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{{Short description|Musical composition typically for a soloist with accompaniment}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:OFCM_con_Irvine_Arditti_en_Bellas_Artes_(14401284806).jpg|thumb|Violinist [[Irvine Arditti]] performing [[György Ligeti|Ligeti]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Ligeti)|Violin Concerto]] with the [[Mexico City Philharmonic Orchestra]] under conductor José Areán, 14 June 2014]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
A '''concerto''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|n|ˈ|tʃ|ɛər|t|oʊ}}; plural ''concertos'', or ''concerti'' from the Italian plural) is, from the [[Late Baroque (music)|late Baroque era]], mostly understood as an [[instrumental]] composition, written for one or more [[solo (music)|solo]]ists accompanied by an [[orchestra]] or other [[Musical ensemble|ensemble]]. The typical three-[[Movement (music)|movement]] structure, a slow movement (e.g., [[lento (music)|lento]] or [[adagio (music)|adagio]]) preceded and followed by fast movements (e.g., [[presto (music)|presto]] or [[allegro (music)|allegro]]), became a standard from the early 18th century.

The concerto originated as a genre of [[vocal music]] in the late 16th century: the instrumental variant appeared around a century later, when Italians such as [[Giuseppe Torelli]] and [[Arcangelo Corelli]] started to publish their concertos. A few decades later, [[Venice|Venetian]] composers, such as [[Antonio Vivaldi]], had written hundreds of [[violin concerto]]s, while also producing [[solo concerto]]s for other instruments such as a [[cello]] or a [[woodwind instrument]], and [[concerti grossi]] for a group of soloists. The first keyboard concertos, such as [[George Frideric Handel]]'s [[organ concerto]]s and [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s [[harpsichord concerto]]s, were written around the same time.

In the second half of the 18th century, the [[piano]] became the most used [[keyboard instrument]], and composers of the [[Classical Era (Music)|Classical Era]] such as [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] each wrote several [[piano concerto]]s, and, to a lesser extent, violin concertos, and concertos for other instruments. In the [[Romantic music|Romantic Era]], many composers, including [[Niccolò Paganini]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] and [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], continued to write solo concertos, and, more exceptionally, concertos for more than one instrument; 19th century concertos for instruments other than the piano, violin and cello remained comparatively rare, however. In the first half of the 20th century, concertos were written by, among others, [[Maurice Ravel]], [[Edward Elgar]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], [[Joaquín Rodrigo]] and [[Béla Bartók]], the latter also composing a [[concerto for orchestra]], that is without soloist. During the 20th century concertos appeared by major composers for orchestral instruments which had been neglected in the 19th century such as the [[clarinet]], [[viola]] and [[French horn]].

In the second half of the 20th century and onwards into the 21st a great many composers have continued to write concertos, including [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Philip Glass]] and [[James MacMillan]] among many others. An interesting feature of this period is the proliferation of concerti for less usual instruments, including orchestral ones such as the [[double bass]] (by composers like [[Eduard Tubin]] or [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]) and [[cor anglais]] (like those by MacMillan and [[Aaron Jay Kernis]]), but also [[folk music|folk]] instruments (such as Tubin's concerto for [[Balalaika]], [[John Serry Sr.|Serry]]'s ''[[Concerto for Free Bass Accordion|Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=12&ti=1,12&Search%5FArg=Serry&Search%5FCode=NALL&CNT=25&PID=qtoCDJJcISkF-Y5Tnolj9EU37&SEQ=20180726172131&SID=7 |title=The Library of Congress Copyright Office - Public Catalog 1978 - Present, "Concerto in C major for Free Bass Accordion" (Revised for Piano), Composer: John Serry Sr.|date=2002|quotation=Copyright # PAU 3-336-024|website=Cocatalog.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name="esm.rochester.edu">[https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Concerto in C Major (1967) for Free Bass Accordion " Folder 15 & 16 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu]</ref> or the concertos for [[Harmonica]] by Villa-Lobos and [[Malcolm Arnold]]), and even [[Deep Purple]]'s ''[[Concerto for Group and Orchestra]]'', a concerto for a [[rock band]].

Concertos from previous ages have remained a conspicuous part of the repertoire for concert performances and recordings. Less common has been the previously common practice of the composition of concertos by a performer to be performed personally, though the practice has continued via certain composer-performers such as [[Daniil Trifonov]].

==Genre==
The [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''concerto'', meaning accord or gathering, derives from the Latin verb ''concertare'', which indicates a competition or battle.{{sfn|Wörner|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GKJbNkkZZOoC&pg=PA193 193]}}

===Baroque Era===
{{See also|Concerto (Bach)}}
Compositions were for the first time indicated as concertos in the title of a music print when the {{ill|Concerti (Gabrieli)|scores|Concerti (Gabrieli, Andrea)|lt=''Concerti'' by Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli}} were published in 1587.{{sfn|Wörner|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GKJbNkkZZOoC&pg=PA193 193]}}

====Concerto as a genre of vocal music====
{{See also|Sacred concerto}}
In the 17th century, sacred works for voices and orchestra were typically called concertos, as reflected by [[J.&nbsp;S. Bach]]'s usage of the title "concerto" for many of the works that are now known as [[cantata]]s.{{sfn|Wolf|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand/page/186 186]}}{{sfn|Tovey|1911|p=825}} The term "concerto" was initially used to denote works that involved voices and instruments in which the instruments had independent parts—as opposed to the Renaissance common practice in which instruments that accompanied voices only doubled the voice parts.{{sfn|Talbot|2005}} Examples of this earlier form of concerto include [[Giovanni Gabrieli]]'s "In Ecclesiis" or [[Heinrich Schütz]]'s "Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Martin |date=2014-06-09 |title=Australian Chamber Choir fills church with uplifting sacred music |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/australian-chamber-choir-fills-church-with-uplifting-sacred-music-20140609-zs1if.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

====Instrumental concerto====
{{See also|Ripieno concerto|List of concertos by Christoph Graupner}}
The concerto began to take its modern shape in the late-[[Baroque]] period, beginning with the ''[[concerto grosso]]'' form developed by [[Arcangelo Corelli]]. Corelli's concertino group was two violins, a cello and basso continuo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roeder |first=Michael Thomas |title=A history of the concerto |date=1994 |publisher=Amadeus Press |isbn=0-931340-61-6 |location=Portland, Or. |oclc=27070961}}</ref> In J. S. Bach's Fifth [[Brandenburg Concertos|Brandenburg Concerto]], for example, the concertino is a flute, a violin, and a harpsichord; although the harpsichord is a featured solo instrument, it also sometimes plays with the ''ripieno'', functioning as a continuo keyboard accompaniment.{{sfn|Steinberg|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=t8oXNX2tY8AC&pg=PA14 14]}}

Later, the concerto approached its modern form, in which the concertino usually reduces to a single solo instrument playing with (or against) an orchestra. The main composers of concertos of the baroque were [[Tommaso Albinoni]], [[Antonio Vivaldi]] (e.g., published in ''[[L'estro armonico]]'', ''[[La stravaganza]]'', [[Six Violin Concertos, Op. 6 (Vivaldi)|Six Violin Concertos, Op. 6]], [[Twelve Concertos, Op. 7 (Vivaldi)|Twelve Concertos, Op. 7]], ''[[Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione]]'', [[Six Flute Concertos, Op. 10 (Vivaldi)|Six Flute Concertos, Op. 10]], [[Six Concertos, Op. 11 (Vivaldi)|Six Concertos, Op. 11]] and [[Six Violin Concertos, Op. 12 (Vivaldi)|Six Violin Concertos, Op. 12]]), [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]],{{sfn|Steinberg|2000}} [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Pietro Locatelli]], [[Jean-Marie Leclair]], [[Giuseppe Tartini]], [[Francesco Geminiani]] and [[Johann Joachim Quantz]].
The concerto was intended as a composition typical of the Italian style of the time, and all the composers were studying how to compose in the Italian fashion (''all'Italiana'').{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The Baroque concerto was mainly for a string instrument ([[violin]], [[viola]], [[cello]], seldom [[viola d'amore]] or [[harp]]) or a wind instrument ([[flute]], [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], [[oboe]], [[bassoon]], [[Natural horn|horn]], or [[trumpet]],). Bach also wrote a concerto for two violins and orchestra.{{sfn|Steinberg|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=t8oXNX2tY8AC&pg=PA17 17–19]}} During the Baroque period, before the invention of the piano, keyboard concertos were comparatively rare, with the exception of the twelve organ concertos by [[George Frideric Handel]] and the [[Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach|thirteen harpsichord concertos]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Concerto {{!}} Music Appreciation|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/musicapp_historical/chapter/73/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-21|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616075052/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/musicapp_historical/chapter/73/ |archive-date=2017-06-16 }}</ref>

===Classical era===
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
{{See also|List of concertos by Joseph Haydn|Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}}
[[Image:Classical concerto sonata form.png|thumb|400px|Sonata form in the Classical Concerto.{{sfn|White|1976}} See: [[trill (music)|trill]], [[cadenza]], and [[coda (music)|coda]]. For [[exposition (music)|exposition]], [[musical development|development]] and [[recapitulation (music)|recapitulation]], see [[sonata form]].]]

The concertos of the sons of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], such as [[C. P. E. Bach]], are perhaps the best links between those of the Baroque period and those of the Classical era. It is conventional to state that the first movements of concertos from the Classical period onwards follow the structure of [[sonata form]]. Final movements are often in [[rondo]] form, as in J.S. Bach's [[Violin Concerto in E major (Bach)|E Major Violin Concerto]].{{sfn|White|1976}}

[[Mozart]] wrote five violin concertos, all in 1775, except the first in 1773.{{sfn|White|1972}} They show a number of influences, notably Italian and [[Austria]]n. Several passages have leanings towards [[folk music]], as manifested in Austrian [[serenade]]s. Mozart also wrote the [[Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra (Mozart)|''Sinfonia Concertante'' for violin, viola and orchestra]]. [[Haydn]] wrote three concertos for violin and above all two for cello. [[Beethoven]] wrote only [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|one violin concerto]] that remained obscure until revealed as a masterpiece in a performance by violin virtuoso [[Joseph Joachim]] on 27 May 1844.{{sfn|Stowell|2009}}

C.P.E. Bach's keyboard concertos contain some virtuosic solo writing. Some of them have movements that run into one another without a break, and there are frequent cross-movement thematic references.{{sfn|Erlebach|1936}} Mozart, as a child, made arrangements for keyboard and orchestra of four sonatas by now little-known composers. Then he arranged three sonata movements by [[Johann Christian Bach]]. By the time he was twenty, Mozart was able to write concerto ritornelli that gave the orchestra admirable opportunity for asserting its character in an exposition with some five or six sharply contrasted themes, before the soloist enters to elaborate on the material. Of [[Mozart piano concertos|his 27 piano concertos]], the last 17 are highly appreciated.{{sfn|McClary|1986}} Eleven cataloged keyboard concertos are attributed to Haydn, of which seven are considered genuine.{{sfn|Threasher|2013}} Beethoven wrote five concertos for piano and orchestra.

C. P. E. Bach wrote five flute concertos and two oboe concertos. Mozart wrote [[Horn concertos (Mozart)|four horn concertos]], two for flute, [[Oboe Concerto (Mozart)|one for oboe]] (later rearranged for flute and known as Flute Concerto No. 2), [[Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)|one for clarinet]], [[Bassoon Concerto (Mozart)|one for bassoon]], [[Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra (Mozart)|one for flute and harp]], and ''[[Exsultate, jubilate]]'', a ''de facto'' concerto for soprano voice.{{sfn|Paumgartner|2010}} They all exploit and explore the characteristics of the solo instrument(s). Haydn wrote an important [[trumpet concerto (Haydn)|trumpet concerto]] and a [[Sinfonia Concertante (Haydn)|''Sinfonia Concertante'' for violin, cello, oboe, bassoon and orchestra]], as well as [[Horn Concerto No. 1 (Haydn)|one horn concerto]]. Haydn also wrote a concerto for double bass, but it was lost to history in the great fire of [[Eszterháza]] in 1779.

===Romantic era===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}

In the 19th century, the concerto as a vehicle for [[virtuoso|virtuosic]] display flourished, and concertos became increasingly complex and ambitious works. Whilst performances of typical concertos in the baroque era lasted about ten minutes, those by Beethoven could last half an hour or longer. The term [[concertino (composition)|concertino]], or the German ''Konzertstuck'' ("Concert Piece") began to be used to designate smaller pieces not considered large enough to be considered a full concerto, though the distinction has never been formalised and many Concertinos are still longer than the original Baroque concertos.

During the Romantic era the cello became increasingly used as a concerto instrument; though the violin and piano remained the most frequently used. [[Beethoven]] contributed to the repertoire of concertos for more than one soloist with a '' [[Triple Concerto (Beethoven)|Triple Concerto]]'' for piano, violin, cello and orchestra while later in the century, [[Brahms]] wrote a '' [[Double Concerto (Brahms)|Double Concerto]]'' for violin, cello and orchestra.

===20th and 21st century===
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:A performance of a piano concerto.jpg|thumb|A performance of a piano concerto|left|350x350px]]Many of the concertos written in the early 20th century belong more to the late Romantic school, hence modernistic movement. Masterpieces were written by [[Edward Elgar]] (a violin concerto and a cello concerto), [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] and [[Nikolai Medtner]] (four and three piano concertos, respectively), [[Jean Sibelius]] (a violin concerto), [[Frederick Delius]] (a violin concerto, a [[Cello Concerto (Delius)|cello concerto]], a piano concerto and a [[double concerto for violin and cello]]), [[Karol Szymanowski]] (two violin concertos and a "Symphonie Concertante" for piano), and [[Richard Strauss]] (two horn concertos, a violin concerto, ''Don Quixote''—a tone poem that features the cello as a soloist—and among later works, an [[oboe concerto]]).

However, in the first decades of the 20th century, several composers such as [[Debussy]], [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]], [[Alban Berg|Berg]], [[Hindemith]], [[Stravinsky]], [[Prokofiev]] and [[Bartók]] started experimenting with ideas that were to have far-reaching consequences for the way music is written and, in some cases, performed. Some of these innovations include a more frequent use of [[Musical mode|modality]], the exploration of non-western [[Musical scale|scales]], the development of [[atonality]] and [[neotonality]], the wider acceptance of [[consonance and dissonance|dissonances]], the invention of the [[twelve-tone technique]] of composition and the use of [[polyrhythm]]s and complex [[time signature]]s.

These changes also affected the concerto as a musical form. Beside more or less radical effects on musical language, they led to a redefinition of the concept of virtuosity that included new and extended instrumental techniques and a focus on previously neglected aspects of sound such as [[Pitch (music)|pitch]], [[timbre]] and [[dynamics (music)|dynamics]]. In some cases, they also brought about a new approach to the role of soloists and their relation to the orchestra.

Two great innovators of early 20th-century music, [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] and [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]], both wrote violin concertos. The material in Schoenberg's concerto, like that in [[Alban Berg|Berg's]], is linked by the [[twelve-tone technique|twelve-tone serial]] method. In the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War, the cello enjoyed an unprecedented popularity. As a result, its concertante repertoire caught up with those of the piano and the violin both in terms of quantity and quality.

The 20th century also witnessed a growth of the concertante repertoire of instruments, some of which had seldom or never been used in this capacity, and even a concerto for wordless coloratura soprano by [[Reinhold Glière]].{{sfn|Eggink|Brown|2004}} As a result, almost all classical instruments now have a concertante repertoire. Among the works of the prolific composer [[Alan Hovhaness]] may be noted ''Prayer of St. Gregory'' for trumpet and strings, though it is not a concerto in the usual sense of the term. In the later 20th century the concerto tradition was continued by composers such as [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Maxwell Davies]], whose series of [[Strathclyde Concertos]] exploit some of the instruments less familiar as soloists.

In addition, the 20th century gave rise to several composers who experimented further by showcasing a variety of nontraditional orchestral instruments within the center of the orthodox concerto form. Included within this group are: [[Paul Hindemith]] (''Concerto for [[Trautonium]] and String Orchestra'' in 1931),<ref>{{cite book | last=Holmes | first=Thom | title=Electronic and Experimental Music | publisher=New York : Routledge | publication-place=New York | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-415-93643-9 | page=66-67 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ILkquoGXEq0C&pg=PA66}}</ref> [[Andre Jolivet]] (''Concerto of [[Ondes Martenot]]'' in 1947),<ref>{{cite book | last=Roeder | first=Michael Thomas | title=A History of the Concerto | publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation | publication-place=Portland, Or | date=1994 | isbn=978-0-931340-61-1 | page=397 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mutaps6xlIIC&pg=PA397}}</ref> [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]] (''Concerto for Harmonica'' in 1956),<ref>{{cite book | last=Krampert | first=Peter | title=The Encyclopedia of the Harmonica | publisher=Mel Bay Publications | date=2016-03-23 | isbn=978-1-61911-577-4 | page=178 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YRsxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Roeder | first=Michael Thomas | title=A History of the Concerto | publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation | publication-place=Portland, Or | date=1994 | isbn=978-0-931340-61-1 | page=410 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mutaps6xlIIC&pg=PA410}}</ref> [[John Serry Sr.]] (''[[Concerto for Free Bass Accordion|Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion]]'' in 1966),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/detailed-record/voyager_21992857 |title=The Library of Congress Copyright Office - Public Catalog 1978 - Present, "Concerto in C major for Free Bass Accordion" (Revised for Piano), Composer: John Serry Sr.|date=2002|quotation=Copyright # PAU 3-336-024|website=Cocatalog.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=John J. Serry, Sr., Collection | url=https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf | publisher = Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library }} "Concerto in C Major (1967) for Free Bass Accordion " Folder 15 & 16 p. 10</ref> [[Astor Piazzolla]] (''Concerto for [[Bandoneon]], String Orchestra and Percussion'', "Aconcagua" in 1979),<ref>{{cite book | last1=Broughton | first1=Simon | last2=Ellingham | first2=Mark | last3=Trillo | first3=Richard | title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific | publisher=Rough Guides | publication-place=London | date=2000 | isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 | page=309 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA309}}</ref> [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] (''Concerto for [[Piccolo]] and Orchestra,'' Op. 182 in 1996),<ref>{{cite book | last=Craggs | first=Stewart R. | title=Peter Maxwell Davies | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=Milton | date=2017-07-12 | isbn=978-1-351-76502-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TyIuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1997-IA1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Peter Maxwell | title=Peter Maxwell Davies, Selected Writings | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2017-11-09 | isbn=978-1-108-50074-6 | page=124 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P1M6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124}}</ref> and [[Tan Dun]] (''Concerto for Water Percussion and Orchestra'' in 1998)<ref>{{cite book | last1=Sheinberg | first1=Esti | last2=Dougherty | first2=William P. | title=The Routledge Handbook of Music Signification | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon New York | date=2020-03-17 | isbn=978-1-351-23751-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3CrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT281}}</ref><ref>[https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/10-of-the-best-concertos-for-unusual-instruments Classical Music "10 of the Best Concertos for Unusual Instruments"]  BBC Music Magazine 27 Feb. 2024</ref>

Other composers of this era adopted a neoclassical rejection of specific features which typically characterized the concerto form during the Baroque or Romantic periods. Several of them achieved this objective by incorporating various musical elements from the realm of [[jazz]] within the structure of the concerto. Included in this group were: [[Aaron Copland]] (''Concerto for Piano'', 1926), [[Maurice Ravel]] (''[[Piano Concerto for the Left Hand (Ravel)|Concerto for the Left Hand]]'', 1929), [[Igor Stravinsky]] (''[[Ebony Concerto (Stravinsky)|Ebony Concerto]]'' for clarinet and jazz band, 1945) and [[George Gershwin]] (''[[Concerto in F (Gershwin)|Concerto in F]]'', 1925).<ref name=HDM202>{{cite book | last=Apel | first=Willi | title=Harvard Dictionary of Music | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | date=1969 | isbn=978-0-674-37501-7 | page= 202 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA202 }}</ref> Still others called upon the orchestra itself to function as the primary virtuosic force within the concerto form. This approach was adopted by [[Bela Bartok|Béla Bartók]] in his ''[[Concerto for Orchestra (Bartok)|Concerto for Orchestra]]'' as well by other composers of the period including: [[Walter Piston]] (1933), [[Zoltan Kodaly]] (1939), [[Michael Tippet]] (1962) and [[Elliott Carter]] (1969).<ref name=HDM202 />
    
Concertos with concert band include:
*[[Steven Bryant (composer)|Bryant]] – 2007–2010{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Lukas Foss|Foss]] – 2002{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Karel Husa|Husa]] – 1982{{sfn|Burns|2000}}
*[[Gordon Jacob|Jacob]] – 1974{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Robert E. Jager|Jager]] – 1982{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

==By type==

===Vocal concerto===
{{See also|Chorale concerto|Hymn concertato}}

20th century:
*[[Coloratura soprano]] Concerto: [[Reinhold Glière]]{{sfn|Eggink|Brown|2004}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

===Without orchestra===

====Single solo instrument====
{{See also|Concerto for solo piano}}

Baroque era:
* Bach:
** ''[[Italian Concerto (Bach)|Italian Concerto]]''
** [[Weimar concerto transcriptions (Bach)|Weimar concerto transcriptions]]

20th century:
* [[Concerto For Free Bass Accordion|Serry's Concerto In C Major For Free Bass Accordion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=12&ti=1,12&Search%5FArg=Serry&Search%5FCode=NALL&CNT=25&PID=qtoCDJJcISkF-Y5Tnolj9EU37&SEQ=20180726172131&SID=7 |title=The Library of Congress Copyright Office - Public Catalog 1978 - Present, "Concerto in C major for Free Bass Accordion" (Revised for Piano), Composer: John Serry Sr.|date=2002|quotation=Copyright # PAU 3-336-024|website=Cocatalog.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name="esm.rochester.edu"/>

====Multiple instruments====

Baroque era:
* [[BWV 1061.1|Bach's concerto for two harpsichords, BWV 1061.1]]
* [[Concertos for Four Violins (Telemann)|Telemann's concertos for four violins]]

20th century:
* [[Concerto for Nine Instruments (Webern)|Webern's Concerto for Nine Instruments]]
* [[Concerto for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)|Stravinsky's Concerto for Two Pianos]]

===For one instrumental soloist and orchestra===
{{Main|Solo concerto}}

====For bowed string instrument and orchestra====

=====Violin concerto=====
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
{{Main|Violin concerto}}

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi:
** Nos. 3, 6, 9 and 12 of ''[[L'estro armonico]]''
** ''[[La stravaganza]]''
** [[Six Violin Concertos, Op. 6 (Vivaldi)|Six Violin Concertos, Op. 6]]
** Ten of the [[Twelve Concertos, Op. 7 (Vivaldi)|Twelve Concertos, Op. 7]]
** ''[[Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione]]'', which includes ''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]''
** Five of the [[Six Concertos, Op. 11 (Vivaldi)|Six Concertos, Op. 11]]
** [[Six Violin Concertos, Op. 12 (Vivaldi)|Six Violin Concertos, Op. 12]]
** ''[[Grosso mogul]]''
* Bach:
** [[Violin Concerto in A minor (Bach)|Violin Concerto in A minor]]
** [[Violin Concerto in E major (Bach)|Violin Concerto in E major]]

Classical era:
* Mozart:
** [[Violin Concerto No. 1 (Mozart)|No. 1 in B flat major, K. 207]]
** [[Violin Concerto No. 2 (Mozart)|No. 2 in D major, K. 211]]
** [[Violin Concerto No. 3 (Mozart)|No. 3 in G major, K. 216 (''Straßburg'')]]
** [[Violin Concerto No. 4 (Mozart)|No. 4 in D major, K. 218]]
** [[Violin Concerto No. 5 (Mozart)|No. 5 in A major, K. 219 (''Turkish'')]]

Early Romantic traits can be found in the violin concertos of [[Viotti]], but it is [[Spohr]]'s twelve violin concertos, written between 1802 and 1827, that truly embrace the Romantic spirit with their melodic as well as their dramatic qualities.{{sfn|Brown|1984}}

20th century:
* [[Arnold Schoenberg]]
* [[Igor Stravinsky]]
* [[Alban Berg]]
* [[Bartók]] wrote two concertos for violin.
* Russian composers [[Prokofiev]] and [[Shostakovich]] each wrote two concertos while [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]] wrote a concerto and a Concerto-Rhapsody for the instrument.
* [[Hindemith]]'s concertos hark back to the forms of the 19th century, even if the harmonic language he used was different.
* Three violin concertos from [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] show the form in neoclassical style.{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
* In 1950 [[Carlos Chávez]] completed a substantial [[Violin Concerto (Chávez)|Violin Concerto]] with an enormous central cadenza for the unaccompanied violin.{{sfn|Brodbeck|2015}}
* [[Dutilleux]]'s ''L'Arbre des songes'' has proved an important addition to the repertoire and a fine example of the composer's atonal yet melodic style.{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
* Other composers of major violin concertos include [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies]], [[Miguel del Aguila]], [[Philip Glass]], [[Cristóbal Halffter]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]], [[Bohuslav Martinů]], [[Carl Nielsen]], [[Walter Piston]], [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[Jean Sibelius]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], [[William Walton]], [[John Williams]] and [[Roger Sessions]].

21st century:
*[[Violin Concerto (Elfman)|Elfman's violin concerto]]{{sfn|Bovermann|2018}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

=====Viola concerto=====
{{Main|Viola concerto}}

Baroque era:
* [[Viola Concerto in G major (Telemann)]]

Classical era:
* [[Franz Anton Hoffmeister]]
** Viola Concerto in D major
** Viola Concerto in B-flat major
* [[Viola Concerto in D major, Op. 1 (Carl Stamitz)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Viola_Concerto_in_D_major,_Op.1_(Stamitz,_Carl_Philipp) | title=Viola Concerto in D major, Op.1 (Stamitz, Carl Philipp) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download }}</ref>
* [[Viola Concerto in E♭ major, ICZ 17 (Carl Friedrich Zelter)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Viola_Concerto_in_E-flat_major_(Zelter%2C_Carl_Friedrich)|title=Viola Concerto in E-flat major (Zelter, Carl Friedrich)|website=imslp.org}}</ref>

20th century:
* [[Viola concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Viola Concerto (Bartók)|Bartók]], [[Miguel del Aguila|del Aguila]], [[Edison Denisov|Denisov]], [[Renaud Gagneux|Gagneux]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina|Gubaidulina]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Giya Kancheli|Kancheli]], [[Bohuslav Martinů|Martinů]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]], [[Tristan Murail|Murail]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]], [[Alfred Schnittke|Schnittke]], [[Tōru Takemitsu|Takemitsu]], [[Viola Concerto (Walton)|Walton]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Cello concerto=====
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
{{Main|Cello concerto}}
The 'core' repertoire—performed the most of any cello concertos—are by [[Edward Elgar|Elgar]], [[Antonín Dvořák|Dvořák]], Saint-Saëns, Haydn, [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and Schumann, but many more concertos are performed nearly as often.

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi's cello concertos [[Ryom-Verzeichnis|RV]]&nbsp;398–403, 405–414 and 416–424

Classical era:
* Haydn wrote two cello concertos (for cello, oboes, horns, and strings), which are the most important works in that genre of the classical era.{{sfn|Cuming|1949}} 
* [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]] wrote three cello concertos and [[Luigi Boccherini]] wrote twelve cello concertos.{{sfn|Kory|2005}}

Romantic era:
* [[Antonín Dvořák]]'s cello concerto ranks among the supreme examples from the Romantic era while [[Robert Schumann]]'s focuses on the lyrical qualities of the instrument.
* The instrument was also popular with composers of the Franco-Belgian tradition: [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]] and [[Henri Vieuxtemps|Vieuxtemps]] wrote two cello concertos each and [[Édouard Lalo|Lalo]] and [[Joseph Jongen|Jongen]] one.
* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s contribution to the genre is a series of [[Variations on a Rococo Theme]]. He also left very fragmentary sketches of a projected Cello Concerto. Cellist [[Yuriy Leonovich]] and Tchaikovsky researcher [[Brett Langston]] published [[Cello Concerto (Tchaikovsky/Leonovich)|their completion]] of the piece in 2006.{{sfn|Peterson|Galván|Stout|2006}}
* [[Carl Reinecke]], [[David Popper]] and [[Julius Klengel]] also wrote cello concertos that were popular in their time and are still played occasionally nowadays.
* [[Elgar]]'s popular concerto, while written in the early 20th century, belongs to the late romantic period stylistically.

20th century:
* An important factor for the 20th-century cello concerto was the rise of virtuoso cellist [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]. His outstanding technique and passionate playing prompted dozens of composers to write pieces for him, first in his native Soviet Union and then abroad. Among such compositions may be listed [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s [[Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)|Symphony-Concerto]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]'s two cello concertos, [[Benjamin Britten]]'s [[Cello Symphony (Britten)|Cello-Symphony]] (which emphasizes, as its title suggests, the equal importance of soloist and orchestra), [[Henri Dutilleux]]' ''[[Tout un monde lointain...]]'', [[Cristóbal Halffter]]'s two cello concertos, [[Witold Lutosławski]]'s cello concerto, [[Dmitry Kabalevsky]]'s two cello concertos, [[Aram Khachaturian]]'s ''Concerto-Rhapsody'', [[Arvo Pärt]]'s ''Pro et Contra'', [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[André Jolivet]] and [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] second cello concertos, [[Sofia Gubaidulina]]'s ''[[The Canticle of the Sun (Gubaidulina)|Canticles of the Sun]]'', [[Luciano Berio]]'s ''Ritorno degli Snovidenia'', [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s ''Three Meditations'', [[James MacMillan]]'s cello concerto and [[Olivier Messiaen]]'s ''[[Concert à quatre]]'' (a quadruple concerto for cello, piano, oboe, flute and orchestra).
* In addition, several important composers who were not directly influenced by Rostropovich wrote cello concertos: [[Samuel Barber]], [[Elliott Carter]], [[Carlos Chávez]], [[Miguel del Aguila]], [[Alexander Glazunov]], [[Hans Werner Henze]], [[Paul Hindemith]], [[Arthur Honegger]], [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Bohuslav Martinů]], [[Darius Milhaud]], [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], [[Joaquín Rodrigo]], [[Toru Takemitsu]], [[William Walton]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], and [[Bernd Alois Zimmermann]] for instance.{{sfn|Lee|2002}}

=====Double bass concerto=====
{{Main|Double bass concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Double bass concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Renaud Gagneux|Gagneux]], [[Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf|Dittersdorf]], [[Hans Werner Henze|Henze]], [[Serge Koussevitsky|Koussevitsky]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Hisato Ohzawa|Ohzawa]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara|Rautavaara]], [[Nikos Skalkottas|Skalkottas]], [[Eduard Tubin|Tubin]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Other bowed string instruments=====

20th century:
*[[Viola d'amore]] concerto: [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammermusik No.6, Op.46 No.1 (Hindemith, Paul) - IMSLP |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Kammermusik_No.6,_Op.46_No.1_(Hindemith,_Paul) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=imslp.org}}</ref>

====For plucked string instrument and orchestra====

=====Harp concerto=====
{{See also|Harp concerto|List of compositions for harp#Concertos}}

Baroque era:
* Handel's Harp Concerto, [[HWV]]&nbsp;294 (a.k.a. {{ill|Concerto for harp or organ and orchestra, HWV 294|scores|Organ Concerto in B-flat major, HWV 294 (Handel, George Frideric)|lt=Op.&nbsp;4 No.&nbsp;6}})<ref>{{RISM|804002418}}; {{RISM|806930798}}; {{RISM|806549610}}.</ref>

Classical era:
* [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]: [[Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra (Mozart)|Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Krumpholz]]: Harp Concertos {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 5 (Krumpholz)|scores|Harp Concerto No.5, Op.7 (Krumpholz, Jean-Baptiste)|lt=Op.&nbsp;7}} and {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 6 (Krumpholz)|scores|Harp Concerto No.6, Op.9 (Krumpholz, Jean-Baptiste)|lt=Op.&nbsp;9}}
* [[Francesco Petrini]]: Harp Concertos {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 1 (Petrini)|scores|Harp Concerto No.1, Op.25 (Petrini, Francesco)|lt=Op.&nbsp;25}}, {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 2 (Petrini)|scores|Harp Concerto No.3, Op.27 (Petrini, Francesco)|lt=Op.&nbsp;27}} and {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 4 (Petrini)|scores|Harp Concerto No.4, Op.29 (Petrini, Francesco)|lt=Op.&nbsp;29}}
* [[Ernst Eichner]]'s {{ill|Harp Concerto in D major, Op. 9 (Eichner)|scores|Harp Concerto in D major, Op.9 (Eichner, Ernst)|lt=Harp Concerto in D&nbsp;major, Op.&nbsp;9}}
* [[Jan Ladislav Dussek]]: Harp Concertos {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 15 (Dussek)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.15 (Dussek, Jan Ladislav)|lt=Op.&nbsp;15}}, {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 30 (Dussek)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.30 (Dussek, Jan Ladislav)|lt=Op.&nbsp;30}} and {{ill|Harp Concerto in B-flat major (Dussek)|scores|Harp Concerto, C.264 (Dussek, Jan Ladislav)|lt=Craw&nbsp;264}}
* [[François-Adrien Boieldieu]]'s {{ill|Harp Concerto in C major (Boieldieu)|scores|Harp Concerto in C major (Boieldieu, François Adrien)|lt=Harp Concerto in C&nbsp;major}}<ref name="Hurwitz">Hurwitz, David. [https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-16115/ "Harp Concertos SACD"] at Classics Today website.</ref>

Romantic era:
* [[Nicolas-Charles Bochsa]]: Harp Concertos {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 15 No. 1 (Bochsa)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.15 No.1 (Bochsa, Nicholas Charles)|lt=Op.&nbsp;15 No.&nbsp;1}} and {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 295 (Bochsa)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.295 (Bochsa, Nicholas Charles)|lt=Op.&nbsp;295}}
* [[Elias Parish Alvars]]: Harp Concertos {{ill|Harp Concerto in G minor, Op. 81 (Parish Alvars)|scores|Harp Concerto in G minor, Op.81 (Parish-Alvars, Elias)|lt=Op.&nbsp;81}} and {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 98 (Parish Alvars)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.98 (Parish-Alvars, Elias)|lt=Op. 98}}
* [[Carl Reinecke]]'s {{ill|Harp Concerto, Op. 182 (Reinecke)|scores|Harp Concerto, Op.182 (Reinecke, Carl)|lt=Harp Concerto, Op.&nbsp;182}}
* [[John Thomas (harpist)|John Thomas]]'s {{ill|Harp Concerto No. 1 (Thomas)|scores|Harp Concerto No.1 in B-flat major (Thomas, John)|lt=Harp Concerto No.&nbsp;1}}
* [[Henriette Renié]]'s {{ill|Harp Concerto (Renié)|scores|Harp Concerto (Renié, Henriette)|lt=Harp Concerto in C minor}}

20th century:
* [[Reinhold Glière]]'s [[Harp Concerto (Ginastera)|Harp Concerto]]<ref name="Giles">[https://www.alicegiles.com/recordings-1/harp-concertos Harp Concertos: Ginastera / Jolivet / Glière] at [[Alice Giles]] website</ref>
* [[Joseph Jongen]]'s Harp Concerto<ref>Riedstra, Siebe (January 2015). [https://www.opusklassiek.nl/cd-recensies/cd-sr/srlenaerts01.htm "CD-recensie: Anneleen Lenaerts - Harpconcerten"] {{in lang|nl}} at OpusKlassiek website.</ref><ref>[https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8345392--jongen-harp-concerto Jongen: Harp Concerto] at Presto Classical website.</ref>
* [[Joaquín Rodrigo]]'s ''[[Concierto serenata]]''<ref name="Hurwitz" />
* [[André Jolivet]]'s Concerto for Harp and Chamber Orchestra (1952)<ref name="Giles" /><ref>[https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/works/92611--jolivet-concerto-for-harp-and-chamber-orchestra-1952/browse Concerto for Harp and Chamber Orchestra (1952)] at Presto Classical website.</ref>
* [[Darius Milhaud]]'s Harp Concerto, Op. 323 (1953)<ref>Headington, Christopher (February 1993). [https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/milhaud-orchestral-works-0 Review: Milhaud Orchestral Works] in ''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/works/243229--milhaud-harp-concerto-op-323/browse Milhaud - Harp Concerto, Op. 323] at Presto Classical website.</ref>
* [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]'s Harp Concerto<ref name="Hurwitz" />
* [[Alberto Ginastera]]'s [[Harp Concerto (Ginastera)|Harp Concerto]]<ref name="Giles" />
* [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]]'s Harp Concerto (2000)<ref>Robinson, Paul (20 January 2019). [https://classicalvoiceamerica.org/2019/01/20/ondine-celebrates-rautavaara-anniversary/ "Two Major Late Works Continue Rautavaara Survey"] at Classical Voice North America website.</ref><ref>Hurwitz, David (12 May 2001). [https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-7039/ Rautavaara: Symphony No. 8; Harp concerto] at Classics Today website.</ref>

=====Mandolin concerto=====
{{See also|Mandolin#Concerto}}

Baroque era:
* [[Mandolin Concerto (Vivaldi)|Vivaldi's Mandolin Concerto, RV&nbsp;425]]

20th century:
* [[Chris Thile|Thile]], [[Avner Dorman|Dorman]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Thile's New Mandolin Concerto Is a Romp Through the Record Industry |url=https://www.sfcv.org/articles/review/chris-thiles-new-mandolin-concerto-romp-through-record-industry |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.sfcv.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandolin Concerto {{!}} Avner Dorman |url=https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/work/35672/Mandolin-Concerto--Avner-Dorman/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.wisemusicclassical.com |language=en}}</ref>

=====Guitar concerto=====

20th century:
*[[Guitar]] Concerto: [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Elmer Bernstein|E. Bernstein]], [[Leo Brouwer|Brouwer]], [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco|Castelnuovo-Tedesco]], [[Alan Hovhaness|Hovhaness]], [[Yngwie Malmsteen|Malmsteen]], [[Maurice Ohana|Ohana]], [[Manuel Ponce|Ponce]], [[Joaquín Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], [[Juan Trigos|Trigos]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos|Villa-Lobos]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Other plucked string instruments=====

Baroque era:
* [[Lute concerto in D major (Vivaldi)]]

20th century:
*[[Kanun (instrument)|Kanun]] Concerto: [[Hasan Ferit Alnar|Alnar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Premiere: Tahir Aydoğdu performs Hasan Ferid Alnar's Kanun Concerto |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/events/american-premiere-tahir-aydogdu-performs-hasan-ferid-alnar-s-kanun-concerto |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=liberalarts.utexas.edu |language=en}}</ref>

====For woodwind instrument and orchestra====

=====Flute concerto=====
{{Main|Flute concerto}}

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi:
** [[Six Flute Concertos, Op. 10 (Vivaldi)|Six Flute Concertos, Op. 10]]
** ''[[Il gran mogol]]''

Classical era:
* Mozart:
** [[Flute Concerto No. 1 (Mozart)|Flute Concerto No. 1]]
** Flute Concerto No. 2

20th century:
*[[Western concert flute]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Flute Concertino (Chaminade)|Chaminade]], [[John Corigliano|Corigliano]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Edison Denisov|Denisov]], [[Pascal Dusapin|Dusapin]], [[Chris Harman (composer)|Harman]], [[Jacques Hétu|Hétu]], [[Jacques Ibert|Ibert]], [[André Jolivet|Jolivet]], [[Marcel Landowski|Landowski]], [[Carl Nielsen|Nielsen]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]], [[Walter Piston|Piston]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara|Rautavaara]], [[Joaquín Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], [[Tōru Takemitsu|Takemitsu]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Contrabass flute]] Concerto: [[Ned McGowan|McGowan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ned McGowan: Concerto for Contrabass flute | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yacd0fqMcz8 |access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Piccolo]] Concerto: [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Maxwell Davies: Piccolo Concerto: Piccolo |url=https://www.musicroom.com/peter-maxwell-davies-piccolo-concerto-piccolo-musch61499 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=www.musicroom.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Lowell Liebermann|Liebermann]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Op.50 Concerto for Piccolo and Orchestra |url=https://www.lowellliebermann.com/op50-concerto-for-piccolo-and-orchestra |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=LOWELL LIEBERMANN |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Recorder (musical instrument)|Recorder]] concerto: [[Malcolm Arnold]], [[Richard Harvey (composer)|Richard Harvey]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=English recorder concertos [sound recording]/Richard Harvey; Malcolm Arnold; Gordon Jacob. – National Library |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/14332489 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref>
*[[Shakuhachi]] Concerto: [[Toru Takemitsu|Takemitsu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takemitsu and Tanaka |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/episode/2017/11/09/takemitsu-and-tanaka |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.yourclassical.org |date=9 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

=====Oboe concerto=====
{{Main|Oboe concerto}}

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi:
** Two of the [[Twelve Concertos, Op. 7 (Vivaldi)|Twelve Concertos, Op. 7]]
** One of the [[Six Concertos, Op. 11 (Vivaldi)|Six Concertos, Op. 11]]
* Handel:
** [[Oboe Concerto No. 1 (Handel)|Oboe Concerto No. 1]]
** [[Oboe Concerto No. 2 (Handel)|Oboe Concerto No. 2]]
** [[Oboe Concerto No. 3 (Handel)|Oboe Concerto No. 3]]

Classical era:
* Mozart: [[Oboe Concerto (Mozart)|Oboe Concerto]]

Romantic era:
* [[Vincenzo Bellini]]: [[Oboe Concerto (Bellini)|Oboe Concerto]]

20th century:
*[[Oboe concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Denys Bouliane|Bouliane]], [[John Corigliano|Corigliano]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Edison Denisov|Denisov]], [[Chris Paul Harman|Harman]], [[James MacMillan (composer)|MacMillan]], [[Bruno Maderna|Maderna]], [[Bohuslav Martinů|Martinů]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]], [[Rodion Shchedrin|Shchedrin]], [[Richard Strauss|Strauss]], [[Oboe Concerto (Vaughan Williams)|Vaughan Williams]], [[Bernd Alois Zimmermann|Zimmermann]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Bass oboe concerto]]: [[Gavin Bryars|Bryars]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

=====English horn=====
{{See also|List of concertos for English horn}}

20th century:
*[[English Horn]] Concerto: [[Bernard Hoffer]], [[William Kraft]], [[Nicholas Maw]], [[Vazgen Muradian]], [[Vincent Persichetti]], [[Ned Rorem]], [[Pēteris Vasks]], [[Henk de Vlieger]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Bassoon concerto=====
{{Main|Bassoon concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Bassoon concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Arthur Butterworth|Butterworth]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Miguel del Aguila|del Aguila]], [[Franco Donatoni|Donatoni]], [[Sophie Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté|Eckhardt-Gramatté]], [[Dai Fujikura|Fujikura]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina|Gubaidulina]], [[Jacques Hétu|Hétu]], [[André Jolivet|Jolivet]], [[Jouni Kaipainen|Kaipainen]], [[Lev Knipper|Knipper]], [[Marcel Landowski|Landowski]], [[Andrzej Panufnik|Panufnik]], [[Wolfgang Rihm|Rihm]], [[Nino Rota|Rota]], [[Harald Sæverud|Sæverud]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Contrabassoon]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Donald Erb|Erb]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

=====Clarinet concerto=====
{{Main|Clarinet concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Clarinet concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Unsuk Chin|Chin]], [[Aaron Copland|Copland]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Miguel del Aguila|del Aguila]], [[Edison Denisov|Denisov]], [[Pascal Dusapin|Dusapin]], [[Mohammed Fairouz|Fairouz]], [[Gerald Finzi|Finzi]], [[Jean Françaix|Françaix]], [[Stephen Hartke|Hartke]], [[Jacques Hétu|Hétu]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Carl Nielsen|Nielsen]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]], [[Walter Piston|Piston]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara|Rautavaara]], [[Ralph Shapey|Shapey]], [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]], [[Tōru Takemitsu|Takemitsu]], [[Frank Ticheli|Ticheli]], [[Henri Tomasi|Tomasi]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Bass clarinet]] Concerto: [[Denys Bouliane|Bouliane]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

21st century:
*[[Clarinet Concerto (Lindberg)|Lindberg's clarinet concerto]]{{sfn|Bovermann|2018}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

=====Saxophone concerto=====
{{See also|List of concert works for saxophone}}

20th century:
*[[Soprano saxophone]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Jennifer Higdon|Higdon]], [[Alan Hovhaness|Hovhaness]], [[John Mackey (composer)|Mackey]], [[Michael Torke|Torke]], [[Takashi Yoshimatsu|Yoshimatsu]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Alto saxophone]] Concerto: [[John Adams (composer)|Adams]], [[Paul Creston|Creston]], [[Ingolf Dahl|Dahl]], [[Edison Denisov|Denisov]], [[Pierre Max Dubois|Dubois]], [[Alexander Glazunov|Glazunov]], [[Karel Husa|Husa]], [[Jacques Ibert|Ibert]], [[Erland von Koch|Koch]], [[Lars-Erik Larsson|Larsson]], [[David Maslanka|Maslanka]], [[Robert Muczynski|Muczynski]], [[Esa-Pekka Salonen|Salonen]], [[Frank Ticheli|Ticheli]], [[Henri Tomasi|Tomasi]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]], [[John Worley|Worley]], [[Takashi Yoshimatsu|Yoshimatsu]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Tenor saxophone]] Concerto: [[Richard Rodney Bennett|Bennett]], [[Eric Ewazen|Ewazen]], [[Morton Gould|Gould]], [[Dimitri Nicolau|Nicolau]], [[Robert Ward (composer)|Ward]], [[Alec Wilder|Wilder]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Baritone saxophone]] Concerto: [[David Gaines (composer)|Gaines]], [[Werner Wolf Glaser|Glaser]], [[Georg Friedrich Haas|Haas]], [[:nl:Bernard van Beurden|van Beurden]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Other woodwind instruments=====

20th century:
*[[Bagpipe]]: [[Chieftain's Salute]] by [[Graham Waterhouse]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

====For brass instrument and orchestra====

=====Trumpet concerto=====
{{Main|Trumpet concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Trumpet]] Concerto: {{hlist| [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]] | [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]]| [[Alexander Arutiunian|Arutiunian]]| [[Oskar Böhme|Böhme]]| [[André Jolivet|Jolivet]]| [[William P. Perry|Perry]]| [[Jan Sandström (composer)|Sandström]]| [[Frank Ticheli|Ticheli]]|[[John Williams|J. Williams]]|[[Bernd Alois Zimmermann|Zimmermann]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Vignal |editor1-first=Marc |title=Bernd Aloïs Zimmermann |date=2005 |publisher=Larousse Éditions |isbn=978-0320002854 |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/musdico/Zimmermann/170713 |language=fr}}</ref>}}

=====Horn concerto=====

Classical era:
* Bohemian composer [[Antonio Rosetti|Francesco Antonio Rosetti]] composed several solo and double horn concertos. He was a significant contributor to the genre of horn concertos in the 18th century. Most of his outstanding horn concertos were composed between 1782 and 1789 for the Bohemian duo Franz Zwierzina and Joseph Nage while at the Bavarian court of Oettingen-Wallerstein. One of his best-known works in this genre is his Horn Concerto in E flat major C49/K III:36. It consists of three movements: 1. Allegro moderato 2. Romance 3. Rondo. Many common features of the [[galant style]] are present in Rosetti's music and composing style. In his E-flat horn concerto, we hear periodic and short phrases, galant harmonic rhythm and melodic line reduction.{{sfn|Holman|2004}} Rosetti's influence on the 18th century composers, musicians and music was considerable. At the Bavarian court of Oettingen-Wallerstein, his music was often performed by the Wallerstein ensembles. In Paris, his compositions were performed by the best ensembles of the city, including the orchestra of the Concert Spirituel. His publishers were Le Menu et Boyer and Sieber. According to [[H. C. Robbins Landon]] (Mozart scholar),{{sfn|Kearns|1997}} Rosetti's horn concertos might have been a model for Mozart's horn concertos.{{sfn|Sadler|1975}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

20th century:
*[[French horn]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Alexander Arutiunian|Arutiunian]], [[Kurt Atterberg|Atterberg]], [[York Bowen|Bowen]], [[Elliott Carter|Carter]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Davies]], [[Reinhold Glière|Glière]], [[Ruth Gipps|Gipps]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Alan Hovhaness|Hovhaness]], [[Gordon Jacob|Jacob]], [[Oliver Knussen|Knussen]], [[György Ligeti|Ligeti]], [[Tristan Murail|Murail]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]], [[Richard Strauss|Strauss]], [[Henri Tomasi|Tomasi]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Trombone concerto=====
{{Main|Trombone concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Trombone]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Derek Bourgeois|Bourgeois]], [[Trombone Concertino (David)|David]], [[Pascal Dusapin|Dusapin]], [[Renaud Gagneux|Gagneux]], [[Launy Grøndahl|Grøndahl]], [[Vagn Holmboe|Holmboe]], [[Lars-Erik Larsson|Larsson]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]], [[Michael Nyman|Nyman]], [[Ole Olsen (musician)|Olsen]], [[Nino Rota|Rota]], [[Christopher Rouse (composer)|Rouse]], [[Jan Sandström (composer)|Sandström]], [[Henri Tomasi|Tomasi]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Other brass instruments=====

20th century:
*[[Cornet]] Concerto: [[Derek Bourgeois|Bourgeois]], [[Frederick Corder|Corder]], [[Martin Ellerby|Ellerby]], [[Edward Gregson|Gregson]], [[Elgar Howarth|Howarth]], [[Ernest Tomlinson|Tomlinson]], [[Denis Wright (composer)|Wright]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Euphonium]] Concerto: [[Jan Bach|Bach]], [[Michael Ball (composer)|Ball]], [[Derek Bourgeois|Bourgeois]], [[William Brusick|Brusick]], [[Nigel Clarke (composer)|Clarke]], [[Vladimir Cosma|Cosma]], [[James Curnow|Curnow]], [[Kevin Day (composer)|Day]], [[Robert Jager|Jager]], [[Johan De Meij|De Meij]], [[Kenneth Downie|Downie]], [[Martin Ellerby|Ellerby]], [[Eric Ewazen|Ewazen]], [[Allen Feinstein|Feinstein]], [[Juraj Filas|Filas]], [[David Gaines (composer)|Gaines]], [[David Gillingham|Gillingham]], [[John Golland|Golland]], [[Peter Graham (composer)|Graham]], [[Edward Gregson|Gregson]], [[Robert Groslot|Groslot]], [[Alun Hoddinott|Hoddinott]], [[Joseph Horovitz|Horovitz]], [[Tim Jansa|Jansa]], [[Karl Jenkins|Jenkins]], [[Christian Lindberg|Lindberg]], [[Jukka Linkola|Linkola]], [[Vanja Lisjak|Lisjak]], [[Paul Mealor|Mealor]], [[Pete Meechan|Meechan]], [[Anthony O'Toole|O'Toole]], [[Stephen Roberts (composer)|Roberts]], [[Andy Scott (saxophonist and composer)|Scott]], [[Philip Sparke|Sparke]], [[John D. Stevens|Stevens]], [[Adam Wesolowski|Wesolowski]], [[Philip Wilby|Wilby]].<ref>{{Cite Q|Q135963380}}</ref>
*[[Tuba]] Concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Alexander Arutiunian|Arutiunian]], Broughton, [[Renaud Gagneux|Gagneux]], [[Vagn Holmboe|Holmboe]], [[Tuba Concerto (Vaughan Williams)|Vaughan Williams]], [[John Williams|J. Williams]]<ref>{{Cite Q|Q135911410}}</ref>

====Keyboard concerto====

=====Harpsichord concerto=====
{{Main|Harpsichord concerto}}

Baroque era:
* [[Harpsichord concertos, BWV 1052–1059]] (Bach)

20th century:
*[[Harpsichord]] Concerto: [[Manuel de Falla|Falla]], [[Philip Glass|Glass]], [[Henryk Górecki|Górecki]], [[Michael Nyman|Nyman]], [[Bohuslav Martinů|Martinů]], [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=====Organ concerto=====
{{Main|Organ concerto}}

Baroque era:
* Handel:
** [[Organ concertos, Op.4 (Handel)|Organ concertos, Op.4]]
** [[Organ concertos, Op.7 (Handel)|Organ concertos, Op.7]]

20th century:
*[[Organ concerto]]: [[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]], [[Howard Hanson|Hanson]], [[Lou Harrison|Harrison]], [[Jacques Hétu|Hétu]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Joseph Jongen|Jongen]], [[James MacMillan|MacMillan]], [[Flor Peeters|Peeters]], [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]], [[Ned Rorem|Rorem]], [[Leo Sowerby|Sowerby]]<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Leo Sowerby". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Sowerby . Accessed 4 February 2024.</ref>

=====Piano concerto=====
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
{{Main|Piano concerto}}

Classical era:
* Mozart:
** [[Piano Concertos K. 107 (Mozart)|Three Concertos after J.C. Bach, K. 107]]
** [[Piano Concertos Nos. 1–4 (Mozart)#No. 1 (K. 37) in F major|No. 1 in F major, K. 37]]
** [[Piano Concertos Nos. 1–4 (Mozart)#No. 2 (K. 39) in B-flat major|No. 2 in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 39]]
** [[Piano Concertos Nos. 1–4 (Mozart)#No. 3 (K. 40) in D major|No. 3 in D major, K. 40]]
** [[Piano Concertos Nos. 1–4 (Mozart)#No. 4 (K. 41) in G major|No. 4 in G major, K. 41]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 5 (Mozart)|No. 5 in D major, K. 175]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 6 (Mozart)|No. 6 in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 238]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 8 (Mozart)|No. 8 in C major, K. 246 (''Lützow'')]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 9 (Mozart)|No. 9 in E{{music|flat}} major, K. 271 (''Jeunehomme'' / ''Jenamy'')]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 11 (Mozart)|No. 11 in F major, K. 413]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 12 (Mozart)|No. 12 in A major, K. 414]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 13 (Mozart)|No. 13 in C major, K. 415]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 14 (Mozart)|No. 14 in E{{music|flat}} major, K. 449]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 15 (Mozart)|No. 15 in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 450]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 16 (Mozart)|No. 16 in D major, K. 451]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 17 (Mozart)|No. 17 in G major, K. 453]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 18 (Mozart)|No. 18 in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 456]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 19 (Mozart)|No. 19 in F major, K. 459]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)|No. 20 in D minor, K. 466]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)|No. 21 in C major, K. 467]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 22 (Mozart)|No. 22 in E{{music|flat}} major, K. 482]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 23 (Mozart)|No. 23 in A major, K. 488]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)|No. 24 in C minor, K. 491]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 25 (Mozart)|No. 25 in C major, K. 503]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 26 (Mozart)|No. 26 in D major, K. 537 (''Coronation'')]]
** [[Piano Concerto No. 27 (Mozart)|No. 27 in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 595]]

Romantic era:
* Beethoven's five piano concertos increase the technical demands made on the soloist. The last two are particularly remarkable, integrating the concerto into a large symphonic structure with movements that frequently run into one another. His [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)|Piano Concerto No. 4]] starts with a statement by the piano, after which the orchestra enters in a foreign key, to present what would normally be the opening [[tutti]]. The work has a lyrical character. The slow movement is a dramatic dialogue between the soloist and the orchestra. His [[Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)|Piano Concerto No. 5]] has the basic rhythm of a Viennese military [[March (music)|march]]. There is no lyrical second subject, but in its place a continuous development of the opening material.{{sfn|Hopkins|2019}}
* The piano concertos of [[Johann Baptist Cramer|Cramer]], [[John Field (composer)|Field]], [[Jan Ladislav Dussek|Düssek]], [[Joseph Wölfl|Woelfl]], [[Ferdinand Ries|Ries]], and [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel|Hummel]] provide a link from the Classical concerto to the Romantic concerto.
* [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] wrote two piano concertos in which the orchestra is relegated to an accompanying role. Schumann, despite being a pianist-composer, wrote a piano concerto in which virtuosity is never allowed to eclipse the essential lyrical quality of the work. The gentle, expressive melody heard at the beginning on woodwind and horns (after the piano's heralding introductory chords) bears the material for most of the argument in the first movement. In fact, argument in the traditional developmental sense is replaced by a kind of variation technique in which soloist and orchestra interweave their ideas.{{sfn|Hopkins|2019|pp=83–85}}
* [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]]'s mastery of piano technique matched that of [[Paganini]] for the violin. His concertos [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)|No. 1]] and [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Liszt)|No. 2]] left a deep impression on the style of piano concerto writing, influencing [[Rubinstein]], and especially [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]], whose [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|First Piano Concerto's]] rich chordal opening is justly famous.<ref name="Lumen Learning">[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/musicapp_historical/chapter/73/ History of the Concerto]</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2021}}
* [[Edvard Grieg|Grieg's]] concerto likewise begins in a striking manner after which it continues in a lyrical vein.{{sfn|Kijas|2013}}
* [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]] wrote five piano concertos and orchestra between 1858 and 1896, in a classical vein.
* [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)|First Piano Concerto]] in D minor (pub 1861) was the result of an immense amount of work on a mass of material originally intended for a symphony. His [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)|Second Piano Concerto]] in B{{Music|b}} major (1881) has four movements and is written on a larger scale than any earlier concerto. Like his violin concerto, it is symphonic in proportions.
* Fewer piano concertos were written in the late Romantic Period.{{sfn|Lihua|2018}} But [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] wrote four piano concertos between 1891 and 1926. His [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Second]] and [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)|Third]], being the most popular of the four, went on to become among the most famous in the piano repertoire.{{sfn|Bertensson|2001}}
* Other romantic piano concertos, like those by [[Friedrich Kalkbrenner|Kalkbrenner]], [[Henri Herz]], [[Ignaz Moscheles|Moscheles]] and [[Sigismond Thalberg|Thalberg]] were also very popular in the Romantic era, but not today.{{sfn|Lihua|2018}}

20th century:
* [[Maurice Ravel]] wrote two pianos concertos, one in G-major (1931) and the second for the left hand in D-major (date of creation1932).
* [[Igor Stravinsky]] wrote three works for solo piano and orchestra:
** [[Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments]]
** [[Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra]]
** Movements for Piano and Orchestra
* [[Sergei Prokofiev]], another Russian composer, wrote five piano concertos, which he himself performed.{{sfn|Robinson|2002}}
* [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] composed two piano concertos. 
* [[Aram Khachaturian]] contributed to the repertoire with a [[Piano Concerto (Khachaturian)|piano concerto]] and a Concerto-Rhapsody.
* [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s [[Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)|Piano Concerto]] is a well-known example of a [[dodecaphonic]] piano concerto.
* [[Béla Bartók]] also wrote three piano concertos. Like their violin counterparts, they show the various stages in his musical development. Bartok's also rearranged his chamber piece, [[Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion]], into a ''Concerto for Two Pianos and Percussion'', adding orchestral accompaniment.
* [[Cristóbal Halffter]] wrote a prize-winning neoclassical Piano Concerto in 1953, and a second Piano Concerto in 1987–88.
* [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] wrote a concerto for piano, though it was later reworked as a concerto for two pianos and orchestra—both versions have been recorded
* [[Benjamin Britten]]'s concerto for piano (1938) is a prominent work from his early period.
* Piano concertos by Latin-American composers include one by [[Piano Concerto (Chávez)|Carlos Chávez]], two by [[Alberto Ginastera]], and five by [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]].
* [[György Ligeti]]'s concerto (1988) has a synthetic quality: it mixes complex rhythms, the composer's Hungarian roots and his experiments with micropolyphony from the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="AllMusic-PC">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/composition/piano-concerto-mc0002398389 |title=Piano Concerto - Details - AllMusic |website=AllMusic }}</ref>
* [[Witold Lutosławski]]'s piano concerto, completed in the same year, alternates between playfulness and mystery. It also displays a partial return to melody after the composer's aleatoric period.<ref name="AllMusic-PC" />
* Russian composer [[Rodion Shchedrin]] has written six piano concertos.
* Finnish composer [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]] wrote three piano concertos, the third one dedicated to [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], who played and conducted the world première.
* French composer [[Germaine Tailleferre]] and Czech composers [[Bohuslav Martinů]] and [[Vítězslava Kaprálová]] wrote piano concertos.

=====Accordion concerto=====
{{Main|Accordion concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Accordion concerto]]: [[Alan Hovhaness|Hovhaness]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina]], [[Toshio Hosokawa]], [[Kalevi Aho]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Free bass accordion]] Concerto: [[John Serry Sr.]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=N0chAQAAIAAJ&dq=Catalog+of+Copyright+Entries+John+Serry+1968&pg=PA1626 ''Library of Congress Copyright Office -  Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series Music July-December 1968, Vol. 22, Part 5, Number 2, Section 1,  published 1970, p. 1626 ''"Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion" Op. 1 John Serry 1968, Solo Arrangement Jan. 1, 1968 No. EP247602'' on https://books.google.com]</ref><ref name="esm.rochester.edu"/>

=====Other keyboard instruments=====

20th century:
*[[Bandoneón]] Concerto: [[Ástor Piazzolla|Piazzolla]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clements |first=Andrew |date=2010-09-23 |title=Piazzolla: Sinfonia Buenos Aires; Concerto for Bandoneon; Las Cuatro Estaciones Porteñas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/23/piazzolla-sinfonia-buenos-aires-cd-review |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*[[Clavinet]] concerto: [[Randall Woolf|Woolf]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Yamaha GX-1]]: [[Yasushi Akutagawa|Akutagawa]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

====Other instrumental soloist====

=====Percussion instrument=====
{{Main|Percussion concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Percussion concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Avner Dorman|Dorman]], [[Philip Glass|Glass]], [[André Jolivet|Jolivet]], [[James MacMillan (composer)|MacMillan]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara|Rautavaara]], [[William Susman|Susman]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Timpani concerto]]: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]], [[Georg Druschetzky|Druschetzky]], [[Philip Glass|Glass]], [[William Kraft|Kraft]], [[Ney Rosauro|Rosauro]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Xylophone]] concerto: [[Toshiro Mayuzumi|Mayuzumi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snook |first=P.A. |date=2002 |title=Williams: "Tuba Concerto"; Tailleferre: "Harp Concertino"; Tomasi: "Saxophone Concerto"; Mayuzumi: "Xylophone Concerto" |journal=Fanfare |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=261–262 |via=Arts Premium Collection}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Marimba concerto]]: [[Paul Creston|Creston]], [[Libby Larsen|Larsen]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]], [[Ney Rosauro|Rosauro]] (Concerto No.1 and No.2), [[Tomas Svoboda (composer)|Svoboda]], [[Alejandro Viñao|Viñao]]{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Vibraphone]]: [[Ney Rosauro|Rosauro]] (Concerto No.1 and Concerto No.2)<ref>{{cite web |title=Works |url=https://www.neyrosauro.com/works/ |website=Ney Rosauro |publisher=Emmanuel Berrido |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>

=====Free reed aerophone=====
{{See also|Harmonica concerto}}

20th century:
*[[Harmonica concerto]]: [[Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (Arnold)|Arnold]], [[Alan Hovhaness|Hovhaness]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos|Villa-Lobos]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmonica Concerto, W524 (Villa-Lobos, Heitor) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download|url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Harmonica_Concerto,_W524_(Villa-Lobos,_Heitor)|access-date=2021-05-13|website=imslp.org}}</ref>
*[[Sheng (instrument)|Sheng]] Concerto: [[Unsuk Chin]], [[Bernd Richard Deutsch]], [[Jukka Tiensuu]], [[Man Fang]] .{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

=====Electronic musical instrument=====

20th century:
*[[Ondes Martenot]] concerto: [[André Jolivet|Jolivet]], [[Miklos Rozsa|Rozsa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 of the best concertos for unusual instruments |url=https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/10-of-the-best-concertos-for-unusual-instruments |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.classical-music.com |date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Theremin]] concerto: [[Kalevi Aho|Aho]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Proms 2022: BBC Philharmonic; Shostakovich's Last Symphony and a Concerto for Theremin |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/lunchtime-concert/bbc-philharmonic-shostakovich-symphony-theremin-concerto/14027580 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===For multiple instruments and orchestra===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
In the Baroque era, two violins and one cello formed the standard [[concertino (group)|concertino]] of a [[concerto grosso]]. In the classical era, the [[sinfonia concertante]] replaced the concerto grosso genre, although concertos for two or three soloists were still composed too. From the Romantic era works for multiple instrumental soloists and orchestra were again commonly called concerto.

====Two soloists====
{{Main|double concerto}}

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi's concertos for 2 violins, for 2 cellos, for 2 mandolins, for 2 trumpets, for 2 flutes, for oboe and bassoon, for cello and bassoon (etc.)
* Bach:
** [[Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)|Concerto for Two Violins]]
** Concertos for two harpsichords: [[Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060|BWV 1060]], [[BWV 1061|1061]] and [[BWV 1062|1062]]
* [[Concerto for Two Violas (Telemann)|Telemann's Concerto for Two Violas]]

Classical era:
* Haydn's concerto for violin and keyboard (usually referred to as the Keyboard Concerto No. 6)
* Mozart:
** [[Piano Concerto No. 10 (Mozart)|Piano Concerto No. 10]]
** [[Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra (Mozart)|Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra]]
* [[Antonio Salieri|Salieri]]'s double concerto for flute and oboe

Romantic era:
* [[Felix Mendelssohn]]:
** [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in E major (Mendelssohn)|Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in E major]]
** [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in A-flat major (Mendelssohn)|Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in A-flat major]]
* [[Johannes Brahms]]'s [[Double Concerto (Brahms)|Double Concerto for violin and cello]]
* [[Max Bruch]]:
** [[Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra]]
** [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (Bruch)|Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra]]

20th century:
* [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Shostakovich)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] (soloists: piano, trumpet)
* [[Malcolm Arnold]]'s [[Concerto for Two Violins and String Orchestra (Arnold)|Concerto for Two Violins and String Orchestra]]
* [[Francis Poulenc]]'s [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (Poulenc)|Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra]]
* [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]'s [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (Vaughan Williams)|Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra]]
* [[Elliott Carter]]'s [[Double Concerto (Carter)|Double Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano with Two Chamber Orchestras]]
* [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]'s [[Strathclyde Concertos|Strathclyde Concerto]] No. 3 for horn, trumpet and orchestra, and No. 4 for violin, viola and string orchestra

====Three soloists====
{{Main|triple concerto}}

Baroque era:
* [[Arcangelo Corelli]]'s [[twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6 (Corelli)|twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6]] for two violins and cello
* Vivaldi's concertos for 3 violins
* Bach:
** ''[[Brandenburg Concertos]]'' Nos. 4 ([[BWV 1049]]) and 5 ([[BWV 1050]])
** Concertos for three harpsichords: [[BWV 1063]] and [[BWV 1062|1064]]
** [[Triple Concerto, BWV 1044]], for harpsichord, flute and violin

Classical era:
* [[Piano Concerto No. 7 (Mozart)|Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 7]]

Romantic era:
* [[Triple Concerto (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Triple Concerto]] for piano, violin, and cello.

21st century:
* [[Triple Concerto No. 2 (Smirnov)|Smirnov's Triple Concerto No. 2]]

====Four or more soloists====

Baroque era:
* Vivaldi:
** ''L'estro armonico'' Nos. 1, 4, 7 and 10
** [[Ryom Verzeichnis|RV]]&nbsp;555, featuring 3 violins, an oboe, 2 recorders, 2 viole all'inglese, a [[chalumeau]], 2 cellos, 2 harpsichords and 2 trumpets.
** [[Concerto in C major, RV 558|Concerto for Diverse Instruments in C major, RV 558]]
** [[Concerto in C major, RV 559]], for two oboes, two clarinets, [[string section|strings]] and [[basso continuo|continuo]]
* Bach:
** ''Brandenburg Concertos'' Nos. 1 ([[BWV 1046]]) and 2 ([[BWV 1047]])
** [[BWV 1065|Concerto for 4 harpsichords, BWV&nbsp;1065]] (after a concerto for four violins by Vivaldi)

20th century:
* [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s [[Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (Schoenberg)|Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra]]
* Maxwell Davies's Strathclyde Concerto and No. 9 for piccolo, alto flute, cor anglais, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, contrabassoon and string orchestra.
* [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]]'s [[Concerto for seven wind instruments, timpani, percussion, and string orchestra]].
* [[Jon Lord]]'s ''[[Concerto for Group and Orchestra]]'' for [[rock band]].
* [[Joaquín Rodrigo]]'s ''[[Concierto Andaluz]]'' for 4 guitars.
* [[Alfred Schnittke]]'s [[Concerto Grosso No. 3 (Schnittke)|Concerto Grosso No. 3]]
* [[Olivier Messiaen]]'s ''[[Concert à quatre]]'' for piano, cello, oboe and flute.

===Concerto for orchestra===
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
{{Main|Concerto for Orchestra}}

====Symphonic orchestra====
In the 20th and 21st centuries, several composers wrote concertos for [[orchestra]]. In these works, different sections and/or instruments of the orchestra or concert band are treated at one point or another as soloists with emphasis on solo sections and/or instruments changing during the piece. Some examples include those written by:
*[[Hindemith]] – Op. 38, 1925
*[[Kodály]] – 1940
*[[Bartók]] – [[Concerto for Orchestra (Bartók)|Concerto for Orchestra]] – 1945
*[[Lutoslawski]] – [[Concerto for Orchestra (Lutosławski)|Concerto for Orchestra]] – 1954
*[[Rodion Shchedrin|Shchedrin]]
** No. 1 ''Naughty Limericks'' (1963){{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
** No. 2 ''The Chimes'' (1968){{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
** No. 3 ''Old Russian Circus Music'' (1989){{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
** No. 4 ''Round Dances (Khorovody)'' (1989){{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
** No. 5 ''Four Russian Songs'' (1998){{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}
*[[Elliott Carter|Carter]] – 1969
*[[Knussen]] – 1969
*[[Magnus Lindberg (Finnish composer)|Lindberg]] – 2003{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

[[Henri Dutilleux|Dutilleux]] has also described his ''Métaboles'' as a concerto for orchestra.{{relevance inline|date=April 2021}}

====Chamber orchestra or string orchestra====

Baroque era:
* [[Concerto alla rustica|Vivaldi's ''Concerto alla rustica'']]
* Bach's ''Brandenburg Concertos'' Nos. 3 ([[BWV 1048]]) and 6 ([[BWV 1051]])

20th century:
* Stravinsky:
** [[Concerto in D (Stravinsky)|Concerto in D]]
** [[Concerto in E-flat "Dumbarton Oaks"|''Dumbarton Oaks'' concerto]]

====More than one orchestra====

Baroque era:
* {{ill|Concerto a due cori|scores|Concerti a due Cori, HWV 332-334 (Handel, George Frideric)|lt=Handel's Concerti a due cori}}, [[Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis#Concerti grossi|HWV 332–334]]<ref>[https://www.harmoniamundi.com/#!/albums/2318 George Frideric Handel 1685-1759: Concerti a due cori, HWV 332, HWV 333, HWV 334] at [[Harmonia Mundi]] website.</ref>

20th century:
* [[Michael Tippett]]: [[Concerto for Double String Orchestra (Tippett)|Concerto for Double String Orchestra]]<ref>Huscher, Phillip (2010). [https://cso.org/uploadedFiles/1_Tickets_and_Events/Program_Notes/040110_ProgramNotes_Tippett_ConcertoDoubleStringOrch.pdf Program Notes: Sir Michael Tippett – Concerto for Double String Orchestra] at [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] website.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite book |last1=Bovermann |first1=Till |title=MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY : identities, configurations. |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-9748-5 |pages=264–270}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brodbeck |first1=David |title=Carlos Chávez and His World |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400874200 |editor-last=Saavedra |editor-first=Leonora |chapter=Music and the Marketplace: On the Backstory of Carlos Chávez's Violin Concerto |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7420-0 |page=84 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400874200-013 |date=2015 |doi=10.1515/9781400874200-013 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Clive |title=Louis Spohr, a critical biography |date=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |isbn=978-0-521-23990-5 |pages=50–53}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Burns |first1=Kevin |title=Karel Husa's Concerto for Alto Saxophone and Concert Band: a Performer's Analysis. |type=DMA dissertation |date=2000 |publisher=Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College |location=Louisiana |pages=1–69 |doi=10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7245 |s2cid=194618582 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7245 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cuming |first1=Geoffrey |title=Haydn: Where to Begin |journal=Music & Letters |date=1949 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=364–375 |doi=10.1093/ml/XXX.4.364 |jstor=730678 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/730678 |issn=0027-4224|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Eggink |first1=J. |last2=Brown |first2=G.J. |title=2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing |chapter=Instrument recognition in accompanied sonatas and concertos |date=2004 |volume=4 |pages=iv–217–iv-220 |doi=10.1109/ICASSP.2004.1326802|isbn=0-7803-8484-9 |s2cid=13003660 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Erlebach |first1=Rupert |title=Style in Pianoforte Concerto Writing |journal=Music & Letters |date=1936 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=131–139 |doi=10.1093/ml/XVII.2.131 |jstor=728791 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/728791 |access-date=9 April 2021 |issn=0027-4224|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Holman |first1=Peter |title=Serenades and Sammartini |journal=Early Music |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=151–153 |jstor=3519434 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3519434 |issn=0306-1078}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=Antony |title=The seven concertos of Beethoven |date=2019 |location=London |isbn=978-0-429-77369-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kearns |first1=Andrew |title=The Orchestral Serenade in eighteenth-Century Salzburg |journal=Journal of Musicological Research |date=1 January 1997 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=163–197 |doi=10.1080/01411899708574730 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01411899708574730 |issn=0141-1896|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kijas |first1=Anna E. |title="A Suitable Soloist for My Piano Concerto": Teresa Carreño as a Promoter of Edvard Grieg's Music |journal=Notes |date=2013 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=37–58 |doi=10.1353/not.2013.0121 |jstor=43672696 |s2cid=187606895 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43672696 |issn=0027-4380|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kory |first1=Agnes |title=Boccherini and the Cello |journal=Early Music |date=November 2005 |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=750 |doi=10.1093/em/cah182 |jstor=3519618 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519618|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Douglas A. |title=Masterworks of 20th-century music : the modern repertory of the symphony orchestra |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-93847-1 |pages=387–400 |edition=1}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Lihua |first1=Pu |title=Violin Technique in Jenő Hubay's Four Violin Concertos |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2142/99733 |type=Doctoral project paper |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|language=en |date=2018 |hdl=2142/99733 |via=IDEALS}}
* {{cite journal |last1=McClary |first1=Susan |title=A Musical Dialectic from the Enlightenment: Mozart's "Piano Concerto in G Major, K. 453", Movement 2 |journal=Cultural Critique |date=1986 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=129–169 |doi=10.2307/1354338 |jstor=1354338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354338 |access-date=9 April 2021 |issn=0882-4371|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Paumgartner |first1=Bernhard |title=Mozart's Oboe Concerto |journal=Tempo |date=2010 |issue=18 |pages=4–7 |doi=10.1017/S0040298200054565 |s2cid=144679576 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0040298200054565 |language=en |issn=1478-2286|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Stephen |last2=Galván |first2=Janet |last3=Stout |first3=Gordon |title=Concert: Commencement Eve |journal=All Concert & Recital Programs |date=13 May 2006 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |url=https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/music_programs/4893 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Harlow |title=Sergei Prokofiev : a biography |date=2002 |publisher=Northeastern University Press |location=Boston |isbn=1-55553-517-8 |pages=256–263}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sadler |first1=Graham |title=Rameau's Last Opera: Abaris, ou Les Boréades |journal=The Musical Times |date=1975 |volume=116 |issue=1586 |pages=327–329 |doi=10.2307/960326 |jstor=960326 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/960326 |issn=0027-4666|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book
 |last1                = Steinberg
 |first1               = Michael
 |author-link1         = Michael Steinberg (music critic)
 |date                 = 2000
 |chapter              = Johann Sebastian Bach
 |chapter-url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=t8oXNX2tY8AC&pg=PA11
 |title                = The Concerto: A Listener's Guide
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=t8oXNX2tY8AC
 |publisher            = Oxford University Press
 |pages                = 11–19
 |isbn                 = 0-19-513931-3
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stowell |first1=Robin |title=Beethoven: Violin Concerto |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-45159-8 |page=33 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511605703 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605703 }}
* {{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Michael|chapter=The Italian concerto in the Late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkS8a2drWVcC&pg=PR12 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Concerto|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|date=27 October 2005|isbn=978-0-521-83483-4}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/haydn-keyboard-concertos-nos-3-4-11 |title=HAYDN Keyboard Concertos Nos 3, 4 & 11 |last=Threasher |first=David |publisher=gramophone.co.uk |date=May 2013 }}
* {{EB1911 |noprescript=1 |wstitle=Concerto |last1=Tovey |first1=Donald Francis |author-link1=Donald Tovey |pages=825–826 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Chappell |title=The Violin Concertos of Giornovichi |journal=The Musical Quarterly |date=1972 |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=30 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/741171 }}
* {{cite book
 |last1                = White
 |first1               = John David
 |date                 = 1976
 |title                = The Analysis of Music
 |publisher            = Prentice-Hall
 |page                 = 62
 |isbn                 = 0-13-033233-X
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1                = Wolf
 |first1               = Eugene K.
 |author-link1         = :d:Q94825204
 |date                 = 1986
 |chapter              = Concerto
 |chapter-url          = https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand/page/186
 |editor1-last         = Randel
 |editor1-first        = Don Michael
 |editor1-link         = Don Michael Randel
 |editor2-last         = Apel
 |editor2-first        = Willi
 |editor2-link         = Willi Apel
 |title                = The New Harvard Dictionary of Music
 |url                  = https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand
 |publisher            = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
 |pages                = 186–191
 |isbn                 = 0674615255
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1                = Wörner
 |first1               = Karl Heinrich
 |display-authors      = etal
 |date                 = 1993
 |editor1-last         = Meierott
 |editor1-first        = Lenz
 |editor1-link         = :de:Lenz Meierott
 |title                = Geschichte der Musik: ein Studien- und Nachschlagebuch
 |trans-title          = History of Music: A Study and Reference Book
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=GKJbNkkZZOoC
 |language             = de
 |edition              = 8th
 |location             = Göttingen
 |publisher            = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
 |isbn                 = 3-525-27811-X
 }}

==Further reading==
* Hill, Ralph, Ed., 1952, ''The Concerto'', Penguin Books.
* {{Cite Grove
  |last1 = Hutchings
  |first1 = Arthur
  |author-link1 = Arthur Hutchings
  |last2 = Talbot
  |first2 = Michael
  |author-link2 = Michael Talbot (musicologist)
  |last3 = Eisen
  |first3 = Cliff
  |author-link3 = Cliff Eisen
  |last4 = Botstein
  |first4 = Leon
  |author-link4 = Leon Botstein
  |last5 = Griffiths
  |first5 = Paul
  |author-link5 = Paul Griffiths (writer)
  |title = Concerto
  |url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40737
  }}
* Randel, Don Michael, Ed., 1986, ''The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London.
* [[Donald Tovey|Tovey, Donald Francis]], 1936, ''Essays in Musical Analysis, Volume III, Concertos'', Oxford University Press.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|concerto}}
* {{IMSLP|work=Category:Concertos |cname=Concertos |descr=scores }}

{{Concertos}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Concertos| ]]
[[Category:Classical music styles]]