View source for Cuarenta

{{short description|National card game of Ecuador}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Cuarenta
| subtitle = 
| image_link = [[File:Playing Cards.JPG|200px]]
| image_caption = 
| Family = 
| alt_names = 
| type = [[Card games#Fishing games|Fishing]]
| players = 2 or 4 
| play = Counter-clockwise 
| num_cards = 40 cards
| deck = Spanish 
| origin = [[Ecuador]]
| related = [[Scopa]]
| playing_time = 20 min.
| random_chance = Easy
| skills = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cuarenta''' is the national [[card game]] of [[Ecuador]]. It is a fishing game played with the standard 52 card pack of [[Anglo-American playing cards]], but all 10s, 9s and 8s are omitted (ace is low).

This game is almost exclusively played in Ecuador. The name of the game, ''[[wikt:es:cuarenta|cuarenta]]'' is Spanish for the number 40 ([[wikt:forty|forty]]). This refers to the number of points that are required to win a chica (small division of the game) and also to the number of cards used to play it. Two chicas or the first chica with [[wikt:es:zapatería|zapatería]] (loss of the chica by scoring less than ten points) win the game (a completed game is called a "mesa", literally meaning "table", which in this context refers to "match"). The game can be played by 2 players, or 4 players split into two teams. Cuarenta is the national card game of Ecuador and even has official tournaments.    

The score is kept with two kinds of chips, the two-point tantos (points) and the ten-point [[wikt:es:perro|perro]]s ([[dog]]s). When a standard 52 card pack is used, the 8s, 9s and 10s can be used to keep the score.

==Game==
Five cards are dealt to each player, given out as a hand of five cards at a time starting counterclockwise. The opponent of the dealer or the opponents of the dealer's team are given ten points if there are any irregularities during the deal itself, and the dealer's turn is handed over to the opponent ("pasa la mano con diez", hand over the deal with ten points). A typical indication of these irregularities is that the dealer finds himself or herself with 4 or 6 cards in his or her hand after the second deal. The cards left over after the first deal are placed face down on a stack to the side.<ref name=" publimetro 2018">{{cite web | first=Andrea|last=Martinez| title=Fiestas de Quito: ¿Cómo jugar 40 (Cuarenta)? | website=Publimetro Test | date=2018-11-26 | url=https://www.metroecuador.com.ec/ec/entretenimiento/2018/11/26/fiestas-de-quito-como-jugar-cuarenta.html | access-date=2021-01-08|language=es }}</ref>

Before the first individual turn after each deal, special announcements have to be made by each player if applicable. These are the ''doble ronda'' (four cards of the same rank) and the ''ronda'' (gathering of people, patrol, gang; three cards of the same rank). A ''doble ronda'' automatically wins the game; a ''ronda'' scores two points.

The player to the dealer's right begins. The turn to play passes counterclockwise. Each player plays one card face up onto the table. Cards on the table may be captured by the opponent. If cards are captured, they are placed face down in front of the player or his teammate. Played cards remain on the table until they are captured or the round ends. Cards can be captured in the following three ways: ''matching'' (card same rank as on the table; player places matching card onto own pile), ''addition'' (two cards add to the value of the other; a 2 and a 4 can be captured by a 6; an ace, a 2 and a 4 can be captured by a 7; cards  with pictures have no value and cannot be captured this way), and ''sequence'' (a card captured by matching or addition entitles the picking of the next higher card; matching a 2 entitles the capturing of the 3 and 4 (etc.), as well, should there be any). Note that, due to the absence of 8s, 9s, and 10s, the Jack follows the 7 in sequence. A table with the cards 3 4 J Q K can be cleaned with a 7 (3 and 4 add to 7, then J Q K continue the sequence), capturing a total of 6 cards. The Ace does not follow the King. The Ace counts as one for all purposes of this game.

==Scoring==
If a player clears the table by capturing all cards, he scores a ''limpia'' (meaning ''a cleansing'' or ''a wiping out'' of the table; 2 points). If a player captures the card just played by the player before, this is called a ''caída'' (meaning ''a fall''. These two often happen at the same time; under the "official" [[Quito]] rules of the [[Asociación de Periodistas Deportivos de Pichincha]] (the association of sports journalists of the province of [[Pichincha (province)|Pichincha]]), no additional points are scored for this combination (the ''caída'' or the ''limpia'' may be scored, but not both). In the [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] rules variation, both events are scored, for a total of 4 points. This variation in scoring is not necessarily regional. Some tournaments may give the match (chica) for a ''doble ronda'' or ''caida en ronda'' in the interest of shortening the duration of the entire tournament. In Quito only 4 points are given for ''doble ronda'' or ''caida en ronda''. A summary of these variations is shown below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Style
! Todo dos (Quito)
! A todo rigor 
|-
| Caida y limpia
| 2 points
| 4 points
|-
| Caida en ronda
| 4 points
| chica
|-
| Doble ronda
| 4 points
| chica
|-
|  Tres caida y limpia
| no additional points
| chica
|}

After all five cards are played, there is a new deal. After a new deal, ''caída'' does not apply to any cards remaining on the table. After all cards have been played (2 deals with 4 players, 4 deals with 2 players), each player or team counts their collected cards. If the number of collected cards is 20, 6 points are scored; an additional point is given for each captured card in excess of 20, rounded to the next even number. So, 21 cards gives 8 points, 22 cards still gives 8 points. 23 or 24 cards give 10 points. If both teams capture 20 cards, neither side scores 6 points. In this case and all other ties, the non-dealing team scores 2 points. This is called ''dos por darlas'', "two for dealing (next)", as the scoring team will deal the next round. If neither team captures 20 cards, the team with more cards scores 2 points. 

If a team reaches exactly 38 points, that team is "out of play," called ''38 que no juega'' (38 that doesn't play). The final two points that achieve victory may only be scored by ''caída''. Existing captured cards, limpia, ronda will not count towards closing the game for that team.

A chica is won when a player or team reaches 40 points. The game is won when a player or a team wins two chicas or when the opponent doesn't reach ten points at the end of the first chica (this last kind of loss is known as "zapatería"). Losing as ''zapatero'' immediately disqualifies the team from a tournament or match.

If the opponent loses with "zapatería" (he doesn't score a perro = ten points), he's called "zapatero", probably because he ends up "poor" like a shoemaker (zapato = shoe). It may also be related to the expression "Cero, zapatero", a common rhyme colloquially used when referring to the number cero.

==Similar card games==
A similar game called [[Ronda(Card Game)|Ronda]] is the most popular card game in [[Morocco]].

==See also==
*[[Mus (card game)]] 
*[[Tute]]
*[[Cinquillo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/cuarenta.html Rules of Card Games: Cuarenta] Rules for one of many versions of the game.

{{Non trick-taking card games}}

[[Category:South American card games]]
[[Category:Culture of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Spanish deck card games]]