View source for Cryotron

{{Short description|Electrical switch that uses superconductivity}}
[[File:Cryotron.jpg|thumb|A cryotron (1959)]]
{{for|the gas-filled tube|Krytron}}

The '''cryotron''' is a switch that operates using [[superconductivity]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rose-Innes | first = A. C. | author2 = Rhoderick, E. H. | title = Introduction to Superconductivity | publisher = Elsevier Science|year=1978|isbn=9780080216515 | series = International Series in Solid State Physics | volume = 6 | edition = 2 | pages = 45}}</ref> The cryotron works on the principle that [[magnetic field]]s destroy superconductivity. This simple device consists of two superconducting wires (e.g. [[tantalum]] and [[niobium]]) with different critical temperature (''T''<sub>c</sub>). The cryotron was invented by [[Dudley Allen Buck]] of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory.

== Timeline ==

* December 1953 The magnetically controlled switch is proposed in [[Dudley Allen Buck]] notebook.
* July 1955 Dudley A. Buck application for U.S. Patent [http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02832897&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2,832,897.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2,832,897%2526RS%3DPN%2F2,832,897&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page 2,832,897] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107061842/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02832897&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2,832,897.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2,832,897%2526RS%3DPN%2F2,832,897&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |date=2017-01-07 }}) ''Magnetically Controlled Gating Element''
* August 1955 Lincoln Laboratory [http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/40618/MC665_r15_M-3843.pdf Memorandum 6M-3843]''The Cryotron - A Superconductive Computer Component''
* 1956 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225205151/https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/12OmNyxFKcS/pdf A Cryotron Catalog Memory System] by Al Slade and Howard McMahon
* 1957 James W. Crowe application for U.S. patent [https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03100267&IDKey=0821DE49474D&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fpatimg.htm 3,100,267] ''Superconducting Gating Devices''

== Design ==

As described by Buck,<ref name=buck1956>{{cite journal | last = Buck | first = D. A. | title = The Cryotron-A Superconductive Computer Component | journal = Proceedings of the IRE | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 482–493 | year = 1956 | doi = 10.1109/JRPROC.1956.274927 | s2cid = 51633331 }}</ref> a straight wire of [[tantalum]] (having lower ''T''<sub>c</sub>) is wrapped around with a wire of [[niobium]] in a single-layer coil. Both wires are electrically isolated from each other. When this device is immersed in a [[liquid helium]] bath, both wires become superconducting and hence offer no resistance to the passage of electric current. Tantalum in superconducting state can carry large amount of current as compared to its normal state. Now when current is made to pass through the niobium coil (wrapped around tantalum), it produces a magnetic field, which in turn reduces (kills) the superconductivity of the tantalum wire and hence reduces the amount of the current that can flow through the tantalum wire. Hence one can control the amount of the current that can flow in the straight wire with the help of small current in the coiled wire. We can think of the tantalum straight wire as a "gate" and the coiled niobium as a "control".

The article by Buck<ref name=buck1956 /> includes descriptions of several logic circuits implemented using cryotrons, including: one stage of a binary adder, carry network, binary accumulator stage, and two stages of a cryotron stepping register.

A planar cryotron using thin films of lead and tin was developed in 1957 by John Bremer at [[General Electric]]'s General Engineering Lab in [[Schenectady, New York]]. This was one of the first [[integrated circuit]]s, although using superconductors rather than [[semiconductor]]s. In the next few years, a demonstration computer was made and arrays with 2000 devices operated. A short history of this work is in the November 2007 newsletter of the IEEE History Center.<ref name=bremer>{{cite journal | last = Bremer | first = John | title = The invention of a superconducting integrated circuit | journal = The IEEE History Center Newsletter | volume = 75 | pages = 6–7 | year = 2007 | url = http://www.ieee.org/documents/44480_IEEE_newsletter.pdf | access-date = 2013-01-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120722165631/http://www.ieee.org/documents/44480_IEEE_newsletter.pdf | archive-date = 2012-07-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Juri Matisoo<ref name=matisoo>{{cite journal | last = Matisoo | first = Juri | title = The tunneling cryotron—A superconductive logic element based on electron tunneling | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 172–180 | year = 1967 | doi = 10.1109/PROC.1967.5436 }}</ref> developed a version of the cryotron incorporating a [[Josephson junction]] switched by the magnetic field from a control wire. He also explained the shortcomings of traditional cryotrons in which the superconductive material must transition between superconducting and normal states to switch the device, and thus switch relatively slowly. Matisoo's cryotron switched between a conducting state in which "pair tunneling" of electrons through the gate took place and a "resistive" state where only single electrons were able to tunnel. The circuit was (like the traditional cryotron) capable of some amplification (i.e gain greater than unity) had a switching rate of less than 800 picoseconds. Although the requirement for cryogenic cooling limited its practicality, it wasn't until the late 2010s that commercial transistors came close to matching this performance.{{cn |date=June 2022}}

There have been periods of renewed interest in various types of cryotron. IBM experimented with using them for limited applications in supercomputers during the 1980s,{{cn |date=June 2022}} and (as of 2020) there has been some investigation of their potential applications both to I/O and logic in prototype quantum computers.{{cn |date=June 2022}}

== Legacy ==

The Cryotron brought Buck a number of interviews with various news agencies at the time, international scientific renown, and while the work didn't survive Buck's death, many of the techniques for the research of the device would be used at [[Intel]] and other chip manufacturers and in the research of other more modern and interactive computers, especially at [[MIT]].

== References ==

{{refs}}

{{Switches}}
{{Superconductivity}}

[[Category:Switches]]
[[Category:American inventions]]