View source for Communist Party of India

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name        = Communist Party of India
| abbreviation      = CPI
| party_flag        = CPI-banner.svg
| party_logo        = Hammer and sickle red on transparent.svg<!-- Communist Party of India Symbol.png is a PNG duplicate of this SVG file. -->
| logo_size         = 150px
| colorcode         = {{party color|Communist Party of India}} 
| general_secretary  = [[D. Raja]]
| loksabha_leader   = [[K. Subbarayan]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[P. Santhosh Kumar]]
| foundation        = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1925|12|26}} 
| founder =[[M. N. Roy]] 
| publication       = {{collapsible list|title=Newspapers|''[[New Age Weekly|New Age]]''<br />''[[Mukti Sangharsh]]''<br/>''[[Janayugom]]''<br/>''[[Navayugom]]''<br/>''[[Kalantar]]''<br/>''[[Visalaandhra]]''<br/>''[[Jana Sakthi]]''<br/>''[[Praja Paksham]]''<br/>''[[Nawan Zamana]]''<br/>''[[Nua Dunia]]''<br/>''[[Janashakti]]''<br/>''[[Kembavuta]]''<br/>''[[Yugantar]]''<br/>''Kholao Thakhai''<br/>''Tripurar Katha''}}
| headquarters      = Ajoy Bhavan<br>15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| eci               = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410142934/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alliance          = {{collapsible list|title=Alliances|{{bulleted list|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] {{small|(National)}}|
[[Secular Progressive Alliance]] {{small|([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])}}|[[Secular Democratic Alliance]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] {{small|([[Tripura]])}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Kerala]])}}|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] {{small|([[Bihar]])}}| [[United Opposition Forum]] {{small|([[Assam]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Maharashtra)|Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Maharashtra]])}}|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] {{small|([[Maharashtra]])}}|[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]] {{small|([[Manipur]])}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC +]] {{ small|([[Telangana]])}}}}}}
| loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} 
| rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|2|245|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| ideology           = <!-- IMPORTANT: Do not change party ideology or position without bringing reliable sources to the Talk page and garnering consensus. -->{{Nowrap|[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Mishra2021">{{cite book | author = Anil Kumar Mishra/ Sudhir Kumar Mishra | date = 19 January 2021 | title = Dictionary of Social Sciences | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | pages = 32– | isbn = 9789351867661 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | access-date = 24 April 2023 | archive-date = 12 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512191113/https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | url-status = live }}</ref>}}
| position          = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name="CantiPI_1">* {{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225152639/https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531123638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor= Klaus Voll, Doreen Beierlein |title=Rising India – Europe's Partner?: Foreign and Security Policy, Politics, Economics, Human Rights and Social Issues, Media, Civil Society and Intercultural Dimensions |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Mosaic Books|date=2006 |page=387 |isbn= 978-3-899-98098-1 }}</ref>
| women             = [[National Federation of Indian Women]]
| labour            = [[All India Trade Union Congress]], [[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]]
| peasants          = [[All India Kisan Sabha]]
| website           = {{URL|https://communistparty.in}} 
| membership        = {{increase}} 650,000 (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | title=സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025161748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | title=Cpi continue to congress alliance | date=17 July 2022 | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025162128/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| colours           = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} Red
|state2_seats_name   = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislatures]]
|state2_seats        = {{Composition bar|20|4131|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} {{small|(Total)}} 
{{hidden
   |State Legislatures
   |style=text-align:center; |
{{Composition bar|17|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]])
{{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]) 
{{Composition bar|1|119|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]])
}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]] 
| state_seats      = {{Composition bar|1|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  ([[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]) {{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  ([[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]])
| no_states         = {{Composition bar|3|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| international     = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]] 
| electoral_symbol  = [[File:CPI symbol.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|130px]]}} 
{{Communist Parties|Asia}} 
{{Communism in India}}
{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
The '''Communist Party of India''' ('''CPI''') is a political party in [[India]]. The CPI considers the [[Foundation of the Communist Party of India|December 26, 1925 Cawnpore (Kanpur) conference]] as its foundation date.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|title=Brief History of CPI – CPI|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209001241/https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|title=Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) – Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430040336/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|title=Origins of Indian communism|first=A. G.|last=Noorani|website=Frontline|date=17 May 2012|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163401/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1946 and 1951, the CPI led militant struggles such as the [[Telangana Rebellion|peasant revolt in Telangana]], organising guerrilla warfare against feudal lords.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=1 September 2020 |title=One Hundred Years of the Communist Movement in India |url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180312/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The CPI was the main opposition party in India during the 1950s to 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/communist-party-of-india-formation-day-decoding-the-decline-of-principal-opposition-party-of-1957/na20231225235213195195497|title=Communist Party Of India Formation Day: Decoding The Decline Of Principal Opposition Party Of 1957|date=25 December 2023 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> In 1964, [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|a split in the CPI]] led to the formation of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which eventually emerged as the larger of the two parties. CPI supported the rule of [[Indira Gandhi]], but later changed course and embraced left unity. CPI was part of the ruling [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under the [[Deve Gowda ministry|Devegowda]] and [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]] ministries.

{{As of|2025}}, the CPI has two members in the [[Lok Sabha]] and two members in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. In addition, it has 20 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] across three states and one each in the [[State legislative councils of India|MLCs]] of [[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]] and [[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]. It is designated a [[List of political parties in India#State party status|state party]] by the [[Election Commission of India]] {{As of|2023|lc=y}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], and [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=10 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410142934/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of December 2023, the CPI is part of the [[Left Democratic Front]] coalition that forms the [[Government of Kerala|state government]] in Kerala. The CPI have four [[Second Vijayan ministry|Cabinet Ministers]] and [[Chittayam Gopakumar|a Deputy Speaker]] in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power as part of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] coalition.

==Name==
The CPI is officially known in [[Hindi]] as the {{transliteration|hi|Bhāratīya Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī}} ({{lang|hi|भारतीय साम्यवादी पार्टी}}), or {{transliteration|hi|BhaKaPa}} ({{lang|hi|भाकपा}}).

==History==

===Formation===
The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed on 26 December 1925 at the [[Foundation of the Communist Party of India#1925 Kanpur Conference|first Party Conference]] in [[Kanpur]], which was then known as ''Cawnpore''. [[S. V. Ghate]] was the first General Secretary of the CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, a group formed in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan made contacts with the [[Anushilan]] and [[Jugantar]] groups in [[Bengal]], and small communist groups were formed in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (led by [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]), [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (led by [[Singaravelar]]), the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (led by [[Shaukat Usmani]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] (led by [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah|Ghulam Hussain]]), [[Orissa Province|Orissa]] (led by [[Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi]]) and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (led by [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]).

The CPI's year of formation is disputed. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)), which split from the CPI in 1964, considers 17 October 1920 to be the CPI's founding day. On that day, [[M. N. Roy]], Evelyn Trent-Roy, [[Abani Mukherji]], Rosa Fitingov, Mohd. Ali, Mohamad Shafiq, and [[M. P. T. Acharya]] met in Tashkent to form the communist movement in India. Neither the 1920 nor 1925 dates are considered significant by the [[Communist International]], because the CPI did not adopt a party constitution on either occasion, which was one of the main prerequisites for membership in the [[Political international|international]].<ref name="Karat">{{cite book |last1=Karat |first1=Brinda |title=100 Years of the Communist Party |date=2019 |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |location=New Delhi |pages=5, 9 |url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp015q47rr96x |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

===Involvement in independence struggle===
{{Further information|Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement}}
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was poorly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party difficult. Between 1921 and 1924, there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement: the [[Peshawar Conspiracy Cases]], the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]], and the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]]. In the first three cases, Russian-trained [[muhajir]] communists were put on trial. However, the Kanpur trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Dange, M. N. Roy, Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], Ghulam Hussain, and R. C. Sharma were charged, in the Kanpur case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P.">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties'' New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336, Rao. pp. 89–91.</ref>

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M. N. Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondichéry]], and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in [[Kabul]] and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/> Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.

On 26 December 1925, a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Moments in Kanpur|url=http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821203425/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called [[Satya Bhakta]]. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a [[national communism]] and against subordination under the [[Comintern]]. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 92-93</ref> The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

Soon after the 1926 conference of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] (WPP) of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial WPPs. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants parties.<ref>M. V. S. Koteshwar Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 111</ref>

The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the [[Kuomintang]] had turned on the [[Chinese communists]], which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The ''Colonial theses'' of the sixth Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the "national-reformist leaders" and to "unmask the national reformism of the [[Indian National Congress]] and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance".<ref name="saha">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 21-25</ref> The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian [[Swaraj Party]], considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 47-48</ref> The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3–19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 97-98, 111–112</ref>

[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]

On 20 March 1929, arrests against the WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.<ref>Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 23. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 689-691</ref><ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 96</ref>

As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]], were recruited to the CPI by [[Dada Amir Haider Khan|Amir Hyder Khan]].<ref name="ems7">E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 7</ref> The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934, the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 25</ref>

When Indian left-wing elements formed the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1934, the CPI branded it as [[Social fascism|''social fascist'']].<ref name="saha"/>

The [[League Against Gandhism]], initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in [[Calcutta]], founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant [[Anti-imperialism|anti-Imperialist]] activities. The group took the name ''League Against Gandhism'' in 1934.<ref>Roy Subodh, Communism in India – Unpublished Documents 1925–1934. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 338-339, 359–360</ref>

In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward [[popular front]] politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for [[soviet (council)|soviets]].<ref name="mnroy">Roy, Samaren. ''M. N. Roy: A Political Biography''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115</ref>

In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|title=A man and a movement|first=R. KRISHNAKUMAR in|last=Thiruvananthapuram|website=Frontline|date=26 August 2004|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104847/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Five persons were present at the meeting, [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] and [[S.V. Ghate]]. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in [[Kerala]] was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|title=Founders|website=CPIM Kerala|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208202135/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 6</ref> Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and [[All India Kisan Sabha]].<ref name="ems7"/>

In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in [[Meerut]] in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on [[Marxism-Leninism]]'.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 44</ref> At the 3rd CSP congress, held in [[Faizpur]], several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 45</ref>

Two communists, E. M. S. Namboodiripad and [[Z. A. Ahmed]], became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.<ref name="mnroy"/>

On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference, CPI released a declaration called ''Proletarian Path'', which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for [[general strike]], no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.<ref>Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 82</ref>

In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 55</ref> Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="newsclick.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Communists-During-India-Freedom-Struggle?amp |title=Where Were Communists During India's Freedom Struggle? |work=NewsClick |date=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/15/letters/cpi-and-quit-india-movement.html|title=CPI and the Quit India Movement|date=14 April 2012|access-date=8 June 2024|archive-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125101526/https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/15/letters/cpi-and-quit-india-movement.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total, the CPI vote counted 666,723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, [[Somnath Lahiri]], was elected to the Constituent Assembly.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 207.</ref>

The Communist Party of India [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and did not participate in the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-01823-9 |language=en |quote=As a protest against Partition, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Communist Party of India (CPI) did not participate in the celebrations of 15 August.}}</ref>

===After independence===
[[File:Armed peasants - Telangana armed struggle.jpg|thumb|The [[Telangana armed struggle]] (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad. ]]
[[File:Telangana_Armed_Struggle_guerrillas.jpg|thumb|Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle]]
[[File:A Communist Party camp in Karol Bagh, Delhi, 1952.jpg|thumb|CPI election campaign in [[Karol Bagh]], Delhi, for the [[1952 Indian general election]]]]
[[File:Kerala Council of Ministers 1957 EMS.jpg|thumb|First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala]]

During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the [[Second Party Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd Party Congress]] in Calcutta, [[B. T. Ranadive]] (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.<ref>Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). ''India after Independence 1947–2000'', New Delhi:Penguin, {{ISBN|0-14-027825-7}}, p. 204</ref> The conference adopted the "Programme of Democratic Revolution", which included the first mention of struggle against [[Caste discrimination in India|caste injustice]] in a CPI document.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|title=Page d'accueil – Sciences Po CERI|access-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227153210/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status = live}}</ref>

In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in [[Tripura]], [[Telangana]] and Kerala.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516269 |title=Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946–1951. Part One: Historical Setting |jstor=3516269 |access-date=24 March 2024 |last1=Sundarayya |first1=P. |journal=Social Scientist |date=23 May 1973 |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.2307/3516269 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828222806/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516269 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The most important [[Telangana Rebellion|rebellion took place in Telangana]], against the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]]. The communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a ''left adventurist''.

In [[Manipur]], the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by [[Hijam Irabot|Jananeta Irawat Singh]]. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Northeast|access-date=6 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014070444/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> At the 1951 party congress, the main slogan was changed from ''People's Democracy'' to ''National Democracy''.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 273</ref>

A Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, the Communist Party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). The Communist Party conducted movements for [[land reform]], and the trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the 1960s–1980s. The achievements of communists in Bihar placed the communists in the forefront of the left movement in India.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145534 |title=Peasant Movement and Communist Mobilization in Bihar: A Case Study of Darbhanga (1950–70) |jstor=44145534 |access-date=24 March 2024 |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Vandhana |last2=Chaudhry |first2=Vandana |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=23 May 2024 |volume=64 |pages=1074–1082 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209051535/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145534 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar produced some of the most well-known leaders like Kishan leaders [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] and [[Karyanand Sharma]], intellectuals like [[Jagannath Sarkar (CPI politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]], [[Yogendra Sharma]], and [[Indradeep Sinha]], mass leaders like [[Chandrasekhar Singh]] and [[Sunil Mukherjee]], trade union leaders like [[Kedar Das]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://droltuvide.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/8/7/148778685/indian-communist-party.pdf|title=Indian Communist Party|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> In the [[Mithila region]] of Bihar, [[Bhogendra Jha]] led the fight against the [[Mahants]] and [[Zamindars]]. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kanhaiya-kumars-ticket-to-stardom-or-oblivion-6350491.html|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's ticket to stardom or oblivion?|date=29 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bhogendra-Jha-passes-away/article16357155.ece | title=Bhogendra Jha passes away | work=The Hindu | date=22 January 2009 | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

In the early 1950s, young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]], and [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like [[Homi F. Daji]], [[Guru Radha Kishan]], [[H. L. Parwana]], [[Sarjoo Pandey]], [[Darshan Singh Canadian]] and [[Avtar Singh Malhotra|Avtaar Singh Malhotra]] were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/LEFT%20PARTIES%20(1).pdf|title=COURSE-420. UNIT-3 BY Dr. ALEYA MOUSAMI SULTANA DEPT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, CPBU. LEFT PARTIES IN INDIA|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.

In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first Lok Sabha]], while the Indian National Congress was in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/how-communist-party-of-india-emerged-as-largest-opposition-to-congress-in-1951-52|title=How Communist Party of India Emerged as Largest Opposition to Congress in 1951–52|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

In the [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]], the Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | work=Government of Kerala | access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.<ref>Basu, Pradip. Towards Naxalbari (1953–1967) – An Account of Inner-Party Ideological Struggle. [[Calcutta]]: Progressive Publishers, 2000. p. 32.</ref>

The CPI was involved in the [[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. Along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, the party decided to begin armed operations in the area in July 1954. Both [[Dadra taluk|Dadra]] and [[Nagar Haveli]] were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha, and others emerged as the Communist leaders of the movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate [[Daman and Diu]] was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|work=NewsClick |date=18 December 2020|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074406/https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|url-status=live}}</ref>

The countrywide [[Goa liberation movement#1953 onwards: intensification of Satyagraha movement|Goa ''Satyagraha'' movement]] of 1955–1956 is a significant event in the history of the Indian freedom struggle, in which the communists played a major role. The CPI sent groups of ''[[Satyagraha|satyahrahis]]'' from mid-1955 onward to the borders of and into [[Goa]]. Many were killed, and many more were arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanely treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and brutally tortured. The ''satyagraha'' movement was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. Dange, [[Senapati Bapat]], [[S. G. Sardesai]], [[Nana Patil]] and several others were among the leaders of the committee. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|title=Goa — the Liberators and the Lesson – Mainstream|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074407/https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ideological differences led to the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|split in the party in 1964]] when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiftytwo.in/blog/whats-the-difference-between-cpi-and-cpim/|title=What's the difference between CPI and CPI(M)?|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323175855/https://fiftytwo.in/blog/whats-the-difference-between-cpi-and-cpim/|url-status=live}}</ref> The impacts of the [[Sino-Soviet split]] contributed to this party split.<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Sreemanti |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Empty Symbol: The Little Red Book in India}}</ref>{{Rp|page=121}}

During the period between 1970 and 1977, the CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the [[United Front (1970–1979, Kerala)|United Front]], with the CPI-leader [[C. Achutha Menon]] as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the [[Rajan case]]. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DIR]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977 |date=2021 |others=Pratinav Anil |isbn=978-93-90351-60-2 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |oclc=1242023968}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the CPI opposed the [[Khalistan movement]] at Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thukral |first1=Gobind |date=31 October 1986 |title=Punjab: Red Targets |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/killing-of-communist-leaders-in-punjab-makes-left-parties-more-firm-in-opposing-terrorism/1/348960.html |accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19860327&id=MetWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5436,2840055&hl=en |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=news.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Killing of communist leaders in Punjab makes Left parties more firm in opposing terrorism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19861031-killing-of-communist-leaders-in-punjab-makes-left-parties-more-firm-in-opposing-terrorism-801383-1986-10-30 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=31 October 1986 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2013 |title=Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S. |url=https://www.straight.com/news/389916/gurpreet-singh-khalistani-separatists-killings-leave-legacy-sorrow-canada-and-us |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012170621/https://www.straight.com/news/389916/gurpreet-singh-khalistani-separatists-killings-leave-legacy-sorrow-canada-and-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1986, the CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature [[Darshan Singh Canadian]] was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Chanan+Singh+Dhoot+killed&pg=PT53 |title=Punjab Politics: Retrospect and Prospect |publisher=Readworthy |isbn=978-93-5018-082-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ਧੂਤ ਦੇ ਕਤਲ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਜਿੰਦਾ ਨੇ ਲਈ-ਪੁਲਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਖਤ ਤਾੜਨਾ |work=Ajit}}</ref>

==Present situation==
[[File:Left parties in coalition as of Dec 24.png|thumb|412x412px|'''Left parties' regional control'''
{{legend|#4D004B|State/s which has/had chief ministers from both the [[CPI(M)]] and the CPI.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend|#B30000|State/s which had chief ministers from the [[CPI(M)]].|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend|#F781BF|States which have Governments of coalition of parties including Left parties like [[CPI(M)]], CPI, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] and [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]].|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|#969696| States which did not have/had a chief minister from the [[CPI(M)]] or the CPI.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}]]
[[File:Cpipkvtvnd (87).JPG|thumb|Mural in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]

The CPI was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India]] as a national party. Until 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same [[electoral symbol]]. Owing to a massive defeat in [[2019 Indian general election]] where the party saw its tally reduced to two MPs, the Election Commission of India sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|title=BSP, CPI, NCP get to retain national status, for now – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412014828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|title=CPM may lose national party status – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117143649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|title=BSP, NCP and CPI may lose national party status|date=11 August 2014|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|title=Reprieve for BSP, CPI as EC amends rules|date=23 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121195958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|title=EC might strip national party status from BSP, NCP, CPI|work=oneindia.com|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116132759/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> Due to repeated poor performances in elections, the Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.<ref name=":0" />

On the national level, they supported the Indian National Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the [[Common Minimum Programme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052807371200.htm |title=The Hindu : National : UPA Government to adhere to six basic principles of governance |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606150120/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052807371200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2005|title=Prime Minister's Office archived by Wayback machine|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.htm|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403170505/http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.htm|archive-date=3 April 2005}}</ref> The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue [[disinvestment]], massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of the CPI(M), [[Prakash Karat]], announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act]]. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|title=The Hindu News Update Service|date=1 August 2008|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801185533/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|archive-date=1 August 2008}}</ref>

In [[West Bengal]], the CPI participates in the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala, the party is part of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]. In [[Tripura]] the party is a partner of the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], which governed the state until 2018. In [[Tamil Nadu]] it is part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] and in Bihar it is the part of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. It is involved in the [[Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra]]. In February 2022, CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2022|title=Manipur: Congress forms pre-poll alliance with Left-wing political parties|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202313/https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=In run-up to Manipur polls, Congress announces pre-poll alliance with 5 parties|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204001348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The current general secretary of CPI is [[D. Raja]].

==Presence in states==
As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in [[Kerala]]. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is Chief Minister of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> CPI have four Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]], it is part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] coalition led by [[M. K. Stalin]]. The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] governed [[West Bengal]] for 34 years (1977–2011) and [[Tripura]] for 25 years (1993–2018)

===State governments===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|S.No
! rowspan="2"|State/
! rowspan="2" |Govt Since
! colspan="6"|Chief Minister
! rowspan="2"|Alliance
! rowspan="2"| Coalition Seats in Assembly
! rowspan="2"|Last election
|-
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
!Since
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |1
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] 
| style="text-align: center;" |26 May 2016
|[[File:Pinarayi.JPG|frameless|150x150px]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |62
| style="text-align: center;" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Kerala|26 May 2016]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Left Democratic Front]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|97|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Seats won by CPI in [[State legislative councils of India|state legislative councils]]
|-
! State legislative assembly
! Last election
! Contested<br />seats
! Seats won
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Result
! {{Ref.}}
|-
! [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| 2020
| 1
| {{Composition bar|1|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| style="background:green;"|
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| {{yes2|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm|title=Members|access-date=8 June 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526193212/https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Seats won by CPI in [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]]
|-
! State legislative assembly
! Last election
! Contested<br />seats
! Seats won
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Result
! {{Ref.}}
|-
! [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 23
| {{Composition bar|17|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};" |
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
| {{yes2|in government}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 6
| {{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| style="background:#0093af;"|
| [[Secular Progressive Alliance]]
| {{yes2|in Government}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/httpseci.gov.infilesfile13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/10-%20Detailed%20Results.pdf |title=Detailed Result, Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2021 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
![[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Elections in Telangana|2023]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|119|{{party color| Communist Party of India}}}}
|style="background-color: {{party color| Indian National Congress}};" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
|{{Yes2|in Government}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmanath |first=K. V.|date=2023-12-03 |title=Congress clinches Telangana; KCR defeated at Kamareddy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/congress-clinches-telangana-kcr-defeated-at-kamareddy/article67601603.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== List of members of parliament ==
=== List of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) members ===
{{main|List of Rajya Sabha members}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  style="width:25%; background:#f00; color:white;"| No.
!  style="width:25%; background:#f00; color:white;"| Name
!  style="width:25%; background:#f00; color:white;"| State
!  style="width:25%; background:#f00; color:white;"| Date of appointment
!  style="width:25%; background:#f00; color:white;"| Date of retirement
|-
!1
|[[P. P. Suneer]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts|2 July 2024}}
|{{dts|1 July 2030}}
|-
!2
|[[P. Sandosh Kumar]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts|4 April 2022}}
|{{dts|3 April 2028}}
|}

=== List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members ===
{{main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}} 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  style="background:#f00; text-align:center; color:white;"| No.
!  style="background:#f00; text-align:center; color:white;"| Name
!  style="background:#f00; text-align:center; color:white;"| Constituency
!  style="background:#f00; text-align:center; color:white;"| State
|-
!1
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
!2
|[[Selvaraj V]]
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|}

==Leadership==
The 24th Party Congress of the Communist Party of India was held from
2025 September 21 to 25	in [[Chandigarh]]
===General Secretary===
* [[D. Raja]]
===National Secretariat===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white" | Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white" | Photo
|-
|[[D. Raja]]
| [[File:D. RAJA DSC 0637.resized.JPG|50px]]
|-
|[[Amarjeet Kaur]]
| [[File:Amarjeet Kaur at Workers' Mahapadav in 2017.png|50px]]
|-
|Bhalchandra Kango
| 
|-
|Rama Krushna Panda
| 
|-
|[[Annie Raja]]
|[[File:Annie Raja DSC 0654.JPG|50px]]
|-
|Girish Chandra Sharma
|
|-
|[[K. Prakash Babu]]
| 
|-
|[[P. Santhosh Kumar]]
| [[File:P. Sandosh Kumar.jpg|50px]]
|-
|[[Palla Venkata Reddy]]
| [[File:Palla Venkata Reddy.jpg|50px]]
|-
|Sanjay Kumar
|
|}

[[K. Ramakrishna]] will be an invitee to the national secretariat. Pallab Sengupta, President of the [[World Peace Council]] and in charge of the CPI International Department for several years, will be a permanent invitee to all higher bodies of the party.

===  State Secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"|
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white" | State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white"| State Secretary
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| ''TBD''
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Gujjula Eshwarayya
|-
|[[Assam]]
| Kanak Gogoi
|-
|[[Bihar]]
| [[Ram Naresh Pandey]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
| Dinesh Varshney
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
| K. Saji
|-
|[[Goa]]
| Christopher Fonseca
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
| Ramsagar Singh Parihar
|-
|[[Haryana]]
| Dariyav Singh Kashyap
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Bhag Singh Chaudhary
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| G. M. Mizrab
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
| Mahendra Pathak
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| Saathi Sundaresh
|-
|[[Kerala]]
| [[Binoy Viswam]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Shailendra Shaili
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
| Subhash Lande
|-
|[[Manipur]]
| Naba Chandra
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
| Samudra Gupta<ref>https://highlandpost.com/veteran-communist-leader-passes-away</ref>
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
| M. M. Thromwa Konyak<ref>https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/8/26/IMPHAL-Aug-25The-Nagaland-State-Committee-Communist-Party-of-India-was-formed-yesterday-at-an-ev.html</ref>
|-
|[[Odisha]]
| Prasanta Mishra
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| Bant Singh Brar
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| A. M. Saleem
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
| Narendra Acharya
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
| M. Veerapandian<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-14 |title=Veerapandian elected as CPI state secretary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/14/veerapandian-elected-as-cpi-state-secretary |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana]]
| [[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
|-
|[[Tripura]]
| Milan Baidya
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
| Jagdish Kuliyal
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Arvind Raj Swarup
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
| Swapan Banerjee
|}

==List of general secretaries and chairmen==
Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

<blockquote>"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|title=Communist Party of India|date=5 September 2018|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165305/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ General secretaries and chairmen<ref name="20th Party Congress, Hyderabad">{{cite news|title=20th Party Congress, Hyderabad|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=newageweekly.in|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085848/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|website= business-standard.com|language= en|access-date= 1 May 2021|archive-date= 1 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2019 |language=en-IN |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Number !! Photo !! Name !! Tenure 
|-
! 1st
| || [[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate]] || 1925–1933
|-
! 2nd
|[[File:Gangadhar Adhikary.jpg|75px]] || [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] || 1933–1935
|-
! 3rd
|[[File:PC Joshi 1937.jpg|75px]] || [[Puran Chand Joshi]] || 1936–1948
|-
! 4th
|[[File:B.T.Ranadive.jpg|75px]] || [[B. T. Ranadive]] || 1948–1950
|-
! 5th
| || [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] || 1950–1951
|-
! 6th
| || [[Ajoy Ghosh]] || 1951–1962
|-
!Chairman
| [[File:S.A. Dange.jpg|75px]] || [[Shripad Amrit Dange]] || 1962–1981
|- 
! 7th
| [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|75px]] || [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] || 1962–1964
|-
! (-)
| || Chandra Rajeswara Rao || 1964–1990
|-
! 8th
| ||[[Indrajit Gupta]] || 1990–1996
|-
! 9th
| [[File:Bardan.JPG|75px]] || [[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] || 1996–2012
|-
! 10th
| [[File:SUDAKAR REDDY DSC 0686.JPG|75px]] || [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] || 2012–2019
|-
! 11th
| [[File:D.Raja M.P.JPG|75px]] ||[[D. Raja]] || Since 2019{{Break}}(''incumbent'')
|}

== Party congress ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Party congresses<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|title=Kanpur in History &#124; Genie For Kanpur|website=Genie for City|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728215040/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|title=The First Party Congress – 1943 &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022195830/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|title=The Calcutta Line of the Communist Party of India and the Train of its Continuing Treachery|first=Sandeep|last=Balakrishna|website=The Dharma Dispatch|date=22 October 2019|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014234/https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|title=Third Party Congress – An Attempt towards Course Correction &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805213240/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|title=The Fourth Congress: Inner-party Struggle Begins &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805221727/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|title=Party Congress|website=cpimkerala.org|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025112604/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|title=Seventh Congress of the CPI|website=newageweekly.in|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203612/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20th Party Congress, Hyderabad"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|title=CPI attacks Govt on economic policies|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030105900/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|title=CPI to discuss UPA policies at its 20th National Congress in Hyderabad|date=23 March 2008|website=oneindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024093339/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|title=CPI party congress calls for Left unity &#124; Patna News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2012|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504151420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|title=Hyderabad to Patna – XXI CONGRESS|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127021343/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|title=CPI to hold congress in Puducherry|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 October 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|title=CPI party congress in Kollam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022152726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | title=Andhra Pradesh: Vijayawada to host CPI All India Congress from October 14 to 18 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 August 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | title=CPI will formulate alternative economic programmes at party congress, says D. Raja | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 October 2022 | last1=Praveen | first1=S. r. | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
! Party congress !! Year !! Place
|-
! Founding conference 
| 1925 December 25–28 || [[Cawnpore]] (Kanpur)
|-
! 1st 
| 1943 May 23 – June 1 || [[Bombay]]
|-
! [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd]] 
| 1948 February 28 – March 6 || [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata)
|-
! 3rd
| 1953 December 27 – 1954 January 4 || [[Madurai]]
|-
! 4th
| 1956 April 19–29 || [[Palghat]]
|-
! 5th
| 1958 April 6–13 || [[Amritsar]]
|-
! 6th
| 1961 April 7–16 || [[Vijayawada]]
|-
! 7th
| 1964 December 13–23 || Bombay
|-
! 8th
| 1968 February 7–15 || [[Patna]]
|-
! 9th
| 1971 October 3–10 || [[Cochin]] (Kochi)
|-
! 10th
| 1975 January 27 – February 2 || Vijayawada
|-
! 11th
| 1978 March 31 – April 7 || [[Bathinda]]
|-
! 12th
| 1982 March 22–28 || [[Varanasi]]
|-
! 13th
| 1986 March 2–17 || Patna
|-
! 14th
| 1989 March 6–12 || Calcutta
|-
! 15th
| 1992 April 10–16 || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
! 16th
| 1995 October 7–11 || [[Delhi]]
|-
! 17th 
| 1998 September 14–19 || [[Chennai]]
|-
! 18th 
| 2002 March 26–31 || [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
! 19th 
| 2005 March 29 – April 3 || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
! 20th 
| 2008 March 23–27 || Hyderabad
|-
! 21st 
| 2012 March 27–31 || Patna
|-
! 22nd 
| 2015 March 25–29 || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
! 23rd 
| 2018 April 25–29 || [[Kollam]]
|-
! 24th 
| 2022 October 14–18 || Vijayawada
|-
! 25th 
| 2025 September 21–25 || Chandigarh
|}

==Principal mass organisations==
*[[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC) 
*[[All India Students' Federation|All India Students Federation]] (AISF) 
*[[All India Youth Federation]] (AIYF)
*[[National Federation of Indian Women]] (NFIW)
*[[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS){{Snd}}peasants' organisation
*[[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]] (BKMU){{Snd}}agricultural workers organisation
*[[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA){{Snd}}cultural wing
*All India State Government Employees Confederation (state government employees)
*[[Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship]] (ISCUF)
*[[All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation]] (AIPSO)
*[[Progressive Writers' Association]] (PWA)
*[[All India Adivasi Mahasabha]] (tribal wing)
*[[All India Dalit Rights Movement]] (AIDRM)
*Tamil Nadu Oppressed People's Movement
*[[People's Service Corps]]
*[[Ganamukti Parishad]]
In [[Tripura]], the Ganamukti Parishad is a mass organisation amongst the state's [[Tripuri people]].

==List of chief ministers==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Chief ministers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/e_m_s_namboodiripad.php |title=Kerala Niyamasabha EMS Namboodiripad |website=stateofkerala.in |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512073147/http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/e_m_s_namboodiripad.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/111116/60-years-of-kerala-model-boon-and-bane-of-remittances.html|title=60 years of Kerala model: Boon and bane of remittances|date=11 November 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029074206/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/111116/60-years-of-kerala-model-boon-and-bane-of-remittances.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veteran-cpi-leader-pkv-passes-on/310067|title=Veteran CPI leader 'PKV' passes on|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027010453/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veteran-cpi-leader-pkv-passes-on/310067|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Photo !! Name !! Tenure !! State 
|-
| [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|75px]] 
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] 
| 1957{{endash}}1959
| rowspan="3" | [[Kerala]]
|-
| [[File:C. Achutha Menon.jpg|75px]] 
| [[C. Achutha Menon]] 
| 1969{{endash}}1970; 1970{{endash}}1977
|-
| [[File:P.K. Vasudevan Nair.jpg|75px]] 
| [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] 
| 1978{{endash}}1979
|}

==Notable leaders==
*[[Abdul Sattar Ranjoor]] – Founding state secretary of the CPI in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Ajoy Ghosh]] – Former general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
*[[Amarjeet Kaur]] – General Secretary of the AITUC and CPI National Secretary 
*[[Annabhau Sathe]] – [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] leader
*[[Annie Raja]] – General Secretary of NFIW and National Executive Member of CPI
*[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] – Former general secretary 
*[[Aruna Asaf Ali]] – Freedom fighter
*[[Binoy Viswam]] – Former [[Member of Rajya Sabha]], former minister in the Government of Kerala and current State Secretary of CPI Kerala State Committee
*[[Bhan Singh Bhaura]] – Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founding President of Khet Mazdoor Sabha
*[[Bhargavi Thankappan]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Bhupesh Gupta]] – Parliamentarian
*[[C. Achutha Menon]] – Finance minister in first Kerala ministry and former chief minister of Kerala

*[[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] – former general secretary, Telangana freedom fighter
*[[Chaturanan Mishra]]{{Snd}}parliamentarian and former Central Minister of India
*[[C. K. Chandrappan]] – Parliamentarian and former CPI Kerala State Secretary
*[[Dhanwantri]] – Founding member of the CPI in Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Darshan Singh Canadian]] – Trade unionist, fight against Khalistan movement
*[[D. Pandian]] – Parliamentarian and former Tamil Nadu state secretary
*[[D. Raja]] – Parliamentarian and General secretary of the party
*[[E. Chandrasekharan Nair]] – Senior leader and former Minister in the Government of Kerala
*[[Geeta Mukherjee]] – Parliamentarian and Former Vice President of National Federation of Indian Women
*[[Govind Pansare]] – Prominent activist and lawyer
*[[Gurudas Dasgupta]] – Parliamentarian and former General Secretary of the AITUC and BKMU
*[[Hajrah Begum]] – Former general secretary of NFIW
*[[Hasrat Mohani]] – Founding member
*[[Hijam Irabot]] – Founding leader of CPI in Manipur
*[[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]{{Snd}}Parliamentarian, was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1990 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services
* [[Ila Mitra]] – Peasant movement leader from West Bengal
*[[Indrajit Gupta]] – Parliamentarian, former general secretary and a former central minister
*[[Jagannath Sarkar (CPI politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]] – former national secretary, freedom fighter, builder of communist movement in Bihar and Jharkhand
*[[Junu Das]] – Prominent leader of CPI
*[[Kalpana Datta]] – freedom fighter
*[[Kalyan Roy]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Kanam Rajendran]] – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
*[[K.N. Joglekar]] – founding member of CPI
* [[Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf]] – Marxist historian
*[[Meghraj Tawar]] – Former Rajasthan MLA and leader of the CPI
*[[M. Kalyanasundaram]] – Parliamentarian
*[[M. N. Govindan Nair]] – Kerala state secretary during the first communist ministry and a freedom fighter
*[[Mohit Banerji]] – Prominent Leader
*[[Nallakannu]] – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
*[[N. E. Balaram]] – Founding leader of the [[Socialism in India|communist movement]] in Kerala, India
*[[Parvathi Krishnan]] – Parliamentarian
*[[P. Krishna Pillai]] – Founder and First secretary of CPI in Kerala
*[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] – Former Chief minister of Kerala, Former AISF general secretary, Former AIYF general secretary
*[[Puran Chand Joshi]] – first general secretary of the Communist Party of India
*[[Ramendra Kumar (politician)|Ramendra Kumar]] – Former Parliamentarian, national executive member, national president AITUC
*[[Rosamma Punnoose]] – Freedom Fighter
*[[R. Sugathan]] – Prominent trade unionist, mass leader and member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
*[[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate]] – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* [[Satyapal Dang]]{{Snd}}Former legislator of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], representing the CPI for four terms, and a minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh, and a Padma Bhushan awardee.
*[[S. S. Mirajkar]] – Trade unionist, freedom fighter
*[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]] – founding CPI member
*[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] – former general secretary of the party and parliamentarian
*[[Shripad Amrit Dange]] – Freedom fighter and former chairman of the party
*[[Thoppil Bhasi]] – Writer, film director and parliamentarian
*[[T. V. Thomas]] – Minister in the first Kerala ministry
*[[Veliyam Bharghavan]] – Parliamentarian and former CPI Kerala state secretary
*[[Vidya Munshi]] – Journalist
*[[Vimla Dang]] – leader of CPI 
*[[V. V. Raghavan]] – CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Lok Sabha member from [[Thrissur]], Rajya Sabha member, former Agriculture Minister of Kerala

==General election results==
{{main|Electoral history of the Communist Party of India}}
{{:Electoral history of the Communist Party of India|transcludesection=LokSabha}}
<sup>*</sup> : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!State ||  Candidates 2019  ||  Elected 2019 ||  Candidates 2014  ||  Elected 2014  || Candidates 2009  ||  Elected 2009  || Total seats
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 ||  25 (2014) / 42 (2009)
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 0 || 0   || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|[[Assam]]  || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 14
|-
|[[Bihar (India)|Bihar]]  || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 40 
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]] || 1 || 0  || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 11 
|-
|[[Goa]] || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
|[[Gujarat]] || 1|| 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 26
|-
|[[Haryana]] || 1 ||0 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 10
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] ||0||0  || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||0||0  || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 6
|-
|[[Jharkhand]] ||3||0 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 14 
|-
|[[Karnataka]] ||1||0 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 28
|-
|[[Kerala]] ||4||0 || 4 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 20
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] ||4||0 || 5 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 29 
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] ||2||0 || 4 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 48
|-
|[[Manipur]] ||1|| 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|[[Meghalaya]] ||0||0  || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|[[Mizoram]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Nagaland]] ||0||0  || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Odisha]] ||1||0 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 21
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ||2||0 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 13
|-
|[[Rajasthan]] ||3||0 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 25
|-
|[[Sikkim]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]] ||2||2 || 8 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 39
|-
|[[Tripura]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|[[Telangana]] ||2||0  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 17
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] ||12||0 || 8 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 80 
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]] ||0||0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 5 
|-
|[[West Bengal]] ||3||0 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 42
|-
! colspan="8" | Union Territories:
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Chandigarh]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Daman and Diu]] ||0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|Delhi ||0||0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]] ||1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ali-akbar-k/candidates/candidateid-7959.cms|title=Ali Akbar K.: Ali Akbar K. CPI from LAKSHADWEEP in Lok Sabha Elections &#124; Ali Akbar K. News, images and videos|website=The Economic Times|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020627/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ali-akbar-k/candidates/candidateid-7959.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>||0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ||0||0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|'''Total''' || '''50'''|| '''2'''|| '''67'''|| '''1'''|| '''56'''|| '''4'''|| '''543'''
|}
<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |title=6. State Wise Candidate data Summary |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509155400/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | title=Seventh Lok Sabha elections (1980) | work=Indian Express | date=14 March 2014 | agency=Indian Express | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026125112/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Politics|Communism|Socialism|Organized Labour}} 
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[List of political parties in India]]
*[[List of communist parties in India]]
*[[List of communist parties]]
*[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]
*[[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
*[[Left Front (Tripura)]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ''Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014). 
* Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' (2010): 799–820. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Devika/publication/231963735_Egalitarian_Developmentalism_Communist_Mobilization_and_the_Question_of_Caste_in_Kerala_State_India/links/56a6105308ae2c689d39b459.pdf online]
* D'mello, Vineet Kaitan. "The United Socialist Front: The Congress Socialist Party and the Communist Party of India." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress''. Vol. 73. (2012) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156257 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516022738/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156257 |date=16 May 2021 }}.
* Haithcox, John Patrick. ''Communism and Nationalism in India'' (Princeton UP, 2015).
* Kautsky, John H. ''Moscow and the Communist Party of India: A Study in the Postwar Evolution of International Communist Strategy.'' (MIT Press, 1956).
* Kohli, Atul. "Communist Reformers in West Bengal: Origins, Features, and Relations with New Delhi." in ''State Politics in Contemporary India'' (Routledge, 2019) pp.&nbsp;81–102.
* Lockwood, David. ''The communist party of India and the Indian emergency'' (SAGE Publications India, 2016).
* Lovell, Julia. '' Maoism: A Global History'' (2019)
* Masani, M.R. ''The Communist Party of India: A Short History.'' (Macmillan, 1954). [https://archive.org/details/communistpartyof0000masa online]
* Overstreet, Gene D., and Marshall Windmiller. ''Communism in India'' (U of California Press, 2020)
* Paul, Santosh, ed. ''The Maoist Movement in India: perspectives and counterperspectives'' (Taylor & Francis, 2020).
* Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. ''A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism'' (Princeton UP, 2010) pp 180–182.
* Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, ''International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43.'' (Manchester University Press, 1998).
* Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." ''Dialectical Anthropology'' 35.1 (2011): 59–76. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luisa_Steur/publication/225125280_Adivasis_Communists_and_the_rise_of_indigenism_in_Kerala/links/550945210cf27e990e0e2c5b.pdf online]
* N. E. Balaram, ''A Short History of the Communist Party of India.'' Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
* Samaren Roy, ''The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern.'' Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.

===Primary sources===
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
* V. B. Karnick (ed.), ''Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956.'' Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
* Rao, M. B., Ed. ''Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7'' (1960) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148620 online]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{official website|https://communistpartyofindia.com/}}
* {{GovPubs|Communist%20Party%20of%20India|CPI}} 
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Communist Party of India}} 
* {{Britannica|1921404}}

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