View source for Coquina

{{short description|Sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of fragments of shells}}
{{distinguish|Coquina clam|Coquina (editor)}}
[[File:Marine terrace 64 (Quaternary - Coquimbo Fm.).jpg|300px|thumb|Coquina [[strata]] from [[Caleta Hornos]] ([[Coquimbo Formation]])]]

'''Coquina''' ({{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|ˈ|k|iː|n|ə}}) is a [[sedimentary rock]] that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments of [[mollusks]], [[trilobite]]s, [[brachiopod]]s, or other [[invertebrate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|date=1996|title=Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, & Related Terms|series=Report SP-96-1|publisher=U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Bureau of Mines|location=Washington, DC}}{{ISBN missing}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Neuendorf|editor1-first=K. K. E.|editor2-first=Mehl|editor2-last=J. P., Jr|editor3-last=Jackson|editor3-first=J. A.|date=2005|title=Glossary of Geology|edition=5th|location=Alexandria, VA|publisher=American Geological Institute|isbn=978-0-922152-76-6}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}}</ref> The term ''coquina'' comes from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for "[[cockle (bivalve)|cockle]]" and "shellfish".<ref name="Oxford2018">{{cite web |title=Definition of coquina in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/coquina |website=English Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925161330/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/coquina |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |date=2018 |url-status=dead |quote=Mid 19th century: from Spanish, literally 'cockle', based on Latin concha.}}</ref><ref>English Wiktionary: [[wikt:concha#Latin|concha]]'' mussel, shell."</ref>

For a sediment to be considered to be a coquina, the particles composing it should average {{cvt|2|mm}} or greater in size. Coquina can vary in hardness from poorly to moderately [[cementation (geology)|cemented]]. Incompletely consolidated and poorly cemented coquinas are considered [[grainstone]]s in the [[Dunham classification]] system for carbonate sedimentary rocks.<ref name="Dunham1952a">{{cite book|last=Dunham|first=R. J.|date=1962|contribution=Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture|editor-last=Ham|editor-first=W. E.|title=Classification of Carbonate Rocks|series=American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, no. 1|pages=108–121}}</ref> A well-cemented coquina is classified as a [[biosparite]] (fossiliferous limestone) according to the [[Folk classification|Folk classification of sedimentary rocks]].<ref name="Folk1980a">{{cite book|last=Folk|first=R. L.|date=1980|title=The Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks|location=Austin, TX|publisher=Hemphill Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-914696-14-8}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}}</ref>

Coquinas accumulate in high-energy marine and [[Lacustrine deposits|lacustrine]] environments where currents and waves result in the vigorous winnowing, abrasion, fracturing, and sorting of the shells that compose them. As a result, they typically exhibit well-developed bedding or [[cross-bedding]], close packing, and good orientation of the shell fragments. The high-energy marine or lacustrine environments associated with coquinas include beaches, shallow submarine raised banks, swift tidal channels, and barrier bars.<ref name="Folk1980a"/><ref name="ScholleOthers1983a">{{cite book|last1=Scholle|first1=P. A.|first2=D. G.|last2=Bebout|first3=C. H.|last3=Moore|date=1983|title=Carbonate Depositional Environments|series=Memoir no. 33|location=Tulsa, OK|publisher=American Association of Petroleum Geologists|isbn=978-0-89181-310-1}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}}</ref>

==Composition and distribution==
[[File:Washington Oaks Gardens coquina01.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Coquina [[outcrop]] on the beach at [[Washington Oaks State Gardens]], [[Florida]]]]
Coquina is composed mainly of the [[mineral]] [[calcite]], often including some [[phosphate]], in the form of [[seashell]]s or [[coral]]. Coquinas dating from the [[Devonian]] period through to the much more recent [[Pleistocene]] epoch are a common find all over the world, with the depositional requirements to form a coquina being a common thing in many marine [[facies]].

== History and use ==
=== Australia ===

Adjacent to Shark Bay Road beginning {{convert|45|km|mi}}  southeast of [[Denham, Western Australia|Denham]] is an approximately {{convert|110|km|mi}} long stretch of coastline composed of billions of tiny shells of the Shark Bay cockle ([[Fragum erugatum]]), averaging less than {{convert|14|mm|in}} in length. The shell deposit, between {{convert|8|and|9|m|ft}} thick, has compacted and cemented in some areas into solid masses of limestone that formerly was quarried and cut into blocks used in local construction.

[[File:Old Pearler Restaurant in Denham.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Coquina Block.jpg|thumb |Blocks of Coquina in the wall of the Old Pearler Restaurant in Denham, Western Australia.]]
St Andrew's [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Church, the Old Pearler Restaurant, and parts of the Shark Bay Hotel in [[Shark Bay]] were built from coquina shell blocks.<ref name="SharkBay2018">{{cite web |title=Coquina (Shell Block) Quarry – Shark Bay |url=https://www.sharkbay.org/place/hamelin-pool/coquina-shell-block-quarry/ |website=Shark Bay |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221744/https://www.sharkbay.org/place/hamelin-pool/coquina-shell-block-quarry/ |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |location=Denham Western Australia}}</ref> The church, built in 1954, has walls infilled with coquina shell blocks between a light steel frame and a shell facing, while the Old Pearler was built in 1974–1977 with buttressed coquina shell block walls.<ref name="SharkBayWA2011">{{cite web |title=Shire of Shark Bay – What to See and Do |url=http://www.sharkbay.wa.gov.au/tourism/what_to_see_and_do/index.html |publisher=Shire of Shark Bay |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130010/http://www.sharkbay.wa.gov.au/tourism/what_to_see_and_do/index.html |archive-date=6 July 2011 |date=6 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Brazil ===

Recently discovered petroleum-bearing formations off the coast of northeastern Brazil hold coquina reservoirs of oil. The coquinas are generally heterogeneous in their porosity and permeability, but like other lacustrine carbonates, they are uncommonly reservoirs. Corbett et al. (2015) in their discussion of the reservoirs say the finding of the Badejo Field ([[Campos Basin]]) in 1975 was the first hydrocarbon discovery in the coquinas of the Lagoa Feia, followed by that of the Pampo and Linguado Fields in 1978. The coquinas of the Morro do Chaves Formation were formed by non-marine bivalves and [[ostracod]]s. The shells of the bivalves, which lived in shallow oxygenated water, were transported and deposited as washout over stream fans and beaches by storms and [[long-shore drift]].<ref name="Corbett2015">{{cite book |author1=P. W. M. Corbett |author2=R. Estrella |author3=A. Morales |author4=A. Shoeir |author5=Borghi, Leonardo |author6=A.C. Tavares |title= 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015|date=June 2015 |doi=10.3997/2214-4609.201412675 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300149002 |access-date=28 November 2018 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-94-6282-146-0 |chapter=Coquina Carbonate Reservoir Analogues - Key Learnings from the Cretaceous, NE Brazil, and the Holocene, W Australia }}</ref>

The [[Palynology|palynological]] record of coquinas of the [[Sergipe-Alagoas Basin]] has been analyzed and the sediments dated to the late [[Barremian|Barremian age]]; the results suggest a marine and/or brackish environment. Daniel Thompson (2013) asserts that the coquinas of the Morro do Chaves Formation include a wide range of marine mollusca characteristic of brackish environmental conditions, suggesting periodic marine ingression during the [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name="GonçalvesPaiva2018">{{cite journal |author1=Gustavo Gonçalves Garcia |author2=Antônio Jorge Vasconcellos Garcia |author3=Maria Helena Paiva Henriquesa |title=Palynology of the Morro do Chaves Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Sergipe Alagoas Basin, NE Brazil: Paleoenvironmental implications for the early history of the South Atlantic |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=1 October 2018 |volume=90 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.029 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |bibcode=2018CrRes..90....7G |s2cid=134661509 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>

According to a paper by Senira Kattah published in ''The Sedimentary Record'', the discovery of the Lula Field by [[Petrobras]] and partners in 2006 opened petroleum exploration in the Barremian/[[Aptian]] pre-salt play in the offshore Santos and Campos basins, and consequently deeper coquina reservoirs have become important targets. He says the two main reservoir targets recognized for the pre-salt within the study areas are: "late rift coquinas, lacustrine [[facies]] deposited at the Late Barremian to Early Aptian, and the younger rift/sag microbial limestones deposited during the Aptian, just before the establishment of the major evaporitic sag basin between South America and Africa."<ref name="Kattah2017">{{cite journal |author1=Senira Kattah |title=Exploration Opportunities in the Pre-Salt Play, Deepwater Campos Basin, Brazil |journal=The Sedimentary Record |date=1 March 2017 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=4–8 |doi=10.2110/sedred.2017.1.4 |issn=1543-8740|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are abundant beds of coquina in the Outer High of the [[Santos Basin]], similar to those from the neighboring Campos.<ref name="BosenceGibbons2015">{{cite book|author1=J.P. Buckley|author2=D.W.J. Bosence|author3=C. Elders|editor=D.W.J. Bosence |editor2=K.A. Gibbons |editor3=D.P. Le Heron |editor4=W.A. Morgan |editor5=T. Pritchard |editor6=B.A. Vining|title=Microbial Carbonates in Space and Time:: Implications for Global Exploration and Production|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_VfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|date=21 August 2015|publisher=Geological Society of London|isbn=978-1-86239-727-9|page=177|chapter=Pre-Salt Carbonates of the Santos Basin}}</ref> Pre-salt stratigraphy of the Santos Basin shows lacustrine sediments composed of coarse [[pelecypod]] (bivalve) coquina during the Barremian and Aptian sag phase of the [[continental crust]] subsidence.<ref name="CeraldiHodgkinson2017">{{cite book|author1=Teresa Sabato Ceraldi|author2=Darryl Green|editor=T. Sabato Ceraldi |editor2=R. A. Hodgkinson |editor3=G. Backe|title=Petroleum Geoscience of the West Africa Margin|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtKyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|date=5 January 2017|publisher=Geological Society of London|isbn=978-1-78620-243-7|page=77|chapter= Evolution of the South Atlantic lacustrine deposits in response to Early Cretaceous rifting, subsidence and lake hydrology.}}</ref>

=== Mexico ===

Overlying the fossiliferous sands and sandy clays of the upper [[San Fernando River]] in northeastern Mexico is a bed of coquina limestone dating probably to the [[Cenozoic]] era.<ref name="Dumble1915">{{cite book|author=Edwin Theodore Dumble|title=Tertiary Deposits of Northeastern Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/tertiarydeposit00dumbgoog|year=1915|publisher=California Academy of Sciences|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tertiarydeposit00dumbgoog/page/n34 192]–193}}</ref> Coquina deposits also occur in the [[Baja California]] peninsula, including submerged "reefs". So-called coquina "reefs" occur at Punta Borrascosa, San Felipe and Coloraditos on the northeast coast of Baja California. These have been [[Uranium–thorium dating|uranium-thorium dated]] to the Pleistocene epoch, with an age estimated at 130,000 [[ybp]]. Semi-continuous coquina [[outcrop]]s have been found {{convert|13|km|mi}} east of [[Puerto Peñasco]], in the shallow subtidal zone or partly submerged under [[intertidal]] sands.

Other Pleistocene outcrops occur along both coastlines of the upper [[Gulf of California]]. On the Vizcaino Peninsula of western Baja California, the informally named "[[Tivela stultorum]]" coquina is abundant in shells of the Pismo clam. Until analysis of the shells by U-series and amino-acids methods is concluded, this marine transgression is assigned an approximate age of 200,000 ybp. Outcrops in Bahía de San Hipolito and Bahía de Asunción are loosely consolidated, sandy [[beachrock]] a few meters thick, found {{convert|15|to|20|m|ft}} above present mean sea level.<ref name="Ortlieb1979">{{cite book|author=Luc Ortlieb|editor=P.I. Abbott |editor2=R.G. Gastil|title=Baja California Geology: Field Guides and Papers|chapter-url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_51-52/010015073.pdf|date=January 1979|publisher=Dept. of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University|page=89|chapter=Quaternary Marine Terraces in Southwestern Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California, Mexico}}</ref><ref name="Brusca2018">{{cite web |author1=Richard C. Brusca |title=A Brief Geologic History Of Northwestern Mexico, Version 6 |url=https://www.rickbrusca.com/http___www.rickbrusca.com_index.html/Papers_files/Geology%20of%20NW%20Mexico.pdf |page=21 |date=November 2018}}</ref>

The ancient Maya built their city of [[Toniná]] in the highlands of what is now [[Chiapas]] in southern Mexico using native rocks to construct its [[masonry]] buildings, among them large coquina [[flagstone]]s from which they made blocks and bricks for floors, walls, and stairways.<ref name="MRS2012">{{cite journal |author1=Francisco Riquelme |author2=Martha Cuevas-García |author3=Jesús Alvarado-Ortega |author4=Shannon Taylor |author5=José Luis Ruvalcaba-Sil |author6=Carlos Linares-López |author7=Manuel Aguilar-Franco |author8=Juan Yadeun-Angulo |title=New Insights into Ancient Maya Building Materials: Characterization of Mortar, Plaster, and Coquina Flagstones from Toniná |journal=MRS Proceedings |date=16 August 2012 |volume=1374 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1557/opl.2012.1385 }}</ref>

=== United States ===
==== Florida ====

[[file:coquinaFlorida.jpg|thumb|Coquina from Florida]]

Coquina deposits in Florida occur mostly along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This coquina is named the [[Anastasia Formation]] after [[Anastasia Island]], where the Spanish quarried the rock to construct the [[Castillo de San Marcos]], the fortress they built to defend [[Saint Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]. The Anastasia Formation stretches from just north of St. Augustine in [[St. Johns County]] to southern [[Palm Beach County]]. The formation and associated sand form part of the [[Atlantic Coastal Ridge]], a [[Pleistocene]] barrier island chain that extends from [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]] to [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County]]. Other coquina deposits are found in the state, but only in limited areas. The Anastasia Formation is naturally exposed in a number of places along the east coast including [[Washington Oaks Gardens State Park]], [[Gilbert's Bar House of Refuge]], [[Hutchinson Island (Florida)|Hutchinson Island]] in [[Martin County, Florida|Martin County]] and [[Blowing Rocks Preserve]], owned by [[The Nature Conservancy]], in Martin County.<ref name="Scott2000">{{cite web |author1=Thomas M. Scott |title=The Coquina Resources of Florida's East Coast|url=http://halsema.org/people/theleonardifamily/history/coquina2000.pdf |website=halsema.org |publisher=Bureau of Historic Preservation |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125193629/https://pongpdf.com/the-conservation-and-preservation-of-coquina-.html |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |location=Tallahassee, Florida |page=1 |date=December 2000}}</ref>

[[File:Coquina wall at Castillo de San Marcos.jpg|thumb|Coquina wall at the [[Castillo de San Marcos]]]]
Still occasionally [[quarry|quarried]] or [[mining|mined]], and used as a building stone in [[Florida]] for over 400 years, coquina forms the walls of the Castillo in St. Augustine. The stone made a very good material for building forts, particularly those built during the period of heavy cannon use. Because of coquina's softness, cannonballs would sink into, rather than shatter or puncture the walls.  The first [[St. Augustine Light#History|Saint Augustine lighthouse]], built by the Spanish, was also made of coquina.

[[File:CoquinaClose.jpg|thumb|Close-up of coquina from Florida. The scale bar is {{cvt|10|mm}}.]]
Coquina was used as building stone in St. Augustine as early as 1598 for construction of a powder house. This was the beginning of a building tradition that extended into the 1930s along Florida's Atlantic Coast. In the St. Augustine vicinity, the Castillo de San Marcos, [[Fort Matanzas National Monument|Fort Matanzas]], the old city gates, the [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine|Cathedral]], Spanish and British Period residential structures, property line walls and tombs were constructed of coquina quarried on Anastasia Island. To the south in [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida|New Smyrna]], a [[Old Fort Park Archeological Site|large storehouse and wharf]] were constructed of coquina at the 1770s [[Andrew Turnbull (colonist)|Andrew Turnbull]] colony. Around 1816, John Addison constructed a kitchen house of coquina on his plantation on the [[Tomoka River]]. The material was also used in the construction of sugar mill buildings on sugar plantations in the 1820s and 1830s. Examples are the [[Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park|Bulow]], [[Dunlawton Plantation and Sugar Mill|Dunlawton]] and [[New Smyrna Sugar Mill Ruins|New Smyrna]] sugar mills. In these early structures, the porous coquina was protected by lime plaster. With the exception of a few residences that have been restored in St. Augustine, the coquina masonry of these structures is today exposed to the elements and is slowly deteriorating.<ref name="Ferro2000">{{cite web |author1=David Ferro |title=The Conservation and Preservation of Coquina |url=http://halsema.org/people/theleonardifamily/history/coquina2000.pdf |website=halsema.org|publisher=Bureau of Historic Preservation |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125193629/https://pongpdf.com/the-conservation-and-preservation-of-coquina-.html |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |location=Tallahassee, Florida |page=i |date=December 2000}}</ref>

==== North Carolina ====

Coquina has a very limited distribution in southeastern [[North Carolina]]. The best known outcrop is located in [[New Hanover County, North Carolina|New Hanover County]], near [[Fort Fisher]], along the southern tip of North Carolina's coast. It is one of the few naturally occurring outcrops in the [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] region of North Carolina, described as "a low-relief plain underlain by beds of shallow-marine, estuarine, shoreline, and fluvial sediments" in ''The Geology of the Carolinas''.<ref name="HortonZullo1991">{{cite book|author1=P. Geoffrey Feiss|author2=Arthur H. Maybin III|author3= Stanley Riggs|author4= Andrew E. Grosz|editor=J. Wright Horton |editor2=Victor A. Zullo|title=The Geology of the Carolinas: Carolina Geological Society Fiftieth Anniversary Volume|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lNFLn9YVMwC&pg=PA339|year=1991|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-0-87049-662-2|page=339|chapter=Resources of the Coastal Plain}}</ref> These sediments were deposited during numerous episodes of sea level rise and fall over hundreds of thousands of years. The coastlines of the [[Tidewater (region)|Tidewater region]] of North Carolina change constantly in response to wind and wave action, sedimentary deposition, tidal movements, and changes in sea level. Although the inner coastal plain is considered to be more stable, the coastal plain was inundated by repeated marine transgressions due to fluctuating sea levels during the late [[Pliocene]] and early Pleistocene.

Historical records and extant buildings, foundations, basements, and retaining walls indicate that coquina was being mined in North Carolina by at least 1760, evidenced by the extant architectural ruins at the colonial-era [[Clear Springs Plantation]] near [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]].<ref name="Mintz2000">{{cite web |author1=John J. Mintz |title=Coquinas Of Coastal North Carolina: A Preliminary Assessment|url=http://halsema.org/people/theleonardifamily/history/coquina2000.pdf |website=halsema.org |publisher=Bureau of Historic Preservation |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125193629/https://pongpdf.com/the-conservation-and-preservation-of-coquina-.html |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |location=Tallahassee, Florida |page=9 |date=December 2000}}</ref>

[[Sedgeley Abbey]], an 18th-century [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation house]] on the lower [[Cape Fear River]] was built of locally quarried coquina. The house, which once swas surrounded by a vast tract of land directly across the river from [[Orton Plantation|Orton]], was described by local historian and author James Sprunt as "the grandest colonial residence of the Cape Fear".<ref name="Sprunt1896">{{cite book|author=James Sprunt|title=Tales and Traditions of the Lower Cape Fear, 1661–1896|url=https://archive.org/details/talestraditionso00spru|year=1896|publisher=Le Gwin Brothers, Printers|page=[https://archive.org/details/talestraditionso00spru/page/50 50]}}</ref> Sprunt compared Sedgeley Abbey in dimensions and appearance to the two-story, cellared, [[Edward Bishop Dudley|Governor Dudley]] mansion that still stands in [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]].  Like many southern plantations, Sedgeley Abbey was abandoned after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and fell into disrepair. The vacant house was demolished in the 1870s and the coquina rubble was burned and spread on the fields as fertilizer. A cellar eight feet deep carved into solid coquina was located during archaeological investigations on the site of the former [[Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States|plantation]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p16062coll6/id/11718|title=A History of the Sedgeley Abbey Site in New Hanover County|last=Wilson |first=Angley |date=March 1995|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sandy Jackson |url=http://federal-point-history.org/history-shorts/a-brief-history-of-sedgeley-abbey/ |title=A Brief History of Sedgeley Abbey ''[Originally published in the January, 1995 – FPHPS Newsletter]'' |website=Federal Point Historic Preservation Society |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

==Other uses==
In the past coquina was used for the construction of buildings in [[Denham, Western Australia]], but [[quarrying]] is no longer permitted in the [[World Heritage Site]].

When first quarried, coquina is extremely soft. This softness makes it very easy to remove from the quarry and cut into shape. However, the stone is also at first much too soft to be used for building. In order to be used as a building material, the stone is left out to dry for approximately one to three years, which causes the stone to harden into a usable, but still comparatively soft, form.

Coquina has also been used as a source of paving material. It is usually poorly cemented and easily breaks into component shell or coral fragments, which can be substituted for [[gravel]] or crushed harder [[Rock (geology)|rocks]]. In the 1930s, large-scale mining of coquina for use in highway construction began at Fort Fisher in North Carolina.<ref name="Mintz2000" /> Large pieces of coquina of unusual shape are sometimes used as landscape decoration.

Because coquina often includes a component of [[phosphate]], it is sometimes mined for use as [[fertilizer]].

==Notable exposures==
* [[Blowing Rocks Preserve]] (and along Country Club Road), [[Palm Beach County, Florida]]
* [[Kure Beach]], [[New Hanover County, North Carolina]]
* [[Much Wenlock Limestone Formation]], [[Shropshire]], England
* [[Odesa Catacombs]], [[Ukraine]]
* [[Shell Beach (Western Australia)|Shell Beach]], Shark Bay, Western Australia
* [[Washington Oaks State Gardens]], [[Flagler County, Florida]]

==In architecture==
* [[Bok Tower Gardens|Bok Tower]], Florida
* [[Castillo de San Marcos]], [[St. Augustine, Florida]]
* [[Fort Matanzas National Monument]], Florida
* [[North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher]], displays a "Coquina Outcrop Touch Pool"

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Beachrock}}
* {{annotated link|List of types of limestone}}
* {{annotated link|Grainstone}}
* [[Shelly limestone]] – Type of sedimentary rock

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|coquina}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/anastasia.htm |title=Anastasia Formation Coquina |publisher=Florida Department of Environmental Protection}}
{{Rock type}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Geology of Florida]]