View source for Cuanza Sul Province

{{Short description|Province of Angola}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| name = Cuanza Sul
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| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Angola|Province]]
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| image_map = Cuanza Sul in Angola (2024).svg
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| map_caption = Cuanza Sul, province of Angola
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Angola}}
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| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat = [[Sumbe]]
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| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = Narciso Damasio dos Santos Benedito
| leader_title1 = Vice-Governor for the Political, Economic and Social Sector
| leader_name1 = Emilia Cambundo Tchinawalile Antonio Salles Camuhoto 
| leader_title2 = Vice-Governor for Technical Services and Infrastructures
| leader_name2 = Heitor Dario de Jose Henriques Alfredo
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| area_total_km2 = 55600
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| population_total = 1,881,873
| population_as_of = 2014 census
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| blank_name_sec1         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1         = 0.445<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref><br/>{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of provinces of Angola by Human Development Index|18th]]
| iso_code = AO-CUS
| website = {{URL|www.kwanzasul.gov.ao}}
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}}

'''Cuanza Sul Province''' ("South [[Cuanza River|Cuanza]]"; [[Umbundu]]: Kwanza Kombuelo Volupale) is a [[Provinces of Angola|province of Angola]]. It has an area of {{convert|55,660|km2}} and a population of 1,881,873.<ref>[http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publicação-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Versão-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf 2014 Population census (INE Angola) - page 89] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |date=2016-05-06 }}</ref> [[Sumbe]] is the capital of the province. Dom {{Interlanguage link multi|Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa Coutinho|pt}} founded the province in 1769 as Novo Redondo ("New [[Redondo, Portugal|Redondo]]"). 

==History==
The province was badly affected during the [[Angolan Civil War]] (1975&ndash;2002). A large number of civilians were killed in the clashes between [[UNITA|National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]] (UNITA) and [[Angolan Armed Forces]] (FAA). Coffee plantations and fields were destroyed. Frequent attacks forced people to leave their municipalities. UNITA had opened its central front in the province.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|1990|p=29}}{{sfn|Weigert|2011|p=153}} Around 116,000 displaced people were living in camps. The majority of them were from the rural areas and the densely populated plateau regions.{{sfn|Int'l Business|2014|p=23}} On 17 December 2000, the UNITA combatants killed 31 FAA soldiers and looted vehicles, arms and about 20,000 litres of diesel in [[Quibala]].{{sfn|Weigert|2011|p=158}} In April 2001 they attacked FAA outposts and captured firearms.{{sfn|Weigert|2011|p=161}}

[[Landmines]] laid during the civil war are still present and contracts to clear them were given to different organisations.{{sfn|Vines|1997|p=54}} They are still present in several areas.{{sfn|Stead|Rorison|2013|p=77}} The province has a high density of landmines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Landmine Monitor Report|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/landmines/LMWeb-08.htm|website=Hrw.org|access-date=21 September 2014}}</ref> In 2008 the province's Maria Restino Manuel was declared the Internet winner of Miss Landmine 2008. She had secured 29% of the online votes.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bronisteel|first1=Sara|title=Amputee Beauty Pageant Crowns Miss Landmine 2008|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/amputee-beauty-pageant-crowns-miss-landmine-2008/|website=Fox News|access-date=23 September 2014|date=3 April 2008}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Cachoeiras do Binda.jpg|300px|thumb|Cachoeiras do Binda]]
Kibalas, N'goias, Musseles, Mussumbas and Bailundos are the major ethnic groups in the province. The Kimbundu language is most commonly used.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuanza Sul: The Province|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/portal/provincias/cuanza-sul/conteudo/2013/7/34/The-Province,9d75ce7d-68ef-44f5-a0e0-811a302bf644.html?context=4f2715ce-128a-4baf-ac73-dbc55c678ea9|website=Agencia Angola Press|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125350/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/portal/provincias/cuanza-sul/conteudo/2013/7/34/The-Province,9d75ce7d-68ef-44f5-a0e0-811a302bf644.html?context=4f2715ce-128a-4baf-ac73-dbc55c678ea9|url-status=dead}}</ref> Umbundu is also spoken.{{sfn|James|2011|p=147}} [[Bengo Province]] and [[Cuanza Norte Province]] are located to its north.<ref name="Today">{{cite web|title=Cuanza Sul Province|url=http://www.angola-today.com/city-guides/provinces/cuanza-sul/|website=Angola Today|access-date=21 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819055906/http://www.angola-today.com/city-guides/provinces/cuanza-sul/|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Malanje and Bie Provinces are located to its east, while Huambo and Benguela provinces border it in south. The province's coastline on the Atlantic Ocean is {{convert|180|km}} in length. Cuanza Sul city lies on the southern bank of the [[Cuanza River]].<ref name="Today" />

==Municipalities==
Within Cuanza Sul Province includes the following municipalities:

* [[Amboim]] (Gabela)
* [[Cassongue]]
* [[Conda, Angola|Conda]]
* [[Ebo, Angola|Ebo]]
* [[Libolo]] (Calulo)
* [[Mussende]]
* [[Porto Amboim]]
* [[Quibala]]
* [[Quilenda]]
* [[Seles, Angola|Seles]] (Uku Seles)
* [[Sumbe]] (Ngangula)
* [[Cela, Angola|Waku-Kungo]] (Cela)

==Communes==
The province of Cuanza Sul contains the following [[communes of Angola|communes]] ({{langx|pt|comunas}}); sorted by their respective municipalities:

* Amboim Municipality: – [[Assango]], [[Gabela, Angola|Gabela]]
* Cassongue Municipality: – [[Atôme, Angola|Atôme]], [[Cassongue]], [[Dumbi, Angola|Dumbi]], [[Pampangala|Pambangala]] (Pampangala)
* Conda Municipality: – [[Conda, Angola|Conda]], [[Cunjo]]
* Ebo Municipality: – [[Condé, Angola|Condé]], [[Ebo, Angola|Ebo]], [[Kassange]] (Quissanje)
* Libolo Municipality: – [[Kabuta|Cabuta]] (Kabuta), [[Calulo]], [[Munenga]], [[Quissongo]] (Kissongo)
* Mussende Municipality: – [[Mussende]], [[Quienha]] (Kienha), [[São Lucas, Angola|São Lucas]]
* Porto Amboim Municipality: – [[Kapolo|Capolo]] (Kapolo), [[Porto Amboim]]
* Quibala Municipality: – [[Cariango]] (Kariango), [[Ndala Kachibo|Dala Cachibo]], [[Lonhe]], [[Quibala]] (Kibala)
* Quilenda Municipality: – [[Quilenda]] (Kilenda), [[Quirimbo]] (Kirimbo)
* Seles Municipality: –  [[Amboiva]], [[Botera]], [[Seles, Angola|Seles]]
* Sumbe Municipality: – [[Ngangula|Gangula]] (Ngangula), [[Gungo]], [[Quicombo]] (Kicombo), [[Sumbe]]
* Waku-Kungo (Cela) Municipality: – [[Kissanga Kungo]] (Quissanga Cunjo), [[Sanga, Angola|Sanga]], [[Uaco Cungo]]

==Administration==
The province's governor is Eusébio de Brito Teixeira. António da Gama Lopes Teixeira, Mateus Alves Morais de Brito and Maria de Lourdes Sousa Abambres Veiga are deputy governors for Technical and infrastructure Services, Economic Sector Area and Political and Social Sector Area respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuanza Sul : Government|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/portal/provincias/cuanza-sul/conteudo/2013/6/30/Government,26b0a9a6-2547-41b3-aafc-3a8ebbb01642.html?context=4f2715ce-128a-4baf-ac73-dbc55c678ea9|website=Agencia Angola Press|access-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>

==Economy and education==
Coffee, cotton,{{sfn|Europa Publications|2003|p=49}} fruits, rice and tobacco are the major agricultural products.<ref name="Today" /> The province has large deposits of alluvial and eluvial [[diamonds]] and [[Gypsum]].{{sfn|Stead|Rorison|2013|p=36}}{{sfn|Minerals Yearbook|2010|p=2}} Sumbe and Porto Amboim are major fish processing centres.{{sfn|Stead|Rorison|2013|p=189}}

The Independent University of Angola is located in the province's capital and has emerged as the most important educational centre in the province. Established in August 2003 it offers courses in agronomy, veterinary science and forestry.{{sfn|James|2011|p=275}}

==List of governors of Cuanza Sul==

{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Name !! Years in office
|-
| Manuel da Cruz Gaspar|| data-sort-value="01"|1975–1977
|-
| Luís Doukui Paulo de Castro|| data-sort-value="03"|1977–1979
|-
| Armando Fandano Ndembo || data-sort-value="04"|1979–1982
|-
| Francisco José Ramos da Cruz|| data-sort-value="11"|1982–1992
|-
| Aurélio Segunda || data-sort-value="03"|1992–1994
|-
| Francisco José Ramos da Cruz || data-sort-value="06"|1994–1999
|-
| [[Higino Carneiro|Francisco Higino Lopes Carneiro]] || data-sort-value="04"|1999–2002
|-
| Serafim Maria do Prado || data-sort-value="11"|2002–2012
|-
| Eusébio de Brito Teixeira || data-sort-value="08"|2012–2019
|-
| Job Pedro Castelo Capapinha || data-sort-value="01"|2019–
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cuandocubango.gov.ao/Institucionais/Historico.aspx |title=Histórico dos Governadores |publisher=cuandocubango.gov.ao |access-date=3 Mar 2019 |language=pt}}</ref>

{{small|Up to 1991, the official name was Provincial Commissioner}}

==See also==
*[[Coçoço]]
*[[Fort of Kikombo]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|author=Europa Publications|author-link=Europa Publications|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA49|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-183-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOUq1JKeQ18C&pg=SA2-PA12|date=2010|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-1-4113-2965-2|ref={{sfnRef|Minerals Yearbook|2010}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Angola Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pr9kCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=2014 |publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4330-7852-1 |ref={{sfnRef|Int'l Business|2014}}}}
* {{cite book|first=W. Martin |last=James|title=Historical Dictionary of Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A5NM4IeBXgC&pg=PA147|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7458-9|oclc=712777842}}
* {{cite book|first1=Mike |last1=Stead|first2=Sean |last2=Rorison|title=Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jqQRmcjxLYC&pg=PA189|year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-443-3|oclc=809938802}}
* {{cite book|author=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|author-link=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|title=Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XwzfdiBfKoC&pg=PA29|year=1990|publisher=Human Rights Watch|id=GGKEY:379Y7T2K4UX|ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency|1990}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Alex |last=Vines|title=Still Killing: Landmines in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFFdl5colg8C&pg=PA54|year=1997|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-206-7|oclc=246170324}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen L. |last=Weigert|title=Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961-2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdzJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-33783-1|oclc=759166807}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130801/http://www.info-angola.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=17&Itemid=1427 Information on this province at ''Info Angola'']
* [http://ao.geoview.info/kwanza_sul,3349234 Province geographical info at geoview.info]

{{Provinces of Angola}}
{{Cuanza Sul Province}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Cuanza Sul Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of Angola]]