View source for Craft unionism

{{short description|Model of trade unionism}}
{{Globalize|article|North America|date=January 2014}}
'''Craft unionism''' refers to a model of [[trade union]]ism in which workers are organised based on the particular [[craft]] or trade in which they work. It contrasts with [[industrial unionism]], in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in [[skill]].

Under this approach, each union is organized according to the craft, or specific work function, of its members. For example, in the building trades, all [[United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America|carpenters]] belong to the carpenters' union, the [[Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association|plasterers]] join the plasterers' union, and the [[International Union of Painters and Allied Trades|painters]] belong to the painters' union. Each craft union has its own administration, its own policies, its own [[collective bargaining agreement]]s and its own union halls.

==Origins==
The first unions established in Russia in the early nineteenth century tended, by nature of the industries in which their members worked, to be craft unions: [[Shoemaking|shoemakers]], [[Cordwainer|cordwainers]] (shoemakers who work with cordovan leather) and [[Typesetting|typesetters]] all worked, as a rule, in small shops in which they had little contact with workers in other fields. Some of these early unions also came out of a [[guild]] tradition in which skilled workmen often owned their own shops or, if they worked for another, had a good deal of control over how the work was done, which they policed by maintaining standards for admission into the trade; requiring entrants to go through an [[apprenticeship]] program controlled by the union, rather than the employer; and dictating the processes, tools, standards, and pace of work. These traditions persisted into the 20th century in fields such as printing (in which the [[International Typographical Union]] would enforce its own rules determining how work was done in union shops) and the construction industry.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
Workers carried these patterns of organizing into new industries as well. The railroad brotherhoods, the unions formed in the latter half of the nineteenth century, made minute distinctions between groups that worked alongside each other; as an example, more than twenty years passed between the original chartering of the International Brotherhood of Stationary Firemen and the amendment of its charter to permit the union to represent the oilers and helpers who worked with them. Those who saw themselves at the top of the ladder took their elevated status very seriously; as an example, locomotive engineers on many railroads made a point of wearing top hats and a good suit of clothes while at work to demonstrate that they did not get their hands dirty or perform manual labor.

These craft distinctions in the railroad industry were remarkably long-lived; the [[Railway Labor Act]], passed in 1925, recognized the prevailing pattern of division of the workforce into "crafts" and "classes" and the separate craft patterns persisted into the late twentieth century. While both the [[Knights of Labor]] and [[Eugene V. Debs]]' [[American Railway Union]] attempted to organize railroad workers on an industrial basis, those efforts were defeated, in some cases by government intervention, injunctions, and force of arms.

The attempt to impose craft distinctions in other industries was not so successful. In the steel industry, for example, after the routing of the [[Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers]] in its titanic strike against [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s steel operations at [[Homestead, Pennsylvania]], in 1892, and the defeat, a generation later, of the [[Steel strike of 1919|1919 steel strike]], the craft unions within the AFL claimed that any attempt to organize steel workers must recognize their separate craft jurisdictions:  workers who used bricks to build kilns or similar structures would have to belong to the brick masons union, workers who sawed wood to build structures within the plant should be carpenters, and so forth. Those demands effectively ruled out any possibility of organizing the industry.

In other cases unions within the AFL organized on an industrial basis: the [[United Mine Workers]], the [[International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers|United Brewery Workers]] and the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] admitted to membership all workers in the industry, or attached to it. Even in those unions, however, craft distinctions sometimes surfaced. In the ILGWU, for example, the cutters, who were often primarily of English, Irish, and German stock, were almost exclusively males, were better paid, and were typically more skilled, often looked down on the immigrant, largely female, unskilled "operators" who ran sewing machines in their shops or elsewhere. The ILGWU also tended to group its workers based on seemingly trivial distinctions between the type of garment they produced: among the locals created by the ILGWU in the first decade of its existence was one titled the Wrapper, Kimono and House Dress Makers' Union. Decades later, as the industry changed, it created sportwear locals.

==Challenges==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
As long as the craft unions were the dominant power in the AFL, they took every step possible to block the organizing of mass production industries. This led to challenges from both inside and outside the Federation.

One early challenge came from outside: the [[Western Federation of Miners]], a union that had fought a series of violent battles with mine owners over the right to represent mill workers as well as hard rock miners, joined with activists from other unions and from the [[Socialist Labor Party of America]] to form the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), which aimed to organize all workers, regardless of craft, nationality, gender or race, into [[One Big Union (concept)|one big union]]. In practical terms the IWW pursued organizing on an industrial basis.

In at least one sense the IWW practiced (and practices) the most egalitarian form of industrial unionism, organizing and accepting membership of workers in any given industry whether they are currently employed or not. The IWW also welcomed immigrant workers, minorities and women as equals.

The IWW was successful in some cases, leading a strike of immigrant workers employed in the woolens industry in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]], and many smaller strikes in longshore, agriculture and the lumber industry. In its first three years it was greatly hampered by deep political divisions, such as the question of unions engaging in electoral politics (resolved in favor of ruling out alliances with political parties). The IWW was seriously damaged by government prosecution and vigilantism in the [[First Red Scare|post-war red scare]] that reached its peak in 1919, and in the [[Palmer Raids]] of the same period.

The next challenge to the dominance of craft unions within the AFL came from inside, as [[John L. Lewis]] of the Mine Workers, [[David Dubinsky]] of the ILGWU, [[Sidney Hillman]] of the [[Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America]], Charles Howard of the International Typographical Union, Thomas McMahon, head of the United Textile Workers, John Sheridan of the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union (the descendant of the WFM), Harvey Fremming from the Oil Workers Union and [[Max Zaritsky]] of the Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers joined to form a Committee for Industrial Organizing within the AFL. The craft unions demanded that Lewis and his committee stop; Lewis persisted.

This dispute came to a head at the AFL’s convention in [[Atlantic City]] in 1935, when [[William Hutcheson]], the President of the [[United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America|Carpenters]], made a slighting comment about a member of the fledgling union of tire factory workers who was delivering an organizing report. Lewis responded that Hutcheson’s comment was "small potatoes", to which Hutcheson replied "I was raised on small potatoes, that is why I am so small." After some more words Lewis punched Hutcheson, knocking him to the ground, then relit his cigar and returned to the rostrum. The incident personified the conflict between craft and industrial organizing. The CIO proceeded to organize mass production workers on an industrial basis.

The AFL's response to the challenge from the CIO was twofold: both fighting a rearguard action before the [[National Labor Relations Board]] to preserve its right to represent the skilled trades in many of the plants that the CIO was organizing and attempting to emulate it. Thus, within a decade of the founding of the CIO, unions that had been primarily craft unions, such as the [[International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers|International Association of Machinists]], originally a railroad union with much of its membership in the construction industry, began to make serious efforts to organize on an industrial basis as well. Even the Carpenters took in sawmill workers who had organized on an industrial basis, although the union continued to treat them as second-class members until they seceded to form the [[International Woodworkers of America]] in 1937.

==Persistence==
Craft unionism has receded in many industries as a result of changes in technology, the concentration of ownership and jurisdictional conflicts between craft unions. Craft unionism has not, however, disappeared: it is still the norm in the airline industry, survives despite much upheaval in the construction industry, and even appears, in very muted form, in some mass production industries, such as automobile manufacturing, where skilled trades employees have pressed their own agendas within the union.{{fact|date=June 2018}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
* [[Labor federation competition in the United States]]

==References==
* {{cite book
|last1=Perlman
|first1=Selig
|author-link1=Selig Perlman
|year=2014
|orig-year=1923
|title=A History of Trade Unionism in the United States
|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/books/A_History_of_Trade_Unionism_in_the_United_States_1000157564
|location=London
|publisher=Forgotten Books
|access-date=April 22, 2016
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Rayback
|first1=Joseph G.
|author-link1=Joseph Rayback
|year=1966
|title=A History of American Labor
|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000rayb
|url-access=registration
|location=New York
|publisher=Free Press
}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130415140525/http://www.ncfo.org/history.asp National Conference of Firemen & Oilers District of Local 32BJ / SEIU]
* [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5755/ Ten commandments for craft unionists]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050215115519/http://newdeal.feri.org/nation/na37144p011.htm Bill Hutcheson's Convention]
* [http://www.weisbord.org/conquest13.htm Albert & Vera Weisbord on trade unions]

{{Organized labor}}

[[Category:Crafts|Unionism]]
[[Category:American Federation of Labor]]
[[Category:Craft unions| ]]