View source for Consumer electronics

{{Short description|Electronic products for everyday use}}
{{Redirect|Consumer Electronics|the electronic music group|Philip Best}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Puerto Vallarta Radio Shack.jpg|thumb|A [[RadioShack]] [[consumer electronics store]] of the ''Plaza Caracol'' shopping centre in [[Puerto Vallarta]], [[Jalisco]], Mexico, in 2014.]]

'''Consumer electronics''', also known as '''home electronics''', are electronic devices intended for everyday household use. Consumer electronics include those used for [[entertainment]], [[communication]]s, and [[recreation]]. Historically, these products were referred to as "'''black goods"''' in American English due to many products being housed in black or dark casings. This term is used to distinguish them from "[[white goods]]", which are meant for [[housekeeping]] tasks, such as [[washing machine]]s and [[refrigerator]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hsu |first=Sara |date=12 February 2016 |title=In China, Black Goods Down, White Goods Up |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212082159/http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/ |archive-date=12 February 2016 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Takagi |first1=Yuichiro |last2=Hanada |first2=Yukinori |last3=Iwato |first3=Hisashi |date=8 January 2020 |title=White appliance prices jump in Japan over past 10 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108074424/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> In British English, they are often called "'''brown goods"''' by producers and sellers.<ref>{{cite web |title=brown goods |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208105116/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since the 2010s, this distinction has been absent in [[Big-box store|big box]] [[consumer electronics store]]s, whose inventories include entertainment, communication, and home office devices, as well as home appliances.

[[Radio broadcasting]] in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the [[radio receiver|broadcast receiver]]. Later products included [[telephone]]s, [[television]]s, [[calculator]]s, [[camera]]s, [[video game console]]s, [[mobile phone]]s, [[personal computer]]s, and [[MP3 player]]s. In the 2010s, consumer electronics stores often sold [[GPS]], [[automotive electronics]] ([[vehicle audio]]), [[video game console]]s, [[electronic musical instrument]]s (e.g., [[synthesizer]] keyboards), [[karaoke]] machines, [[digital camera]]s, and video players ([[VCR]]s in the 1980s and 1990s, followed by [[DVD player]]s and [[Blu-ray]] players). Stores also sold [[Lighting control system|smart light fixture]]s, [[home network|network device]]s, [[camcorder]]s, and [[smartphone]]s. Some of the modern products being sold include [[virtual reality]] goggles, [[smart device|smart home devices]] that [[Internet of things|connect to the Internet]], streaming devices, and [[wearable technology]].

In the 2010s, most consumer electronics were based on digital technologies and increasingly merged with the [[computer]] industry, in a trend often referred to as the [[consumerization]]  of [[information technology]]. Some consumer electronics stores also began selling office and baby [[furniture]]. [[Consumer electronics store]]s may be physical "[[brick and mortar]]" retail stores, online stores, or combinations of both. Annual consumer electronics sales were expected to reach {{US$|2.9 trillion|long=no}} by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Consumer Electronics Market to Reach US$ 2.9 Trillion by 2020 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-consumer-electronics-market-to-reach-us-29-trillion-by-2020---persistence-market-research-609486755.html |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[PR Newswire]] |publisher=Persistence Market Research |date=3 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011150103/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-consumer-electronics-market-to-reach-us-29-trillion-by-2020---persistence-market-research-609486755.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The sector is part of the [[electronics industry]], which is, in turn, driven by the [[semiconductor industry]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 21.6 Percent, Top $400 Billion for First Time |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130013305/https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of electronic engineering}}
[[File:Radio&TV store 1961.jpg|thumb|A radio and TV store in 1961]]
For its first fifty years, the [[phonograph]] turntable did not use electronics; the needle and sound horn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s, [[radio broadcasting]] became the basis of the [[mass production]] of [[radio receiver]]s. The [[vacuum tube]]s that had made radios practical were used with record players as well. This was to [[audio power amplifier|amplify]] the sound so that it could be played through a [[loudspeaker]]. [[Television]] was invented soon after, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s.

The first working [[transistor]], a [[point-contact transistor]], was invented by [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Houser Brattain]] at [[Bell Labs]] in 1947, which led to significant research in the field of [[solid-state electronics|solid-state]] [[semiconductor]]s in the early-1950s.<ref name="Manuel">{{Cite book|title= The information age : economy, society and culture|last= Manuel|first= Castells |date= 1996|publisher= Blackwell|isbn= 978-0631215943|location= Oxford|oclc= 43092627}}</ref> The invention and development of the earliest transistors at Bell led to [[transistor radio]]s, in turn promoting the emergence of the home entertainment consumer electronics industry starting in the 1950s. This was largely due to the efforts of [[sony|Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo]] (now [[Sony]]) in successfully commercializing transistor technology for a mass market, with affordable [[transistor radio]]s and then transistorized [[television set]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagiwara |first1=Yoshiaki |chapter=Microelectronics for Home Entertainment |editor-last1=Oklobdzija |editor-first1=Vojin G. |title=The Computer Engineering Handbook |date=2001 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0885-7 |page=41-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38Aj3CjHgc8C&pg=SA41-PA1 |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630125859/https://books.google.com/books?id=38Aj3CjHgc8C&pg=SA41-PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Integrated circuit]]s (ICs) followed when manufacturers built circuits (usually for military purposes) on a single substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. IC technology led to more advanced and cheaper consumer electronics, such as transistorized televisions, [[pocket calculator]]s, and by the 1980s, [[video game]] [[Video game console|consoles]] and [[personal computer]]s affordable for regular middle-class families.

Beginning in the 1980s and continuing through the early 2000s, many consumer electronics, such as televisions and stereo systems, underwent digitization. The introduction of [[compact disc]]s (CDs) and personal computers during this period signalled a broader shift as digital computer technology and [[Digital signal processor|digital signals]] were increasingly integrated into consumer devices. This transformation significantly altered their functionality and led to improved performance, such as enhanced image quality in televisions. These advancements were largely driven by Moore’s Law, which enabled rapid increases in processing power and reductions in cost and size.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhir |first1=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dswWzEZuMRQC&dq=consumer+electronics+integrated+circuits+cheaper&pg=PA2 |title=The Digital Consumer Technology Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Devices, Standards, Future Directions, and Programmable Logic Solutions |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-053041-3}}</ref>

In 2004, the consumer electronics industry was worth US $240{{spaces}}billion annually worldwide, comprising visual equipment, [[audio equipment]], and [[games console]]s. The industry became global, with Asia Pacific having a 35% market share, Europe having 31.5%, the US having 23%, and the rest of the world owning the remainder. Major players in this industry are household names like [[Sony]], [[Samsung]], [[Philips]], [[Sanyo]], and [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Sodhi |first1=M. S. |last2=Lee |first2=S. |date=2007 |title=An Analysis of Sources of Risk in the Consumer Electronics Industry |journal=The Journal of the Operational Research Society |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=1430–1439 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602410 |jstor=4622837 |pmid=32226176 |pmc=7099209 |issn=0160-5682}}</ref>

=== White goods ===
The increase in popularity of such domestic appliances as '[[white goods]]' is a characteristic element of consumption patterns during the [[golden age]] of the Western economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paris |first=Ivan |date=2013 |title=White Goods in Italy during a Golden Age (1948-1973) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43829418 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=83–110 |doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00502 |jstor=43829418 |issn=0022-1953|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Europe's White Goods industry has evolved over the past 40 years, first by changing [[tariff]] barriers, and later by technical and demand shifts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baden-Fuller |first1=Charles W. F. |last2=Stopford |first2=John M. |date=1991 |title=Globalization Frustrated: The Case of White Goods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486522 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=494 |doi=10.1002/smj.4250120703 |jstor=2486522 |issn=0143-2095|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The spending on [[Home appliance|domestic appliances]] has claimed only a tiny fraction of [[disposable income]], rising from 0.5{{spaces}}percent in the US in 1920 to about 2{{spaces}}percent in 1980. Yet, the sequence of electrical and mechanical [[durables]] have altered the activities and experiences of households in America and Britain in the twentieth century. With the expansion of cookers, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, televisions, air conditioning, and microwave ovens, households have gained an escalating number of appliances. Despite the [[omnipresence|ubiquity]] of these goods, their [[diffusion]] is not well understood. Some types of appliances diffuse more frequently than others. In particular, home entertainment appliances such as radio and television have diffused much faster than household and kitchen machines."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bowden |first1=Sue |last2=Offer |first2=Avner |date=1994 |title=Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain Since the 1920s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597714 |journal=[[The Economic History Review]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=725 |doi=10.2307/2597714 |jstor=2597714|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Products==
{{see also|List of electronics brands|Category:Consumer electronics|Electronics industry}}
[[File:CoCo3system.jpg|thumb|A typical [[TRS-80 Color Computer#Color Computer 3 (1986–1991)|CoCo 3]] computer system, from the 1980s]]
Consumer electronics devices include those used for:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.consumer-electronics-manufacturing.1171.html | title=Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Industry Overview | publisher=[[Hoover's]] | access-date=9 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720152108/http://www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.consumer-electronics-manufacturing.1171.html | archive-date=20 July 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Entertainment]] ([[Flatscreen]] TVs, [[television set]]s, [[MP3 player]]s, [[digital video recorder|video recorders]], [[DVD player]]s, [[radio receiver]]s, etc.)
* [[Communication]]s ([[telephone]]s, [[mobile phone]]s, [[email]]-capable [[personal computer]]s, [[desktop computer]]s, [[laptop]]s, [[printer (computing)|printer]]s, [[paper shredder]]s, etc.)
* [[Recreation]] ([[digital camera]]s, [[camcorder]]s, [[video game console]]s, [[ROM cartridge]]s, [[radio-controlled car]]s, [[robot kit]]s, etc.).

Consumer electronics products such as the [[digital distribution of video games]] have become increasingly based on the internet and digital technologies. The consumer electronics industry has primarily merged with the [[software industry]] in what is increasingly referred to as the [[consumerization]] of [[information technology]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of top consumer electronics products by number of shipments
|-
! [[Electronic device]]
! data-sort-type="number" | Shipments
(est.billion)
! Production years included
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[Compact disc]] (CD)
| align="right" | 200
| 1982–2007
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Compact disc hits 25th birthday |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950845.stm |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date=17 August 2007 |archive-date=5 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305145806/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950845.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cassette tape]]
| align="right" | 30
| 1963–2019
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Stock Video of Angled view of Compact cassette tape in use playing back in a deck player |url=https://stock.adobe.com/hk/video/angled-view-of-compact-cassette-tape-in-use-playing-back-in-a-deck-player-tapes-are-the-most-popular-analogue-audio-format-ever-created-with-over-30-billion-blank-or-pre-recorded-cassettes-produced-t/285566495 |website=[[Adobe Stock]] |publisher=[[Adobe Inc.]] |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025234040/https://stock.adobe.com/hk/video/angled-view-of-compact-cassette-tape-in-use-playing-back-in-a-deck-player-tapes-are-the-most-popular-analogue-audio-format-ever-created-with-over-30-billion-blank-or-pre-recorded-cassettes-produced-t/285566495 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Digital versatile disc]] (DVD)
| align="right" | 20
| 1996–2012
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Pan |first1=Joann |title=Warner Bros. Offers In-Store DVD-to-Cloud Service [VIDEO] |url=https://mashable.com/2012/03/07/warner-bros-disc-to-digital/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[Mashable]] |date=March 7, 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015075304/https://mashable.com/2012/03/07/warner-bros-disc-to-digital/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mobile phone]]
| align="right" | 19.4
| 1994–2018
| {{efn|[[Mobile phone]]:
* 1994{{ndash}}2010 – 10{{nbsp}}billion<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 5 billion mobiles worldwide |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569081 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date=9 July 2010 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015074906/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569081 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Smartphone]] (2011–2018) – 9.401{{nbsp}}billion{{efn|name=Smartphone}}
}}
|-
| [[Smartphone]]
| align="right" | 10.1
| 2007{{ndash}}2018
| {{efn|name=Smartphone|[[Smartphone]]:
* 2007–2010 – {{#expr:122.32+139.29+172.38+296.65 round 0}}{{nbsp}}million<ref name="smartphone">{{cite web |title=Cell phone sales worldwide 2007-2018 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263437/global-smartphone-sales-to-end-users-since-2007/ |website=[[Statista]] |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142511/https://www.statista.com/statistics/263437/global-smartphone-sales-to-end-users-since-2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011–2013 – {{#expr:(472+680.11+969.72)/1000 round 3}}{{nbsp}}billion<ref name="smartphone"/>
* 2014–2015 – {{#expr:1.26+1.43}}{{nbsp}}billion<ref>{{cite news |title=7 of the Top 10 Smartphone Suppliers Headquartered in China |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/7-Of-The-Top-10-Smartphone-Suppliers-Headquartered-In-China/ |access-date=25 October 2019 |work=IC Insights |date=June 15, 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025190457/http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/7-Of-The-Top-10-Smartphone-Suppliers-Headquartered-In-China/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2016–2018 – {{#expr:(1495.96+1536.54+1556.27)/1000 round 3}}{{nbsp}}billion<ref name="smartphone"/>
}}
|-
| [[VHS|Video cassette]] (VHS)
| align="right" | 10
| 1976–2000
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Schildgen |first1=Bob |title=What Do I Do With Old VCR Tapes? |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/what-do-i-do-old-vcr-tapes |website=[[Sierra Club]] |access-date=15 October 2019 |date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015071313/https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/what-do-i-do-old-vcr-tapes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lyman |first1=Peter |last2=Varian |first2=Hal R. |last3=Dunn |first3=James |last4=Strygin |first4=Aleksey |last5=Swearingen |first5=Kirsten |title=Magnetic |url=http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info/magnetic.html |website=How Much Information? 2000 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Information]] |date=October 18, 2000 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605072010/http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info/magnetic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Trends===
[[File:Samsung LE26R41BD and Yamada DVD player 20030624.jpg|right|thumb|A modern flat panel, [[high-definition television|HDTV]] [[television set]]]]

One overriding characteristic of consumer electronic products is the trend of ever-falling prices. This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and [[automation]], lower [[Labour economics|labor]] costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries, and improvements in [[semiconductor]] design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/quality-insider-news/china-moves-automate-electronics-manufacturing.html|title=China Moves to Automate Electronics Manufacturing|author=Mike Deng|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Quality Digest|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412182015/http://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/quality-insider-news/china-moves-automate-electronics-manufacturing.html|archive-date=12 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Semiconductor components benefit from [[Moore's law]], an observed principle which states that, for a given price, semiconductor functionality doubles every two years.

While consumer electronics continues in its trend of [[Technological convergence|convergence]], combining elements of many products, consumers face different [[Buyer decision process|purchasing decisions]]. There is an ever-increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable for the consumer to make an informed choice. Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant. There is a gradual shift towards [[e-commerce]] web-storefronts.

Many products include [[Internet access]] using technologies such as [[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]], or [[Ethernet]]. Products not traditionally associated with computer use (such as [[streaming television|TVs]] or [[Hi-fi]] equipment) now provide options to connect to the Internet or to a computer using a [[home network]] to provide access to digital content. The desire for [[High-definition television|high-definition (HD)]] content has led the industry to develop a number of technologies, such as [[WirelessHD]] or [[ITU-T]] [[G.hn]], which are optimized for distribution of HD content between consumer electronic devices in a home.

=== Business competition ===
The consumer electronics industry faces consumers with unpredictable tastes on the [[demand]] side, supplier-related delays or disruptions on the supply side, and production challenges occurring in the process. The high rate of technology evolution or revolution requires large investments without any guarantee of profitable returns. As a result, the big players rely on global markets to achieve economies of scale. Even these companies sometimes have to cooperate with each other, for instance on standards, to reduce the risk of their investments.<ref name=":12"/> In [[supply chain management]], there is much discussion on risks related to such aspects of supply chains as short [[product lifecycle]]s, high competition combined with cooperation, and [[globalization]]. The consumer electronics industry is the very embodiment of these aspects of supply chain management and related risks. While some of the [[supply and demand]] related risks are similar to such industries as the toy industry, the consumer electronics industry faces additional risks due to its [[vertically integrated]] supply chains.<ref name=":12" /> There are also numerous supply-chain-wide contextual risks that cut across the supply chain especially impacting companies with [[Global supply chain management|global supply chains]]. These include cultural differences in multinational operations, environmental risk, regulations risk, and exchange rate risk across multiple countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sodhi |first1=M. S. |last2=Lee |first2=S. |date=2007 |title=An Analysis of Sources of Risk in the Consumer Electronics Industry |journal=The Journal of the Operational Research Society |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=1431 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602410 |jstor=4622837 |pmid=32226176 |pmc=7099209 |issn=0160-5682}}</ref> Whether or not demand is comparable across countries affects the extent of the gains from international integration. In addition, consumer preferences change over time to disturb existing patterns of behavior. A feature of some industries is that demand for variety increases as the market moves from first-time buying to replacement demand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baden-Fuller |first1=Charles W. F. |last2=Stopford |first2=John M. |date=1991 |title=Globalization Frustrated: The Case of White Goods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486522 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=495 |doi=10.1002/smj.4250120703 |jstor=2486522 |issn=0143-2095|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A resource to further understand this idea of consumer preferences can be observed through [[Lizabeth Cohen]]'s book titled, "A Consumers' Republic", "Only if we have large demands can we expect large production".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim270040180 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=The SHAFR Guide Online |page=116|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim270040180 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Industries==
{{main|Electronics industry}}
{{see also|Electronics industry in Japan|Electronics industry in China|Electronics industry in Bangladesh}}
The electronics industry, especially consumer electronics, emerged in the 20th century and has become a global industry worth billions of dollars. Contemporary society uses all manner of electronic devices built-in automated or semi-automated factories operated by the industry.

===Manufacturing===
{{main|Electronics industry}}
{{see also|Electronic packaging}}

[[File:Berliner Grammophon Hannover.jpg|thumb|[[Phonograph|Gramophone]] factory in [[Hannover-Nordstadt]]]]
Most consumer electronics are manufactured in [[China]], due to maintenance cost, availability of materials, quality, and speed as opposed to other countries such as the [[United States]].<ref name="Why can't US build ce?">{{cite web | url=http://www.sddt.com/commentary/article.cfm?Commentary_ID=140&SourceCode=20140811tbc&_t=Why+cant+the+US+build+consumer+electronic+products#.VA7b2RbOP-k | title=Why can't the US build consumer electronic products? | work=San Diego Source | date=11 August 2014 | access-date=9 September 2014 | author=Baker, Phil | archive-date=21 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421125834/http://www.sddt.com/Commentary/article.cfm?Commentary_ID=140&SourceCode=20140811tbc&_t=Why+cant+the+US+build+consumer+electronic+products#.VA7b2RbOP-k | url-status=dead }}</ref> Cities such as [[Shenzhen]] and [[Dongguan]] have become important production centers for the industry, attracting many consumer electronics companies such as [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Craig|last=Gamble|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/comment/shenzhen-in-china-becomes-a-power-source-for-the-electronics-industry-20140820-105h3g.html|title=Shenzhen in China becomes a power source for the electronics industry|work=Brisbane Times|date=22 August 2014|access-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825000543/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/comment/shenzhen-in-china-becomes-a-power-source-for-the-electronics-industry-20140820-105h3g.html|archive-date=25 August 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.china2west.com/manufacturing-in-china-city-guide-dongguan/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.china2west.com|title=www.china2west.com}}</ref>

====Electronic component====
{{main|Electronic component}}
An electronic component is any essential discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect [[electron]]s or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form, and are not to be confused with [[electrical element]]s, conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components.

====Software development====
{{see also|Software development}}
Consumer electronics such as personal computers use various types of software. Embedded [[software]] is used within some consumer electronics, such as [[mobile phone]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2601743/microsoft-announces-two-lumia-phones-always-on-cortana-and-clever-new-mobile-accessories.html | title=Microsoft announces two Lumia phones, always-on Cortana, and clever new mobile accessories | work=[[PC World]] | date=4 September 2014 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=Hachman, Mark | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910202325/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2601743/microsoft-announces-two-lumia-phones-always-on-cortana-and-clever-new-mobile-accessories.html | archive-date=10 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> This type of software may be embedded within the hardware of electronic devices.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/04/13/electronics-hardware-consumption-poised-to-touch-360-bln-by-2015-1208100729.html | title=Electronics hardware consumption poised to touch *360 bln by 2015 | publisher=[[One India]] | date=13 April 2008 | access-date=11 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912075559/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/04/13/electronics-hardware-consumption-poised-to-touch-360-bln-by-2015-1208100729.html | archive-date=12 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some consumer electronics include software that is used on a personal computer in conjunction with electronic devices, such as [[camcorder]]s and [[digital camera]]s, and third-party software for such devices also exists.

====Standardization====
Some consumer electronics adhere to protocols, such as [[Communication protocol|connection protocols]] "to high speed bi-directional signals".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120287942 | title=Signal Converter of Consumer Electronics Connection Protocols (US 20120287942 A1) | publisher=IFI CLAIMS Patent Services | date=15 November 2012 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915104711/http://www.google.com/patents/US20120287942 | archive-date=15 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In [[telecommunications]], a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for data exchange within or between computers.

===Trade shows===
The [[Consumer Electronics Show]] (CES) [[trade show]] has taken place yearly in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]] since its foundation in 1973. The event, which grew from having 100 exhibitors in its inaugural year to more than 4,500 exhibiting companies in its 2020 edition, features the latest in consumer electronics, speeches by industry experts and innovation awards.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tim|last=Hornyak|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2601560/jack-wayman-founder-of-ces-trade-show-dies-at-92.html|title=Jack Wayman, founder of CES trade show, dies at 92|work=PC World|date=2 September 2014|access-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215742/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2601560/jack-wayman-founder-of-ces-trade-show-dies-at-92.html|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[IFA Berlin]] [[trade show]] has taken place in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] since its foundation in 1924. The event features new consumer electronics and speeches by industry pioneers.

===IEEE initiatives===

[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), the world's largest professional society, has many initiatives to advance the state of the art of consumer electronics. IEEE has a dedicated society of thousands of professionals to promote CE, called the Consumer Electronics Society (CESoc).<ref>[https://ctsoc.ieee.org/ IEEE Consumer Electronics Society, http://cesoc.ieee.org/]</ref> IEEE has multiple periodicals and international conferences to promote CE and encourage collaborative research and development in CE. The flagship conference of CESoc, called IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), is in its 35th year.
* IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics<ref>Simon Sherratt, Editor-in-Chief (EiC), IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, https://ctsoc.ieee.org/publications/ieee-transactions-on-consumer-electronics.html [https://ctsoc.ieee.org/publications/ieee-transactions-on-consumer-electronics.html].</ref>
* IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine<ref>[[Saraju Mohanty|Saraju P. Mohanty]], Editor-in-Chief (EiC), IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, http://cesoc.ieee.org/publications/ce-magazine.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712122612/http://cesoc.ieee.org/publications/ce-magazine.html |date=12 July 2016 }}.</ref>
* IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)<ref>IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), http://www.icce.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723150212/http://www.icce.org/ |date=23 July 2016 }}</ref>

[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) [https://www.computer.org/ Computer Society] also have initiated a conference to research on next generation consumer electronics as Smart Electronics.<ref>IEEE Computer Society, https://www.computer.org/</ref> The conference, named IEEE Symposium on Smart Electronics Systems ([https://www.ieee-ises.org/ IEEE-iSES]) is on its 9th year.<ref>IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems, https://www.ieee-ises.org/</ref>

===Retailing===
{{See also|Consumer electronics store}}
[[File:Gigantti Kokkola 20190612.jpg|thumb|[[Elkjøp|Gigantti]] store in [[Kokkola, Finland]]]]
Electronics retailing is a significant part of the [[retail]] industry in many countries. In the United States, dedicated [[consumer electronics store]]s have mostly given way to [[big-box stores]] such as [[Best Buy]], the largest consumer electronics retailer in the country,<ref name="Murphy">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140125/ISSUE01/301259976/why-consumer-electronics-retailers-are-the-next-record-store | title=Why consumer electronics retailers are the next record store | magazine=[[Crain's Chicago Business]] | date=27 January 2014 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=Murphy, H. Lee}}</ref> although smaller dedicated stores include [[Apple Store]]s, and specialist stores that serve, for example, audiophiles, such as the single-branch [[B&H Photo]] store in New York City. Broad-based retailers, such as [[Walmart]] and [[Target Corporation|Target]], also sell consumer electronics in many of their stores.<ref name="Murphy"/> In April 2014, retail e-commerce sales were the highest in the consumer electronic and computer categories as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/11/us-retail-ecommerce-sales_n_5134269.html | title=US Retail Ecommerce Sales Highest for Computers, Consumer Electronics | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=11 April 2014 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=eMarketer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912094310/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/11/us-retail-ecommerce-sales_n_5134269.html | archive-date=12 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some consumer electronics retailers offer [[Extended warranty|extended warranties]] on products with programs such as ''[[SquareTrade]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hold-off-extended-warranties-until-you-read-this/ | title=Hold off extended warranties until you read this | publisher=[[CBS News]] (Moneywatch) | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=Sherman, Erik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912092236/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hold-off-extended-warranties-until-you-read-this/ | archive-date=12 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Category see also|Consumer electronics retailers}}

An electronics district is an area of commerce with a high density of retail stores that sell consumer electronics.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology/20599573 | title=Look round Shenzhen's Electronics District | work=[[BBC News]] | date=8 December 2012 | access-date=20 July 2016 | last=Cellan-Jones | first=Rory | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722142010/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology/20599573 | archive-date=22 July 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Category see also|Electronics districts}}

===Service and repair===
{{see also|Electronics technician}}
Consumer electronic service can refer to the maintenance of said products. When consumer electronics have malfunctions, they may sometimes be repaired.

In 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the increased popularity in listening to sound from [[Analog recording|analog]] audio devices, such as [[phonograph]]s, as opposed to digital sound, has sparked a noticeable increase of business for the electronic repair industry there.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2013/08/18/Electronic-repair-industry-gets-second-wind/stories/201308180223 | title=Electronic repair industry gets second wind | work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | date=18 August 2013 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=Todd, Deborah M. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407232611/http://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2013/08/18/Electronic-repair-industry-gets-second-wind/stories/201308180223 | archive-date=7 April 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Mobile phone industry===

[[File:Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg|right|thumb|This picture illustrates how the mobile phone industry evolved to what we see today as modern [[smartphones]].]]
A [[mobile phone]], cellular phone, cell phone, cellphone, handphone, or hand phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell or just phone, is a portable [[telephone]] that can make and receive [[telephone call|calls]] over a [[radio frequency]] link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a [[mobile phone operator]], which provides access to the [[public switched telephone network]] (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a [[cellular network]] architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called ''cellular telephones'' or ''cell phones'' in North America. In addition to [[telephony]], digital mobile phones ([[2G]]) support a variety of other [[GSM services|services]], such as [[text messaging]], [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], [[email]], [[Internet access]], short-range wireless communications ([[Infrared Data Association|infrared]], [[Bluetooth]]), business applications, [[video game]]s and [[digital photography]]. Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as [[feature phone]]s; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as [[smartphone]]s.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Viranjay M. |last2=Singh |first2=Ghanshyam |title=MOSFET Technologies for Double-Pole Four-Throw Radio-Frequency Switch |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783319011653 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkO9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630125858/https://books.google.com/books?id=fkO9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[smartphone]] is a [[portable device]] that combines [[mobile telephone]] and [[Mobile computing|computing]] functions into one unit. They are distinguished from [[feature phone]]s by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive [[mobile operating system]]s, which facilitate wider [[application software|software]], [[internet]] (including [[web navigation]] over [[mobile broadband]]), and [[multimedia]] functionality (including music, video, [[camera phone|camera]]s, and [[mobile game|gaming]]), alongside core phone functions such as [[voice call]]s and [[text messaging]]. Smartphones typically contain a number of [[MOSFET]] [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chips, include various [[sensor]]s that can be leveraged by pre-included and third-party software (such as a [[magnetometer]], [[proximity sensor]]s, [[barometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[accelerometer]] and [[#Sensors|more]]), and support [[wireless]] communications protocols (such as [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi]], or [[satellite navigation]]).

====By country====
{{main|List of telecom companies in India|Mobile phone industry in Japan|Mobile phone industry in Russia|l1 = Mobile phone industry in India|Mobile phone industry in South Korea|Page 4 = }}

==Environmental impact==

[[File:Guide to Greener Electronics 2017.svg|thumb|Guide to Greener Electronics 2017 findings]]
In 2017, [[Greenpeace USA]] published a study of 17 of the world's leading consumer electronics companies about their energy and resource consumption and the use of chemicals.<ref>[https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/greener-electronics-2017/ Guide to Greener Electronics 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113113437/https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/greener-electronics-2017/ |date=13 January 2011 }} Greenpeace USA, 2017</ref>

=== Rare metals and rare earth elements ===
Electronic devices use thousands of [[Precious metal|rare metals]] and [[rare earth element]]s (40 on average for a [[smartphone]]), these materials are extracted and refined using water and energy-intensive processes. These metals are also used in the renewable energy industry meaning that consumer electronics are directly competing for the raw materials.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The myth of the green cloud|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint|access-date=2020-09-17|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035732/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Infographic: The Carbon Footprint of the Internet – ClimateCare|url=https://climatecare.org/infographic-the-carbon-footprint-of-the-internet/|access-date=2020-09-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305081930/https://climatecare.org/infographic-the-carbon-footprint-of-the-internet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Energy consumption ===
The energy consumption of consumer electronics and their environmental impact, either from their production processes or the disposal of the devices, is increasing steadily. [[Energy Information Administration|EIA]] estimates that electronic devices and gadgets account for about 10%–15% of the energy use in American homes – largely because of their number; the average house has dozens of electronic devices.<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ "Heating and cooling no longer majority of US home energy use"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402032921/http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ |date=2 April 2015 }}. EIA.gov</ref> The energy consumption of consumer electronics increases – in America and Europe – to about 50% of household consumption if the term is redefined to include [[home appliance]]s such as [[refrigerator]]s, [[Clothes dryer|dryers]], [[Washing machine|clothes washers]] and [[dishwasher]]s.

===Standby power===
[[Standby power]] – used by consumer electronics and appliances while they are turned off – accounts for 5–10% of total household energy consumption, costing $100 annually to the average household in the United States.<ref name="energygov2012">{{Cite web| title = 3 Easy Tips to Reduce Your Standby Power Loads| last1 = Chu| first1 = John| website = Energy.gov| publisher = [[United States Department of Energy]]| date = 1 November 2012| access-date = 10 September 2014| url = http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/3-easy-tips-reduce-your-standby-power-loads| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140910222654/http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/3-easy-tips-reduce-your-standby-power-loads| archive-date = 10 September 2014| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> A study by [[United States Department of Energy]]'s [[Berkeley Lab]] found that videocassette recorders (VCRs) consume more electricity during the course of a year in standby mode than when they are used to record or playback videos. Similar findings were obtained concerning [[set-top box|satellite boxes]], which consume almost the same amount of energy in "on" and "off" modes.<ref name="energygov2009">{{Cite web| title = Please Stand By: Reduce Your Standby Power Use| last1 = Lippert| first1 = John| website = Energy.gov| publisher = [[United States Department of Energy]]| date = 17 August 2009| access-date = 10 September 2014| url = http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/please-stand-reduce-your-standby-power-use| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140911010754/http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/please-stand-reduce-your-standby-power-use| archive-date = 11 September 2014| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

A 2012 study in the United Kingdom, carried out by the [[Energy Saving Trust]], found that the devices using the most power on standby mode included televisions, satellite boxes, and other video and audio equipment. The study concluded that UK households could save up to £86 per year by switching devices off instead of using standby mode.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=26 June 2012 |title=Leaving appliances on standby 'can cost UK households up to £86 a year' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/26/appliances-standby-cost-households-energy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910204647/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/26/appliances-standby-cost-households-energy |archive-date=10 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014 |work=The Guardian |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A report from the [[International Energy Agency]] in 2014 found that $80{{spaces}}billion of power is wasted globally per year due to inefficiency of electronic devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-02/electronic-devices-waste-80-billion-of-power-a-year-iea-says.html|title=Electronic Devices Waste $80 Billion of Power a Year, IEA Says|first=Matthew|last=Carr|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=2 July 2014|access-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195603/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-02/electronic-devices-waste-80-billion-of-power-a-year-iea-says.html|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Consumers can reduce unwanted use of standby power by unplugging their devices, using power strips with switches, or by buying devices that are standardized for better energy management, particularly [[Energy Star]]-marked products.<ref name="energygov2012"/>

===Electronic waste===
[[File:ewaste-pile.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Electronic waste]]: discarded electronic equipment]]

A high number of different metals and low concentration rates in electronics means that recycling is limited and energy intensive.<ref name=":1" /> [[Electronic waste]] describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Many consumer electronics may contain toxic minerals and elements,<ref name="Normal is recycling">{{cite web | url=http://www.videtteonline.com/index.php/2014/09/08/normal-is-recycling-your-out-of-date-electronics/ | title=Normal is recycling out-of-date electronics | work=Vidette Online | publisher=[[Illinois State University]] | date=8 September 2014 | access-date=9 September 2014 | author=Moreno, Julia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200002/http://www.videtteonline.com/index.php/2014/09/08/normal-is-recycling-your-out-of-date-electronics/ | archive-date=10 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and many electronic scrap components, such as [[Cathode-ray tube|CRTs]], may contain contaminants such as [[lead]], [[cadmium]], [[beryllium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]], or [[brominated flame retardant]]s. [[Electronic waste recycling]] may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from [[landfill]]s and [[incineration|incinerator]] ashes. However, large amounts of the produced electronic waste from developed countries is exported, and handled by the [[informal sector]] in countries like India, despite the fact that exporting electronic waste to them is illegal. Strong informal sector can be a problem for the safe and clean recycling.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2071920,00.html |title=Is India's E-Waste Problem Spiraling Out of Control? |last1=Bhowmick |first1=Nilanjana |date=23 May 2011 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008145727/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2071920,00.html |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

====Reuse and repair====

E-waste policies have evolved since the 1970s, with priorities shifting over time. Initially, the focus was on safer disposal methods due to the toxic materials often found in electronic waste. Over the years, attention turned to the recovery of valuable metals and plastics that could be recycled. More recently, the emphasis has shifted once again, this time toward reusing entire devices. New guidelines promoting 'preparation for reuse' highlight the growing importance of repair and reuse, signaling a gradual change in public and policy attitudes.

With turnover of small household appliances high and costs relatively low, many consumers will throw unwanted electrical goods in the normal dustbin, meaning that items of potentially high reuse or recycling value go to landfills. While more oversized items such as washing machines are usually collected, it has been estimated that the 160,000 tonnes of EEE in regular waste collections were worth £220{{spaces}}million. 23% of EEE (Electrical and electronic equipment) taken to Household Waste Recycling Centres was immediately resalable – or would be with minor repairs or refurbishment. This indicates a lack of awareness among consumers about where and how to dispose of EEE and the potential value of things that are going in the bin.

For the reuse and repair of electrical goods to increase substantially in the UK, some barriers must be overcome. These include people's mistrust of used equipment in terms of whether it will be functional, safe and the stigma for some of owning second-hand goods. But the benefits of reuse could allow lower-income households access to previously unaffordable technology while helping the environment at the same time.<ref>Cole, C., Cooper, T. and Gnanapragasam, A., 2016. Extending product lifetimes through WEEE reuse and repair: opportunities and challenges in the UK. In: Electronics Goes Green 2016+ Conference, Berlin, Germany, 7–9 September 2016</ref>

==Health impact==

Desktop monitors and laptops can contribute to major physical health concerns known as [[repetitive strain injuries]]. For example, when users are forced to bend to see electronic screens better, they may experience chronic neck and back pains. The best-known disease in this category is [[carpal tunnel syndrome]]. Other conditions include [[de Quervain syndrome]], a condition that affects tendons in the thumb.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-12 |title=Health Risks of Electronic Devices |url=http://thewip.net/2015/07/12/health-risks-of-electronic-devices/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603223638/http://thewip.net/2015/07/12/health-risks-of-electronic-devices/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=2017-05-26 |website=The Women's International Perspective |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Electronic use before bed is also associated with poorer sleep quality and sleep duration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Hue Thi |last2=Chuang |first2=Hsiao-Ling |last3=Kuo |first3=Ching-Pyng |last4=Yeh |first4=Tzu-Pei |last5=Liao |first5=Wen-Chun |date=2021-08-24 |title=Electronic Device Use before Bedtime and Sleep Quality among University Students |journal=Healthcare |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=1091 |doi=10.3390/healthcare9091091 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=8466496 |pmid=34574865}}</ref> Poor quality, shorter sleep is associated with various health conditions such as [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=St-Onge |first1=Marie-Pierre |last2=Grandner |first2=Michael A. |last3=Brown |first3=Devin |last4=Conroy |first4=Molly B. |last5=Jean-Louis |first5=Girardin |last6=Coons |first6=Michael |last7=Bhatt |first7=Deepak L. |last8=American Heart Association Obesity, Behavior Change, Diabetes, and Nutrition Committees of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Stroke Council |date=2016-11-01 |title=Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=134 |issue=18 |pages=e367–e386 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000444 |issn=1524-4539 |pmc=5567876 |pmid=27647451}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Digital electronics]]
* [[Electronics industry]]
* [[Home appliance]]
* [[Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="n"}}
{{notelist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web
|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tech-etiquette-21-dos-and-donts-for-2015-1420222724
|title=Tech Etiquette: 21 Do's and Don'ts
|author=Kevin Sintumuang
|date=2 January 2015
|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]
}}

<!--==External links==-->
<!--Please do not add websites of electronics vendors. Wikipedia is not a directory listing.-->
{{Electronic systems}}
{{Embedded systems}}
{{Subject bar |Electronics|Technology|Engineering|Telecommunication|Radio|Television
|commons=y |commons-search=Category:Consumer electronics |n=y |b=y |s=y |v=y}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Consumer electronics| ]]
[[Category:Electronics industry]]