View source for Confederados

{{Short description|Brazilian people of Confederate ancestry}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| native_name_lang = pt
| image            = Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-bárbara-doeste.JPG
| caption          = The Confederados at Festa Confederada
| population       = Thousands of descendants across Brazil<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/09/world/americas/a-slice-of-the-confederacy-in-the-interior-of-brazil.html | title=A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil | work=The New York Times | date=May 8, 2016 | last1=Romero | first1=Simon }}</ref>
| popplace         = [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]]{{·}}[[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]]
| langs            = [[English language|English]] ([[Southern American English]]){{·}}[[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| rels             = [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]{{·}}[[Irreligion]]
| related_groups   = [[White Southerners]] and [[Black Southerners]]
}}
'''''Confederados''''' ({{IPA|pt|kõfedeˈɾadus}}) is the [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] name for [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[expatriate]]s, all [[white Southerners]] who fled the [[Southern United States]] during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]], and their Brazilian descendants. They were enticed to [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] by offers of cheap land from [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor]] [[Dom (title)|Dom]] [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], who had hoped to gain expertise in [[cotton]] farming. The regime in Brazil had a number of features that attracted the Confederados, namely the continued legality of slavery, but also political decentralization and a relatively high commitment to free trade.<ref>{{cite book 
|editor1-first=Aaron Sheehan |editor1-last=Dean
|title=The Cambridge History of the American Civil War: Volume II: Affairs of the State
|date=2019 
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=New York
|isbn=9781107154537 
|page = 327}}</ref>

It is estimated that up to 20,000 American Confederates immigrated to the [[Empire of Brazil]] from the Southern United States after the [[American Civil War]]. Initially, most settled in the current state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], where they founded the city of [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]], which was once part of the neighboring city of [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]]. The descendants of other ''Confederados'' would later be found throughout Brazil.

The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]], where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their [[Protestant]] religion, they could not be buried in a Catholic cemetery, so they created their own cemetery, the first non-Catholic, non-indigenous cemetery in Brazil. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and highlight its benefits to the nation.

The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of [[American Brazilian|American Descendants]], an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. The Confederados also have an annual festival, called the [[Festa Dos Confederados|Festa Confederada]], which is used to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by [[Confederate flag]]s, traditional dress of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[uniform]]s and [[hoop skirt]]s, food of the [[American South]] with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the [[American South]] during the [[Antebellum period]].

Although the amount of Confederado descendants living in Brazil today is difficult to estimate, in 2016 they were believed to number in the thousands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Simon |date=2016-05-08 |title=A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/09/world/americas/a-slice-of-the-confederacy-in-the-interior-of-brazil.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==History==<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[File:Capela-cemitério-do-campo-santa-bárbara-d'oeste-sp.jpg|thumb|right|Chapel at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste built by Confederate expatriates]]
After the war, many [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] planters were unwilling to live by the new rules imposed by the Union's victory and the constitutional changes that followed:&nbsp;an end to [[chattel slavery]], a new labor regime, and the loss of political power that came with African-American suffrage. Accustomed to raising cotton with the labor of enslaved people, some looked elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere for a place where their old life could be continued.

"Many persons who, from long habit and fondly cherished theories, have become strongly attached to the institution of African slavery, fancy that in Brazil they will find an opportunity for the permanent use of that system of labor — Brazil and the Spanish possessions being the only two slaveholding communities remaining in the civilized world," the [[New Orleans]] ''[[The Times-Picayune|Daily Picayune]]'' wrote in September 1865.<ref name="pic">{{cite news |title=Emigration to Brazil. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93333182/confederados/ |access-date=24 January 2022 |work=The Daily Picayune |date=14 September 1865 |pages=2 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124050909/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93333182/confederados/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Brazilian [[Emperor Dom Pedro II]] saw an opportunity in the economic disruption in the southern United States and hoped to build up its [[cotton]] production for export to the looms of [[England]] and [[France]], which had long relied on the [[Deep South]]. The Emperor encouraged the immigration of cotton planters from the former Confederacy to enable that expansion.<ref name="Herbert">{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/17/confederados-forge-new-cultural-identity/ |title=Confederados forge new cultural identity – Washington Times |website=[[Internet Archive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216141150/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/17/confederados-forge-new-cultural-identity/ |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Immigration to Brazil===<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[File:Steagall.jpg|thumb|right|Confederate expatriates in Brazil]]
Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of immigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several [[emigration]] [[companies]] were formed. Representatives were sent to Brazil to check the land, climate, and facilities offered by the emperor.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~jhoskins/finalarticle.html |title=Confederates in Brazil – Article |website=mason.gmu.edu |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708234133/http://mason.gmu.edu/~jhoskins/finalarticle.html |archive-date=8 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 1865, the state of [[South Carolina]] formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> Slaves were cheap, they reported.

A confederate from South Carolina, James McFadden Gaston, traveled extensively in central Brazil. Upon return to the US, Gaston published a book titled ''Hunting a Home in Brazil'' in 1867. The book was a guide for would-be colonizers and stated in the introduction, "All the requisites of a desirable home have been found in Brazil."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaston |first=James McFadden |title=Hunting a home in Brazil.: The agricultural resources and other characteristics of the country. Also, the manners and customs of the inhabitants. |date=1867 |publisher=King & Baird, printers |location=Philadelphia |ol=6647933M }}</ref>

Many Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their farms and homes during the war, were unwilling to live under occupation by Federal troops during Reconstruction, or simply did not expect an improvement in the Southern economic situation in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Brazil would not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized [[Protestant]] group to settle in Brazil.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

===Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste===<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[Image:Casa_dos_Norris.jpg|thumb|right|House of the first Confederate expat family in Villa Americana]]
On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator [[William Hutchinson Norris]] of [[Alabama]] landed in the port of [[Rio de Janeiro]]. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the [[Serra do Mar]], stopped in [[São Paulo]] and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marshy. They were also offered the land where [[São Caetano do Sul]] is today, and they refused it for the same reason. They decided to go to [[Campinas]], but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo while Campinas is 35 miles further, so the Norrises bought an ox-cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for [[land]], until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current [[Piracicaba]].<ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br">{{Cite web |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/turismo/fx16039804.htm |title=Folha de S.Paulo – SP abriga sulista que o vento levou – 16/03/98 |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112080448/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/turismo/fx16039804.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Norrises bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado {{lang|pt|[[sesmaria]]}} and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]], today the city of [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]]. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in [[agriculture]] to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of learning and still cultivating their [[garden]]s. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$5,000 from that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives.<ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br"/> Many Confederados besides Norris became known for [[agricultural education]] and improvement of [[cotton]] productivity.<ref name="Confederate-Immigrants-In-Brazil">{{cite journal |trans-title=Migration and Identity in 19th Century: the case of the Confederate Immigrants in Brazil |title=Emigración e identidad en el siglo XIX: el caso de los inmigrantes confederados en Brasil |journal=[[Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social]] |issn=2322-9381 |eissn=2322-9675 |first=Ricardo |last=Pérez Gómez |number=20 |pages=194–214 |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:Villa_Americana1906.jpg|thumb|Villa Americana in 1906]]
Numerous [[farm]]s were founded by immigrants from the United States, commemorated today at the [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Immigration Museum]].<ref name="Museum">
{{Unbulleted list citebundle
 |{{*}} {{cite journal |year=2021 |pages=1–14 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |first=Alan P. |journal=[[Journal of Geography in Higher Education]] |issn=0309-8265 |last=Marcus |title=Using "Autogeography," sense of place and place-based approaches in the pedagogy of geographic thought |volume=47 |doi=10.1080/03098265.2021.1991290 |s2cid=239558636}}
 |{{*}} {{cite journal |year=2020 |issue=1 |pages=20–42 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=16 |first=Jordan P. |journal=[[Journal of Heritage Tourism]] |issn=1743-873X |last=Brasher |title=Creating 'Confederate pioneers': a spatial narrative analysis of race, settler colonialism, and heritage tourism at the Museu da Imigração, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo |doi=10.1080/1743873x.2020.1768262 |s2cid=219472349}}
 }}
</ref> Cultivation and processing of [[cotton]] were significant. They established an intense trade, notably from 1875 onwards, with the arrival of the railroad and the installation of the Santa Barbara Station by the [[Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro]]. Due to the constant presence of these [[immigrant]]s, the village that was formed in the vicinity of the Station became known as "Vila dos Americanos", or "Vila Americana", and gave rise to the current city of Americana.<ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br"/>

The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the [[train station]], also dates from this period. [[Manufacturing]] played a very important role in the foundation and development of [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]]. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families, who set up [[school]]s on the properties and hired [[teacher]]s from the [[United States]]. The teaching methods developed by American teachers{{clarify|date=May 2022}} proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by [[Education in Brazil|Brazilian official education]].<ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br"/>

Religious services were celebrated on the properties by [[pastor]]s who moved between various properties and the various centers of the [[American diaspora]]. In 1895 the first [[Presbyterian Church]]<sup> In Brazil?</sup> was founded in the village of [[Estação]]. Due to the prohibition of burying people of other faiths in the cemeteries of cities administered by the [[Catholic Church]], American immigrants began to bury their dead near the farmhouse. This [[cemetery]] became known as the Campo Cemetery, currently a tourist attraction in the city of [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]]. Even today the descendants of American families are buried there. It is in this place that descendants gather periodically for religious ceremonies and parties around the 19th-century chapel.<ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br"/>

=== Amazonas ===<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[File:Col. Archibald Stephenson Dobbins, C.S.A.jpg|thumb|upright|Colonel [[Archibald S. Dobbins|Archibald Dobbins]] moved to Santarém in 1867.]]

Jason Williams Stone, a man from [[Dana, Massachusetts]] who moved to Brazil before the American Civil War, made a fortune as a tobacco and rubber farmer. Stone's plantations, which had more than five thousand hectares, were called Colonia Stone. They were located near the city of Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. Many of his descendants still have the surname "Stone". They are found mainly in the cities of [[Manaus]] and [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas|Itacoatiara]], in Amazonas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://db.whipple.org/getperson.php?personID=I79172&tree=Whipple |title=Jason W. Stone b. 19 Feb 1830 Dana, Worcester, Massachusetts d. 1913 Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil: Whipple Database |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112080446/https://whipple.one-name.net/tng/getperson.php?personID=I79172&tree=Whipple |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pará ===
The city of [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]], in the state of [[Pará]], received a wave of expatriate families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called ''The Last Confederate in the Amazon'', which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the [[business]] and political life of the region.<ref name="worldcat.org">{{Cite book |title=O último confederado na Amazônia (Book, 1983) [WorldCat.org] |first1=David Afton |last1=Riker |first2=James E |last2=Edmonds |first3=David Bowman |last3=Riker |date=August 22, 1983 |publisher=publisher not identified |oclc=12972743 }}</ref>

It is not known how many Confederado immigrants came to Brazil, but unprecedented research in the records of the port of [[Rio de Janeiro]], by Betty Antunes de Oliveira, shows that around 20,000 [[U.S. citizens]] entered Brazil between 1865 and 1885.<ref name="worldcat.org"/>

==Descendants of the Confederados==<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[File:Jimmy Carter visits Americana, Brazil (1972).jpg|thumb|[[Jimmy Carter]], on a visit to [[Brazil]] in 1972, stands with fifth-generation Confederado children at the base of the Confederate monument in [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]].]]
The first generation of ''Confederados'' formed a distinct community. As is typical, by the third generation, most families had already intermarried with native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. ''Confederados'' increasingly began to speak the [[Portuguese language]] and identify themselves as Brazilians. As the region around the municipalities of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana became a hub for sugar cane production and society became more mobile, ''Confederados'' moved to larger cities in search of jobs in urban areas. Currently, only a few ''Confederado'' families still live on land owned by their ancestors. ''Confederado'' descendants are spread throughout Brazil. They maintain their organization's headquarters at the Campo Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where there is also a chapel and a memorial.

Descendants make a connection to their history through the American Descendant Fellowship, dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the Confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called "[[Festa Dos Confederados|Festa Confederada]]", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and uniforms are worn, while [[Cuisine of the Southern United States|Southern American food]] and dances are served and performed. The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag, although they identify themselves as fully Brazilian. Many Confederate descendants traveled to the United States at the invitation of [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]], an organization of American descendants, to visit Civil War battlefields, participate in reenactments, or visit the places where their ancestors lived.<ref name="g1.globo.com">{{Cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL1564781-5605,00-DESCENDENTES+DE+CONFEDERADOS+CELEBRAM+EM+SP+O+FIM+DA+GUERRA+CIVIL+DOS+EUA.html |title=G1 > Edição São Paulo – NOTÍCIAS – Descendentes de confederados celebram em SP o fim da Guerra Civil dos EUA |website=g1.globo.com |access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613182623/https://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL1564781-5605,00-DESCENDENTES+DE+CONFEDERADOS+CELEBRAM+EM+SP+O+FIM+DA+GUERRA+CIVIL+DOS+EUA.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Confederate flag]] in Brazil did not acquire the same political symbolism as it has in the United States. After then-Governor [[Jimmy Carter]]'s visit to the region in 1972, the city of Americana even incorporated the Confederate flag into its [[coat of arms]]. (It was removed a few years later under pressure from [[Italian Brazilians|Italian-descendent]] residents, as the ''Confederados'' now comprise about a tenth of the city's population.) During his visit to Brazil, Carter also visited the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and the grave of a great-uncle of his wife, Rosalynn Carter, at Cemitério do Campo. At the time, Carter noted that Confederate descendants sounded and looked exactly like American southerners.<ref name="g1.globo.com"/>

Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the chapel and memorial located within it) in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a memorial, as most of the region's original Confederate immigrants were buried there. As [[Protestants]], they were prohibited by the [[Catholic Church]] from burying their dead in local cemeteries and had to establish their own cemetery. The community of descendants also contributed to the Museum of Immigration, also located in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, to present the history of US [[immigration to Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturadesantabarbara.com.br/v3/index.php?pag=pontos_turisticos2&p=4 |title=Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e Turismo de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618090215/http://www.culturadesantabarbara.com.br/v3/index.php?pag=pontos_turisticos2&p=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as [[pecan]]s, Georgia peanuts, and [[watermelon]]; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches ([[Baptists|Baptist]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], and [[Methodism|Methodist]]).<ref>Orrizio, Riccardo. ''Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe''. Simon and Schuster, 2001, pages 110–111.</ref> Some foods of the American South also crossed over and became part of general Brazilian culture such as [[chess pie]], vinegar pie, and [[southern fried chicken]]. The immigrants also established [[Public school (government funded)|public school]]s and provided education to their female children, which was unusual in Brazil at the time.

===Statistics===<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add photographs of Legion buildings to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
[[File:Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg|thumb|right|Confederate immigrant couple Joseph Whitaker and Isabel Norris]]
;American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.comciencia.br/dossies-1-72/reportagens/migracoes/migr16.htm |title=Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade |website=www.comciencia.br |access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721111620/https://www.comciencia.br/dossies-1-72/reportagens/migracoes/migr16.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#009966;" colspan="2"
!State
!Immigrants
|-
|[[State of São Paulo|São Paulo]]
|800
|-
|[[Espírito Santo]]
|400
|-
|[[State of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]]
|200
|-
|[[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
|200
|-
|[[Pará]]
|200
|-
|[[Minas Gerais]]
|100
|-
|[[Bahia]]
|85
|-
|[[Pernambuco]]
|85
|-
|Total
|2,070
|-
|}

The Confederate migrants were some 20,000 Southerners, from 12 southern states (e.g. Arkansas, Alabama, and Mississippi) who preferred the Brazilian wilderness to life under [[United States|Union]] rule after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alcwroot/confederatos.htm |title=Total U.S. Immigration |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809184225/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alcwroot/confederatos.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===U.S. ancestry in Brazil===
[[Image:Davidbowmanriker.JPG|thumb|David Bowman Riker]]
;Number of American descendants by state
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#009966;" colspan="2"
!State
!Descendants
|-
|[[State of São Paulo|São Paulo]]
|100,490
|-
|[[Espírito Santo]]
|50,258
|-
|[[State of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]]
|25,220
|-
|[[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
|25,000
|-
|[[Pará]]
|24,800
|-
|[[Minas Gerais]]
|12,610
|-
|[[Bahia]]
|10,686
|-
|[[Pernambuco]]
|10,000
|-
|Total
|260,000
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
[[Yale University]] history professor [[Rollin G. Osterweis]] wrote ''Santarem'', a novel about Confederados.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=John B. |title=Retired Yale History Professor, Rollin G. Osterweis, Dies At 74 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/368628377/?terms=%22Rollin%2BG.%2BOsterweis%22 |access-date=May 14, 2018 |work=The Hartford Courant |date=March 2, 1982 |page=8 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-access=registration |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101195727/https://www.newspapers.com/image/368628377/?terms=%22Rollin%2BG.%2BOsterweis%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable Confederados==

* [[William Hutchinson Norris]] – [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from Alabama 

*[[Rita Lee]] – singer and songwriter, known as the "Queen of [[Brazilian rock]]"<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Rita Lee, Brazil's Queen of Rock and Tropicalía Pioneer, Dead at 75 | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=May 9, 2023 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rita-lee-os-mutantes-dead-obituary-1234732216/ }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Ray, Montana (November 16, 2020). [https://thepointmag.com/politics/os-confederados/ "Os Confederados: 'Family and history' in the Plantation Americas"]. ''The Point''.
*{{cite news |title=They lost the Civil War and fled to Brazil. Their descendants refuse to take down the Confederate flag |first=Terrence |last=McCoy |date=July 11, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/brazil-confederate-flag-civil-war-americana-santa-barbara/2020/07/11/1e8a7c84-bec4-11ea-b4f6-cb39cd8940fb_story.html}}
*{{cite news |title=The South Rises Again, But in Brazil |first=Carlos A. |last=DeJuana |date=November 2, 2003 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/02/the-south-rises-again-but-in-brazil/022dcd78-b230-4ae2-b657-fc2fd503eb8c/?itid=lk_inline_manual_5}}
*{{cite news |title=A Taste of Dixie in Brazil |first=Stephen |last=Buckley |date=August 22, 1999 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/08/22/a-taste-of-dixie-in-brazil/d044539a-c92e-4c38-ab77-1236a9e3117f/?itid=lk_interstitial_manual_50}}
*Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey editors, ''The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil'', Tuscaloosa: [[University of Alabama]], 1998.
*{{cite book |first=Alcides Fernando |last=Gussi |title=Os norteamericanos (confederados) do Brasil : identidades no contexto transnacional |location=[[Campinas, Brazil]] |publisher=[[Universidade Estadual de Campinas]], Centro de Memória |year=1997 |isbn=9788585562083}}
*{{cite book |first=Eugene C. |last=Harter |title=The Lost Colony of the Confederacy |others=First published 1985. |isbn=1585441023 |date=2000 |orig-year=1985 |location=[[College Station, Texas]] |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]}}
*William Clark Griggs, ''The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil'', Austin: [[University of Texas]], 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.
*[[Riccardo Orizio]] (Avril Bardoni, translator), ''Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe''.
*{{cite journal |first=Alan M. |last=Tigay |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216024122/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-16 |title=The Deepest South |journal=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]] |volume=49 |number=2 |date=April 1998 |pages=84–95}}
*{{cite book |first=Betty Antunes de |last=Oliveira |title=Movimento de passageiros norte-americanos no porto do Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : uma contribuição para a história da imigração norte-americana no Brasil ("American passengers passing through the port of Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : a contribution to the history of the American migration to Brazil") |publisher=The author |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=1981 |oclc=866649279}}
*{{cite book |title=Soldado descansa! : uma epopéia norte-americana sob os céus do Brasil ("Soldier, rest! An American epic under Brazilian skies") |oclc=833839870 |first=Judith Mac Knight |last=Jones |location=São Paulo |date=1998 |others=Lists some 400 families. First edition 1967.}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Montgomery|first1=Michael B.|last2=Melo|first2=Cecil Atade|url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4905834/mod_resource/content/1/The%20Phonology%20of%20the%20Lost%20Cause.pdf|title=The Phonology of the Lost Cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil|journal=[[English World-Wide]]|volume=11|issue=2|year=1990|pages=195–216|doi=10.1075/eww.11.2.03mon|issn=0172-8865|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]}}
{{Div col end}}

==Archival material==
*[[Auburn University]] in [[Alabama]] maintains a special collection of material related to the ''Confederado'' emigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.

==External links==
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*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/958.htm Confederados collection] at [[Auburn University]]
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{{Foreign countries in the American Civil War}}
{{Americans abroad}}
{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil}}
{{Portal bar|American Civil War|Brazil |language|Society}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aftermath of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:American diaspora in South America]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Brazil]]
[[Category:Americana, São Paulo]]
[[Category:Confederate expatriates]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Brazil]]
[[Category:Empire of Brazil]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil]]
[[Category:History of the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:Slavery in Brazil]]
[[Category:Social history of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:White supremacy in South America]]