View source for Constitution Day (Norway)

{{short description|Public holiday in Norway}}
{{redirect|17. mai|the date|May 17}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Constitution Day
| type          = national
| image         = Oslo 17 mai 2010.jpg
| imagesize     = 
| caption       = Children's parade in [[Oslo]], 2010
| official_name = Constitution Day of Norway
| nickname      = 17th of May
| observedby    = [[Norwegians]]
| litcolor      = 
| longtype      = 
| significance  = Celebrating the [[Norway in 1814|signing]] of the [[Constitution of Norway|Norwegian Constitution]] in [[Eidsvoll]], 17 May 1814.
| begins        = 
| ends          = 
| date          = 17 May
| scheduling    = same day each year
| duration      = 1 day
| frequency     = Annual
| celebrations  = Parades, [[Flag flying days in Norway|flying flags]], speeches, [[memorialisation]]
| observances   = 
| relatedto     = [[Constitution of Norway]]<br />[[Norwegian Constituent Assembly]]<br />[[Union Dissolution Day]] (7 June)
}}

'''Constitution Day''' is the [[National Day]] of [[Norway]] and is an official [[public holiday]] observed on 17 May each year. Among Norwegians, the day is referred to as '''''17 mai''''' ("17th of May"), ''Nasjonaldagen'' ("National Day"), or ''Grunnlovsdagen'' ("Constitution Day"), although the latter is less frequent.

The Norwegians will often celebrate with big parades with everyone dressed up in their special outfit (bunad). People eat hot dogs, waffles and ice cream and the children play playground games.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.visitnorway.com/typically-norwegian/norways-national-day/ | title=Hurray! It's May 17! }}</ref>

== Historical background ==
[[Image:Krohg-17.mai.1893.jpg|thumb|''17th of May 1893'' by Norwegian painter [[Christian Krohg]] (1852–1925). The flag does not have the [[Union mark of Norway and Sweden]], the so-called ''sildesalaten'' "herring salad".]]

The [[Constitution of Norway]] was [[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|signed at Eidsvoll]] on 17 May 1814. It is the third oldest written constitution still in use.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=The Constitution |url=https://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/The-Constitution/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Stortinget |language=en}}</ref> The constitution declared Norway to be an independent kingdom in an attempt to avoid being ceded to Sweden after [[Denmark–Norway]]'s devastating defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. This established a [[Union between Sweden and Norway]].

The celebration of this day began spontaneously among students and others from early on. However, Norway was at that time in a personal union with Sweden (following the [[Convention of Moss]] in August 1814, by which they shared a monarch as separate nations) and for some years the King of Sweden and Norway was reluctant to allow the celebrations. For a few years during the 1820s, King [[Charles XIV John]] banned it, believing that celebrations like this were a kind of protest for, or even revolt against, the union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kampen om toget |author=Stein Erik Kirkebøen |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/article2425297.ece |newspaper=Aftenposten |date=16 May 2008 |access-date=21 Jan 2013|language=no}}</ref> The king's attitude changed after the [[Battle of the Square]] in 1829, an incident which resulted in such a commotion that the king had to allow commemorations on the day.

It was, however, not until 1833 that public addresses were held, and official celebration was initiated near the monument of former government minister [[Christian Krohg (government minister)|Christian Krohg]], who had spent much of his political life curbing the personal power of the monarch. The address was held by [[Henrik Wergeland]], thoroughly witnessed and accounted for by an [[informant]] dispatched by the king himself.

After 1864 the day became more established when the first children's parade was launched in [[Christiania, Norway|Christiania]], at first consisting only of boys. This initiative was taken by [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]], although Wergeland made the first known children's parade at [[Eidsvoll]] around 1820. It was only in 1899 that girls were allowed to join in the parade for the first time. In 1905, the union with Sweden was dissolved and [[Haakon_VII|Prince Carl of Denmark]] was chosen to be King of an independent Norway, under the name Haakon VII. Obviously, this ended any Swedish concern for the activities of the National Day.

During World War II when Norway was under occupation by the Nazis, it was strictly forbidden for Norwegians to celebrate 17 May, participate in any procession, or to use the colors of the Norwegian flag on clothes. At the liberation on 8 May 1945, the Norwegian flag therefore became a strong symbol of Norway's freedom.

By historical coincidence, [[World War II]] ended in Norway nine days before Constitution Day on 8 May 1945, when the occupying German forces surrendered. Even if Liberation Day is an official flag day in Norway, the day is not an official holiday and not widely celebrated. Instead, a new and broader meaning has been added to the celebration of Norwegian Constitution Day on 17 May to reflect the victory over [[German occupation of Norway|Nazi oppression]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.17thofmay.org/history/|title=History of the 17th of May in Norway & Seattle|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

==Children's parades==
[[File:The Norwegian Royal Family in 2007.jpg|thumb|In Oslo, the children's parade ends in the palace gardens of the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]] with the [[Norwegian royal family]] present on the balcony. <small>2006</small>]]
[[File:Barnetog 17mai.jpg|thumb|The kindergarten part of a Children's parade. The [[Gákti]], the traditional clothing of the [[Sami people]], is used by one of the small children.]]

A noteworthy aspect of the Norwegian Constitution Day is its very non-military nature. All over Norway, children's parades with an abundance of [[Flag of Norway|flags]] form the central elements of the celebration. Each elementary school district arranges its own parade<ref>The Norwegian language has several distinct words for the English term "parade": "Parade", which refers to a military-like parade, and "tog" or "opptog", which refer to people walking in a predefined route just like a train moving along its track. The Norwegian word for "train", "tog", is derived from the [[Old Norse]] word for "rope"—indicating a row of people walking in a long line. The word "tog" was used of people walking in procession before the country ever got trains. In [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]], the parade is known as a "prosesjon" (procession).</ref> with marching bands between schools. The parade takes the children through the community, often making stops at homes of senior citizens, war memorials, etc. The longest parade is in [[Oslo]], where some 100,000 people travel to the city centre to participate in the main festivities. This is broadcast on TV every year, with comments on costumes, banners, etc., together with local reports from celebrations around the country. The massive Oslo parade includes some 100 schools, marching bands, and passes the royal palace where the royal family greet the people from the main balcony.<ref>[https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=78630&sek=27262 Celebrating May 17th] Official website of the Royal House of Norway (in English)</ref>

Typically, a school's children parade will consist of some senior school children carrying the school's official banner, followed by a handful of other older children carrying full-size Norwegian flags, and the school's marching band. After the band, the rest of the school children follow with hand-held flags, often with the junior forms first, and often behind self-made banners for each form or even individual class. Nearby kindergartens may also have been invited to join in. As the parade passes, bystanders often join in behind the official parade and follow the parade back to the school.

Depending on the community, the parade may make stops at particular sites along the route, such as a nursing home or war memorial. In Oslo, the parade stops at the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]] while [[Skaugum]], the home of the crown prince, has been a traditional waypoint for parades in [[Asker]].

During the parade, a marching band will play and the children will sing lyrics about the celebration of the National Day. The parade concludes with the stationary singing of the national anthem "[[Ja, vi elsker dette landet]]" (typically verses 1, 7 and 8), and the royal anthem "[[Kongesangen]]".

In addition to flags, people typically wear red, white and blue ribbons. Although a long-standing tradition, it has lately become more popular for men, women and children to wear traditional outfits, called ''[[bunad]]''. The children shout "Hurra!", sing, blow whistles and shake rattles.

==Additional celebration==
All over Norway, memorials to the fallen at wars and to other notable national people are honoured with speeches and [[wreaths]] early in the morning. In many places (like in Oslo) at noon, a [[21-gun salute|salute]] is fired.

In addition to children's parades, there are parades for the public (''borgertog''), where every citizen is welcome to join in. These are led by marching bands and often local boy scouts and girl guides, local choirs, [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] etc. This takes place in the early morning or in the afternoon, before or after the school's parade.

All parades begin or end with speeches. Both grown-ups and older children are invited to speak. After the parades, there are games for the children, and often much ice cream, pop, sweets and hot-dogs are consumed.<ref name="n0517" />

==Russ==
{{main|Russefeiring}}

[[File:Russ med russeluer.jpg|thumb|High school graduates, "[[Russefeiring|russ]]", during the children's parade in [[Trondheim]]]]
The graduating class from videregående (upper secondary school, sixth form) the Norwegian equivalent of high school, known as [[Russefeiring|russ]], has its own celebration on 17 May, staying up all night and making the rounds through the community. The russ also have their own parades later in the day, usually around 4 or 5 pm. In this parade, russ will parade through the street carrying signs and pickets. They may parody various local and political aspects, although recently this has become less frequent. Russ parades have lately become smaller and smaller due to diligent police discouragement.<ref name="n0517" />

==Celebration across the country==
[[File:VestreTorggatenTorgallmenningenMay172009.jpg|thumb|350px|The city of [[Bergen]] is full of people, and 17 May has a strong tradition in the city.]]
[[File:17Mai2009 1.jpg|thumb|left|Norwegian constitution day celebration in [[Bergen]], Norway]]
The Constitution Day is celebrated in most small settlements and larger towns across Norway, with many variations.
*In the nation's capital city, [[Oslo]], children from most of the local schools gather to parade past the Royal Palace, where they and the [[Norwegian royal family|royal family]] exchange waves and greetings.
*In the municipality of [[Asker]], outside Oslo, the children gather outside the residence of the [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown Prince]] and [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway|Princess]] at [[Skaugum]] Estate in the morning (giving the Crown Prince and his family time to attend the parade in Oslo later in the day).
*[[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]] has its own traditions for the parade, including comic troupes, various local organisations, a children's parade, and the unique [[buekorps]].
*In [[Trondheim]], children from all the city's schools parade the streets of Trondheim in the morning. Later in the afternoon, the "Citizens Parade" (Borgertoget) starts. This is a parade where firefighters, sports teams, students associations and other associations are represented.
*In [[Stavanger]] the day starts with a salute at 7 am. Later there are Children's Parade, Russ Parade and finally Citizens Parade. The British school has, since the 1970s, and later copied by the Dutch school and the American school, carried flags from a number of countries from all over the world. An international party day is also arranged in the central Bjerkstedparken every 17 May.
*In [[Kristiansand]], in addition to parades of schoolchildren and citizens earlier that day, the city is known for the conclusion of the National Day with running through the city centre ("Tapto") and a spectacular [[fireworks]] display. For those who want to continue the party until midnight, a [[trad jazz]] band with local touches plays until midnight in front of the [[Christiansholm Fortress]] (Free entrance).<ref>[https://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/globalassets/aktuelt/2017/program-may-17th-2017-english.pdf Program in City centre, City of Kristiansand 17th May 2017]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

In addition to the children's parades the streets across the country are filled with young and old, turning out in festive attire, and vendors selling ice cream, hot dogs, and more recently, kebabs.

In many neighbourhoods, small towns and villages, it is common for them to have their own events with relaxed open dining and fun, unpretentious competitions for children.

Although 17 May is the National Day, foreigners are very welcome to join in with all activities.<ref name="n0517" />

==Celebration abroad==
[[File:Syttende Mai Parade.jpg|thumb|291x291px|The annual Syttende Mai Parade in [[Stoughton, Wisconsin]]]]
Syttende Mai is also celebrated in many Norwegian migrant communities throughout the world, with traditional foods, sometimes including [[lutefisk]]. In the United States and Canada, the local lodges of the [[Sons of Norway]] often play a central part in organizing the festivities.

The Bay Ridge neighborhood in [[Brooklyn]], New York City has had an annual 17 May Parade and celebration since 1952.  It is well-attended and celebrated by Norwegian-Americans who immigrated to Brooklyn in the early 20th century.<ref>[http://www.may17paradeny.com/ 17th of May Parade Committee] Norwegian-American 17th of May Committee of Greater New York {{in lang|en}}</ref>

One major celebration occurs in [[Petersburg, Alaska]], also known as "Little Norway". The town is a Norwegian settlement and strongly retains its roots. The festival occurs the weekend closest to 17 May and includes a parade, [[Leikarring dancers]], herring toss, Norwegian pastries such as [[lefse]] and even a pack of [[Vikings]] and [[Valkyries]].<ref>[http://www.petersburg.org/visitor/littlenorway.html Velkommen til Petersburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215115148/http://www.petersburg.org/visitor/littlenorway.html |date=2016-12-15 }}, petersburg.org</ref>

Another major Syttende Mai celebration occurs in [[Stoughton, Wisconsin]], which, along with [[Seattle]], Washington,<ref name="Syttende Mai in Seattle">{{cite web|url=http://www.syttendemaiseattle.com/|title=Syttende Mai in Seattle|access-date=2008-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010091840/http://www.syttendemaiseattle.com/|archive-date=2007-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> claims to be the 2nd largest in the world, and the largest in the US. Festivities include canoe racing, two parades, an art fair, a half marathon run around the Stoughton community,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletics |url=https://www.stoughtonfestivals.com/athletic-competitions |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Syttende Mai Festival - Stoughton Wisconsin |language=en-US}}</ref> and a great deal of bratwurst consumption. The festival features the Stoughton High School Norwegian Dancers, a group that tours the country showcasing [[List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances sorted by origin#Scandinavia|traditional ethnic dances]] of [[Scandinavia]].<ref>[http://www.stoughtonwi.com/syttendemai.shtml Syttende Mai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091335/http://www.stoughtonwi.com/syttendemai.shtml |date=2008-05-09 }}, stoughtonwi.com</ref>[[File:17MaiLutefisk2006-05-17.JPG|thumb|17 May dinner in the United States of [[lutefisk]], [[rutabaga]], [[Swedish meatballs|meatballs]], [[lingonberry jam]], and [[lefse]].]]

Smaller Syttende Mai celebrations are held in Norwegian-heritage communities throughout western Wisconsin, Minnesota, and elsewhere in the Midwestern United States.<ref>[http://www.norway.org/culture/May+17/May17.htm Syttende Mai in the Midwest], norway.org</ref> Members of Norway's Parliament [[Storting]] travel to Chicago to attend a three-day celebration consisting of a concert, banquet and parade (in Park Ridge, Illinois) hosted by the [[Norwegian National League]].<ref>[http://www.nnleague.org/parade.htm Syttende Mai Parade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072629/http://www.nnleague.org/parade.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}, nnleague.org</ref> [[Spring Grove, Minnesota]], also hosts a 3-day festival on the weekend nearest to Syttende Mai, while nearby [[Decorah, Iowa]], the home of [[Nordic Fest]] and the [[Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum]], also hosts a parade.  Syttende Mai is also celebrated in [[Oswego, New York]].  Since 1969, the city of [[Westby, Wisconsin]], has celebrated a four-day festival featuring authentic Norwegian foods, crafts, a "frokost" and Norwegian church service.

Other large celebrations are held in the [[Ballard, Seattle]], which also claims to be the largest Syttende Mai parade outside of Oslo,<ref name="Syttende Mai in Seattle"/> [[Poulsbo, Washington]],<ref>[http://www.vikingfest.org/ Viking Fest Carnival], vikingfest.org</ref> and [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]]. [[Epcot]]'s Norwegian Pavilion in Florida, celebrates Constitution Day with numerous flags around the pavilion, as well as parades around the World Showcase Lagoon. Salt Lake City, Utah, holds its annual celebration at the International Peace Gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velkommen til 17.mai i Utah |url=http://utah17mai.com/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Utah17mai |language=en}}</ref> 400-700 people attend each year.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the United Kingdom, the Norwegian community in [[London]] holds a 17 May celebration each year in [[Southwark Park]]. The celebration is attended by a large number of Norwegians resident in London and includes a parade, a traditional service in a local church, and the selling of traditional Norwegian foods such as ''Solo'' and ''makrell i tomat'', and many Norwegian flags for Norwegians who have left theirs at home.

The Norwegian church in [[Cardiff]] celebrates Syttende Mai with a parade and a speech about the history of Syttende Mai and then a meal of tasty waffles.<ref name =n0517>[https://www.visitnorway.com/about/history-traditions/national-day/ Norway's national day – Hurray! It's the 17th of May] www.visitnorway.com {{in lang|en}}</ref>

In [[Orkney]], Scotland, 17 May is celebrated by the Orkney Norway Friendship Association in recognition of the islands' strong historic links with Norway,<ref>[http://www.orkney.com/norway Orkney Norway Friendship Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410082856/http://www.orkney.com/norway |date=2008-04-10 }}, orkney.com</ref> with similar celebrations taking place in neighbouring [[Shetland]].

In [[Glasgow]], Scotland, 17 May is celebrated at Murano Street Student Village where Norwegian students and their friends congregate to enjoy the traditional festivities of the day. This includes the wearing of Norwegian traditional colours as well as the consumption of spectacularly copious amounts of alcoholic beverages.

[[Stockholm]], Sweden, has a big celebration with a parade starting at Engelbrektsplan and ending at [[Skansen]], in which more than 10,000 participate every year. The event includes Stockholm's only dedicated 17 May marching band, Det Norske Korps.<ref>[http://www.dnk.se 17. May in Stockholm], Det Norske Korps {{in lang|no}}</ref>

It is also common for Norwegians living abroad to gather and celebrate. In some countries, typically where the population of Norwegian expatriates is small, the Norwegian embassy is the focus of celebrations, or sometimes the diplomats' spouses arrange an event.

In New Zealand, the 17th of May is celebrated in Fiordland, a small piece of Norway in the fjords and mountains of southwest New Zealand. All Fjordland buildings are made of eucalyptus and are inspired by Norwegian architecture. They have an exposition of photos and facts about Norway, typical food, and a presentation with six Fjord Horses making a choreography with Norwegian music Vi på Langedrag by Sigmund Groven.

[[Norsewood]] in New Zealand also Celebrates Norway Day with a church service, folk dancing displays by school children and Norwegian songs performed by the village choir.
<gallery>
Soldiers celebrating the national holiday of Norway in Afghanistan.jpg|Soldiers celebrating the national holiday in [[Meymaneh]], [[Afghanistan]].
Syttende Mai, Ballard, Seattle, 2010-3.jpg|Norwegian Constitution Day, celebrated in [[Ballard, Seattle]].
17th of May in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.jpg|17 May in [[Sydney]]
</gallery>

==Henrik Wergeland==
The poet [[Henrik Wergeland]] is credited with making ''Søttende/Syttende mai'' a celebratory day for the children rather than a day of patriotic pride. Actually, the day demonstrates that the children, i.e. the country's future, ''are'' the patriotic pride, if we follow Wergeland's thought. Flags and music dominate the day, and there are few military parades. To commemorate his contribution, the russ in Oslo place an oversized hat on his statue near the [[Storting]] (Parliament); the [[Jews in Norway|Jewish community]] place a [[wreath]] on his grave in the morning as a tribute to his efforts on their behalf.

==Military participation==
[[File:Garden 1.jpg|thumb|220px|The Royal Guard Norwegian Constitution Day parade]]
The day is celebrated as a people's day, with limited military participation.

The [[Hans Majestet Kongens Garde|Royal Guard]] performs on the main street of the capital city, Oslo. During the parade, the Guard display their drill and musical skills. The marching band of the Royal Guard also attend the children's parade in central Oslo together with the schools' own marching bands, their black uniforms and impeccable drill being a very popular part of the Oslo parade.<ref name="n0517" />

Forsvarets Musikkorps Vestlandet (Norwegian Armed Forces' Music Corps Western Norway), followed by parts of the military defence is participating in the parade of Bergen.

==An inclusive holiday==
The former Norwegian president of parliament [[Jo Benkow]] noted that the day has increasingly become a celebration of Norway's [[Immigration to Norway|growing ethnic diversity]].

Several factors have probably contributed to the inclusive nature of the celebration:
*The central position of the children's parade, including all lower-level school children, and therefore also their parents in the celebration.
*The celebration is focused around local schools and their children's parade.
*The children's parade reaches outwards, trying to cover as many roads as possible in the local community.
*The low focus on elected government during the celebration. In the capital, for example, the children's parade passes the left side of the parliament building, and the president of parliament is allowed to wave to the passing parade from a small balcony,<ref>A funny side-note showing the low focus of elected government is the balcony the president of parliament is using: In the earlier days this was a small, temporary balcony added to one of the windows of the parliament building just before the National Day and removed afterwards. Prior to the parade the president of parliament must have carefully climbed out of the window and onto the balcony, while during the parade itself his mind must have switched between remembering to wave to the children parading and worrying if the balcony would fall down. Today the parliament building has a quite small, but permanent balcony that looks less likely to collapse.</ref> but the main focus of the parade is the Royal Palace and the royal family. The office of president of parliament is mainly ceremonial and administrative, often awarded in the later part of a political career. The prime minister and the rest of the ruling government on the other hand have no official duties during the celebrations.
*The virtual lack of any military-centred celebration.

One can add that the day should be regarded as an expression of thankfulness, on behalf of the old values [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[egalitarianism|equality]] and brotherhood, the ideological basis for the constitution, and also on behalf of the circumstances that led up to the constitution. The aspect of "thanksgiving" in the national celebrations of Norway is easily forgotten in the long span of years from 1814.

There has been dispute over whether foreign flags should be allowed in the parade. In 2008, the 17 May committee of Oslo banned the use of foreign flags, but was overturned by the mayor of Oslo, [[Fabian Stang]].<ref>[http://africanpress.me/2008/04/25/all-flags-allowed/ The mayor of Oslo has said it’s ok to wave foreign flags in Norway’s national day of celebration on May 17th.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505032103/http://africanpress.me/2008/04/25/all-flags-allowed/ |date=2015-05-05 }} ''African Press International'', 25 April 2008</ref> Similar discussions have taken place in other cities.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130703134128/http://www.aftenbladet.no/english/englishnews/article627386.ece%23.UX_44srJIgQ No to foreign flags on 17th May] ''[[Stavanger Aftenblad]]'', 18 April 2013</ref> In 2013, the 17 May committee of [[Ålesund]] turned down a request from a local school to use handmade paper flags that also included foreign flags.<ref>[http://www.newsinenglish.no/2013/04/30/flag-conflict-waves-in-alesund/ Flag conflict waves in Ålesund] ''News in English'', 30 April 2013</ref> The decision was later overturned.<ref>[http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/more_og_romsdal/1.11012215 Sier ja til utenlandske flagg] ''[[NRK]] Møre og Romsdal'', 3 May 2013</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource|In Recognition of Norway's Constitution Day}}
* [[Constitution Day]] &ndash; A list of similar holidays in other countries
* [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly]]
* [[Constitution of Norway]]
* [[Flag of Norway]]
* [[Bunad]]
* Other national anniversaries of Norway:
: [[Occupation of Norway#German capitulation and end of occupation|Liberation Day (May 8)]]
: [[Union Dissolution Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Norway topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constitution Day}}
[[Category:Culture of Norway]]
[[Category:Society of Norway]]
[[Category:Norwegian flag flying days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Norway]]
[[Category:May observances|Norwegian Constitution Day]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1814]]
[[Category:Constitution days|Norwegian Constitution Day]]
[[Category:National days]]
[[Category:Constitution of Norway]]
[[Category:Norwegian nationalism]]