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{{Short description|18th-century European adventurer and intellectual}}
{{redirect|Comte de Saint Germain|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = Count of St. Germain
| image              = Count of St Germain.jpg
| caption            = Engraving by Nicolas Thomas, 1783 (based on a painting then owned by [[Jeanne Camus de Pontcarré]] and now lost<ref name="Franco 1950">{{cite journal |title=The Count of St. Germain |author-last=Franco |author-first=Johan |journal=The Musical Quarterly |date=October 1950 |volume=XXXVI |number=4 |pages=540–550 |jstor=739641 |doi=10.1093/mq/xxxvi.4.540 }}</ref>), contained at the [[Louvre]]<ref name="Hall 1981">{{cite book |contributor-last=Hall |contributor-first=Manly P. |contributor-link=Manly P. Hall |contribution=Notes on the Music of St. Germain |author=Count of St. Germain |title=The Music of the Comte de St. Germain: The Favorite Songs from the Opera Called L'Incostanza Delusa to which is added Six Sonatas for Two Violins With a Bass For the Harpsicord of Violoncello |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Philosophical Research Society |date=1981 |isbn=0893144169 }}</ref>
| native_name        = Comte de Saint Germain
| other_names        = Marquess of Montferrat (Fr. Marquis de Montferrat), Count Bellamarre (Fr. Comte Bellamarre), Knight Schoening (Fr. Chavelier Schoening), Count Weldon, Count Soltikoff (Fr. Comte Soltikoff), Manuel Doria, Graf Tzarogy, Prince Ragoczy (Ge. Prinz Ragoczy)
| birth_date         = Supposedly 1691 or 1712
| death_date         = Supposedly 27 February 1784
| death_place        = [[Eckernförde]], [[Germany]]
}}
{{Theosophy}}

The '''Count of St. Germain''' ([[French language|French]]: '''''Comte de Saint Germain'''''; {{IPA|fr|kɔ̃t də sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃}}; 1691 or 1712 – 27 February 1784)<ref name="Cooper-Oakley 1912">{{cite book |author-last=Cooper-Oakley |author-first=Isabel |author-link=Isabel Cooper-Oakley |date=1912 |title=The Comte de St. Germain: The Secret of Kings |location=Milan |publisher=G. Sulli-Rao |url=https://archive.org/details/comtedestgermain0000coop/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}</ref>{{rp|45}} whose real name and origins remain unknown, was a European adventurer who had interests and achievements in science, [[alchemy]], philosophy, and [[the arts]]. He rose to prominence in the European [[High society (social class)|high society]] of the mid-18th century due to his works and interests. He associated himself with some of the top contemporary figures, including [[Casanova]], [[Voltaire]] and [[Mozart]].

The count used a variety of names and titles, including the Marquess of Montferrat (Fr. ''Marquis de Montferrat''), Count Bellamarre (Fr. ''Comte Bellamarre''),  Knight [[Schöningen|Schoening]] (Fr. ''Chevalier Schoening''), Count Weldon, Count [[Saltykov|Soltikoff]] (Fr. ''Comte Soltikoff''), Manuel Doria, Graf Tzarogy, and Prince Ragoczy (De. ''Prinz Ragoczy''). He appears to have begun to be known under the title of the Count of St Germain during the early 1740s.<ref name="Chrissochoidis 2010">{{cite web |author-last=Chrissochoidis |author-first=Ilias |title=The Music of the Count of St. Germain: An Edition |work=Newsletter of the Society for Eighteenth-Century Music |number=16 |url=https://www.secm.org/newsletter/volume16.pdf |date=April 2010 |pages=6–7 |access-date=2025-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131204634/https://www.secm.org/newsletter/volume16.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-31}}</ref>

He is said to have made far-fetched claims (such as being 500 years old),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6Y_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10 |title=A Dictionary of Symbolic Masonry: Including the Royal Arch Degree; According to the System Prescribed by the Grand Lodge and Supreme Grand Chapter of England |last=Oliver |first=George |publisher=Jno. W. Leonard |year=1855 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> leading Voltaire to dub him "the Wonderman", and that "he is a man who does not die, and who knows everything".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comte de Saint-Germain &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/comte-de-Saint-Germain |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>Frederick II. "Correspondance avec M. de Voltaire." Oevres Posthumes de Frederic II. Tome XIV. Amsterdam, 1789.  Pages 255 - 257</ref> [[Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel]], called him "one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived".<ref name="Charles of Hesse 1861" />{{rp|135}}

== Origins ==
The count's origins and background remain obscure; nothing is known with certainty of his origins. Toward the end of his life, he claimed to be the son of [[Francis II Rákóczi]], the [[prince of Transylvania]];<ref name="jstor2">{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=David |year=2003 |title=Monsieur le Comte de Saint-Germain: The Great Pretender |journal=The Musical Times |volume=144 |issue=1885 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3650726 |jstor=3650726}}</ref><ref group="note">Spellings used are those given in ''The Comte de St. Germain'' by Isabel Cooper-Oakley</ref> while without hard evidence,<ref name="Cooper-Oakley 1912" />{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<!--allegedly by Duchess [[Duchess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria|Violante Beatrice of Tuscany]]--> this would account for his wealth and evident fine education.<ref name="Franco 1950" />

The will of Francis II mentions Leopold George,  his eldest son, who was believed to have died at the age of four.<ref name="Franco 1950" /> It has been speculated that his identity was falsified to protect against persecution from the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]].<ref name="Franco 1950" />  At the time of his arrival in Schleswig in 1779, he told Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel that he was 88 years old,<ref name="Charles of Hesse 1861"/>{{rp|133}} making his year of birth 1691, when Francis II was 15 years old.

St. Germain was supposedly educated in Italy by [[Gian Gastone]], the [[grand duke of Tuscany]] and allegedly his mother's brother-in-law. He was believed to be a student at the [[University of Siena]].<ref name="jstor2" />

Throughout his adult life, he deliberately concealed his actual name and origins, using a multitude of pseudonyms in the different places he visited.
{{Blockquote|text=The [[Créquy family|Marquis de Crequy]] declared that St. Germain was an [[Alsatian Jew]], Simon Wolff by name, and was born at [[Strasbourg]] about the close of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century; others insist that he was a Spanish [[Jesuit]] named Aymar; and others again intimate that his true title was the Marquis de Betmar, and that he was a native of Portugal. The most plausible theory, however, makes him the natural son of an Italian princess and fixes his birth at [[San Germano Chisone|San Germano]], in [[Savoy]], about the year 1710; his ostensible father being one Rotondo, a tax-collector of that district.|author=[[Phineas Taylor Barnum]]|source=''The Humbugs of the World'', 1886.}}

== Career ==

=== England ===
According to David Hunter, the count contributed some of the songs to ''L'incostanza delusa'', an opera performed at the [[Haymarket Theatre]] in London on all but one of the Saturdays from 9 February to 20 April 1745.<ref name="jstor2"/> Later, in a letter of December of that same year, [[Horace Walpole]] mentions Count St. Germain as being arrested in London on suspicion of espionage (this was during the [[Jacobite rebellion of 1745]]), but released without charge:

<blockquote>The other day they seized an odd man, who goes by the name of Count St. Germain. He has been here these two years, and will not tell who he is, or whence, but professes [two wonderful things, the first] that he does not go by his right name; and the second that he never had any dealings with any woman – nay, nor with any [[wikt:succedaneum|succedaneum]] [substitute, i.e. for a woman]. He sings, plays on the violin wonderfully, composes, is mad, and not very [[sensibility|sensible]]. He is called an Italian, a Spaniard, a Pole; somebody that married a great fortune in Mexico, and ran away with her jewels to Constantinople; a priest, a fiddler, a vast nobleman. The [[Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] has had an unsatiated curiosity about him, but in vain. However, nothing has been made out against him; he is released; and, what convinces me that he is not a gentleman, stays here, and talks of his being taken up for a spy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12073/12073.txt |title=Letter to Sir Horace Mann |date=9 December 1745 |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The Count gave two private musical performances in London in April and May 1749.<ref name="jstor2"/> On one such occasion, [[Jemima Yorke, 2nd Marchioness Grey|Lady Jemima Yorke]] described how she was "very much entertain'd ''by him'' or ''at him'' the whole Time – I mean the Oddness of his Manner which it is impossible not to laugh at, otherwise you know he is very sensible & well-bred in conversation".<ref name="jstor2"/> She continued: <blockquote>He is an Odd Creature, and the more I see him the more curious I am to know something about him. He is everything with everybody: he talks Ingeniously with [[Daniel Wray|Mr Wray]], Philosophy with [[Richard Verney, 13th Baron Willoughby de Broke|Lord Willoughby]], and is gallant with Miss Yorke, Miss Carpenter, and all the Young Ladies. But the Character and Philosopher is what he seems to pretend to, and to be a good deal conceited of: the Others are put on to comply with Les Manieres du Monde, but ''that'' you are to suppose his real characteristic; and I can't but fancy he is a great Pretender in All kinds of Science, as well as that he really has acquired an uncommon Share in some.<ref name="jstor2"/></blockquote>

Walpole reports that St Germain: 

<blockquote>spoke Italian and French with the greatest facility, though it was evident that neither was his language; he understood Polish and soon learnt to understand English and talk it a little [...] But Spanish or Portuguese seemed his natural language.<ref name="Walpole 1971">{{cite book |author-last=Walpole |author-first=Horace |author-link=Horace Walpole |date=1971 |chapter=Appendix 6: Walpole's Accounts of the Count Saint-Germain |title=The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence. |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=W. S. |volume=26 |pages=20–21 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |url=https://libsvcs-1.its.yale.edu/hwcorrespondence/page.asp?vol=26&seq=86&type=b |access-date=2025-04-01 |via=[[Lewis Walpole Library]]}}</ref></blockquote> 

Walpole concludes that the Count was "a man of Quality who had been in or designed for the Church. He was too great a musician not to have been famous if he had not been a gentleman".<ref name="Walpole 1971"/> Walpole describes the Count as pale, with "extremely black" hair and a beard. "He dressed magnificently, [and] had several jewels" and was clearly receiving "large remittances, but made no other figure".<ref name="Walpole 1971"/>

=== France ===
St. Germain appeared in the French court around 1748. In 1749, he was employed by [[Louis XV]] for diplomatic missions.<ref name="Cooper-Oakley 1912" />{{rp|94}}

A [[mime]] and English comedian known as Mi'Lord Gower impersonated St. Germain in Paris salons. His stories were wilder than the real count's (he had advised Jesus, for example). Inevitably, hearsay of his routine got confused with the original.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

[[Giacomo Casanova]] describes in his memoirs several meetings with the "celebrated and learned impostor". Of his first meeting, in Paris in 1757, he writes:

<blockquote>The most enjoyable dinner I had was with Madame de Robert Gergi, who came with the famous adventurer, known by the name of the Count de St. Germain. This individual, instead of eating, talked from the beginning of the meal to the end, and I followed his example in one respect as I did not eat, but listened to him with the greatest attention. It may safely be said that as a conversationalist he was unequalled.
St. Germain gave himself out for a marvel and always aimed at exciting amazement, which he often succeeded in doing. He was a scholar, linguist, musician, and chemist, good-looking, and a perfect ladies' man. For a while he gave them paints and cosmetics; he flattered them, not that he would make them young again (which he modestly confessed was beyond him) but that their beauty would be preserved by means of a wash which, he said, cost him a lot of money, but which he gave away freely.
He had contrived to gain the favour of [[Madame de Pompadour]], who had spoken about him to [[Louis XV of France|the king]], for whom he had made a laboratory, in which the monarch – a martyr to boredom – tried to find a little pleasure or distraction, at all events, by making dyes. The king had given him a suite of rooms at Chambord, and a hundred thousand francs for the construction of a laboratory, and according to St. Germain the dyes discovered by the king would have a materially beneficial influence on the quality of French fabrics.
This extraordinary man, intended by nature to be the king of impostors and quacks, would say in an easy, assured manner that he was three hundred years old, that he knew the secret of the Universal Medicine, that he possessed a mastery over nature, that he could melt diamonds, professing himself capable of forming, out of ten or twelve small diamonds, one large one of the finest water without any loss of weight. All this, he said, was a mere trifle to him. Notwithstanding his boastings, his bare-faced lies, and his manifold eccentricities, I cannot say I thought him offensive. In spite of my knowledge of what he was and in spite of my own feelings, I thought him an astonishing man as he was always astonishing me.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoires of Casanova, Complete, by Jacques Casanova de Seingalt |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2981/2981.txt |via=Project Gutenberg|access-date=2013-04-30}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Dutch Republic ===
In March 1760, at the height of the [[Seven Years' War]], St. Germain travelled to [[The Hague]]. In Amsterdam, he stayed at the bankers Adrian and [[Thomas Hope (1704-1779)|Thomas Hope]] and pretended he came to borrow money for Louis XV with diamonds as [[collateral (finance)|collateral]].<ref>Gedenkschriften van G.J. Hardenbroek, deel I, p. 160-161, 220-221</ref> He assisted [[Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld]] starting a porcelain factory in [[Weesp]] as furnace and colour specialist.<ref>[https://www.oks.nl/storage/app/media/fulltext/051_OttemaN_VergeetboekGeraakteBronnenHollandsPorcelein.pdf Forgotten Sources of Information about Dutch Porcelain by NANNE OTTEMA]</ref> St. Germain tried to open peace negotiations between Britain and France with the help of [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]. British diplomats concluded that St. Germain had the backing of the [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle|Duc de Belle-Isle]] and possibly of Madame de Pompadour, who were trying to outmanoeuvre the French Foreign Minister, the pro-Austrian [[Étienne François, duc de Choiseul|Duc de Choiseul]]. However, Britain would not treat with St. Germain unless his credentials came directly from the French king. The Duc de Choiseul convinced [[Louis XV]] to disavow St. Germain and demand his arrest. [[Willem Bentinck van Rhoon|Count Bentinck de Rhoon]], a Dutch diplomat, regarded the arrest warrant as internal French politicking, in which Holland should not involve itself. However, a direct refusal to extradite St. Germain was also considered impolitic. De Rhoon, therefore, facilitated the departure of St. Germain to England with a passport issued by the British Ambassador, [[Joseph Yorke, 1st Baron Dover|General Joseph Yorke]]. This passport was made out "in blank", allowing St. Germain to travel in May 1760 from [[Hellevoetsluis]] to London under an assumed name, showing that this practice was officially accepted at the time.<ref name="Cooper-Oakley 1912" />{{rp|111-127, 183-270}}{{Page range too broad|date=March 2025}}

From St. Peterburg, St. Germain travelled to Berlin, Vienna, Milan, [[Ubbergen]], and [[Zutphen]] (June 1762),<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Count of Saint-Germain|author = David Pratt|url=http://davidpratt.info/st-germain1.htm|date=September 2012|access-date=25 January 2023|website=davidpratt.info}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023}}<ref>[http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_1.13.15.ead.pdf National Archives, p. 11]</ref> Amsterdam (August 1762), Venice (1769), Livorno (1770), Neurenberg (1772), Mantua (1773), The Hague (1774), and [[Bad Schwalbach]].

==Works==

=== Musical works ===
The following list of music attributed to the count comes from Appendix II from Jean Overton Fuller's book ''The Comte de Saint Germain''.<ref>Overton-Fuller, Jean. The Comte De Saint-Germain.  Last Scion of the House of Rakoczy. London, UK: East-West Publications, 1988. Pages 310-312.</ref>

==== Trio Sonatas ====
Six sonatas for two violins with a bass for harpsichord or violoncello:
* Op. 47 I. F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Molto adagio
* Op. 48 II. B-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Allegro
* Op. 49 III. E-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 50 IV. G minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Tempo giusto
* Op. 51 V. G major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Moderato
* Op. 52 VI. A major, {{sfrac|3|4}}, Cantabile lento

==== Violin solos ====
Seven solos for solo violin:
* Op. 53 I. B-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Largo
* Op. 54 II. E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 55 III. C minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 56 IV. E-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 57 V. E-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 58 VI. A major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio
* Op. 59 VII. B-flat major, {{sfrac|4|4}}, Adagio

==== English songs ====
* Op. 4 ''The Maid That's Made for Love and Me'' (''O Wouldst Thou Know What Sacred Charms''). E-flat major (marked B-flat major), {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 5 ''It Is Not that I Love You Less''. F major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 6 ''Gentle Love, This Hour Befriend Me''. D major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 7 ''Jove, When He Saw My Fanny's Face''. D major, {{sfrac|3|4}}

==== Italian arias ====
Numbered in order of their appearance in the ''Musique Raisonnee'', with their page numbers in that volume.<ref name="Count of St. Germain 1981">{{cite book |author=Count of St. Germain |title=The Music of the Comte de St. Germain: The Favorite Songs from the Opera Called L'Incostanza Delusa to which is added Six Sonatas for Two Violins With a Bass For the Harpsicord of Violoncello |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Philosophical Research Society |date=1981 |isbn=0893144169 }}</ref>
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> {{small|An asterisk marks titles performed in ''L'Incostanza Delusa'' and published in the book of ''Favourite Songs'' from that opera.}}
* Op. 1 IV, pp.&nbsp;16–20. ''Senza pietà mi credi'',* G major, {{sfrac|6|8}} (marked {{sfrac|3|8}} but there are 6 quavers to the bar)
* Op. 2 VIII, pp.&nbsp;36–39. ''Digli, digli'',* D major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 3 IX, pp.&nbsp;40–45. ''Per pieta bel Idol mio'',* F major, {{sfrac|3|8}}
* Op. 4/17 XIII, pp.&nbsp;58–61. ''Se mai riviene'', D minor, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 8 I, pp.&nbsp;1–5. ''Padre perdona, oh! pene'', G minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 9 II, pp.&nbsp;6–10. ''Non piangete amarti'', E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 10 III, pp.&nbsp;11–15. ''Intendo il tuo'', F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 11 V, pp.&nbsp;21–26. ''Già, già che moria deggio'', D major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 12 VI, pp.&nbsp;27–31. ''Dille che l'amor mio'',* E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 13 VII, pp.&nbsp;32–35. ''Mio ben ricordati'', D major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 14 X, pp.&nbsp;46–50. ''Non so, quel dolce moto'', B{{sup|{{music|flat}}}}  major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 15 XI, pp.&nbsp;51–55. ''Piango, è ver; ma non-procede'', G minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 16 XII, pp.&nbsp;56–57. ''Dal labbro che t'accende'', E major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 18 XIV, pp.&nbsp;62–63. ''Parlerò; non-e permesso'', E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 19 XV, pp.&nbsp;64–65. ''Se tutti i miei pensieri'', A major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 20 XVI, pp.&nbsp;66–67. ''Guadarlo, guaralo in volto'', E major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 21 XVII, pp.&nbsp;68–69. ''Oh Dio mancarmi'', D major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 22 XVIII, pp.&nbsp;70–71. ''Digli che son fedele'', E{{sup|{{music|flat}}}}  major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 23 XIX, pp.&nbsp;72–73. ''Pensa che sei cruda'', E minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 24 XX, pp.&nbsp;74–75. ''Torna torna innocente'', G major, {{sfrac|3|8}}
* Op. 25 XXI, pp.&nbsp;76–77. ''Un certo non-so che veggo'', E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 26 XXII, pp.&nbsp;78–79. ''Guardami, guardami prima in volto'', D major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 27 XXIII, pp.&nbsp;80–81. ''Parto, se vuoi così'', E{{sup|{{music|flat}}}} major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 28 XXIV, pp.&nbsp;82–83. ''Volga al Ciel se ti'', D minor, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 29 XXV, pp.&nbsp;84–85. ''Guarda se in questa volta'', F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 30 XXVI, pp.&nbsp;86–87. ''Quanto mai felice'', D major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 31 XXVII, pp.&nbsp;88–89. ''Ah che neldi'sti'', D major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 32, XXVIII, pp.&nbsp;90–91. ''Dopp'un tuo Sguardo'', F major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 33 XXIX, pp.&nbsp;92–93. ''Serberò fra' Ceppi'', G major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 34 XXX, pp.&nbsp;94–95. ''Figlio se più non-vivi moro'', F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 35 XXXI, pp.&nbsp;96–98. ''Non ti respondo'', C major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 36 XXXII, pp.&nbsp;99–101. ''Povero cor perché palpito'', G major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 37 XXXIII, pp.&nbsp;102–105. ''Non v'è più barbaro'', C minor, {{sfrac|3|8}}
* Op. 38 XXXIV, pp.&nbsp;106–108. ''Se de' tuoi lumi al fuoco amor'', E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 39 XXXV, pp.&nbsp;109–111. ''Se tutto tosto me sdegno'', E major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 40 XXXVI, pp.&nbsp;112–115. ''Ai negli occhi un tel incanto'', D major, {{sfrac|4|4}} (marked {{sfrac|2|4}} but there are 4 crotchets to the bar)
* Op. 41 XXXVII, pp.&nbsp;116–118. ''Come poteste de Dio'', F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 42 XXXVIII, pp.&nbsp;119–121. ''Che sorte crudele'', G major, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 43 XXXIX, pp.&nbsp;122–124. ''Se almen potesse al pianto'', G minor, {{sfrac|4|4}}
* Op. 44 XXXX, pp.&nbsp;125–127. ''Se viver non-posso lunghi'', D major, {{sfrac|3|8}}
* Op. 45 XXXXI, pp.&nbsp;128–130. ''Fedel faro faro cara cara'', D major, {{sfrac|3|4}}
* Op. 46 XXXXII, p.&nbsp;131. ''Non ha ragione'', F major, {{sfrac|4|4}}

=== Literary works ===
Discounting the snippets of political intrigue, a few musical pieces, and one mystical poem, there are only two pieces of writing attributed to the Count: ''[[The Most Holy Trinosophia|La Très Sainte Trinosophie]]'' and the untitled [[The Triangular Book of St. Germain]] (The Triangular Manuscript).

The first book attributed to the Count of Saint Germain is ''La Très Sainte Trinosophie'', a beautifully illustrated 18th century manuscript that describes in symbolic terms a journey of spiritual initiation or an alchemical process, depending on the interpretation. This book has been published several times, most notably by [[Manly P. Hall]], in Los Angeles, California, in 1933. The attribution to St. Germain rests on a handwritten note scrawled inside the cover of the original manuscript stating that this was a copy of a text once in St. Germain's possession.<ref name="Franco 1950" /> However, despite Hall's elaborate introduction describing the Count's legend, The Most Holy Trinosophia shows no definitive connection to him.

The second work attributed to St. Germain is the untitled 18th century manuscript in the shape of a triangle. The two known copies of the Triangular Manuscript exist as Hogart Manuscript 209 and 210 (MS 209 and MS 210). Both currently reside in the Manly Palmer Hall Collection of Alchemical Manuscripts at the [[Getty Research Library]].<ref name="Hogart MS 209">{{cite web |title="No. Soixante & Seize" De la collection maconnique du F... Ex Dono Sapientissimi Comitis St. Germain Qui Orben Terrarum Per Cucurrit., ca. 1775 |website=Getty Library |series=Manly Palmer Hall collection of alchemical manuscripts |url=https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI&docid=GETTY_ROSETTAIE718151&context=L |hdl=10020/950053b34 |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Hogart MS 210">{{cite web |title=Ex Dono Sapientissimi Comitis St. Germain Qoi Orbem Terrarum Per Cucurrit., ca. 1750 |website=Getty Library |series=Manly Palmer Hall collection of alchemical manuscripts |url=https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI&docid=GETTY_ROSETTAIE649180&context=L |hdl=10020/950053b35 |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref> Nick Koss decoded and translated this manuscript in 2011 and it was published as ''The Triangular Book of St. Germain'' by Ouroboros Press in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ouroboros-press.bookarts.org/portfolio/triangular-book-of-st-germain/ |title=TRIANGULAR BOOK OF ST. GERMAIN {{!}} Ouroboros Press |website=ouroboros-press.bookarts.org |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221135/http://ouroboros-press.bookarts.org/portfolio/triangular-book-of-st-germain/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike the first work, it mentions St. Germain directly as its originator. The book describes a magical ritual by which one can perform the two most extraordinary feats that characterized the legend of Count of St. Germain, namely procurement of great wealth and extension of life.

== Final days ==
The count arrived in [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Schleswig]], in 1779, where he made an acquaintance with Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, both of whom had an interest in mysticism. Charles was a member of several [[secret societies]] including the [[Illuminati|Bavarian Illuminati]] and a Secret Society of [[Ancient Order of Freesmiths|Freesmiths]]. The count showed Charles several of his gems and convinced him that he had invented a new method of colouring cloth. Charles, impressed, installed the count in an abandoned factory at [[Eckernförde]] which Charles had acquired especially for the count, and supplied the count with the materials and cloths needed to proceed with the project.<ref name="Charles of Hesse 1861">{{cite book |author=Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel |author-link=Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel |title=Mémoires de mon temps |trans-title=Memoirs of my time |lang=fr |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J. H. Schultz |date=1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdemonte00karluoft/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|132-135}}<ref name="von Lowzow 1984">{{cite book |author-last=von Lowzow |author-first=Marie Antoinette |date=1984 |orig-date=1981 |title=Saint-Germain – Den mystiske greve |trans-title=Saint Germain: The Mystic Count |lang=da |publisher=Dansk Historisk Håndbogsforlag |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-88742-04-6 }}</ref>{{rp|306-308}} The two met frequently in the following years, and Charles outfitted a laboratory for alchemical experiments in his nearby summer residence [[Stiftung Louisenlund|Louisenlund]], where they, among other things, cooperated in creating gemstones and jewelry. Charles later recounts in a letter that he was the only person in whom the count truly confided.<ref>Letter from Charles of Hesse-Kassel to Prince Christian of Hesse-Darmstadt, 17 April 1825.</ref><ref name="von Lowzow 1984"/>{{rp|328}} The count told Charles that he was the son of Francis II Rákóczi, and that he had been 88 years of age when he arrived in Schleswig.<ref name="von Lowzow 1984"/>{{rp|309}}

=== Death ===
The count died in his residence in the factory on 27 February 1784 when Charles was staying in [[Kassel]]. The death was recorded in the register of the St. Nicolai Church (De. ''St. Nicolaikirche'') in [[Eckernförde]].<ref name="von Lowzow 1984"/>{{rp|323}} He was buried on 2 March at Eckernförde in a private grave, the cost of which was listed in the accounting books of the church the following day.<ref name="von Lowzow 1984"/>{{rp|324}} On 3 April, a little over a month after his death, the mayor and the city council of Eckernförde issued an official proclamation about the auctioning off of the count's remaining effects in case no living relative would appear within a designated time period to lay claim on them.<ref>''Schleswig-Holsteinischen Anzeigen auf da Jahr 1784'', Glückstadt, 1784, pp. 404, 451.</ref><ref name="von Lowzow 1984"/>{{rp|324-325}}

Charles donated the factory to the crown and it was afterward converted into a hospital.

[[Jean Overton Fuller|Jean Fuller]], during her research in 1988, found that the count's estate upon his death was a packet of paid bills, receipts, and quittances; 82 Reichsthalers and 13 shillings in cash; and 29 various groups of items of clothing (gloves, stockings, trousers, shirts, etc.), 14 linen shirts, eight other groups of linen items, and various sundries: razors, buckles, toothbrushes, sunglasses, combs, etc.  No diamonds, jewels, gold, or any other riches were listed, nor were kept cultural items from travels, personal items (like his violin), or any notes of correspondence.<ref>Overton-Fuller, Jean. The Comte De Saint-Germain.  Last Scion of the House of Rakoczy. London, UK: East-West Publications, 1988. Pages 290-296.</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2016}}

In various [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophical]] and post-Theosophical teachings, the Count of St. Germain is seen as a [[supernatural being]] called a Master of the Ancient Wisdom or an [[Ascended master]], who is responsible for ushering in the [[Age of Aquarius]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Several of these sects{{which?|date=April 2025}} refer to him as "Master Rakoczi" or "Master R."{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}  Some{{who?|date=April 2025}} write that the name St. Germain invented for himself was a French version of the Latin ''[[Sanctus Germanus]]'', meaning "Holy Brother".<ref>Schroeder, Werner ''Ascended Masters and Their Retreats'' Ascended Master Teaching Foundation 2004, pages 250 – 255</ref><ref>Luk, A.D.K.. ''Law of Life – Book II''. Pueblo, Colorado: A.D.K. Luk Publications 1989, pages 254 – 267</ref><ref>Booth, Annice ''The Masters and Their Retreats '' Summit Lighthouse Library June 2003, pages 312 – 322</ref> 

Saint Germain is associated with the color violet, the gemstone [[amethyst]], and the [[Maltese cross]] rendered in violet (usually the ''iron cross style cross patee'' version). He is also regarded as the "Chohan of the Seventh Ray".<ref>"Saint Germain" (claimed to have been dictated by St. Germain to [[Mark Prophet]]) ''Studies in Alchemy'' Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA: 1974 Summit Lighthouse. See occult biographical (actually [[Hagiography|hagiographical]]) sketch of Saint Germain, pages 80–90 (The original edition of this book is printed in violet type on cream colored paper.)</ref> 

=== Theosophical Society ===

In 1892, [[Helena Blavatsky]] characterized the Count of St. Germain as "the greatest Oriental Adept Europe has seen during the last centuries."<ref name="Blavatsky 1918">{{cite book |author-last=Blavatsky |author-first=H. P.  |author-link=Helena Blavatsky |date=1918 |orig-date=1892 |title=The Theosophical Glossary |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Theosophical Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/theosophical00blav |access-date=2025-04-01 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|286-287}}  She said that he was one of her Masters of Wisdom and hinted that he had given her secret documents.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} [[The Theosophical Society]] after Blavatsky's death considered him to be a [[Mahatma]], Master of the Ancient Wisdom, or Adept.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

According to the Theosophical Society, the [[Seven Rays]] are seven metaphysical principles that govern both individual souls and the unfolding of each 2,158-year-long [[Astrological Age]]. Since, according to Theosophy, the upcoming [[Age of Aquarius]] will be governed by the Seventh (Violet) Ray (the Ray of Ceremonial Order), Saint Germain is sometimes called "The Hierarch of the Age of Aquarius".{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} 

[[Annie Besant]] said that she met the Count in 1896.<ref name="Butler 1948">{{cite book |author-last=Butler |author-first=E. M. |author-link=Eliza Marian Butler |year=1948 |chapter=The Man of Mystery (?1710-?1784) |title=The Myth of the Magus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=185–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/mythofmagus0000embu |url-access=registration |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|212 n2}}  [[Charles Webster Leadbeater|C. W. Leadbeater]] claimed to have met him in Rome.<ref name="Leadbeater 1925">{{cite book |author-last=Leadbeater |author-first=C. W. |author-link=Charles Webster Leadbeater |title=The Masters and the Path |location=Adyar, India |publisher=Theosophical Publishing House |date=1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201747/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|11}}  According to Leadbeater, the count had [[brown eyes]], [[Olive skin|olive colored skin]], and a pointed beard, adding "the splendour of his Presence impels men to make obeisance".<ref name="Leadbeater 1925"/>{{rp|44}} Elsewhere, he described the count as wearing "a suit of golden chain-mail which once belonged to a [[Roman Emperor]]; over it is thrown a magnificent cloak of crimson, with on its clasp a [[heptagram|seven-pointed star]] in diamond and [[amethyst]], and sometimes he wears a glorious robe of violet."<ref name="Leadbeater 1925"/>{{rp|286-287}}

==="I AM" Activity===

[[Guy Ballard]] claimed that, in August 1930, he met the Count of Saint Germain on [[Mount Shasta]] in California.  Shortly thereafter, Ballard founded the [["I AM" Activity]], and later the [[Saint Germain Foundation]] to serve as its parent organization.<ref>King, Godfre Ray. ''Unveiled Mysteries''. Chicago, Illinois: Saint Germain Press 1934</ref>  The "I AM" movement originated the presentation of the count as an [[Ascended master|Ascended Master]], referred to simply as "Saint Germain."{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}   In the Ascended Master teachings, the names "Master Rakoczi" and "Master R" refer to a being distinct from Saint Germain, the Great Divine Director, who is Saint Germain's teacher in the Great White Brotherhood of Ascended Masters.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} 

Saint Germain is the central figure in a series of books published by the Saint Germain Press (the publishing arm of the Saint Germain Foundation). The first two volumes, ''Unveiled Mysteries'' and ''The Magic Presence'', written by [[Guy Ballard]] as "Godfré Ray King", describe Saint Germain as an Ascended master, like [[Master Jesus|Jesus]], who is assisting humanity. In these first two books, Ballard discusses his personal experiences with Saint Germain and reveals many teachings that are in harmony with [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]]. The third volume, ''The 'I AM' Discourses'', contains material that is foundational to the [[sacred scripture]]s of the [["I AM" Activity|"I AM" Religious Activity]], founded in 1930 – the first of the Ascended Master Teachings religions.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} 

There are 20 volumes in the Saint Germain Series of Books, which are also referred to as the "Green Books". Another significant work, the ''[[Comte de Gabalis]]'', is said to be from the hand of Sir Francis Bacon before he Ascended and returned as Sanctus Germanus or Saint Germain. First printed in 1670, the book includes a picture of the [[The Polish Rider|Polish Rider]], [[Rembrandt]]'s famous painting at the [[Frick Collection]] in New York City, which is said to be of Sir Francis Bacon, AKA the [[Comte de Gabalis]], or the Count of the [[Kabbalah|Cabala]]. Lotus Ray King (Edna Ballard's pen name), wife of [[Guy Ballard]], talked about this book having been authored by the Ascended Master Saint Germain in the Round Table Talks of the "I AM" Religious Activity.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} 

As an Ascended Master, Saint Germain is believed to have many [[Magic (paranormal)|magical]] powers such as the ability to teleport, [[Levitation (paranormal)|levitate]], walk through walls, and to inspire people by [[telepathy]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Saint Germain – Master of the Seventh Ray |url=https://www.thepranichealers.com/master-saint-germain-master-of-seventh-ray |website=The Pranic Healers |access-date=March 8, 2025}}</ref>  Saint Germain is "The God of Freedom for [[Solar System|this system of worlds]]".  Ascended Master Saint Germain became the Hierarch of the [[Age of Aquarius]] on 1 July 1956, replacing the Ascended Master Jesus, who had been for almost 2,000 years the "Hierarch of the [[Age of Pisces]]". {{citation needed|date=April 2025}} 

===Alice Bailey===

In the works of [[Alice Bailey]], Saint Germain is called "Master Rakoczi" or the "Master R."<ref name="Bailey 1922">{{cite book |author-last=Bailey |author-first=Alice A. |author-link=Alice Bailey |date=1922 |title=Initiation, Human and Solar |location=New York |publisher=Lucifer Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/initiationhumans1922bail/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|58-59}} 
Bailey likened Master Rakoczi to "the General Manager for the carrying out of the plans of the executive council of the Christ."<ref name="Bailey 1919 ">{{cite book |author-last=Bailey |author-first=Alice A. |author-link=Alice Bailey |chapter=The Subjective Basis of the New World Religion |title=The Externalisation of the Hierarchy |pages=502–518 |chapter-url=https://www.lucistrust.org/online_books/the_externalisation_the_hierarchy_obook/section_four_stages_in_the_externalisation_the_hierarchy_part1 |location=New York |publisher=Lucis Press |url=https://www.lucistrust.org/online_books/the_externalisation_the_hierarchy_obook |date=1957 |orig-date=December 1919 |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Lucis Trust]]}}</ref>{{rp|507-508}}  In preparation for the [[Second coming|return of Christ]] Master R. plays the role of the ''Lord of Civilization'', and his task is the establishment of the new civilization.<ref name="Bailey 1949">{{cite book |author-last=Bailey |author-first=Alice A. |author-link=Alice Bailey |chapter=Organising The Ashrams Into Form On Earth |title=The Externalisation of the Hierarchy |pages=652–673 |chapter-url=https://www.lucistrust.org/online_books/the_externalisation_the_hierarchy_obook/the_return_the_christ_part3 |location=New York |publisher=Lucis Press |url=https://www.lucistrust.org/online_books/the_externalisation_the_hierarchy_obook |date=1957 |orig-date=June 1949 |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=[[Lucis Trust]]}}</ref>{{rp|667}} He is said to telepathically influence people who are seen by him as being instrumental in bringing about the new civilization of the Age of Aquarius.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Previous incarnations===

Certain Theosophical sects differ on the count's past lives, but generally agree upon Saint Alban, Proclus, Roger Bacon, and Sir Francis Bacon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flammeviolette.com/#saint_germain |title=Qui est le Maître Saint-Germain ? (Who is Master Saint-Germain?) |access-date=2024-02-08 |language=fr}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2025}}

Esotericist [[Raymond Bernard (esotericist)|Raymond Bernard]] went further, claiming that the count was born Francis Tudor, the secret son of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] and [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Lord Dudley]], who was raised as Francis Bacon.  In this manner Bernard gave the count direct credit, as Bacon, for writing the works of Shakespeare, [[Christopher Marlowe]], [[Edmund Spenser]], and [[Miguel de Cervantes]].<ref name="Bernard 1998">{{cite book |author-last=Bernard |author-first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Bernard (esotericist) |title=The Great Secret of Count Saint-Germain |date=1998 |orig-date=1960 |location=Escondido, CA |publisher=The Book Tree |url=https://archive.org/details/363972138-the-great-secret-of-count-st-germain-pdf/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|37-38}}  Since Bernard identified Bernard as [[Christian Rosenkreuz]] and claimed that Masonic symbolism appears in Shakespeare's plays, he also effectively asserted that the Count of St. Germain was the founder of both [[Rosicrucianism]] and [[Freemasonry]].<ref name="Bernard 1998"/>{{rp|22-23}}  Bernard rejected the idea that Bacon was reincarnated as the count, instead suggesting that Bacon simply feigned his death and developed the Count of St. Germain as a new identity.<ref name="Bernard 1998"/>{{rp|c-d, 78-79}}  

According to [[Mark Prophet]], Francis Bacon faked his own death on Easter Sunday, 9 April 1626, and even attended his own funeral in disguise. It is believed by the adherents of the Ascended Master Teachings that he then traveled secretly to [[Transylvania]] (then part of [[Hungary]], now part of [[Romania]]) to the Rakoczy Mansion of the [[Rakóczi|noble family of Hungary]]. Finally, on 1 May 1684, he is believed to have attained (by his knowledge of [[alchemy]]) his physical Ascension (attaining [[immortality]] and eternal youth—the sixth level of Initiation), at which time Francis Bacon adopted the name "Saint Germain".<ref>"Saint Germain" (claimed by the [[Church Universal and Triumphant]] to have been [[Channeling (mediumistic)|dictated]] by Saint Germain to [[Mark Prophet]]) ''Studies in Alchemy'' Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA: 1974 Summit Lighthouse. See occult biographical sketch of history of Saint Germain, pages 80–90</ref>

===Skeptical view===
The scholar [[K. Paul Johnson]] maintains that the "Masters" that [[Madame Blavatsky]] wrote about and produced letters from were actually idealizations of people who were her mentors.<ref>Johnson, Paul K. Initiates of Theosophical Masters (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995)</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2024}}

Also see the article "Talking to the Dead and Other Amusements" by [[Paul Zweig]], ''The New York Times'', 5 October 1980, which maintains that Madame Blavatsky's revelations were fraudulent.{{full citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Occult theories about Francis Bacon]]
* [[Shakespeare authorship question]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{cite book |author-last=Bernard |author-first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Bernard (esotericist) |title=The Great Secret of St. Germain |date=1998 |orig-date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/363972138-the-great-secret-of-count-st-germain-pdf |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
* {{cite book |author-last=Birch |author-first=Una |author-link=Una Pope-Hennessy |chapter=The Comte De Saint-Germain |title=Secret Societies and the French Revolution. Together with Some Kindred Studies by Una Birch. |pages=65–107 |location=London |publisher=John Lane |date=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretsocietiesf00pope/ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Ceria |author1-first=Pierre |author2-last=Ethuin |author2-first=François |title=El Enigmático Conde de Saint-Germain |lang=es |date=1972 }}
* {{cite book |author-last=Cooper-Oakley |author-first=Isabel |author-link=Isabel Cooper-Oakley |date=1912 |title=The Comte de St. Germain: The Secret of Kings |location=Milan |publisher=G. Sulli-Rao |url=https://archive.org/details/comtedestgermain0000coop/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
* Count de Saint-Germain. ''The Music of the Comte St.Germain.'' Edited by Manley Hall. Los Angeles, California: Philosophical Research Society, 1981.
* Count de Saint-Germain. ''The Most Holy Trinosophia.'' Forgotten Books, N.D. Reprint, 2008.
* d'Adhemar, Madame Comtesse le. "Souvenirs Sur Marie-Antoinette." Paris: Impremerie de Bourgogne et Martinet, 1836.
* {{cite book |author-last=Delorme |author-first=Marie-Raymonde |title=Le Comte de Saint-Germain |lang=fr |date=1973 }} 
* {{cite book |author-last=Fuller |author-first=Jean Overton |title=The Comte de Saint-Germain: Last Scion of the House of Rakoczy |date=1988 }}
* {{cite book |author-last=Hall |author-first=Manly P. |author-link=Manly P. Hall |date=1959 |chapter=Comte de St.-Germain |title=Collected Writings of Manly P. Hall vol.2: Sages and Seers |pages=213–241 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Philosophical Research Society |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collected-writings-of-manly-p.-hall-vol-1-3-early-works-1958-1962/page/n274/ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* Hausset, Madame du. "The Private Memoirs of Louis XV: Taken from the Memoirs of Madame Du Hausset, Lady's Maid to Madame De Pompadour." ed Nichols Harvard University, 1895.
* {{cite journal |author-last=Hunter |author-first=David |date=Winter 2003 |title=Monsieur le Comte de Saint-Germain: The Great Pretender |journal=The Musical Times |volume=144 |number=1885 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3650726 |jstor=3650726 }}
* {{cite book |author-last=Krassa |author-first=Peter |title=Der Wiedergänger: Das zeitlose Leben des Grafen von Saint-Germain |lang=de |date=1998 }}
* {{cite book |author-last=Lévi |author-first=Éliphas |author-link=Éliphas Lévi |translator-last=Waite |translator-first=Arthur Edward |chapter=Thaumaturgic Personalities of the Eighteenth Century |title=The History of Magic |pages=400–415 |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=William Rider & Son |date=1922 |orig-date=1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfMagicByEliphasLevi/ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* [[Gordon Melton|Melton, J. Gordon]] ''Encyclopedia of American Religions'' 5th Edition New York:1996 Gale Research {{ISBN|978-0-8103-7714-1}} {{ISSN|1066-1212}} Chapter 18--"The Ancient Wisdom Family of Religions" Pages 151–158; see chart on page 154 listing ''Masters of the Ancient Wisdom''; Also see Section 18, Pages 717-757 Descriptions of various Ancient Wisdom religious organizations
* {{cite book |author-last=Oettinger |author-first=Eduard Maria |date=1846 |title=Saint Germain |lang=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=Philipp Reclam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtugNlhAoMgC |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |author-last=von Lowzow |author-first=Marie Antoinette |date=1984 |orig-date=1981 |title=Saint-Germain – Den mystiske greve |trans-title=Saint Germain: The Mystic Count |lang=da |publisher=Dansk Historisk Håndbogsforlag |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-88742-04-6 }}

{{Ascended Master Teachings}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1690s births]]
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[[Category:Rákóczi family]]
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[[Category:Ascended Master Teachings]]
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