View source for Cosmetics

{{Short description|Substances applied to the body to change appearance or fragrance}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Make-up|Toilette|other uses|Make-up (disambiguation)|and|Cosmetic (disambiguation)|text="Toilette" is not to be confused with [[Toilet]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Cosmetics.JPG|thumb|An assortment of cosmetics and tools]]
[[File:Self make up by an artist.jpg|thumb|An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance]]
[[File:Marcus Stewart and Mariana Catalina in Oresteia by Aeschylus, adapted by Ryan Castalia for Stairwell Theater2, 2019.jpg|thumb|Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face makeup in the play ''[[Oresteia]]'' by [[Aeschylus]] (2019)]]
[[File:Skin care cosmetics.jpg|thumb|Skin care cosmetics at a [[pharmacy (shop)|pharmacy]]]]

'''Cosmetics''' are substances that are intended for application to the body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance. They are mixtures of [[chemical compound]]s derived from either [[Natural product|natural sources]] or created synthetically.<ref name="Ullmann">{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Günther|title=Skin Cosmetics|date=2001|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/14356007.a24_219|series=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221132540/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/14356007.a24_219|archive-date=21 February 2022|url-status=live|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_219|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2|oclc=910197915|access-date=2022-02-21|last2=Gohla|first2=Sven|last3=Schreiber|first3=Jörg|last4=Kaden|first4=Waltraud|last5=Schönrock|first5=Uwe|last6=Schmidt-Lewerkühne|first6=Hartmut|last7=Kuschel|first7=Annegret|last8=Petsitis|first8=Xenia|last9=Pape|first9=Wolfgang}}</ref> Cosmetics have various purposes, including [[personal care|personal]] and [[skin care]]. They can also be used to conceal blemishes and enhance natural features (such as the [[eyebrow]]s and [[eyelash]]es). Makeup can add color to the face, enhance features, or alter appearance to resemble a different person, creature, or object.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal |last=Nutrition |first=Center for Food Safety and Applied |date=2023-03-16 |title=Cosmetics & U.S. Law |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/cosmetics-us-law |journal=FDA |language=en |access-date=2023-11-05 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105000647/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/cosmetics-us-law }}</ref>

People have used cosmetics for thousands of years for skin care and appearance enhancement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthias |first=Meg |date=2025-06-13 |title=Why Did We Start Wearing Makeup? {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/why-did-we-start-wearing-makeup |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Visible cosmetics for both women and men have gone in and out of fashion over the centuries. 

Some early cosmetics contained harmful ingredients, such as lead, which caused serious health problems and sometimes resulted in death. Modern commercial cosmetics are generally tested for safety but may contain controversial ingredients, such as [[per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances]] (PFAS), [[formaldehyde releasers]], and ingredients that cause allergic reactions.

The [[European Union]] and regulatory agencies around the world have stringent regulations for cosmetics. In the United States, cosmetic products and ingredients do not require [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval, although marketed products are monitored for safety. Some countries have banned using animal testing for cosmetics.

== Definition and etymology ==
[[File:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|thumb|A bust of the Egyptian queen [[Nefertiti Bust|Nefertiti]] showing the use of [[eye liner]] made of [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]]]]
[[File:Lautrec woman at her toilette 1889.jpg|thumb|An 1889 [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] painting of a woman applying facial cosmetics]]
[[File:Kissproof.JPG|thumb|''Kissproof'' brand face powder from 1926, from the permanent collection of the [[Museo del Objeto del Objeto]] in Mexico City]]
The word ''cosmetics'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|el|κοσμητικὴ τέχνη}} ({{lang|el-Latn|kosmetikē tekhnē}}), meaning "technique of dress and ornament,"  from {{lang|el|κοσμητικός}} ({{lang|el-Latn|kosmētikos}}), "skilled in ordering or arranging,"<ref>Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkosmhtiko%2Fs κοσμητικός] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154107/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkosmhtiko%2Fs |date=2020-08-03 }} in ''A Greek-English Lexicon''</ref> and from {{lang|el|κόσμος}} ({{lang|el-Latn|kosmos}}), meaning "order" and "ornament.".<ref>Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dko%2Fsmos κόσμος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101162140/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dko%2Fsmos |date=2020-11-01 }} in ''A Greek-English Lexicon''</ref>

=== Legal definition ===
{{Globalize section|date=August 2021}}

Though often referred to socially as makeup, cosmetics technically include substances used to clean or alter the complexion, skin, hair, or teeth -- placing [[eye shadow]], teeth-whitening strips, and [[Perfume|perfumes]] under the same umbrella.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2024-10-09 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Cosmetic Regulations |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._869/page-1.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), which regulates cosmetics,<ref name="USHealthandHuman">{{cite web |date=November 2004 |title=Cosmetics and Your Health – FAQs |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/cosmetics-your-health.cfm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312162359/https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/cosmetics-your-health.cfm |archive-date=2013-03-12 |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}</ref> defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an [[ingredient]] in a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure [[soap]] from this category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosmetics Overview|url=https://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/ImportProgram/ImportBasics/RegulatedProducts/ucm511464.htm|access-date=30 March 2019|website=U.S. Food & Drug Administration|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330032557/https://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/ImportProgram/ImportBasics/RegulatedProducts/ucm511464.htm}}</ref>

== Use ==
Cosmetics designed for [[skin care]]  may be used to cleanse, [[Exfoliation (cosmetology)|exfoliate]] and protect the skin, as well as replenish it, using [[Lotion|body lotions]], [[cleanser]]s, [[Toner (skin care)|toners]], serums, [[Moisturizer|moisturizers]], eye creams, [[retinol]], and balms. Cosmetics designed for more general [[personal care]], such as [[shampoo]], soap, and [[body wash]], can be used to clean the body.

Cosmetics designed to enhance one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features, or add color to a person's face. In some cases, more extreme forms of makeup are used for performances, [[Fashion show|fashion shows]], and people in [[costume]] and can change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature, or object. Techniques for changing appearance include [[contouring]], which aims to give shape to an area of the face.

Cosmetics can also be designed to add [[fragrance]] to the body.

Products used for [[Hair care|haircare]], such as permanent waves, [[Hair coloring|hair colors]], and [[Hair spray|hairsprays]], are classified as cosmetic products as well.<ref name="auto5"/>

== History ==
{{Main|History of cosmetics}}
Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years, with [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptians]] and [[Sumer|Sumerians]] using them. In Europe, the use of cosmetics continued into the [[Middle Ages]]—where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged—<ref name="auto1">Angeloglou, Maggie. ''The History of Make-up''. First ed. Great Britain: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41–42. Print.</ref> Though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, the use of cosmetics was openly frowned upon at many points in Western history.<ref>{{cite book | title = Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic | first = J | last = Pallingston | isbn = 978-0-312-19914-2 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1998}}</ref> Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, many occasionally achieved ideals of appearance through cosmetics. 

According to one source, early major developments in cosmetics include:<ref name=Ullmann />
* [[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kohl]] used by [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptians]]
* [[Castor oil]] also used in [[ancient Egypt]] as a protective [[Liniment|balm]]
* [[Cream (pharmaceutical)|Skin creams]] made of [[beeswax]], [[olive oil]], and [[rose water]], described by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] 
* [[Vaseline]] and [[lanolin]] in the nineteenth century.

Historically, the absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics, as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of various compounds on the human body for much of this time period, led to a number of negative [[adverse effect|effect]]s upon those who used cosmetics, including [[deformities]], blindness, and, in some cases, death.  Although harmless products were used, such as berries and [[beetroot]], many cosmetic products available at this time were still chemically dubious and even poisonous. Examples of the prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of [[ceruse]] (white lead) throughout a number of different cultures, such as during the [[Renaissance]] in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara [[mascara#History|Lash Lure]] during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, there were numerous incidents of [[lead poisoning]] due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder, leading to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, weakened [[tooth enamel]], and blackened skin, with heavy use known to lead to death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-10 |title=Suffering for beauty has ancient roots |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22546056 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Usage of white lead was not confined only to the West, with the white Japanese face makeup known as {{lang|ja-Latn|[[oshiroi]]}} also produced using white lead. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the production of makeup led to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as [[lead]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takakiwa |first=Manami |date=2022 |title=Background of the Fabrication of Japan's First Lead-free White Powder and the Pharmacologists Who Certified Its Harmlessness |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjhp/57/2/57_93/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=薬史学雑誌 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=93–100 |doi=10.34531/jjhp.57.2_93}}</ref> 

Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to a wider expansion of the cosmetics industry. In 1882, English actress and socialite [[Lillie Langtry]] became the poster girl for [[Pears (soap)|Pears]] of London, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/|access-date=2 March 2022|newspaper=The Washington Post|quote=British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116081428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/|url-status=live}}</ref> She allowed her name to be used on face powders and skin products.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marsh |first1=Madeleine |title=Compacts and Cosmetics: Beauty from Victorian Times to the Present Day |date=2014 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |page=40}}</ref> During the 1910s, the market in the US was developed by figures such as [[Elizabeth Arden]], [[Helena Rubinstein]], and [[Max Factor]]. These firms were joined by [[Revlon]] just before [[World War II]] and [[Estée Lauder Companies|Estée Lauder]] just after. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all [[industrial society|industrial societies]] around the world, with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=A History of the Cosmetics Industry |url=https://www.cosmeticassociation.org/cosmetic-products/a-history-of-the-cosmetics-industry/ |website=American Cosmetic Association |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143623/https://www.cosmeticassociation.org/cosmetic-products/a-history-of-the-cosmetics-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool used in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968, at the feminist [[Miss America protest]], protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can",<ref>{{cite journal | last=Dow|first=Bonnie J. |title=Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology |journal=Rhetoric & Public Affairs |volume=6 |issue=1 |date= Spring 2003 |pages=127–149 |doi=10.1353/rap.2003.0028|s2cid=143094250 }}</ref> with cosmetics among the items the protesters called "instruments of female torture"<ref>{{cite book|last=Duffett|first= Judith |title=WLM vs. Miss America |series=Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement |date=October 1968 |page=4}}</ref> and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced [[femininity]].

{{As of|2016}}, the world's largest cosmetics company is [[L'Oréal]], founded by [[Eugène Schueller]] in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by [[Liliane Bettencourt]] 26% and [[Nestlé]] 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly).

Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, men also use makeup in order to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. The negative stigma of men wearing makeup in countries such as the United States has weakened over the years, with the number of men using makeup increasing in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=O'Grady |first1=Megan |last2=Schorr |first2=Collier |last3=Holmes |first3=Matt |date=2021-05-10 |title=Makeup Is for Everyone |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/10/t-magazine/men-makeup-gender-norms.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620050837/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/10/t-magazine/men-makeup-gender-norms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cosmetics brands have increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted [[Male cosmetics|specifically at men]].<ref name="North2018">{{cite web |last1=North |first1=Anna |title=What the rise of men's makeup means for masculinity |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/24/17851190/makeup-chanel-queer-eye-maybelline-men |website=Vox |access-date=10 April 2022 |language=en |date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410193427/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/24/17851190/makeup-chanel-queer-eye-maybelline-men |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Elan2020">{{cite news |last1=Elan |first1=Priya |title=Beauty and the bloke: why more men are wearing makeup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/feb/23/beauty-and-the-bloke-why-more-men-are-chooisng-to-wear-makeup-warpaint |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=23 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410193427/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/feb/23/beauty-and-the-bloke-why-more-men-are-chooisng-to-wear-makeup-warpaint |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lead has been used as a makeup product since the 18th century. It is said to be lethal to women who apply it daily to achieve a pale complexion, representing nobility, as tanned skin represents the working class. Lead can be detrimental to people's health and cause death if mixed with [[vinegar]], which it allows lead to be absorbed through the skin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeill |first=Fiona E. |title=Dying for makeup: Lead cosmetics poisoned 18th-century European socialites in search of whiter skin |url=http://theconversation.com/dying-for-makeup-lead-cosmetics-poisoned-18th-century-european-socialites-in-search-of-whiter-skin-176237 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Conversation |date=27 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503011112/http://theconversation.com/dying-for-makeup-lead-cosmetics-poisoned-18th-century-european-socialites-in-search-of-whiter-skin-176237 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Types of cosmetics ==
[[File:Galaxies nail art.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nail art]]]]
Though there are a large number of different cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows, and eyes), to the body (on the skin, particularly the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care, or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can also be described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream [[emulsion]]s, powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or [[anhydrous]] creams or sticks.

=== Decorative ===
[[File:Jim Brochu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actor [[Jim Brochu]] applies makeup before the opening night of a play]]

* [[Primer (cosmetics)|Primers]] are used on the face before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, smooth layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly. Some primers may also be tinted, and this tint may match the wearer's skin tone or may colour correct it, using greens, oranges, and purples to even out the wearer's skin tone and correct redness, purple shadows, or orange discolouration, respectively.
* [[Concealer]] is a cream or liquid product used to conceal marks or blemishes on the skin. Concealer is typically the colour of the user's skin tone and is generally applied after the face has been primed to even out the wearer's skin tone before foundation can be applied. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, has higher coverage, and is thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation, a number of different formulations intended for different styles of use, such as a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for stage makeup, are available, as well as color-correcting concealers intended to balance out discolouration of the skin specifically.
* [[Foundation (cosmetics)|Foundation]] is a cream, liquid, mousse, or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base for the user's skin tone. Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer and is sold in formulations that can provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the skin.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Rouge (cosmetics)|Rouge]], blush, or blusher is a liquid, cream, or powder product applied to the centre of the [[cheek]]s intending to add or enhance their natural colour. Blushers are typically available in shades of pink and red or warm tan and brown and may also be used to make the [[Zygomatic bone|cheekbones]] appear more defined.<ref name=USHealthandHuman />
* [[Bronzer]] is a powder, cream, or liquid product that adds colour to the skin, typically in bronze or tan shades, intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may also contain substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect,<ref name=USHealthandHuman /> and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes. Unlike bronzer, the purpose of contour is to help emphasize your facial features by adding depth.<ref>{{Citation |title=GETTING DVDS |date=2013-01-25 |work=How to DVJ |pages=18–24 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780080553214-8 |isbn=978-0-08-055321-4}}</ref>
* [[Highlighter (cosmetics)|Highlighter]] is a liquid, cream, or powder product applied to the high points of the face, such as the eyebrows, nose, and cheekbones. Highlighter commonly has substances added, providing a shimmer or glitter effect. Alternatively, a lighter-toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter.
* {{anchor|eyebrow pencil}}[[Eyebrow]] pencils, creams, [[wax]]es, gels, and powders are used to color, fill in, and define the brows.<ref name=USHealthandHuman /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eyebrow Pencil|url=https://cosmeticsinfo.org/products/eyebrow-pencil|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Cosmetics Info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806112505/https://cosmeticsinfo.org:80/products/eyebrow-pencil |archive-date=2013-08-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Riordan|first=Teresa|date=2004-12-12|title='Inventing Beauty'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/books/chapters/inventing-beauty.html|access-date=2021-08-24|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824233041/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/books/chapters/inventing-beauty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.
* [[Eyeshadow]] is a powder, cream, or liquid pigmented product used to draw attention to, accentuate, and change the shape of the area around the eyes, the eyelids, and the space below the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow brush with generally small and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in almost every colour, as well as being sold in a number of different finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, and highly pigmented finishes. Many different colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one look and blended together to achieve different effects.
* [[Eyeliner]] is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the [[eye]]. Though eyeliner is commonly black, it can come in many different colours. Eyeliner can come in the form of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.
* [[Eyelash extensions|False eyelashes]] are used to extend, exaggerate, and add volume to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair—either human, mink, or synthetic—is attached, false eyelashes are typically applied to the lash line using glue, which can come in latex and latex-free varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are also available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers, and lace available as false eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this look. Each set lasts for two to three weeks, then the set can be filled, similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To apply for extensions, the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes. The lash artist would then use two tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash. An individual false eyelash, or lash fan, is applied to one natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process. The eyelashes should not be stuck together. The length and thickness of the false lash should not be to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this process is done correctly, no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.<ref>McDearmon, Christa. The Eyelash Extension Professional Training Manual: Instructor's Guide. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.</ref>
* [[Mascara]] is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the [[eyelash]]es through the use of a typically thick, cream-like product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is commonly black, brown, or clear, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are available. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that advertise qualities such as [[waterproofing]], volume enhancement, length enhancement, and curl enhancement, and may be used in combination with an [[eyelash curler]] to enhance the natural curl of the eyelashes.<ref name=USHealthandHuman />
* Lip products, including [[lipstick]], [[lip gloss]], [[lip liner]] and [[lip balm]]s, commonly add color and texture to the lips, as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges.<ref name="USHealthandHuman" /> Products adding colour and texture to the lips, such as lipsticks and lip glosses, often come in a wide range of colors as well as a number of different finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes. Other styles of lip coloration products, such as lip stains, temporarily saturate the lips with a dye and typically do not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof and may be applied directly to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such as through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.
* [[Face powder]], setting powder, or [[setting spray]]s are used to 'set' foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent finish while also concealing small flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. While setting sprays are generally not tinted, setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties, and can be used to [[Baking (make-up)|bake]] foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face. Tinted face powders may also be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base.
* [[Nail polish]] is a liquid used to colour the [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernails]] and [[Nail (anatomy)|toenails]].<ref name=USHealthandHuman /> Transparent, colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or be used as a top or base coat to protect the nail or nail polish. Nail polish, like eyeshadow, is available in every colour and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

=== Skincare ===

Cleansing is a standard step in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics:
* Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove excess dirt, oil, and makeup left on the skin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Soaps and cleansers |url=https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/soaps-and-cleansers/|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=dermnetnz.org|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001846/https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/soaps-and-cleansers|url-status=live}}</ref> Different cleansing products are aimed at various types of skin, such as sulfate-free cleansers and spin brushes.<ref name="auto"/>
** Cleansing oil, or oil cleanser, is an oil-based solution that gently emulsifies the skin's natural oils and removes makeup. Cleansing oils are typically used as part of a two-step cleansing process. After the skin has been cleansed with an oil cleanser, a second cleanse is done using a mild gel, milk or cream cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed.
* Toners are used after cleansing to remove any remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin. They may also add some hydration. They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but they can be sprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle or poured onto the hand and patted directly onto the skin. Toners usually contain water, [[citric acid]], herbal extracts, and other ingredients. Witch hazel is still commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the skin. Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can be irritating to the skin. It may still be found in toners, especially for those with oily skin. Some toners contain active ingredients and target particular skin types, such as tea tree oil, [[salicylic acid]], or [[glycolic acid]].
* Hyperpigmentation treatment: Kojic acid soap, cream, or powder, and Arbutin (a b-D-glucopyranoside derivative of [[hydroquinone]]) serum or cream help get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=Rashmi|last2=Arora|first2=Pooja|last3=Garg|first3=K Vijay|date=2013|title=Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What is Available?|journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery|volume=6|issue=1|pages=4–11|doi=10.4103/0974-2077.110089|issn=0974-2077|pmc=3663177|pmid=23723597 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Facial mask]]s are treatments applied to the skin and then removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, cleansed face, avoiding the eyes and lips.
** Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin and are typically left on until completely dry. As the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skin and may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of their drying actions, clay-based masks should only be used on oily skins.
** Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency and contain acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skin tone. They are left on to dry and then gently peeled off. They should be avoided by people with dry or sensitive skin because this type of skin tends to be very drying.
** Sheet masks are a relatively new product that is becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of a thin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints. Sheet masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside Asia.
* [[Exfoliation (cosmetology)|Exfoliants]] are products that help slough off dead skin cells from the topmost layer of the skin to improve the appearance of the skin. This is achieved either by using mild acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly abrasive substances to physically remove them. Exfoliation can also help even out patches of rough skin, improve cell turnover, clear blocked pores to discourage acne, and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
** Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, [[malic acid]], mandelic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, papain, and bromelain. They may be found in cleansers, scrubs, and peels, but also leave-on products such as toners, serums, and moisturisers. Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs, BHAs, PHAs or enzymes.
** Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physical objects.
* [[Moisturizer]]s are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture.  Typical components are [[polyol]]s such as [[glycerol]] and [[sorbitol]] as well as partially hydrolyzed proteins.<ref name="Ullmann"/> Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tones. They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad. 
* Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and it is often the first area to show signs of aging. Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or [[Vitamin K]] to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes. Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with a finger, using a patting motion. Finding a moisturizer with [[Sun Protection Factor|SPF]] is beneficial to prevent aging and wrinkles.
* [[Sunscreen]]s are creams, lotions, sprays, gels, sticks, or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun. They contain organic or inorganic filters that act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=British Association of Dermatologists – Sunscreen Fact Sheet|url=https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=bad.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411093845/https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunscreens are marked with 'spf', which means 'sun protection factor.' This shows that a product provides protection against UVB.<ref name="auto2"/> UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted by the number of stars or plus symbols varying among countries.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=British Association of Dermatologists – Sunscreen Fact Sheet|url=https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|access-date=2021-04-06|publisher=bad.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411093845/https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|url-status=live}}</ref> UVA ratings do not specifically depict the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection.<ref name="auto3"/> The recommended 'gold standard' of a sunscreen should be at least SPF 30 and at least 4 stars or plus symbols.<ref name="auto3"/> Daily sunscreen application is very important, but use of shade, clothing, and hats are as important and more effective for sun protection.
* Serums are light, easily absorbed liquids that one spreads on their skin. The main purpose of the product is to be applied before moisturizer, and the serum provides a high concentration of any specific ingredient on the face. The benefits of serum are skin firmness, smoothness of the face, and reduction of the fine lines and wrinkles on one's face.

=== Hair care ===
[[Hair care]] is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hair and Beauty Industry Statistics|url=https://www.nhbf.co.uk/advice-and-resources/hair-and-beauty-industry-statistics/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=National Hair & Beauty Federation|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411214148/https://www.nhbf.co.uk/advice-and-resources/hair-and-beauty-industry-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shampoo]]s are used to clean the hair and scalp by massaging into wet hair and then rinsing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shampoos|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706406|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=Medscape|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502174138/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706406|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hair conditioner]]s are used following shampoo to improve the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier.
* [[Hairstyling product|Styling products]] include gels, waxes, foams, creams, mousse, serum and pomades; they are used to create and maintain hairstyles.

== Perfume ==
[[Perfume]]s or fragrances, are liquids that can be sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting smell.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|title=Fragrances and perfumes |url=https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/fragrances-and-perfumes/|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=dermnetnz.org|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411000800/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fragrances-and-perfumes/|url-status=live}}</ref> They are created by mixing different compounds together. There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration.<ref name="auto4"/>
* [[Parfum]]
* [[Eau de parfum]]
* [[Eau de toilette]]

The difference between [[Eau de parfum]] and [[Eau de toilette]] is more about the perfume oil concentration. [[Eau de parfum]] has a higher concentration of perfume than [[Eau de toilette]].

== Tools ==
[[File:AncientEgypt-LadyApplyingCosmetics-ROM.png|thumb|230px|right|Imaginary depiction of an [[Beauty and cosmetics in ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian woman applying makeup]]. Painting from the [[Royal Ontario Museum]], Canada.]]

Various tools are used to apply cosmetics.

=== Brushes ===
* A [[makeup brush]] is used to apply makeup to the face. There are two types of makeup brushes: synthetic and natural. Synthetic brushes are best for cream products, while natural brushes are ideal for powder products.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/real-and-synthetic-makeup-brushes-difference-guide|title=This Is the Real Difference Between Natural and Synthetic Makeup Brushes|last=Webster|first=Emma Sarran|work=Teen Vogue|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en|archive-date=2018-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153622/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/real-and-synthetic-makeup-brushes-difference-guide|url-status=live}}</ref> Using the appropriate brush to apply a certain product allows the product to blend into the skin smoothly and evenly.
* A [[Foundation (cosmetics)|foundation]] brush is usually a dense brush that distributes the product evenly while smoothing out the face. This brush is best used to achieve full coverage.
* A [[concealer]] brush has a small, tapered tip that allows for precise spot correction, such as blemishes or discoloration.
* A stippling brush has soft, synthetic bristles that give an airbrushed effect. This brush is best used to achieve light to medium coverage.
* A [[Rouge (cosmetics)|blush]] brush comes in all shapes and sizes and is used to apply blush, allowing the blush to look natural while giving a flush of color.
* A [[Face powder|powder]] brush tends to be big and fluffy for quick and easy application of dusting powder all over the face. Powder gives the appearance of a matte effect.
* A bronzer brush, which can also serve as a contour brush, is an angled brush that gives the face dimensions and illusions by allowing the makeup to be placed in place of bone structure. This brush can also be used to add a shimmering highlight illusion to the cheekbones, nose and chin.
* A highlight brush, also known as a fan brush, has bristles that are typically spread out and is used to apply where the sun would naturally hit.
* An [[Eye shadow|eyeshadow]] brush is a dense brush that allows shadow to be packed onto the eyelid.
* A blending eyeshadow brush is used to blend out any harsh lines you may have from the eyeshadow and can soften the eyeshadow look.
* An [[Eye liner|eyeliner]] brush is tapered with an extra-fine tip used for gel eyeliners, which allows precision to line the eyes.
* A spoolie is used to brush out the eyebrows and can also be used as a mascara wand.
* A lip brush is small to ensure precision and is used to apply lipstick evenly onto the lips.
* An eyebrow brush is tapered and slanting from the top, which tends to define the eyebrows and fill in the empty spaces between brows, to give them a fuller and denser look.
* A [[Kabuki brush]] is used to apply any sort of powder makeup to large surfaces of the face (loose powder, foundation, face powder, blush, bronzer). This brush is used to even the skin's appearance.

=== Other applicators ===
In addition to brushes, a makeup [[Sponge (tool)|sponge]] is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges can be used to apply foundation, blend concealer, and apply powder or highlighter.

[[Luffa|Loofahs]], [[microfiber]] cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin simply by rubbing them over the face in a circular motion. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as [[microbead]]s, sea salt and sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran, or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin. Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle.
[[File:Pre-wedding make-up.jpg|thumb|upright|Eyeshadow being applied]]

== Ingredients ==
{{Main|Ingredients of cosmetics}}
A variety of [[organic compound]]s and [[inorganic compound]]s comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats, as well as a variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as [[iron oxide]]s, [[talc]], and [[zinc oxide]]. The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as [[pigment]]s, i.e., colorants that have no solubility in solvents. Cosmetic companies have become more transparent in the ingredients of their products because consumers are interested in the formula of their products.<ref name="Biron-2019">{{Cite web |last=Biron |first=Bethany |title=Beauty has blown up to be a $532 billion industry – and analysts say that these 4 trends will make it even bigger |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/beauty-multibillion-industry-trends-future-2019-7 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620034418/https://www.businessinsider.com/beauty-multibillion-industry-trends-future-2019-7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rise of "clean cosmetics" movement has led to more examination of ingredients in cosmetics from consumers. As a result of concerns about potential health risks associated with certain ingredients found in cosmetics, many brands have begun to formulate new products without these ingredients. This had started to lead to a new movement of "clean cosmetics."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=MD |first1=Molly Wanner |last2=MSHS |first2=Neera Nathan, MD |date=2019-03-04 |title=Clean cosmetics: The science behind the trend |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/clean-cosmetics-the-science-behind-the-trend-2019030416066 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> Studies have shown that women of color are disproportionally exposed to harmful ingredients in cosmetics because certain beauty products are marketed towards women of color, and these products with harmful ingredients tend to be used more often in their community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zota |first1=Ami R. |last2=Shamasunder |first2=Bhavna |date=October 2017 |title=The environmental injustice of beauty: framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=217 |issue=4 |pages=418.e1–418.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.020 |issn=1097-6868 |pmc=5614862 |pmid=28822238}}</ref> 

=== Natural ===
{{See also|Organic movement|Maker culture}}
Handmade and [[Organic certification|certified organic]] products are becoming more mainstream due to consumer concerns that certain chemicals in some [[skincare]] products may be harmful if absorbed through the skin. The [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]], which regulates the US cosmetic industry, says, "FDA has not defined the term "natural" and has not established a regulatory definition for this term in cosmetic labeling."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nutrition |first=Center for Food Safety and Applied |date=2022-03-04 |title=Small Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resources-industry-cosmetics/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet |journal=FDA |language=en |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311235935/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resources-industry-cosmetics/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref>  It goes on to warn consumers, "choosing ingredients from sources you consider "organic" or "natural" is no guarantee that they are safe."

=== Mineral ===
The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are often mixed with oil-water [[emulsion]]s. Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives, and compressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, or chemical dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler on the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients.<ref name="The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup">{{cite web | url=https://www.webmd.com/beauty/features/the-lowdown-on-mineral-makeup#2 | title=The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup | website=WebMD | access-date=29 October 2018 | page=2 | archive-date=16 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116025230/https://www.webmd.com/beauty/features/the-lowdown-on-mineral-makeup#2 | url-status=live }}</ref> Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving the skin a shining or sparking appearance. One example is [[bismuth oxychloride]].<ref name=Ullmann /> There are various mineral-based makeup brands, including Bare Minerals, [[Tarte Cosmetics|Tarte]], [[Bobbi Brown]], and [[Stila]].

== Packaging ==
{{Main|Cosmetic packaging}}
The term [[cosmetic packaging]] is used for [[cosmetic container|primary packaging]] and secondary packaging of cosmetic products.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Primary packaging, also called cosmetic containers, houses the cosmetic product. It is in direct contact with the cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that any information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package. Otherwise, much of the required information can appear on just the secondary packaging.<ref name="CosmeticsEuropeRegulation">{{cite web|title=Understanding the Cosmetics Regulation|url=https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/cosmetics-industry/understanding-cosmetics-regulation/|publisher=Cosmetics Europe Association|access-date=3 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104014506/https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/cosmetics-industry/understanding-cosmetics-regulation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cosmetic packaging is standardized by [[ISO 22715]], set by the [[International Organization for Standardization]]<ref name="ISO22715:2006">{{cite web|last1=International Organization for Standardization|title=ISO 22715:2006 Cosmetics – Packaging and labelling|url=https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36436|publisher=ISO.org|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104014445/http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36436|url-status=live}}</ref> and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the [[Regulation (European Union)|EU]] or the [[FDA]]. Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant with these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding [[Jurisdiction (area)|areas of jurisdiction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Summary of Cosmetics Labeling Requirements |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling-regulations/summary-cosmetics-labeling-requirements |website=United States Food and Drug Administration |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2019-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121829/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling-regulations/summary-cosmetics-labeling-requirements }}</ref>

== Industry ==
[[File:JPG Farmers Centre Place cosmetics 2013.jpg|thumb|Cosmetics at department store [[Farmers Trading Company|Farmers]] [[Centre Place]] in [[Hamilton, New Zealand]]]]
The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of [[multinational corporation]]s that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics are spread among a wide range of businesses. The world's largest cosmetic companies are [[L'Oréal]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Unilever]], [[Shiseido]], and [[Estée Lauder Companies|Estée Lauder]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102412/https://www.scribd.com/doc/3027409/Top-100-Cosmetic-Manufacturers Top 100 Cosmetic Manufacturers]. scribd.com</ref> In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan was about EUR 70 Billion/a year.<ref name=Ullmann /> In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of [[retail]] sales in 2008,<ref name="Cosmetic Industry">{{cite web|url=https://www.german-business-portal.info/GBP/Navigation/en/Business-Location/Manufacturing%20Industries/cosmetics-industry,did=326082.html|title=Cosmetic Industry|access-date=2010-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908122058/https://www.german-business-portal.info/GBP/Navigation/en/Business-Location/Manufacturing%20Industries/cosmetics-industry%2Cdid%3D326082.html|archive-date=2010-09-08}}</ref> which makes the German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world, after Japan and the United States. German [[export]]s of cosmetics reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion.<ref name="Cosmetic Industry" />

The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf, May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie – the French federation for the perfume industry).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clickpress.com/releases/Detailed/82987005cp.shtml |title= France continues to lead the way in cosmetics |date= 24 July 2008 |website= ClickPress |access-date= 21 February 2022 |archive-date= 2 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502081050/https://www.clickpress.com/releases/Detailed/82987005cp.shtml |url-status= live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2019}} France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €6.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Yves Rocher]], and many others.

[[File:Life Pharmacy Westfield Albany cosmetics 2013.jpg|thumb|Cosmetics at [[Green Cross Health|Life Pharmacy]] at [[Westfield Albany]] on the [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]] of [[Auckland]], New Zealand]]
The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other [[European countries]], the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated by [[hair]] and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market. Makeup and facial care are the most common cosmetic products exported to the United States.

According to Euromonitor International, the market for cosmetics in [[China]] is expected to be $7.4 billion in 2021 up from $4.3 billion in 2016. The increase is due to [[social media]] and the changing attitudes of people in the 18-to-30-year age bracket.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wei |first=Daniela |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-31/bloggers-touting-makeup-secrets-spur-estee-lauder-s-china-sales |title=Bloggers Touting Makeup Secrets Spur Estee Lauder's China Sales |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=2017-05-31 |access-date=2017-06-02 |archive-date=2017-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601071158/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-31/bloggers-touting-makeup-secrets-spur-estee-lauder-s-china-sales |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances, many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with perfumes bearing their names. Moreover, some actors and [[singing|singers]] (such as [[Celine Dion]]) have their own perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by [[Giorgio Armani]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], and others.

[[Procter & Gamble]], which sells [[CoverGirl]] and [[Dolce & Gabbana]] makeup, funded a study,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cosmetics as a Feature of the Extended Human Phenotype: Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=10|article-number=e25656|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025656|pmid=21991328|pmc=3185017|year=2011|last1=Etcoff|first1=N. L.|last2=Stock|first2=S|last3=Haley|first3=L. E.|last4=Vickery|first4=S. A.|last5=House|first5=D. M.|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625656E|doi-access=free}}</ref> concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/fashion/makeup-makes-women-appear-more-competent-study.html?_r=1 | work=The New York Times | title=Makeup Makes Women Appear More Competent: Study | date=2011-10-12 | access-date=2017-02-21 | archive-date=2017-04-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417052732/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/fashion/makeup-makes-women-appear-more-competent-study.html?_r=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the source of funding, the quality of this [[Boston University]] study is questioned.

Cosmetics products may be retailed in [[beauty stores]], [[department stores]] and [[hypermarkets]], [[drugstores]], [[variety stores]], [[grocery stores]], beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores.

Cosmetic companies have changed their traditional methods of marketing by using social media influencers and brand ambassadors to market their products.<ref name="Biron-2019" />

==Safety evaluation==
{{further|Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products}}
{{Update|section|date=May 2025}}

In the United States, cosmetic products and ingredients do not need FDA premarket approval, with the exception of color additives, but manufacturers are required to assure safety of the products.<ref name="fda-reg">{{cite web| url=https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401084712/http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm| archive-date=1 April 2014| title=FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=2 March 2022|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world also have stringent regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packaging/co0013_en.htm|title=EUR-Lex – co0013 – EN – EUR-Lex|work=europa.eu|access-date=2022-02-21|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508131613/http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packaging/co0013_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The FDA provides surveillance of cosmetics products, and exercises enforcement against companies that break manufacturing, labeling or marketing laws on cosmetic products, such as by issuing [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] to companies making unapproved [[health claim]]s.<ref name="fda-cosm">{{cite web |title=Cosmetics Labeling Claims |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling/cosmetics-labeling-claims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912074451/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling/cosmetics-labeling-claims |archive-date=12 September 2019 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Epikutanni-test.jpg|thumb|[[Patch test]]]]
[[Perfume]]s are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from [[patch test]]ing show [[aroma compound|fragrances]] contain some ingredients which may cause [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name="Synthetic_Fragrances">{{cite journal |last1=Frosch|first1= P.J.|last2= Pilz |first2=B.|last3=Andersen|first3=K.E.|title=Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multi-center study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes |journal=Contact Derm. |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=333–42 |date=November 1995 |pmid=8565489 |doi= 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02048.x|s2cid=44355890 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

[[Balsam of Peru]] was the main recommended marker for perfume allergy before 1977, it is still advised. The presence of Balsam of Peru in a cosmetic will be denoted by the [[International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients|INCI]] term ''Myroxylon pereirae''.<ref name="rook">{{citation | last1=Beck|first1=M. H. | last2=Wilkinson|first2= S. M. | chapter=26. Contact Dermatitis: Allergic |doi=10.1002/9781444317633.ch26 |isbn=978-1-4443-1763-3| title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology | volume=2 | edition=8th | year=2010 | publisher=Wiley | page=26.40| s2cid=204093054 }}</ref><ref name="google3" /> In some instances, Balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its [[Balsam of Peru#Alternate names|various names]], but it may not be required to be listed by its name by mandatory labeling conventions (in fragrances, for example, it may simply be covered by an ingredient listing of "fragrance").<ref name="google3">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHIlWSOiroC&pg=PA556 |title=Contact Dermatitis |last1=Johansen|first1=Jeanne Duus |last2=Frosch|first2= Peter J. |last3=Lepoittevin|first3= Jean-Pierre |publisher=Springer |date=2010 |access-date=March 13, 2014 |isbn=978-3-642-03827-3 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805102351/https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHIlWSOiroC&pg=PA556 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="google7">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&pg=PA735 |title=Fisher's Contact Dermatitis |last=Fisher|first= Alexander A. |publisher=PMPH-USA |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-55009-378-0 |access-date=2015-11-06 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805101125/https://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&pg=PA735 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef_HllqkdqEC&pg=PT514 |title=Andrew's Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |first1=William D. |last1=James |first2=Timothy |last2=Berger |first3=Dirk |last3=Elston |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-4377-3619-9 |access-date=2015-11-06 |archive-date=2018-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517041148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef_HllqkdqEC&pg=PT514 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORpbQRdlCpoC&pg=PA1042|title=Dermatotoxicology|edition=Sixth|last1=Zhai|first1=Hongbo|last2=Maibach|first2=Howard I.|publisher=CRC Press|date=2004|access-date=March 13, 2014|isbn=978-0-203-42627-2|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805090117/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORpbQRdlCpoC&pg=PA1042|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Animal testing ===
{{Main|Testing cosmetics on animals}}

Due to ethical concerns around animal testing, some nations have required evidence for safety that may involve animal testing for cosmetics.<ref name="fda-animal">{{cite web |title=Animal Testing & Cosmetics |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/product-testing-cosmetics/animal-testing-cosmetics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912074041/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/product-testing-cosmetics/animal-testing-cosmetics |archive-date=12 September 2019 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=4 March 2022}}</ref> Cosmetics manufacturers are encouraged to ensure safe products, having responsibility to establish the safety of individual ingredients and the final product before going to market.<ref name=fda-animal/> When animal testing is used by a company, a national regulatory agency, such as the US FDA, encourages  minimal use of animals and humane methods, also supporting that scientifically valid alternative methods to whole-animal testing be used.<ref name=fda-animal/>

As of 2019, an estimated 50–100 million animals were tested each year in locations such as the United States and China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kabene|first1=Stefane|last2=Baadel|first2=Said|date=2019-11-12|title=Bioethics: a look at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics in the UK|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine|volume=12|page=15|doi=10.18502/jmehm.v12i15.1875|issn=2008-0387|pmc=7166243|pmid=32328228}}</ref> Such tests may have involved eye and skin irritants, [[phototoxicity]] (toxicity triggered by [[ultraviolet]] light), and [[mutagenicity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Animal Testing: Issues and Ethics|last=Watson|first=Stephanie|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|location=New York|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4358-5671-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0024059 | pmid = 21915280 | title = Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | article-number = e24059 | year = 2011 | last1 = Ferdowsian | first1 = Hope R. | last2 = Beck | first2 = Nancy|pmc=3168484 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...624059F | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2018, California banned the sale of animal-tested cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/california-just-officially-banned-the-sale-of-animal-tested-cosmetics_n_5b913ac6e4b0cf7b003d5c09|title=California Just Officially Banned The Sale Of Animal-Tested Cosmetics|last=Hanson|first=Hilary|date=2018-09-29|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2019-05-17|language=en-AU|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517160322/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/california-just-officially-banned-the-sale-of-animal-tested-cosmetics_n_5b913ac6e4b0cf7b003d5c09|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands, India, Norway, Israel, New Zealand, Belgium, and the UK. In 2002, the European Union agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009 and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing_en|title=Ban on Animal Testing – Growth – European Commission|website=Growth|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26|date=2016-07-05|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182953/http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing_en|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2009, the European Parliament and Council passed [[EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics#Restrictions for hazardous ingredients and animal testing|EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics]], a bill to regulate the cosmetic industry in the EU.<ref name="Regulation-2009">{{CELEX|02009R1223-20240424|text=Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (consolidated text)}}</ref> EC Regulation 1223/2009 took effect on July 11, 2013.<ref name="Regulation-2009" /> In March 2013, the EU banned the import and sale of cosmetics containing ingredients tested on animals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html|title=E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients|last=Kanter|first=James|date=2013-03-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509182353/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html|url-status=live}}</ref> China required animal testing on cosmetic products until 2014, when they waived animal testing requirements for domestically produced products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-16/ending-china-animal-tests-is-salve-for-big-beauty-quicktake-q-a|title=Here's How China Is Moving Away From Animal Testing|date=16 January 2018|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517160333/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-16/ending-china-animal-tests-is-salve-for-big-beauty-quicktake-q-a|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, China approved nine non-animal testing methods, and in 2020 laws making animal testing compulsory were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/china-lifting-animal-testing-laws|title=China Will No Longer Require Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products|last=Morosini|first=Daniela|website=British Vogue|date=10 April 2019|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513201237/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/china-lifting-animal-testing-laws|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2017, legislation was proposed in Australia to end animal testing in the cosmetics industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-03-australia-animal-laws-good-dont.html|title=Australia's animal testing laws are a good start, but don't go far enough|website=phys.org|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517160311/https://phys.org/news/2019-03-australia-animal-laws-good-dont.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, the [[Australian Senate]] passed a bill that banned the use of data from animal testing in the cosmetic industry since July 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/sustainability/australia-bans-use-of-data-from-animal-tests-in-cosmetics-20190227-p510jo.html|title=Australia bans use of data from animal tests in cosmetics|last=Jacobs|first=Steve|date=2019-03-16|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517160311/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/sustainability/australia-bans-use-of-data-from-animal-tests-in-cosmetics-20190227-p510jo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legislation ==

=== Europe ===
In the European Union, the manufacture, labelling, and supply of cosmetics and personal care products are regulated by [[EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics|Regulation EC 1223/2009]].<ref name="Regulation-2009"/> It applies to all the countries of the EU as well as Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. This regulation applies to single-person companies making or importing just one product as well as to large multinationals. Manufacturers and importers of cosmetic products must comply with the applicable regulations in order to sell their products in the EU. In this industry, it is common fall back on a suitably qualified person, such as an independent third party inspection and testing company, to verify the cosmetics' compliance with the requirements of applicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation, including [[Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals|REACH]], [[Good manufacturing practice|GMP]], [[Dangerous goods|hazardous substances]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/consumer-issues/product-safety/cosmetic-products-safety-regulations-2008-as-amended|title=Product safety for manufacturers|work=bis.gov.uk|access-date=2022-02-21|archive-date=2012-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105052730/http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/consumer-issues/product-safety/cosmetic-products-safety-regulations-2008-as-amended|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cosmeticseurope.eu/cosmetics-industry/understanding-cosmetics-regulation/|title=The Single Market|work=cosmeticseurope|access-date=2021-07-01|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605202506/https://cosmeticseurope.eu/cosmetics-industry/understanding-cosmetics-regulation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the European Union, the circulation of cosmetic products and their safety have been the subject of legislation since 1976. One of the newest improvements to the regulation concerning the cosmetic industry is the ban on [[animal testing]]. Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Union since September 2004, and testing the separate ingredients of such products on animals is also prohibited by law, since March 2009 for some endpoints and full since 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing/index_en.htm|title=Regulatory context|access-date=2010-08-04|publisher=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2010-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720005200/http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cosmetic regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies while ensuring [[safety standards|product safety]]. For instance, all annexes of Regulation 1223/2009 were aimed at addressing potential risks to human [[health]].
Under the EU cosmetic regulation, manufacturers, retailers, and importers of cosmetics in Europe will be designated as "responsible persons.".<ref name="Regulation-2009"/> This new status implies that the responsible person has the [[legal liability]] to ensure that the cosmetics and [[brand]]s they manufacture or sell comply with the current cosmetic regulations and norms. The responsible person is also responsible for the documents contained in the Product Information File (PIF), a list of product information including data such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report, product description, [[GMP statement]], or product function.

=== United States ===
In 1938, the U.S. passed the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] authorizing the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to oversee safety via legislation in the cosmetic industry and its aspects in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/default.htm|title=Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)|work=fda.gov|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318023122/https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/default.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ProductRegulation/ucm132818.htm|title = The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|website = [[Food and Drug Administration]]|access-date = 22 April 2015|archive-date = 2 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150502135903/http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ProductRegulation/ucm132818.htm}}</ref> The FDA joined with 13 other federal agencies in forming the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 1997, which was intended to ban animal testing and find other methods to test cosmetic products,<ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Testing & Cosmetics|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/scienceresearch/producttesting/ucm072268.htm|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084328/http://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/scienceresearch/producttesting/ucm072268.htm}}</ref> although regulations in 2022 permit animal testing as a method to ensure safe use for consumers.<ref name=fda-animal/>

The current law on cosmetics in the U.S. does not require cosmetic products and ingredients to have FDA approval before going on the market, except for color additives.<ref name=fda-reg/> The Cosmetic Safety Enhancement Act was introduced in December 2019.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |title=Why your cosmetics don't have to be tested for safety |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/why-your-cosmetics-dont-have-to-be-tested-for-safety |website=PBS |language=en |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002162341/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/why-your-cosmetics-dont-have-to-be-tested-for-safety |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Brazil ===

ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, ''Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency'') is the regulatory body responsible for cosmetic legislation and [[:wikt:directive|directives]] in the country. The rules apply to manufacturers, importers, and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil, and most of them have been harmonized so they can apply to the entire [[Mercosur]].

The current legislation restricts the use of certain substances, such as pyrogallol, [[formaldehyde]], or paraformaldehyde, and bans the use of others, such as lead [[acetate]] in cosmetic products. All restricted and forbidden substances and products are listed in the regulation RDC 16/11 and RDC 162, 09/11/01.

More recently, a new cosmetic [[Technical Regulation]] (RDC 15/2013) was set up to establish a list of authorized and restricted substances for cosmetic use, used in products such as [[Hair coloring|hair dyes]], nail hardeners, or used as product preservatives.

Most Brazilian regulations are optimized, harmonized, or adapted in order to be applicable and extended to the entire Mercosur [[Special economic zone|economic zone]].

=== International ===
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) published new guidelines on the safe manufacturing of cosmetic products under a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regime. Regulators in several countries and regions have adopted this standard, ISO 22716:2007, effectively replacing existing guidance and standards. 
ISO 22716 provides a comprehensive approach for a quality management system for those engaged in the manufacturing, packaging, testing, storage, and transportation of cosmetic end products. The standard deals with all aspects of the supply chain, from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to the consumer.

The standard is based on other quality management systems, ensuring smooth integration with such systems as ISO 9001 or the British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. Therefore, it combines the benefits of GMP, linking cosmetic product safety with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to meet global consumer demand for cosmetic product safety certification.<ref>[https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36437 ISO 22716] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004180415/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36437 |date=2016-10-04 }} ISO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices, Retrieved 09/27/2012</ref>

In July 2012, since microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmetic products, the ISO introduced a new standard for evaluating the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological risk assessment.

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Acne cosmetica]]
* [[Airbrush makeup]]
* [[Makeup brush]]
* [[Baking (make-up)|Baking]]
* [[Body art]]
* [[Contouring]]
* [[Cosmeceutical]]
* [[Cosmetic packaging]]
* [[Cosmetics policy]]
* [[Electrotherapy (cosmetic)]]
* [[Female cosmetic coalitions]]
* [[Henna]]
* [[Ingredients of cosmetics]]
* [[International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists]]
* [[Male cosmetics]]
* [[Moulage]]
* [[Natural skin care]]
* [[Palm oil]]
* [[Permanent makeup]]
* [[Skin care]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Cosmetics | b=no | n=no | q=Cosmetics | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}}
* {{cite book|last=Winter|first=Ruth|title=A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback)|orig-date=2005|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=US|isbn=978-1-4000-5233-2|year=2005}}

{{Cosmetics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cosmetics| ]]
[[Category:Skin care]]