal split in the PCdoB led to the formation of the Revolutionary Communist Party (PRC), led by José Genoíno and Tarso Genro, which would later join the Workers Party (PT) alongside the ''Ala Vermelha'' or Red Wing.

=== The path to legalization (1979–1987) ===
The adoption of the new Albanian line did not mean the political radicalization of the PCdoB. In 1978, the party had begun participating in institutional action through the MDB, the moderate opposition to the military government. PCdoB resumed its parliamentary activity and secretly elected its first MPs from within the MDB.

In 1979, with the granting of Amnesty, PCdoB found a favorable environment for their penetration of the unions and student organizations. John Amazonas returned from exile in 1979, and Diogenes Arruda died of a heart attack in the car on the way to a political act. The rebuilding of UNE (1979) with Aldo Rebelo marked the beginning of the hegemony of the party in university entity (continuing ever since, except for the biennium 1987–1988). In 1984, PCdoB founded the Union of Socialist Youth (UJS), its youth wing.

In unionism, PCdoB initially adopted a policy of alliance with trade unionists linked to the PCB, adhering to CONCLAT in 1983, which included moderates and non-Marxists. The party was opposed to the CUT (trade union arm of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]). In 1984, PCdoB integrated into the Direct Elections Now movement (formed by all opposition parties). The following year, with the defeat of the [[Dante de Oliveira]] amendment which would have provided for the direct election of Presidents, the party nominated Tancredo Neves as their candidate in the Electoral College, with the joint support of the PCB and MR8, in application for the democratization and legalization of leftist parties, which would be obtained in 1985. In elections to the Constituent Assembly of 1986, PCdoB elected six deputies, including Haroldo Lima, and Aldo Arantes. Of these, three were originally elected as part of the PMDB, with which they remained an ally, as part of the base of support for the government of Jose Sarney.

=== A socialist program (1987–1995) ===
The social and economic crisis that followed the [[Cruzado Plan]] (1987) led PCdoB to break the PMDB. In its place, the party sought a broader alliance with the PT and the PSB. In 1988, trade unionists PCdoB broke with the General Workers Central and formed the current Class Union, which then became part of the CUT, currently connected to the CTB (see Recent Events).

In 1989, along with the PSB, PCdoB supported the candidacy of PT's [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] for the presidency. The alliance with the PT for the presidential elections was repeated in the elections of 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006, achieving success in the last two, with the vice president of the ticket, the political and textile businessman José Alencar, from the PL.

Also with the PT, PCdoB also was in opposition to the government of Fernando Collor. PCdoB argued for his removal, which occurred in September 1992 with large student demonstrations, participated in by the UJS along with the UBEs and UNE. At that time, they noted the personal leadership of Lindberg Farias, then president of the UNE and militant member of the PCdoB. Alongside the adoption of a more radical stance internally, PCdoB began to lose its external references. In 1990, a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Albanian regime also collapsed, and, with it, Stalinism was in crisis. The main impact of these changes was the decision of PCdoB at its 8th Congress in 1992, with the slogan Vive Socialism, that Stalinism had failed, and to move closer to "classical" Marxism.

That decision opened the party ideologically and allowed the incorporation of new members and alliances. PCdoB resumed ties with Cuba, and, in 1995, at its 8th conference, the party adopted its Socialist Programme. Several Communist intellectuals previously attached to the PCB (as Nelson Werneck Sodré and Edgard Carone) also approached the PCdoB.

During this period, with the fall of the socialist bloc in Eastern Europe, PCdoB regarded itself as in a phase of "strategic defensive", i.e. a period of the retraction of socialist ideas, motivating the need for an accumulation of forces to advance an offensive stage.

=== Lula administration and opposition to neoliberalism ===
In the late 1980s, PCdoB supported the formation of a [[popular front]] to launch [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]'s candidacy for [[President of Brazil|President]]. Since then, it has been a member of all electoral coalitions led by the Workers' Party (PT) at the federal level. It has also allied itself with the PT in most states and capitals.

The PCdoB has registered a generally steady increase in its number of seats in the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] since the 1986 elections, the first parliamentary elections which the party contested. It elected 3 deputies in 1986, 5 in 1990, 10 in 1994, 7 in 1998, 12 in 2002, 13 in 2006, and 15 in 2010. In 2000, PCdoB elected its first mayor, [[Luciana Santos (politician)|Luciana Santos]] ([[Olinda]]). In 2006, it elected its first Senator ever, Inácio Arruda (although the party considers [[Luís Carlos Prestes]], from PC-SBIC, its first Senator.) He was joined by their second Senator, [[Vanessa Grazziotin]], in 2010. Since 2001, the party is led by Renato Rabelo (a former member of the Popular Action guerrilla group), who succeeded [[João Amazonas]] who died in the following year.

With the victory of Lula in 2002, PCdoB became part of the federal government, occupying the Ministry of Sports; first with Agnelo Queiroz, and later with Orlando Silva. This was the first time that a Communist occupied a Ministry of the Brazilian state. PCdoB's influence over the federal government was expanded in 2004, with the appointment of deputy Aldo Rebelo as political coordinator for the government. The following year, he assumed the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies with the resignation of [[Severino Cavalcanti]]. On 16 November 2006, Aldo Rebelo took over the presidency for one day, making him the only Communist President of Brazil. PCdoB also managed to get some participation in the Senate for a brief period of time, when Senator Leomar Quintanilha (formerly a member of PMDB) switched parties.

Although critical of the economic policy of the Lula administration, PCdoB maintained its support to PT. In 2006, when Lula sought his re-election, the party formalized its participation in his alliance. That same year, PCdoB achieved its first municipal administration of a state capital when PT's [[Marcelo Déda]] resigned in order to run as Governor of Sergipe and Edvaldo Nogueira took office as mayor of [[Aracaju]]. At the end of 2007, its divergences with PT began to increase, and PCdoB abandoned the [[Central Única dos Trabalhadores]] (CUT) trade union organization, and, along with the [[Brazilian Socialist Party]] and other independent sections of the union movement, it founded the Central of Male and Female Workers of Brazil (CTB).

In 2005, the XI Party Congress was held and recast its status, and, among other innovations, admitted for the first time the distinction between "affiliated" and "militant" – this was for subsidiaries to help finance the party and fulfill its obligations. This move is seen as a step toward the massification of the Communist Party of Brazil.

On 21–23 November 2008, PCdoB hosted the 10th [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties]], which gathered 65 communist and labour parties from around the world, an event which had never been hosted in Latin America. That same year, it had its largest expansion of local representation, electing 40 mayors; some of them in big cities such as Aracaju, Olinda, [[Maranguape]], and [[Juazeiro]].

In 2009, at the 12th Congress, PCdoB adopted a new Socialist Program, entitled "Strengthening the Nation is the way, socialism is the way!" It covers only the initial phase of transition to socialism, determining the need for collective party action on some issues in the immediate to medium term.

==Structure==
PCdoB was legally recognized as a political party by the Brazilian Electoral Supreme Court on 23 June 1988. Its current President is Luciana Santos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-politicos/partidos-registrados-no-tse/partido-comunista-do-brasil |title=Partido Comunista do Brasil — Tribunal Superior Eleitoral<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714185827/http://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-politicos/partidos-registrados-no-tse/partido-comunista-do-brasil |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has nearly 240,000 members.

==Ideology==
{{Socialism in Brazil|Parties}}
PCdoB responded to the [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] better than most Western communist parties.{{vague|date=January 2025}}<ref name="Cab">{{cite book|language=pt |author-last=Cabrera |author-first=José Roberto |url=http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/id/51024884.html |title=The Communist Party of Brazil and the crisis of socialism: ruptures and continuities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725132136/http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/id/51024884.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Universia |date=24 June 2010}}</ref> PCdoB originally established itself as an organization historically linked to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] tradition of the [[Comintern|Communist International]].<ref name="Cab" /> Its political and ideological identity was consolidated as opposing the so-called 1960s "[[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionism]]", identified with the directions taken by the USSR after the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="Cab" /> PCdoB then aligned itself with [[Maoism]].<ref name="Phot">{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/brazil/government/brazil_government_communist_party_of_b~250.html |title=Communist Party of Brazil |publisher=Photius |date=April 1997 | accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> After the [[People's Republic of China]] began making economic reforms in 1979, PCdoB decided to align itself with the [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania]], an example of consistency and fidelity to Marxism–Leninism in the opinion of its leaders.<ref name="Cab" /><ref name="Phot" />

In the 1980s, the Soviet crisis was assessed by PCdoB as the result of the growing integration of the USSR with capitalism and the "social-[[imperialism|imperialistic]]" policies applied by it; the Soviet regime was characterized as a kind of [[state capitalism]].<ref name="Cab" /> In 1991, as the crisis had reached Albania, PCdoB decided to reassess its theoretical formulations about revisionism, and became nonaligned.<ref name="Cab" /><ref name="Phot" /> At its 8th Congress in 1992, PCdoB innovated itself by criticizing the [[Bolshevik]] experience.<ref name="Cab" /> The party reaffirmed its adherence to Marxism–Leninism and socialism, taking a different path from several other Communist organizations throughout the world.<ref name="Cab" />

During this process, PCdoB ranged from an approach that pointed to the [[class struggle]] as responsible for the fundamental changes that occurred in the Soviet regime, while on the other hand, it showed an economistic tendency, placing the problems of socialism around the development of productive forces.<ref name="Cab" /> To some extent, it has shifted from debating these fundamental issues, and, when it did, it treated them marginally.<ref name="Cab" />

The party has also been marked by a growing institutionalization inside the political system.<ref name="Cab" /> This can be perceived in a letter sent to the [[Communist Party USA]] on the occasion of its 29th National Convention in 2010.<ref name="CPUSA">{{cite web|author-last=Abreu |author-first=Ricardo Alemão |url=http://www.cpusa.org/international-greetings-communist-party-of-brazil-pcdob/ |title=International Greetings: Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) |website=[[CPUSA]] |date=25 May 2010}}</ref> In it, PCdoB demonstrated its concern over the [[euro area crisis]] and blamed [[neoliberalism]].<ref name="CPUSA" /> The party lists its electoral goals for the [[2010 Brazilian general election|2010 general elections]] as being the "consolidation of Communist presence in the institutions", the "enlargement of influence on lower classes" and "maintaining the democratic and progressive forces at the head of the national government".<ref name="CPUSA" />

==Congresses of the Communist Party of Brazil==
{{Main|Congresses of the Communist Party of Brazil}}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Dates
! Place
|-
| 1st
| 25–27 March 1922
| [[Niterói]]
|-
| 2nd
| 16–18 May 1925
|
|-
| 3rd
| December 1928 – January 1929
|
|-
| 4th
| November 1954
|
|-
| 5th
| August–September 1960
|
|-
| 6th{{efn|Clandestine}}
| 1983
|
|-
| 7th
| May 1988
| [[São Paulo]]
|-
| 8th
| 3–8 February 1992
| [[Brasília]]
|-
| 9th
| 13–15 October 1997
| São Paulo
|-
| 10th
| 9–12 December 2001
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
| 11th
| 20–23 October 2005
| Brasília
|-
| 12th
| 5–8 November 2009
| São Paulo
|-
| 13th
| 14–16 November 2013
| São Paulo
|-
| 14th
| 17–19 November 2017
| Brasilia
|-
| 15th
| 15–17 October 2021
| None (''via videoconference'')
|}

==Electoral results==

=== Presidential elections ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Election
! rowspan="2" |Candidate
! rowspan="2" |'''Running mate'''
! rowspan="2" |Coalition
! colspan="2" |First round
! colspan="2" |Second round
! rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
|-
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
|-
![[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[José Paulo Bisol]] ([[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; PCdoB
|11,622,673
|17.2% (#2)
|31,076,364
|47.0% (#2)
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
|[[Aloizio Mercadante]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; PCdoB; [[Cidadania|PPS]]; [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]; [[Unified Workers' Socialist Party|PSTU]]
|17,122,127
|27.0% (#2)
| —
| —
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
|[[Leonel Brizola]] ([[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; PCdoB; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|21,475,211
|31.7% (#2)
| —
| —
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
|[[José Alencar]] ([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)|PL]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)|PL]]; PCdoB; [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|39,455,233
|46.4% (#1)
|52,793,364
|61.3% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2006 Brazilian presidential election|2006]]
|[[José Alencar]] ([[Republicanos|PRB]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Republicanos|PRB]]; PCdoB
|46,662,365
|48.6% (#1)
|58,295,042
|60.8% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2010 Brazilian presidential election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dilma Rousseff]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Michel Temer]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PR]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; PCdoB; [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]]; [[Republicanos|PRB]]; [[Christian Labour Party|PTC]]; [[Podemos (Brazil)|PTN]]
|47,651,434
|46.9% (#1)
|55,752,529
|56.1% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2014 Brazilian presidential election|2014]]
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]]; [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]]; [[Progressives (Brazil)|PP]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PR]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Republicanos|PRB]]; [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]]; PCdoB
|43,267,668
|41.6% (#1)
|54,501,118
|51.6 % (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2018 Brazilian presidential election|2018]]
|[[Fernando Haddad]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Manuela d'Ávila]] (PCdoB)
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; PCdoB; [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]]
|31,341,997
|29.3% (#2)
|47,040,380
|44.8% (#2)
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[2022 Brazilian general election|2022]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Geraldo Alckmin]] ([[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; PCdoB; [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]; [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]]; [[Sustainability Network|REDE]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Solidariedade]]; [[Avante (political party)|Avante]]; [[Act (Brazil)|Agir]]
|57,295,504 
|48.4% (#1)
|60,345,999
|50.9 (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
| colspan="9" |Source: [http://electionresources.org/br/president.php?election=1994&state=BR Election Resources: Federal Elections in Brazil – Results Lookup]
|}

=== Legislative elections ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!rowspan="2"|Election 
!colspan="4"|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
!colspan="4"|[[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]
!rowspan="2"|'''Role in government'''
|-
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Seats'''
!+/–
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Seats'''
!+/–
|-
![[1986 Brazilian legislative election|1986]]
|align="center"|297,237
|align="center"|0.63%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|3|487|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|New
|N/A
|N/A
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|49|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|New
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1990 Brazilian legislative election|1990]]
|align="center"|352,049
|align="center"|0.87%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|5|502|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|N/A
|N/A
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
|align="center"|567,186
|align="center"|1.24%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|10|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|align="center"|751,428
|align="center"|0.78%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|54|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
|align="center"|869,270
|align="center"|1.30%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|7|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|align="center"|559,218
|align="center"|0.90%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
|align="center"|1,967,847
|align="center"|2.25%
|style="text-align:center;" |{{composition bar|12|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|align="center"|6,199,237
|align="center" |4.03%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|[[First cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
![[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]]
|align="center"|1,982,323
|align="center"|2.13%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|13|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|align="center"|6,364,019
|align="center"|7.54%
| style="text-align:center;" |{{composition bar|2|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{yes2|[[First cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
![[2010 Brazilian legislative election|2010]]
|align="center"|2,748,290
|align="center"|2.85%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|15|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|align="center"|12,561,716
|align="center"|7.37%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|2|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|[[Cabinet of Dilma Rousseff|Coalition]]}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[2014 Brazilian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"|1,913,015
|rowspan=2 align="center"|1.97%
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|10|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|rowspan=2|{{decrease}} 5
|rowspan="2" align="center"|803,144
|rowspan=2 align="center"|0.90%
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|1|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|rowspan=2|{{decrease}} 1
|{{yes2|[[Cabinet of Dilma Rousseff|Coalition]] (2014–2016)}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition (2016–2018)}}
|-
![[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]
|align="center"|1,329,575
|align="center"|1.35%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|9|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|align="center"|24,785,670
|align="center"|14.5%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2022 Brazilian general election|2022]]
|align="center"|15,354,125{{efn|Votes obtained as part of [[Brazil of Hope]] coalition.}}
|align="center"|13.93%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|6|513|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|align="center"|299,013
|align="center"|0.29%
|style="text-align:center;"|{{composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Brazil}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|[[Second cabinet of Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
|colspan="10"|<small>Sources: [http://electionresources.org/br/deputies.php?election=1998&state=BR Election Resources], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515095756/http://jaironicolau.iesp.uerj.br/banco2004.html Dados Eleitorais do Brasil (1982–2006)]</small>
|}
{{Notelist}}

==Famous members==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Jandira Feghali]]
* [[João Amazonas]] †
* [[Jorge Mautner]]
* [[Leci Brandão]]
*[[Daiana Santos]]
* [[Manuela d'Ávila]]
* [[Martinho da Vila]]
* [[Maurício Grabois]] †
* [[Nasi (singer)|Nasi]]
* [[Vanessa Grazziotin]]
* [[Abílio de Nequete]] †
* [[Elias Jabbour]]{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in Brazil]]
* [[List of communist parties]]
* [[Politics of Brazil]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Bibliography==

{{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Sabrina |year=2019 |title=Sintomas Mórbidos: A Encruzilhadada da Esquerda Brasileira |publisher=Autonomia Literária |location=São Paulo |isbn=978-8569536499 |language=pt}}
{{Refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|pt}} {{official website}}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.vermelho.org.br/ ''Vermelho'', Communist Party of Brazil news agency]
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.ujs.org.br/ Union of Socialist Youth (UJS) official website]
* {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217151214/http://www.vermelho.org.br/english/ Communist Party of Brazil texts in English]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties|before=[[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|55 – SDP (PSD)]]<br />[[Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order|56 – PRNAO (PRONA)]] – defunct|after=[[Avante (political party)|70 – AVANTE]]|years=65 – CPofB (PCdoB)}}
{{s-end}}
{{Brazil political parties}}
{{Pro-Albanian communist parties}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party Of Brazil}}
[[Category:Communist Party of Brazil| ]]
[[Category:Centre-left parties in South America]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Brazil]]
[[Category:Political parties in Brazil]]
[[Category:International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties]]