View source for Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

{{Short description|1980 environmental treaty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
| former name              = 
| image                    = Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources.gif
| image_size               = 
| alt                      = 
| caption                  = Logo of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
| map                      = 
| map_size                 = 
| map_caption              = 
| abbreviation             = CCAMLR
| motto                    = 
| formation                = {{Start date and age|1980|05|20|df=yes|p=y}}
| type                     = [[International organization]]
| status                   = 
| purpose                  = [[Environmental protection|Environment]]
| headquarters             = [[Hobart]], [[Australia]]
| membership               = 27 Members + 10 Acceding States
| coords                   = {{coord|42.8866992|S|147.3243362|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_served              = [[Antarctic]]
| founder                  = 
| leader_title             = Executive Secretary
| leader_name              = Dr David Agnew
| website                  = {{URL|https://www.ccamlr.org/}}
}}
The '''Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources''', also known as the '''Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources''', and''' CCAMLR''', is part of the [[Antarctic Treaty System]].

The convention was opened for signature on 1 August 1980 and entered into force on 7 April 1982 by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, headquartered in [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. The goal is to preserve [[marine life]] and environmental integrity in and near [[Antarctica]].

It was established in large part to concerns that an increase in [[krill]] catches in the [[Southern Ocean]] could have a serious impact on populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccamlr.org/ |title=Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  |work=ccamlr.org |year=2011 |accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Antonello |first=Alessandro |title=Seeing the Southern Ocean Ecosystem: Enlarging the Antarctic Community |date=2019-07-04 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35257/chapter/299819893 |work=The Greening of Antarctica |pages=109–138 |access-date=2023-04-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190907174.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-090717-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1989, CCAMLR set up the [[Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Ecosystem Monitoring Program|Ecosystem Monitoring Program]] (CEMP) to further monitor the effects of fishing and harvesting of species in the area.

On 19 October 2022, [[Ecuador]] became a New Member of the Commission, the 26th member state of the CCAMLR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/news/2022/new-member-%E2%80%93-ecuador|title=New Member – Ecuador &#124; CCAMLR|website=www.ccamlr.org|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref>

== Member states ==
[[File:Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Map.png|thumb|Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Map]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Acceding and Member State<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of the Commission |url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/node/74361 |access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref>!! Acceding States only<ref>{{cite web|title=Acceding States {{!}} CCAMLR|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/acceding-states|website=www.ccamlr.org|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{ARG}} || {{BGR}}
|-
| {{AUS}} || {{CAN}}
|-
| {{BEL}} || {{COK}}
|-
| {{BRA}} || {{FIN}}
|-
| {{CHL}} || {{GRC}}
|-
| {{CHN}} || {{MUS}}
|-
|{{ECU}}
|{{PAK}}
|-
| {{EU}} || {{PAN}}
|-
| {{FRA}}|| {{PER}}
|-
| {{GER}}|| {{VUT}}
|-
| {{IND}}||
|-
| {{ITA}}||
|-
| {{JPN}}||
|-
| {{KOR}}||
|-
| {{NAM}}||
|-
|{{NLD}}
|
|-
| {{NZL}}||
|-
| {{NOR}}||
|-
| {{POL}}||
|-
| {{RUS}}||
|-
| {{ZAF}}||
|-
| {{ESP}}||
|-
| {{SWE}}||
|-
| {{UKR}}||
|-
| {{GBR}}||
|-
| {{USA}}||
|-
| {{URY}}||

|}

== Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) ==
In 2009, the Commission agreed by [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] to creating a representative network of [[Marine protected area|MPAs]] by 2012. It was the first international body to do this based on recommendations from the [[United Nations]] World Summit on Sustainable Development. In 2011, it identified nine planning domains within which to designate these protected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269874896|title=Competing values on the Antarctic high seas: CCAMLR and the challenge of marine-protected areas|last=Brooks|first=Cassandra|date=2013|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/measure-91-04-2011|title=Conservation Measure 91-04 (2011) {{!}} CCAMLR|website=www.ccamlr.org|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Report of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Commission|publisher=Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)|year=2009|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/e-cc-xxviii.pdf|pages=23}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Marine Protected Area
!Size
!Status
!Proposed
!Proposed by
!Designated
|-
|South Orkneys
|94,000 km2
|Designated
|
|[[United Kingdom]]
|2009<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/south-orkneys-marine-protected-area/|title=South Orkneys Marine Protected Area - News - British Antarctic Survey|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|Ross Sea
|1,550,000 km2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/environment/antarctica/ross-sea-region-marine-protected-area/|title=Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area|last=Trade|first=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and|website=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
|Designated
|2012<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/science/marine-protected-areas-mpas|title=Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) {{!}} CCAMLR|website=www.ccamlr.org|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
|[[New Zealand]], [[United States]]
|2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/ross-sea-marine-protected-area-antarctica/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028013607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/ross-sea-marine-protected-area-antarctica/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2016|title=World's Largest Marine Reserve Created Off Antarctica|date=2016-10-27|website=National Geographic News|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|East Antarctica
|950,000 km2
|Proposal
|2010<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/law-and-treaty/ccamlr/marine-protected-areas|title=A Marine Protected Area for East Antarctica|website=www.antarctica.gov.au|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
|[[Australia]], [[France]], [[European Union]]<ref name=":1" />
|N/A
|-
|Weddell Sea
|1,800,000 km2
|Proposal
|2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanconference.un.org/commitments/?id=16038|title=The Ocean Conference {{!}} 5–9 June 2017 {{!}} Marine Protected Area in the Weddell-Sea, Antarctica|website=oceanconference.un.org|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224023657/https://oceanconference.un.org/commitments/?id=16038|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Germany]], [[European Union]]
|N/A
|-
|Antarctic Peninsula
|450,000 km2
|Proposal
|2018
|[[Argentina]], [[Chile]]
|N/A
|}

=== South Orkneys MPA ===
In 2009, the Commission agreed by [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] to establish the world's first [[High sea|high-seas]] [[Marine protected area|MPA]] to protect ocean surrounding the [[South Orkney Islands]] in the south [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

It was proposed by the United Kingdom and covers 94,000 km2. It came into force in May 2010.<ref name=":2" />

=== Ross Sea MPA ===
In 2010, a proposal for an MPA in the [[Ross Sea]] were put forward by both the US and New Zealand. These were later combined as a joint proposal.<ref name=":0" />

In July 2013, the Commission held a special meeting in [[Bremerhaven]] to consider proposals for MPAs in both the Ross Sea and East Antarctica. Consensus was not reached after [[Russia]] voted against the proposals, citing uncertainty about whether the commission had the authority to establish a protected area.<ref>[[New Scientist]], No. 2926, 20 July, "Fight to preserve last pristine ecosystem fails"</ref><ref name=":0" />

On 28 October 2016, after several years of scientific and diplomatic discussions, the Commission agreed by [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] to designate the Ross Sea marine protected area at its annual meeting in [[Hobart]]. The protected area covers 1.55 million square kilometres of ocean, of which 72% is a no-take zone. The remaining 28% include some harvesting of fish and krill for the purpose of scientific research.<ref name=":0" />

The Ross Sea MPA will be in force for 35 years. At the end of its review period in 2052, CCAMLR Members must agree by consensus to renew or modify it as needed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/antarctica/ross-sea-marine-protected-area-mpa|title=Ross Sea Marine Protected Area (MPA)|date=2018-12-20|website=NIWA|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2017/11/antarctica-s-ross-sea-massive-marine-protected-area-comes-into-force.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203063305/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2017/11/antarctica-s-ross-sea-massive-marine-protected-area-comes-into-force.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2017|title=Antarctica's Ross Sea massive marine protected area comes into force|date=2017-01-12|work=Newshub|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== East Antarctic MPA ===
In 2010, [[Australia]], [[France]] and the [[European Union]] submitted a proposal for an MPA in East Antarctica. It originally included seven representative areas with varying degrees of protection and covered 1.8 million square kilometres of ocean. By 2017, these were scaled back to three areas covering just under 1 million square kilometres. This was due to the political concerns and economic interests expressed by some Member states. The proposal was also amended to include an expiration of 30 years after designation and the ability to review its monitoring and management every ten years. It has been under consideration by the Commission since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/why-are-talks-over-an-east-antarctic-marine-park-still-deadlocked-86681|title=Why are talks over an East Antarctic marine park still deadlocked?|last=Brooks|first=Cassandra|website=The Conversation|date=3 November 2017 |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Citation|last=Kavanagh|first=Andrea|title=Protecting East Antarctic Waters|date=October 2014|url=https://tamug-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/1969.3/28831/penguin_protect_east_antarctica_fact_sheet%5b1%5d.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=PEW Charitable Trusts}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ccamlr.org/ Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]
*[https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/camlr-convention-text CCAMLR Convention text]

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