View source for Crato Formation

{{Short description|Geologic formation of Early Cretaceous age in northeastern Brazil}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Rockunit
| name           = Crato Formation
| image          =  Araripe Basin map - formations and resources.jpg
| caption        = Extent of the Santana Group, to which the Crato Formation belongs, in blue
| type           = [[Geological formation]]
| period         = Albian
| age            = [[Aptian|Latest Aptian]]<br />~{{fossil range|115|113}}
| prilithology   = [[Mudstone]], [[limestone]]
| otherlithology = [[Siltstone]]
| namedfor       = [[Crato, Ceará]]
| namedby        =
| region         = [[Ceará]], [[Pernambuco]]
| country        = [[Brazil]]
| coordinates    = {{coord|7.1|S|39.7|W|display=inline,title}} 
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|8.6|S|8.0|W|display=inline}}
| unitof         = [[Santana Group]]
| subunits       = Nova Olinda Member
| underlies      = [[Romualdo Formation|Romualdo]] & [[Ipubi Formation]]s
| overlies       = [[Barbalha Formation]]
| thickness      =
| extent         = [[Araripe Basin]]
| area           =
| map            = {{Location map+ | Brazil
| relief = 1
| width   = 250
| float   = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | Brazil
  | lat_deg = -7.1
  | lon_deg = -39.7
  | mark = Green pog.svg
  | marksize = 12
  }}
}}
| map_caption    = 
}}

The '''Crato Formation''' is a geologic [[formation (stratigraphy)|formation]] of [[Early Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]) age in northeastern [[Brazil]]'s [[Araripe Basin]]. It is an important [[Lagerstätten|Lagerstätte]] (undisturbed fossil accumulation) for [[palaeontology|palaeontologists]]. The strata were laid down mostly during the [[Aptian]] [[age (geology)|age]], about 113 million years ago. It thought to have been deposited in a [[semi-arid]] [[Lake|lacustrine]] [[wetland]] environment.<ref>Ribeiro et al., 2021</ref>

The Crato Formation earns the designation of Lagerstätte due to an exceedingly well preserved and diverse [[fossil]] faunal assemblage. Some 25 species of fossil fishes are often found with stomach contents preserved, enabling paleontologists to study predator-prey relationships in this ecosystem. There are also fine examples of [[pterosaur]]s, reptiles and amphibians, invertebrates (particularly insects), and plants. Even dinosaurs are represented: a new maniraptor was described in 1996. The unusual [[taphonomy]] of the site resulted in limestone accretions that formed nodules around dead organisms, preserving even soft parts of their anatomy.

== History ==
[[File:Araripe Basin - depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Schematic development of the depositional environments of the Santana Group]]
Fish fossils in the area were noted in 1823. When they were first methodically published, in 1993, the Crato Formation limestones provided a new site for [[pterosaur]]s, one that also preserved insects that fell into a brackish lagoon and semionotid fish preserved in [[Phosphate nodule|phosphatized nodules]]. The fossils are usually compacted and preserved in layers of limestone. Fossil [[Odonata]] ([[Dragonfly|dragonflies]]) and damselflies are especially rich in the Crato lagerstätte: currently 384 specimens have been recovered, 264 adults and 120 larvae. Hemiptera (true bugs) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) are also abundant in number of species and in number of specimens. There are also plant remains.

Local mining activities for cement and construction damage the sites. Trade in illegally collected fossils has sprung up in the last decade, driven by the remarkable state of preservation and beauty of these fossils and amounting to a considerable local industry. An urgent preservation program is being called for by paleontologists.
{{clear|left}}

In addition, the [[weathering]] of Crato and Santana Formation rocks has contributed [[soil]] conditions unlike elsewhere in the region. The [[Araripe manakin]] (''Antilophia bokermanni'') is a very rare bird that was discovered only in the late 20th century; it is not known from anywhere outside the characteristic forest that grows on the [[Chapada do Araripe]] soils formed ultimately from Crato and Santana Formation rocks.

=== Definition ===
[[File:Araripe Basin - lake level cycles - Crato, Ipubi and Romualdo Formations.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Lake level cyclicity in the Santana Group]]
{{see also|Santana Group#Basin history}}
The Crato Formation has often historically been considered the lowest member of the Santana Formation (or, alternatively, the Araripina Formation) of the Araripe Group,<ref name="Scherer etal 2013 p28">Scherer et al., 2013, p. 28. Retrieved 2018-10-05.</ref> later redefined as the [[Romualdo Formation]] of the [[Santana Group]].<ref name="Assine 1992 p291">Assine, 1992, p. 291. Retrieved 2018-10-05.</ref><ref name="Fabin etal 2018 p2050">Fabin et al., 2018, p. 2050. Retrieved 2018-10-05.</ref> The Crato Member is the product of a single phase, where complicated sequence of sediment [[stratum|strata]] reflect changeable conditions in the opening sea. The age of this strata has been controversial, though most workers have agreed that it lies on or near the Aptian-Albian boundary, about 112 million years ago.<ref name="Martill etal 2007">Martill et al., 2007. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>

The extent of the Crato unit and its relationship to the Romualdo Formation had long been ill-defined. It was not until a 2007 volume on the unit by Martill, Bechly and Loveridge that the Crato Formation was given a formal type locality, and was formally made a distinct formation separate from the Santana, which is about 10 Ma younger.<ref name="Martill etal 2007" /> The Crato Formation is considered time equivalent with the [[Paracuru Formation]].<ref name="Leite da Silva 2003">Leite da Silva, 2003. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>

== Fossil content ==

=== Insects ===
(Note: Many more insects have been described than are present in the table below)
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" |'''[[Insect]]s of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Araripenymphes]]''<ref name="Myskowiak 2016">Myskowiak, 2016</ref>
|
''A. seldoni''
|
Nova Olinda Member
|
A Cratosmylidae lacewing<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Makarkin|first1=Vladimir N.|last2=Heads|first2=Sam W.|last3=Wedmann|first3=Sonja|date=October 2017|title=Taxonomic study of the Cretaceous lacewing family Babinskaiidae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontoidea: Nymphidoidae), with description of new taxa|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=78|pages=149–160|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.06.007|issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-
|
''[[Gracilepteryx]]''
|
''G. pulchra''
|
|
An [[Eolepidopterigidae]] moth
|
|-
|
''[[Makarkinia]]''<ref name="Bechly etal 2016">Bechly et al., 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
|
''M. adamsi''<br/>
''M. kerneri''
|
|
A Kalligrammatid lacewing
|
|-
|
''[[Mickoleitia]]''
|
''M. longimanus''
|
|
A [[Coxoplectoptera]]n insect
|
[[File:Mickoleitia longimanus.jpg|center|150px|''[[Mickoleitia longimanus]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Netoxena]]''
|
''N. nana''
|
|
An [[Eolepidopterigidae]] moth
|
|-
|
''[[Principiala]]''<ref name="Makarkin Menon 2007">Makarkin & Menon, 2007. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
|
''P. incerta''
|
|
An [[Ithonidae]] lacewing, [[type species]] of ''Principiala''
|
|-
|
''[[Psamateia]]''
|
''P. calipsa''
|
|
An [[Eolepidopterigidae]] moth
|
|-
| 
''[[Rafaeliana]]''
|
''R. maxima''
| 
| 
[[Neuropterida]] ''[[incertae sedis]]''
|
|-
|
''[[Undopterix]]''
|
''U. cariensis''
|
|
An [[Eolepidopterigidae]] moth
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Astraeoptera]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Storari |first1=Arianny P. |last2=Staniczek |first2=Arnold H. |last3=Godunko |first3=Roman J. |date=2023-07-20 |title=A new Gondwanan mayfly family from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation, Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuroidea: Astraeopteridae fam. nov.) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=11735 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-36778-x |pmid=37474555 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=10359310 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1311735S }}</ref>
|''A. vitrea''
|
| rowspan="3" |An [[Astraeopteridae]] mayfly.
|
|-
|''A. cretacica''
|
|
|-
|''A. oligovenata''
|
|
|-
|''[[Eosophobia]]<ref name=":0" />''
|''E. acuta''
|
|An [[Astraeopteridae]] mayfly.
|
|-
|''[[Vulcanidris]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lepeco |first1=A. |last2=Meira |first2=O. M. |last3=Matielo |first3=D. M. |last4=Brandão |first4=C. R. F. |last5=Camacho |first5=G. P. |year=2025 |title=A hell ant from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil |journal=Current Biology |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=2146–2153.e2 |pmid=40280133 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2025.03.023 }}</ref>
|''V. cratensis''
|
|A [[Haidomyrmecinae|hell ant]]
|
|-
|}

=== Arachnids ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" |'''[[Arachnid|Arachnids]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
| ''[[Mesoproctus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Santana |first1=W. |last2=Pinheiro |first2=A. P. |last3=Silva |first3=T. A. |last4=Lima |first4=D. |year=2024 |title=Description of a new fossil Thelyphonida (Arachnida, Uropygi) and further record of ''Cratosolpuga wunderlichi'' Selden, in Selden and Shear, 1996 (Arachnida, Solifugae) from Crato Formation (Aptian/Albian), Araripe Basin, Brazil |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e16670 |article-number=e16670 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16670 |pmid=38188171 |pmc=10771091 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| ''M. rayoli''
|
| Whip Scorpion
|
|-
| ''[[Protoischnurus]]''
| ''P. axelrodorum''
| 
| Scorpion
|-
| ''[[Cratosolpuga]]''
| ''C. wunderlichi''
| 
| Solifuge
| 
|-
|}

=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Fish]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! width=150px | Images
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Araripelepidotes]]'' || ''Araripelepidotes temnurus'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p25">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 25</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Belonostomus]]'' || ''Belonostomus sp.'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p35">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 35</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Calamopleurus]]'' || ''Calamopleurus cylindricus'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p29">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 29</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Cladocyclus]]'' || ''Cladocyclus gardneri'' || || An [[Ichthyodectidae]] fish || [[File:Cladocyclus.JPG|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p36">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 36</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Cratoamia]]'' || ''Cratoamia gondwanica'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p31">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 31</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Dastilbe]]'' || ''Dastilbe crandalli'' || || || [[File:Chanidae_-_Dastilbe_species.JPG|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p51">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 51</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Lepidotes]]'' || ''Lepidotes wenzae'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p26">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 26</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Placidichthys]]'' || ''Placidichthys bidorsalis'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p33">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 33</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Santanichthys]]'' || ''Santanichthys diasii'' || || || || {{center|<ref name="Aparecida etal p47">Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 47</ref>}}
|-
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Amphibia|Amphibians]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Arariphrynus]]''<ref name="Baez etal 2009">Báez et al., 2009. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
|
''Arariphrynus placidoi''<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
| 
| 
| rowspan="99" | 
<!-- [[Image:placeholder.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Placeholder]]'']] -->
|-
| 
''[[Cratia]]''<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
|
''Cratia gracilis''<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
|  
| 
|-
|
''[[Cratopipa]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ismar de Souza Carvalho |author2=Federico Agnolin |author3=Mauro A. Aranciaga Rolando |author4=Fernando E. Novas |author5=José Xavier-Neto |author6=Francisco Idalécio de Freitas |author7=José Artur Ferreira Gomes de Andrade |year=2019 |title=A new genus of pipimorph frog (Anura) from the Early Cretaceous Crato formation (Aptian) and the evolution of South American tongueless frogs |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=92 |pages=222–233 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2019.03.005 |bibcode=2019JSAES..92..222C |hdl=11336/123956 |s2cid=134070810 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|
''Cratopipa novaolindensis''
|
|
|-
| 
''[[Eurycephalella]]''<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
|
''Eurycephalella alcinae''<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
| 
| 
|-
|
''[[Kururubatrachus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Federico Agnolin |author2=Ismar Souza Carvalho |author3=Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando |author4=Fernando E. Novas |author5=José Xavier-Neto |author6=José Artur Ferreira Gomes Andrade |author7=Francisco Idalécio Freitas |year=2020 |title=Early Cretaceous neobatrachian frog (Anura) from Brazil sheds light on the origin of modern anurans |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=101 |article-number=102633 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102633 |bibcode=2020JSAES.10102633A |s2cid=218957427 }}</ref>
|
''Kururubatrachus gondwanicus''
|
|
|-
| 
[[Pipoidea]]<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
|
Possible indeterminate pipoid remains.<ref name="Baez etal 2009" />
| 
| 
|-
|}

=== Squamata ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Squamata|Squamates]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Calanguban]]''
|
''C. alamoi ''
|
|
A non-iguana lizard
|
|-
|
''[[Tetrapodophis]]''
|
''T. amplectus''
|
|
A stem group snake with limbs
| [[File:Tetrapodophis hindlimbs.jpg|center|150px]]
|-
|}

=== Dinosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Dinosaur|Dinosaurs]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
?[[Avialae]]
|
?Avialan species
|  
| 
Numerous isolated feathers
| [[File:Santana Group - fossilized feathers and Dastilbe fossil.jpg|center|150px]]
|-
| 
''[[Cratoavis]]''
|
''C. cearensis''
| 
| 
An [[enantiornithine]]
|
|-
| 
''[[Kaririavis]]''<ref>de Souza Carvalho et al., 2021</ref>
|
''K. mater''
| 
| 
An [[ornithuromorph]]
|
|-
| 
?[[Spinosauroidea]]
|
?Spinosaur species
| 
| 
Isolated tooth listed in a book appendix.<ref name="Martill etal 2007" /> It has later been suggested that the [[lithostratigraphic]] provenance of this specimen might have been incorrect.<ref name="Caetano et al 2023">{{Cite journal|last1=Caetano|first1=João Marcus Vale|last2=Delcourt|first2=Rafael|last3=Ponciano|first3=Luiza Corral Martins de Oliveira|name-list-style=amp|date=March 2023|title=A taxon with no name: ''Ubirajara jubatus'' (Saurischia: Compsognathidae) is an unavailable name and has no nomenclatural relevance|journal=Zootaxa|volume=5254 |issue=3 |pages=443–446 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5254.3.10|pmid=37044710 |doi-access=}}</ref>  
| 
|-
|
"[[Ubirajara jubatus|Ubirajara]]"
|
"U. jubatus"
|
|
An [[List of informally named dinosaurs#Ubirajara|informally-named]] [[compsognathid]] known from a partial skeleton preserving integument
| [[File:Ubirajara jubatus revised.png|center|150px]]
|-
|
[[Sauropoda]]
|

|
|
Sauropoda [[ichnotaxon|footprints]].<ref name="Carvalho etal 2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Ismar de Souza |first1=Carvalho Vale|last2=Leonardi|first2=Giuseppe|last3=Rios-Netto|first3=Aristoteles de Moraes|last4=Borghi|first4=Leonardo|last5=Freitas|first5= Alexandre de Paula|last6=Andrade|first6=José Artur|last7=Freitas|first7=Francisco Idalécio|name-list-style=amp|date=2021|title=Dinosaur trampling from the Aptian of Araripe Basin, NE Brazil, as tools for paleoenvironmental interpretation|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=117 |article-number=104626 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104626|bibcode=2021CrRes.11704626C |doi-access=}}</ref>
| 
|-
|}

=== Crocodylomorphs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Crocodylomorph|Crocodylomorphs]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
| rowspan="2" |
''[[Susisuchus]]''
| 
''Susisuchus anatoceps''<ref name="Salisbury etal 2003">Salisbury et al., 2003. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
| 
| 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Susisuchus specimen.PNG|center|150px]]
|-
|
cf. ''Susisuchus'' sp.<ref name="Figueiredo & Kellner, 2009">Figueiredo & Kellner, 2009. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
| 
| 
Undescribed species 
|-
|}

=== Pterosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Pterosaur|Pterosaurs]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Arthurdactylus]]''
|
''A. conandoylei''
| 
| 
|
|-
| 
''[[Aymberedactylus]]''
|
''A. cearensis''
| 
| A basal member of the [[Tapejarinae]]. 
| [[File:Aymberedactylus.PNG|center|150px|Holotype]]
|-
| 
''[[Brasileodactylus]]''
|
''B. sp.''
| 
| 
|
|-
| 
''[[Lacusovagus]]''
|
''L. magnificens''
| 
Nova Olinda Member
| 
| [[File:Lacusovagus.JPG|center|150px]]
|-
| 
''[[Ludodactylus]]''
|
''L. sibbicki''
| 
| 
An [[anhanguerid]]
|
[[File:Ludodactylus.jpg|center|150px|''[[Ludodactylus]]'' sp.]]
|-
| 
''[[Tupandactylus]]''
|
''T. imperator''<br/>
''T. navigans''
| 
| 
|
[[File:Tapejara weln DB2.jpg|center|150px|''[[Tupandactylus navigans]]'']]
|-
| 
?''[[Tupuxuara]]''
|
?''T. sp.''
| 
| 
|[[File:Tupux longDB2.jpg|center|150px|''[[Tupuxuara]]'' sp.]]
|-
|}

=== Flora ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Flora]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Species
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Araucaria|Araucaria cartellei]]'', ''[[Brachyphyllum|Brachyphyllum obesum]]'', ''[[Brachyphyllum|B. castilhoi]]'', ''[[Brachyphyllum|B. insigne]]'', ''[[Iara (plant)|Iara iguassu]]'', ''[[Caytoniales|Caytoniales sp.]]'', ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra sp.]]'', ''[[Araripia|Araripia florifera]]'', ''[[Araucarites|Araucarites vulcanoi]]'', ''[[Cariria|Cariria orbiculiconiformis]]'', ''[[Cearania|Cearania heterophylla]]'', ''[[Cratonia|Cratonia cotyledon]]'', ''[[Endressinia|Endressinia brasiliana]]'',''[[Klitzchophyllites|Klitzchophyllites flabellatus]]'', ''[[Novaolindia|Novaolindia dubia]]'', ''[[Pluricarpellatia|Pluricarpellatia peltata]]'', ''[[Podozamites|Podozamites lanceolatus]]'', ''[[Protananas|Protananas lucenae]]'', ''[[Ruffordia|Ruffordia goeppertii]]'', ''[[Tomaxellia|Tomaxellia biforme]]'', ''[[Welwitschiaprisca|Welwitschiaprisca austroamericana]]'', ''[[Welwitschiophyllum|Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense]]'', ''[[Welwitschiostrobus|Welwitschiostrobus murili]]'', ''[[Araucariostrobus|Araucariostrobus sp.]]'', ''[[Frenelopsis|Frenelopsis sp.]]'', ''[[Isoetites|Isoetites sp.]]'', ''[[Lindleycladus|Lindleycladus sp.]]'', ''[[Schizoneura|Schizoneura sp.]]'' || {{center|<ref name="Jorge de Lima etal 2015 p102">Jorge de Lima et al., 2015, p.102</ref>}}
|-
|}

===Fungi===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|- 
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Fungi]] of the Crato Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Presence
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Gondwanagaricites]]''
| 
''Gondwanagaricites magnificus''<ref name=":Heads2017b">{{Cite journal |last1=Heads |first1=Sam W. |last2=Miller |first2=Andrew N. |last3=Crane |first3=J. Leland |last4=Thomas |first4=M. Jared |last5=Ruffatto |first5=Danielle M. |last6=Methven |first6=Andrew S. |last7=Raudabaugh |first7=Daniel B. |last8=Wang |first8=Yinan |date=2017-06-07 |editor-last=Wong |editor-first=William Oki |title=The oldest fossil mushroom |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |article-number=e0178327 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178327 |doi-access=free |pmid=28591180 |pmc=5462346 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278327H |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>
| 
| 
| [[File:Gondwanagaricites_magnificus.png|center|150px]]
|-
|''[[Edaphagaricites]]''
|''Edaphagaricites conicus''<ref name=":GoboAndOliveiraEtAl2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Gobo|first1=William V.|last2=Oliveira|first2=Jadson J.S.|last3=Scheibler|first3=Gisele|last4=Kunzmann|first4=Lutz |last5=Iannuzzi|first5=Roberto|last6=Rodrigues do Nascimento Jr.|first6=Daniel |last7=Ferreira da Silva Filho|first7=Wellington |last8=B. Bachelier|first8=Julien B.|last9=Coiffard|first9=Clément|date=2025-09-09 |title=Stunning fossils in sedimentary rocks reveal a new and co-oldest Early Cretaceous gilled mushroom-forming fungus |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en |volume=00|pages=1-17 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boaf059|doi-access=}}</ref>
| 
| 
|-
|}

=== Other fossils ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Araripenaeus|Araripenaeus timidus]]''<ref name="Pinheiro 2014 p4">Pinheiro, 2014, p. 4. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</ref>
* †''[[Cratoalloneura]]''
** †''[[Cratoalloneura acuminata]]''
** †''[[Cratoalloneura verdandia]]''
* †''[[Cratoatractocerus]]''
** †''[[Cratoatractocerus grimaldii]]''
* †''[[Cratoborellia]]''
** †''[[Cratoborellia gorbi]]''
* †''[[Cratochrysa]]''
** †''[[Cratochrysa martinsnetoi]]''
** †''[[Cratochrysa sublapsa]]''
** †''[[Cratochrysa willmanni]]''
* †''[[Cratocora]]''
** †''[[Cratocora crassa]]''
* †''[[Cratocordulia]]''
** †''[[Cratocordulia borschukewitzi]]''
* †''[[Cratocoris]]''
** †''[[Cratocoris shevchenkoae]]''
* †''[[Cratocorydalopsis]]''
** †''[[Cratocorydalopsis brasiliensis]]''
* †''[[Cratocossus]]''
** †''[[Cratocossus magnus]]''
* †''[[Cratodactylus]]''
** †''[[Cratodactylus ferreirai]]''
** †''[[Cratodactylus kellneri]]''
* †''[[Cratoelcana]]''
** †''[[Cratoelcana damianii]]''
** †''[[Cratoelcana zessini]]''
* †''[[Cratoenigma]]''
** †''[[Cratoenigma articulata]]''
* †''[[Cratogomphus]]''
** †''[[Cratogomphus erraticus]]''
* †''[[Cratogryllus]]''
** †''[[Cratogryllus cigueli]]''
** †''[[Cratogryllus guimaraesae]]''
** †''[[Cratogryllus pentagonalis]]''
* †''[[Cratohagenius]]''
** †''[[Cratohagenius erichweberi]]''
* †''[[Cratohaglopsis]]''
** †''[[Cratohaglopsis santanaensis]]''
* †''[[Cratohexagenites]]''
** †''[[Cratohexagenites longicercus]]''
** †''[[Cratohexagenites minor]]''
* †''[[Cratokalotermes]]''
** †''[[Cratokalotermes santanensis]]''
* †''[[Cratolindenia]]''
** †''[[Cratolindenia knuepfae]]''
* †''[[Cratolocustopsis]]''
** †''[[Cratolocustopsis araripensis]]''
** †''[[Cratolocustopsis contumax]]'<nowiki/>'' – type locality for species
** †''[[Cratolocustopsis cretacea]]''
* †''[[Cratomacer]]''
** †''[[Cratomacer ephippiger]]''
** †''[[Cratomacer immersus]]''
* †''[[Cratomastotermes]]''
** †''[[Cratomastotermes wolfschwenningeri]]''
* †''[[Cratomyia]]''
** †''[[Cratomyia cretacica]]''
** †''[[Cratomyia macrorrhyncha]]''
* †''[[Cratonemonyx]]''
** †''[[Cratonemonyx martinsnetoi]]''
* †''[[Cratonemopteryx]]''
** †''[[Cratonemopteryx audax]]''
** †''[[Cratonemopteryx robusta]]''
** †''[[Cratonemopteryx speciosa]]''
* †''[[Cratonepa]]''
** †''[[Cratonepa enigmatica]]''
* †''[[Cratonerthra]]''
** †''[[Cratonerthra corinthiana]]''
** †''[[Cratonerthra estevezae]]''
* †''[[Cratoneura]]''
** †''[[Cratoneura dividens]]''
** †''[[Cratoneura longissima]]''
** †''[[Cratoneura pulchella]]''
* †''[[Cratonympha]]''
** †''[[Cratonympha microcelata]]''
* †''[[Cratopelocoris]]''
** †''[[Cratopelocoris carpinteroi]]''
* †''[[Cratopetalia]]''
** †''[[Cratopetalia whiteheadi]]''
* †''[[Cratopetalura]]''
** †''[[Cratopetalura petruleviciusi]]''
** †''[[Cratopetalura petruleviciusi]]''
* †''[[Cratopsychopsis]]''
** †''[[Cratopsychopsis maiseyi]]''
* †''[[Cratopteryx]]''
** †''[[Cratopteryx nemopteroides]]''
** †''[[Cratopteryx robertosantosi]]''
* †''[[Cratoraricrus]]''
** †''[[Cratoraricrus oberlii]]''
* †''[[Cratoscalapha]]''
** †''[[Cratoscalapha electroneura]]''
* †''[[Cratosirex]]''
** †''[[Cratosirex sennlaubi]]''
* †''[[Cratosisyrops]]''
** †''[[Cratosisyrops gonzagai]]''
* †''[[Cratosmylus]]''
** †''[[Cratosmylus magnificus]]''
* †''[[Cratostenophlebia]]''
** †''[[Cratostenophlebia schwickerti]]''
* †''[[Cratotabanus]]''
** †''[[Cratotabanus stonemyomorphus]]''
* †''[[Cratotetraspinus]]''
** †''[[Cratotetraspinus fossorius]]''
* †''[[Cratotipula]]''
** †''[[Cratotipula latialata]]''
* †''[[Cratovitisma]]''
** †''[[Cratovitisma oldreadi]]''
* †''[[Cratovoluptia]]''
** †''[[Cratovoluptia criptoneura]]''
* †''[[Cratozeunerella]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella amedegnatoi]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella godoii]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella neotropica]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella nervosa]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella soaresi]]''
** †''[[Cratozeunerella titanella]]''
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geology|Paleontology|Brazil}}
* [[Araripe Basin]]
* [[Botucatu Formation]]
* [[Elrhaz Formation]]
* [[Itapecuru Formation]]
* [[Quiricó Formation]]

{{clearboth}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Aparecida dos Reis Polck |first1=Márcia |last2=Sardenberg Salgado de Carvalho |first2=Marise |last3=Miguel |first3=Raphael |last4=Gallo |first4=Valéria |year=2015 |title=Guia de identificação de peixes fósseis das Formações Crato e Santana da Bacia do Araripe |publisher=[[Serviço Geológico do Brasil]] (CPRM) |pages=1–74}}
* {{cite journal |last=Assine |first=Mario L |year=1992 |title=Análise estratigráfica da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil |url=http://bjg.siteoficial.ws/1992/n.3/5.pdf |journal=[[Brazilian Journal of Geology|Revista Brasileira de Geociências]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=289–300|doi=10.25249/0375-7536.1992289300 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Báez |first1=A.M. |last2=Moura |first2=G.J.B. |last3=Gómez |first3=R.O. |year=2009 |title=Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=829–846|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002 |bibcode=2009CrRes..30..829B }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bechly |first1=G. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V. N. |year=2016 |title=A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115300938 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=58 |pages=135–140|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014 |bibcode=2016CrRes..58..135B |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=de Souza Carvalho |first1=I. |last2=Agnolin |first2=F. L. |last3=Rozadilla |first3=S. |last4=Novas |first4=F. E. |last5=Ferreira Gomes Andrade |first5=J. A. |last6=Xavier-Neto |first6=J. |title=A new ornithuromorph bird from the Lower Cretaceous of South America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |year=2021 |volume=41 |issue=4 |article-number=e1988623 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1988623|bibcode=2021JVPal..41E8623C |s2cid=244059488 }} {{s2cid|244059488}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fabin |first1=Carlos E. |last2=Correia Filho |first2=Osvaldo J. |last3=Alencar |first3=Márcio L. |last4=Barbosa |first4=José A. |last5=de Miranda |first5=Tiago S. |last6=Neumann |first6=Virgínio H. |last7=Gomes |first7=Igor F. |last8=de Santana |first8=Felipe R. |year=2018 |title=Stratigraphic Relations of the Ipubi Formation: Siliciclastic-Evaporitic Succession of the Araripe Basin |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v90n2s1/0001-3765-aabc-201820170526.pdf |journal=[[Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências]] |volume=90 |issue=2 suppl 1 |pages=2049–2071|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201820170526 |pmid=29947671 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Figueiredo |first1=R.G. |author2-link=Alexander Kellner |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A. |year=2009 |title=A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226381199 |journal=[[Paläontologische Zeitschrift]] |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=323–331|doi=10.1007/s12542-009-0016-6 |bibcode=2009PalZ...83..323F |s2cid=129166567 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jorge de Lima |first1=Flaviana |last2=Feitosa Saraiva |first2=Antonio Álamo |last3=Manso Sayão |first3=Juliana |year=2012 |title=Revisão da paleoflora das Formações Missão Velha, Crato e Romualdo, Bacia do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil |journal=[[Estudos Geológicos]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=99–115|doi=10.18190/1980-8208/estudosgeologicos.v22n1p99-115 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite conference |last1=Leite da Silva |first1=Agnelo |last2=Neumann |first2=Virginio Enrique |year=2003 |title=Formação Crato da Bacia do Araripe: um reservatório análogo ao Calcário Trairí (Formação Paracuru), Bacia do Ceará |url=http://www.portalabpg.org.br/PDPetro/2/1062.pdf |conference=2o Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo & Gás |pages=1–6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Makarkin |first1=V.N. |last2=Menon |first2=F. |year=2007 |title=First record of fossil 'rapismatid-like' Ithonidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667107000523 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=743–753|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.11.003 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..743M |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Martill |first1=David M. |last2=Bechly |first2=Günter |last3=Loveridge |first3=Robert F. |year=2007 |title=The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBh_-QvX2MC&pg=PA236 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=236 |isbn=978-1-139-46776-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pinheiro |first1=Allysson P. |last2=Saraiva |first2=Antônio Á.F. |last3=Santana |first3=William |year=2014 |title=Shrimps from the Santana Group (Cretaceous: Albian): new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) and new record (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/2014nahead/0001-3765-aabc-0001-3765201420130338.pdf |journal=[[Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências]] |volume= 86|issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765201420130338 |pmid=24789213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824213217/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/2014nahead/0001-3765-aabc-0001-3765201420130338.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-24}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Alexandre Cunha |last2=Ribeiro |first2=Guilherme Cunha |last3=Varejão |first3=Filipe Giovanini |last4=Battirola |first4=Leandro Dênis |last5=Pessoa |first5=Edlley Max |last6=Simões |first6=Marcello Guimarães |last7=Warren |first7=Lucas Veríssimo |last8=Riccomini |first8=Claudio |last9=Poyato-Ariza |first9=Francisco José |date=May 2021 |title=Towards an actualistic view of the Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte paleoenvironment: A new hypothesis as an Early Cretaceous (Aptian) equatorial and semi-arid wetland |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=216 |article-number=103573 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103573|bibcode=2021ESRv..21603573R |s2cid=233924513 |hdl=11449/210241 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Salisbury |first1=S.W. |last2=Frey |first2=E. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |last4=Buchy |first4=M.C. |year=2003 |title=A new crocodilian from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-eastern Brazil |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43445707 |journal=[[Palaeontographica, Abteilung A]] |volume=270 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–47|doi=10.1127/pala/270/2003/3 |bibcode=2003PalAA.270....3S |s2cid=128437299 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scherer |first1=C.M.d.S. |last2=Jardim de Sá |first2=E.F. |last3=Córdoba |first3=V.C. |last4=Sousa |first4=D.d.C. |last5=Aquino |first5=M.M. |last6=Cardoso |first6=F.M.C. |year=2013 |title=Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the upper Jurassic-Neocomian rift succession, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil |url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/27124/1/Tectono-Stratigraphic%20evolution%20of%20the%20upper%20jurassic-neocomian%20rift%20succession.pdf |journal=[[Journal of South American Geosciences]] |volume= 49|pages=1–43|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2013.10.007 |bibcode=2014JSAES..49..106M |hdl=10316/27124 }}
* {{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |author2=Paul M. Barrett |author3=Rodolfo A. Coria |author4=Jean Le Loeuff |author5=Xu Xing |author6=Zhao Xijin |author7=Ashok Sahni |author8=Elizabeth M. P. Gomani |author9=Christopher R. Noto |display-authors=1 |year=2004 |title=Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, South America) ''in:'' Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=563–570 |isbn=0-520-24209-2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bétard |first1=François |last2=Peulvast |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=de Oliveira Magalhães |first3=Alexsandra |last4=Carvalho Neta |first4=Maria de Lourdes |last5=de Freitas |first5=Francisco Idalecio |year=2017 |title=Araripe Basin: A Major Geodiversity Hotspot in Brazil |url=http://francois.betard.free.fr/Betardetal2017Geoheritage.pdf |journal=Geoheritage |volume= 10|issue=4 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1007/s12371-017-0232-5 |bibcode=2018Geohe..10..543B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223644/http://francois.betard.free.fr/Betardetal2017Geoheritage.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-21}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=V.H. |last2=Borrego |first2=A.G. |last3=Cabrera |first3=L. |last4=Dino |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Organic matter composition and distribution through the Aptian–Albian lacustrine sequences of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516203000181 |journal=[[International Journal of Coal Geology]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=21–40|doi=10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00018-1 |bibcode=2003IJCG...54...21N |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jouault |first1=C. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2020 |title=The first fossil horntail wasp (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) from Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation in Brazil |url=https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.3.4.10 |journal=[[Palaeoentomology]] |volume=003 |pages=382–389|doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.4.10 |s2cid=225217001 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nel |first1=A. |last2=Pouillon |first2=J-M. |year=2020 |title=The second genus of the 'libelluloid' family Araripephlebiidae (Odonata, Clavilabiata) |url=https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.3.3.4 |journal=[[Palaeoentomology]] |volume=003 |pages=240–244|doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.3.4 |s2cid=225751809 |url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Crato Formation| ]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Brazil]]
[[Category:Lower Cretaceous Series of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations of Brazil]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Deltaic deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Brazil]]
[[Category:Environment of Ceará]]
[[Category:Environment of Pernambuco]]
[[Category:Environment of Piauí]]
[[Category:Landforms of Ceará]]
[[Category:Landforms of Pernambuco]]
[[Category:Landforms of Piauí]]
[[Category:Northeast Region, Brazil]]