View source for Curtiss P-36 Hawk

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Short description|American fighter aircraft}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->{{Infobox aircraft
| name = P-36 Hawk/Hawk 75/Mohawk
| image = File:Curtiss P-36C Hawk ‘PA-50’ (G-CIXJ) (35522160474).jpg
| caption = A P-36C at the Flying Legends Airshow in 2016
| type = [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]]
| manufacturer = [[Curtiss-Wright Corporation]]
| first_flight = 6 May 1935
| introduction = 1938
| retired = 1954, Argentina
| status =
| primary_user = [[United States Army Air Corps]]
| more_users = [[Finnish Air Force]]<br />[[French Air Force]]<br />[[Royal Air Force]]
| produced =
| number_built = 215 (P-36) plus 900 export Hawk 75 variants
| variants =
| developed_into = [[Curtiss YP-37]]<br />[[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]]<br />[[Curtiss XP-42]]
| national_origin = [[United States]]
}}

The '''Curtiss P-36 Hawk''', also known as the '''Curtiss Hawk Model 75''', is an American-designed and built [[fighter aircraft]] of the 1930s and 40s. A contemporary of the [[Hawker Hurricane]] and [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], it was one of the first of a new generation of combat aircraft—a sleek monoplane design with a retractable undercarriage making extensive use of metal in its construction.

Perhaps best known as the predecessor of the [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]], the P-36 saw little combat with the [[United States Army Air Forces]] during [[World War II]]. It was the fighter used most extensively and successfully by the [[French Air Force]] during the [[Battle of France]]. The P-36 was also ordered by the governments of the Netherlands and Norway but did not arrive in time to see action before both were occupied by Nazi Germany. The type was also manufactured under license in China, for the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|Republic of China Air Force]], as well as in [[British India]], for the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF).

[[Axis powers|Axis]] and [[co-belligerent]] air forces also made significant use of captured P-36s. Following the fall of France and Norway in 1940, several dozen P-36s were seized by Germany and transferred to Finland; these aircraft saw extensive action with the [[Finnish Air Force]] against the [[Soviet Air Force]]s. The P-36 was also used by [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] air forces in several minor conflicts; in one of these, the [[Franco-Thai War]] of 1940–41, P-36s were used by both sides.

From mid-1940, some P-36s en route for France and the Netherlands were diverted to Allied air forces in other parts of the world. The Hawks ordered by the Netherlands were diverted to the [[Dutch East Indies]] and later saw action against Japanese forces. French orders were taken up by [[British Commonwealth]] air forces, and saw combat with the [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF) against Italian forces in East Africa, and with the RAF over Burma. Within the Commonwealth, the type was usually referred to as the '''Curtiss Mohawk'''.

With around 1,000 aircraft built by Curtiss, the P-36 was a commercial success for the company. It also became the basis of the [[P-40]] and two unsuccessful prototypes: the [[Curtiss P-37|P-37]] and the [[Curtiss XP-42|XP-42]].

==Design and development==
The Curtiss '''Model 75''' was a private venture by the company, designed by former [[Northrop Aircraft Company]] engineer [[Don R. Berlin]]. The first prototype, constructed in 1934, featured all-metal construction with fabric-covered control surfaces, a Wright XR-1670-5 radial engine developing {{convert|900|hp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}, and typical [[United States Army Air Corps]] (USAAC) armament of one {{convert|.30|in|mm|2|abbr=on}} and one {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr = on}} machine gun firing through the propeller arc. Also typical of the time was the total absence of cockpit [[Vehicle armour#Aircraft|armor]] or [[self-sealing fuel tank]]s. The distinctive landing gear, which rotated 90° to fold the main wheels flat into the thin trailing portion of the wing, resting atop the lower ends of the maingear struts when retracted, was a [[Boeing]]-patented design for which Curtiss had to pay [[royalties]].

The prototype first flew on 6 May 1935, reaching {{convert|281|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr= on}} during early test flights. On 27 May 1935, the prototype was flown to [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|Wright Field]], Ohio, to compete in the USAAC fly-off for a new single-seat fighter, but the contest was delayed because the [[Seversky Aircraft Corporation|Seversky]] entry crashed on its way there. Curtiss took advantage of the delay to replace the unreliable engine with a Wright XR-1820-39 Cyclone producing {{convert|950|hp|kW|abbr=on}} and to rework the fuselage, adding the distinctive scalloped rear windows to improve visibility. The new prototype was designated '''Model 75B''' with the R-1670 version retroactively designated '''Model 75D'''. The fly-off finally took place in April 1936. Unfortunately, the new engine failed to deliver its rated power and the aircraft only reached {{convert|285|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.

Although the competing [[Seversky P-35]] also underperformed and was more expensive, it was still declared the winner and awarded a contract for 77 aircraft. However, on 16 June 1936, Curtiss received an order from USAAC for three prototypes designated '''Y1P-36'''. The USAAC was concerned about political turmoil in Europe, and about Seversky's ability to deliver P-35s in a timely manner, and therefore wanted a backup fighter. The Y1P-36 ('''Model 75E''') was powered by a 900&nbsp;hp [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830]]-13 Twin Wasp engine, and the scalloped rear canopy was further enlarged. The new aircraft performed so well that it won the 1937 USAAC competition with an order for 210 '''P-36A''' fighters.

The aircraft's extremely low wing loading of just 23.9&nbsp;lb/ft<sup>2</sup> gave it outstanding turning performance,{{#tag:ref| According to Czech ace [[František Peřina]], the P-36 was "terrific. It was not as fast as the Messerschmitt, but it could outmaneuver any German aircraft. If one got on your tail, in one 360-degree turn, you were behind him." Compared to the Hawker Hurricane, Peřina said the Hurricane was "a good aircraft, but heavier than the P-36 and, with a higher wing loading, not as easy to handle as a P-36."<ref>Guttman, Jon. [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3032966.html "World War II: Interview with Czech Ace František Peřina."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009091207/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3032966.html |date=2007-10-09}} ''Military History'', October 1995.</ref>|group=note}} and its high [[power-to-weight ratio]] of 0.186&nbsp;hp/lb gave superb climbing performance for the time. The single speed [[supercharger]] was a serious handicap at high altitudes. Compared to the later Allison-engined P-40, the P-36 shared the P-40's traits of excellent high-speed handling, roll rate that improved at high speed, and relatively light controls at high speed. However, it was underpowered, affecting its acceleration and top speed, and it did not accelerate in a dive as well as the P-40.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==Operational history==

===Argentina===
[[File:FMA CURTISS HAWK 75-0.jpg|thumb|[[Fábrica Militar de Aviones|FMA]] Curtiss Hawk 75O]]

Argentina bought a number of the simplified, fixed landing gear '''Hawk 75O'''s, (intended for rough-field operations and ease of maintenance) and purchased a manufacturing license for the type; 30 were built and delivered by Curtiss, and 20 produced locally. These aircraft used the same engine, Wright Cyclone R-1820-G5 as the [[Martin B-10|Martin 139WAA]]'s and [[Northrop A-17|Northrop 8A-2s]] used by the [[Argentine Army Aviation]] at the time. Usually armed with one {{convert|11.35|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} Madsen machine gun heavily modified for aircraft use and three {{convert|7.65|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} [[Madsen machine gun|Madsen light machine guns]], there was provision for up to 10 {{convert|30|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs on underwing pylons. The last Argentinian Hawks remained in service until November 1954.<ref name=Padin/><ref name=Rodi>{{cite web |last1=Rodi |first1=Eduardo Julio |title=Un Viejo Guerrero: Historia y Detalles Técnicos de un Sistema poco Conocido, Primera parte |url=https://cesbarosario.com.ar/download/News/23/Un_Viejo_Guerrero_el_11.35.pdf#page8 |language=Spanish |publisher=Centro de Estudios Balísticos Rosario |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

===Brazil===
In March 1942, 10 USAAC P-36As were transferred to Brazil.

===British Commonwealth===
[[File:RAF Mohawk IV India2 1943.jpg|thumb|RAF Mohawk IVs in India in January 1943]]

The [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) also displayed interest in the aircraft. Comparison of a borrowed French '''Hawk 75A-2''' with a [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mk I revealed that the Hawk had several advantages over the early variant of the iconic British fighter. The Hawk was found to have lighter controls than the Spitfire at speeds over {{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, especially in diving attacks, and was easier to maneuver in a dogfight (thanks to the less sensitive elevator). The Hawk also had better all-around visibility
and was easier to control on takeoff and landing. Not surprisingly, the Spitfire's superior acceleration and top speed ultimately gave it the advantage of being able to engage and leave combat at will.

Although the British decided not to purchase the aircraft, they soon came into possession of 229 Hawks by way of shipments diverted from occupied France and aircraft flown by escaping French pilots. The aircraft received the designations '''Mohawk''' I through IV, mirroring French '''Hawk 75A-1''' through '''A-4''', and were fitted with 0.303-cal. machine guns and conventional throttles (forward to increase power).<ref name="March_p68">March 1995, p. 68.</ref>

Although the Hawk was considered obsolete, a number saw service with the RAF and [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF) in India and Burma. In April 1941, the government of British India ordered 48 Cyclone-powered Mohawk IVz (Hawk 75A) for the RIAF, to be built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aircraft]]. The first such aircraft completed was test flown on 31 July 1942. Only four additional aircraft were completed before the project was abandoned. However, Chinese license production of the '''Hawk 75A-5''' was moved to India, and these aircraft were also absorbed into the RAF/RIAF as Mohawk IVs. They were supplemented by 10 Hawk 75A-9s that were captured in Iran, during the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] of August 1941.<ref name="Shores Indian p2">Shores ''Air Enthusiast'' 1983, p. 2.</ref> A further 74 Mohawk IVs that had originally been ordered by France were shipped to India from the United Kingdom.<ref name=March_p68/> The only RAF units to see combat in Mohawks were [[No. 5 Squadron RAF]] and [[No. 155 Squadron RAF]], using the type mainly for bomber escort and ground attack. The type was retired by the RAF/RIAF in 1944.<ref name="Shores Indian p2-9">Shores ''Air Enthusiast'' 1983, pp. 2–9.</ref>

The [[South African Air Force]] received 72 Mohawks. Its first Mohawks were delivered to East Africa in mid-1941, where they were used by [[3 Squadron SAAF]] to support operations in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]], taking part in the [[Battle of Gondar]] which ended the campaign, and helping to patrol the border with Vichy French held [[Djibouti]].<ref name="Thomas p67-9">Thomas 2003, pp. 67-69.</ref> These Mohawks were then sent to South Africa, where, supplemented by fresh deliveries, they were used for training and for home defense.<ref name="Thomas p69">Thomas 2003, p. 69.</ref>

===China===
The prototype of the '''Hawk 75H'''—a simplified version with fixed landing gear, like the 75O—was eventually sold to the Chinese Nationalist government who presented it to [[Claire L. Chennault]] for personal use. China also received two similar demonstrators, the '''Hawk 75Q'''. They also used a number of simplified '''Hawk 75M'''s against the Japanese. On 11 January 1939, five Hawk 75Ms of the veteran [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)#Units of the Chinese Nationalist Air Force 1937–1945|CAF 25th Fighter Squadron]] led by commander Liu Yijun (劉依鈞) were flown to the new wartime capital of [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing in preparations for defense duties there]]; Liu Yijun and his four specially-trained Hawk 75 pilots all died in the crash of transport aircraft in the return flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm|title = Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939}}</ref> These Hawk 75Ms were intended for the newly established 16th and 18th Fighter Squadrons that were previously light attack-bomber squadrons, but did not supersede the increasingly obsolescent [[Polikarpov I-15]] and [[Polikarpov I-16|I-16]] that formed the backbone of most of China's fighter squadrons from 1938 to 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warbirdforum.com/uncert.htm|title=Richard Dunn: Uncertain Wings: Hawk 75 in China}}</ref> The '''Hawk 75A-5''' was built under license in China, but production was later moved to India, and these aircraft were absorbed into the RAF as the Mohawk IV.

===Finland===
[[File:Curtiss Hawk 75A-3 CU-562.jpg|thumb|Curtiss Hawk 75A-3 in Finnish service]]

Hawk 75s captured by German forces in Norway and France were on-sold to Finland. Curtiss had sold 13 aircraft to Norway,<ref name=persyn50>Persyn, Stenman and Thomas 2009, p. 50</ref> and 31 more were captured around the time of the [[Battle of France|fall of France]]. These were sold to Finland in October 1940. In total, 44 captured aircraft of five subtypes were transferred to Finland, in three tranches, between 23 June 1941 and 5 January 1944.<ref name="BackwoodsFAF">[http://www.sci.fi/~ambush/faf/fafincolor.html "Curtiss Hawk 75A."]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''Backwoods landing strip: Finnish Air Fo rce aircraft.'' Retrieved: 28 October 2010.</ref> The aircraft were given serial codes CU-501 to CU-507 (A-4 submodel with Cyclone) and CU-551 to CU-587 (all other submodels with Twin Wasp).

In Finnish service, the Hawk was well liked, affectionately called ''Sussu'' ("Sweetheart").<ref>Crawford, Bruce. [http://curtisshawk75.bravepages.com/ "Hawk 75: Promise unfulfilled?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091848/http://curtisshawk75.bravepages.com/ |date=2011-07-08}} ''curtisshawk75.bravepages.com,'' 2002. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.</ref> The Finnish Air Force enjoyed success with the type, credited with 190⅓ kills by 58 pilots, between 16 July 1941 and 27 July 1944, for the loss of 15 of their own.<ref name=BackwoodsFAF/> Finnish Hawk pilots included the type's highest-scoring ace, [[Altto Kalevi "Kale" Tervo]], with between 14¼ and 15¾ victories in the type; another ace, [[Kyösti Karhila|Kyösti "Kössi" Karhila]], scored 12¼ or 13¼ of his 32¼ victories in the Hawk.<ref>Persyn, Stenman and Thomas 2009, p. 88</ref><ref name="adf">''ADF Serials Telegraph News'', 2012, vol. 2, iss. 2 (Winter), pp. 10–24.</ref>

The Finnish Hawks were initially armed with either four or six 7.5mm machine guns. While sufficient during the early phase of the [[Continuation War]], the increasing speeds and armor of Soviet aircraft soon showed this armament was not powerful enough. From 1942, the [[Valtion lentokonetehdas|State Aircraft Factory]] replaced the fuselage machine guns with either one or two {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} Colt or [[Mitrailleuse d'Avion Browning - F.N. Calibre 13,2 mm|Browning FN]] machine guns and installed two or four {{convert|.303|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} Browning machine guns in each wing. The 12.7mm [[Berezin UB]] or LKk/42 heavy machine guns were also used.<ref name=BackwoodsFAF/> The installation of heavier armament did not change the very good flying characteristics of the fighter, and the armament was much more effective against Soviet aircraft. The Finnish Hawks were also equipped with Revi 3D or C/12D gunsight.

Surviving Finnish aircraft remained in service with the FAF aviation units [[HLeLv 13]], [[HLeLv 11]] and [[Training Air Wing, Finnish Air Force|LeSK]] until 30 August 1948, when the last operational Finnish Hawks were put into storage. In 1953, the stored aircraft were scrapped.<ref name=BackwoodsFAF/><ref>Persyn, Stenman and Thomas 2009, p. 71</ref>

===France===

[[File:P-36 3 GC II 5.jpg|thumb|left|Curtiss H75A-1 of the 3rd flight of Groupe de Chasse II/5 French Air Force, June 1940]]
Even before the P-36A entered production, the French Air Force entered negotiations with Curtiss for delivery of 300 aircraft. The negotiating process ended up being very drawn-out because the cost of the Curtiss fighters was double that of the French [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]] and [[Bloch MB.150]], and the delivery schedule was deemed too slow. Since the USAAC was unhappy with the rate of domestic deliveries and believed that export aircraft would slow things down even more, it actively opposed the sale. Eventually, it took direct intervention from U.S. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] to give the French test pilot [[:fr:Michel Détroyat|Michel Detroyat]] a chance to fly the Y1P-36.

Detroyat's enthusiasm, problems with the MB.150, and the pressure of continuing German rearmament finally forced France to purchase 100 aircraft and 173 engines. The first '''Hawk 75A-1''' (or '''H75A-1 n°1''') arrived in France in December 1938 and began entering service in March 1939. A few months later, this aircraft was part of "Groupe de Chasse II/5 La Fayette" (heir of the [[Escadrille Lafayette]] that fought in France during World War I), wearing the famous Sioux Head on its fuselage side. After the first few examples, aircraft were delivered in pieces and assembled in France by the ''[[Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre]]''.

Officially designated as the '''Curtiss H75-C1''' (the "Hawk" name was not used in France), the aircraft were powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SC-G engines of 900&nbsp;hp and had instruments calibrated for the metric system, a seat for French dorsal parachutes, a French-style throttle which operated in reverse from U.S. and British aircraft (full throttle was to the rear rather than to the front) and armament of four (later models had six with two firing through the prop and four in the wings) [[7.5x54mm French|7.5 mm]] [[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal|FN-Browning]] machine guns, aimed with a French-supplied Baille-Lemaire gun sight. The aircraft evolved through several modifications, the most significant being the installation of the Wright R-1820 Cyclone engine. The H75-C1 variant saw little operational use due to its late delivery and reliability problems with the Wright radial engine. A total of 316 H75s were delivered to France before the German occupation.<ref name="Battle of France">Facon, Patrick. "Slowing Down Blitzkrieg - A Curtiss Fighter Ace in the Battle of France." ''AIR FAN International'', Publitek Ltd, March 1996, pp. 54–62. ISSN 1083-2548.</ref>

[[File:Hawk 75 No 82 side.jpg|thumb|Curtiss H75C-1]]
On 20 September, Sergeant [[André-Armand Legrand]], pilot of the H75A-1 n°1 in the ''Groupe de Chasse II/5 La Fayette'' was credited of the first Allied air victory of [[World War II]] on the Western front with shooting down a [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]E of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' [[Jagdgeschwader 53|3/JG 53]], over [[Überherrn]]. During 1939–1940, French H75 pilots claimed 230 air-to-air kills (of a total of 1,009 air-to-air kills by the French Air Force during 1939–1940) and 81 probable victories in H75s against only 29 aircraft lost in aerial combat.<ref>Brindley, John F. (1971). ''French Fighters of World War Two'', p. 52. Hylton Lacy, London.</ref> While making up only 12.6 per cent of the French Air Force single-seater fighter force, the H75 accounted for almost a third of the air-to-air kills during the 1940 Battle of France.<ref name="Battle of France"/>

Of the 11 French [[Flying ace|aces]] of the early part of the war, seven flew H75s. The leading ace of the time was Lieutenant [[Edmond Marin la Meslée]] with 15 confirmed and five probable victories in the type. H75-equipped squadrons were evacuated to [[French North Africa]] before the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|Armistice]] to avoid capture by the Germans. While under the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], these units clashed with British aircraft during the [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|Battle of Mers El-Kebir]] and the [[Battle of Dakar]]. During [[Operation Torch]] in North Africa, French H75s fought against U.S. Navy [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|F4F Wildcats]], losing 15 aircraft while shooting down seven American aircraft. From late 1942, the Allies started re-equipping the formerly Vichy-controlled French H75 units with P-40s and [[Bell P-39 Airacobra|P-39s]]; despite this they still saw limited service with the [[Free French Air Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curtiss-H75 |url=https://www.passionair1940.fr/Armee%20de%20l'Air/Appareils/Chasse/Curtiss-H75/EN-Curtiss-H75.htm |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.passionair1940.fr}}</ref>

===Nazi Germany===
In mid-1940, the Luftwaffe experienced a shortage of replacement Bf 109s, following losses in the French campaign and the early stages of the Battle of Britain. Curtiss H75s, captured from French stocks, were used as a stopgap; between August and October 1940, one ''[[Staffel (unit)|staffel]]'', [[Jagdgeschwader 77|7/JG 77]], stationed in Brittany, reportedly flew a total of 12 H75s.<ref> [https://www.vintagewings.ca/stories/wtf Dave O'Malley (2014), "WTF? — Captured Enemy Aircraft"] ''Vintage Wings of Canada''. </ref> Some of these aircraft were apparently used subsequently as advanced fighter trainers, by ''Jagdfliegerschule 4'', near Nuremberg.

===Iran===

The '''Hawk&nbsp;75A-9''' variant was also ordered by the [[Imperial State of Iran]] (previously Persia). In or before mid-1941, 10 of these aircraft arrived in Iran, partly-assembled and in crates. They had not been assembled by the time of the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|Allied invasion of Iran]]. Seized by Commonwealth forces, these Hawk&nbsp;75s were shipped to India, where they were assembled and used by the RAF/[[royal Indian Air Force|RIAF]], as the '''Mohawk Mk.&nbsp;IV'''.

===Dutch East Indies===
In October 1939, the Netherlands ordered 24 Hawk 75A-7s for their colonies of the [[Dutch East Indies]] (''Oost Indië''). These planes were powered by 1,200&nbsp;hp Cyclones. Factory armament was one .50 inch and one .303 inch machine gun in the cowl with two .303 machine guns in the wings. After delivery, the .50 weapons were replaced to standardize parts and ammunition. The plane could carry six {{convert|23|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs. The fighters were shipped in 1940 and almost rerouted to the Netherlands when Germany invaded. But as the mainland surrendered, the aircraft continued to the colonies where they were used extensively against the Japanese attack on the Far Eastern part of the kingdom. By that time, the aircraft had flown so many hours that the engines were showing serious wear and tear.

Most Dutch Hawks were assigned to the ''1ste JachtVliegAfdeling - VliegtuigGroep IV'' (1ste JaVA - 1-VlG IV; "1st Fighter Squadron - Flying Group IV") of the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force]] (ML-KNIL), although some flew with 1-VlG V. These aircraft saw action over Malacca, Sumatra and Java, successfully bombing the railroad and intercepting bombers and participated in the extensive dogfights over Soerabaja, where USAAF, RAF and ML aircraft fought Japanese bombers and fighters together.

===Norway===
[[File:Curtiss og douglas fly LittleNorwayCC0.jpg|thumb|Hawk 75s at Little Norway in 1942]]
Norway ordered 24 Twin Wasp-powered '''Hawk 75A-6s''', of which 19 were delivered and seven assembled at the time of the German invasion. None of the aircraft were combat-ready. The disassembled aircraft were disabled by a single customs employee who smashed the instruments and cut all the wires he could reach.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Thirteen Norwegian Hawks captured by the Germans were part of the first batch of 29 P-36s sent to Finland.<ref name=persyn50/> Norway also ordered 36 Cyclone-powered '''Hawk 75A-8s'''. Most of this batch (a total of 30) were delivered as advanced trainers to "[[Little Norway]]" near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a Norwegian training base established by the London-based government-in-exile.<ref>Persyn, Stenman and Thomas 2009, p. 9</ref> Still later, they were resold to the U.S. and redesignated the P-36G model.<ref>O'Leary, Michael. ''USAAF Fighters of World War Two''. Harrisburg, PA: Harrisburg Historical Times, 1986. {{ISBN|0-7137-1839-0}}., p. 53</ref>

===Peru===
In 1943, the U.S. sent 28 Hawks to Peru under the [[Lend-Lease]] agreement. These were ex-Norwegian P-36Gs that had served in Canada.

===Portugal===
[[File:Mohawk IV Portugual.jpg|thumb|Curtiss Hawk 75A-4 in [[Azores]]]]

Portugal was officially neutral during World War II, although the Allies were allowed to use or establish ports and airfields on various Portuguese territories. One result of these friendly relations was the transfer by the British government of 12 Hawk 75A variants to the [[Portuguese Air Force]], or ''Força Aérea Portuguesa'' (FAP), which assigned them to air defense duties in the [[Azores]].

===Thailand===
[[File:Unmarked Curtiss H75-N Hawk ( KH11-8 ) (7880777772).jpg|thumb|Curtiss Hawk 75N]]
A few Hawk 75Ns were used by Thailand during the [[French-Thai War]]. They also fought at the [[Battle of Prachuab Khirikhan]] against Japanese forces during the [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand]]. On 28 January 1941, the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] (RTAF) dispatched nine Ki-30 Nagoyas, escorted by three Hawk 75s, to bomb Pailin and Sisophon in French Indochina. Thailand was perhaps the only country operating both Japanese and American aircraft just before World War II.<ref name="Thai">{{cite web |title=A Briefer History of The Royal Thai Air Force |url=http://blog.nationmultimedia.com/print.php?id=1611 |website=The Nation Weblog |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406173334/http://blog.nationmultimedia.com/print.php?id=1611 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===United States===
The first production P-36As were delivered to the [[20th Fighter Wing|20th Pursuit Group]] at [[Barksdale Field]] in [[Louisiana]] in April 1938. The aircraft's service history was marred by numerous teething problems with the engine exhaust, skin buckling over landing gear, and weak points in the airframe, severely restricting the performance envelope. By the time these issues were resolved, the P-36 was considered obsolete and was relegated to training units and overseas detachments at [[Albrook Field]] in the [[Panama Canal Zone]], [[Elmendorf Field]] in [[Alaska]], and [[Wheeler Field]] in [[Hawaii]].

The P-36s had been delivered to Hawaii in February 1941 by being loaded on the aircraft carrier USS ''Enterprise'' in California, then in a first for the USAAC, flown off the carrier's deck by the P-36's U.S. Army Air Corps pilots when the ''Enterprise'' neared the coast of Hawaii. This saved considerable time over the traditional shipping method of having the fighters first disassembled, crated and then loaded by crane in the hold of a freighter, then unloaded and reassembled in Hawaii.<ref>Williford 2010, p. 26.</ref>

The only combat by U.S.-operated P-36s took place during the Japanese attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. Five of the 39 P-36A Hawks at Pearl Harbor, delivered previously by the USS ''Enterprise'', were able to take off during the attack and were credited with shooting down two Japanese [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Mitsubishi A6M2 Zeros]] for the loss of one P-36, thereby scoring U.S. aerial victories that were among the first of the Second World War.<ref>[http://www.ww2pacific.com/aaf41.html "Aircraft at Pearl Harbor."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629235057/http://www.ww2pacific.com/aaf41.html |date=2009-06-29 }} ''World War II in the Pacific'' via ''www.ww2pacific.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2009.</ref>

==Variants==
;Model 75A
:Company-owned demonstrator aircraft flown with several engine fits
;Model 75B
:Prototype with [[Wright R-1820]] radial engine
;Model 75D
:First prototype, [[Wright Whirlwind]] R-1670 radial
;Model 75H
:Internal company designation for a simplified export version with fixed landing gear, two slightly differing aircraft built, first sold to China, second to Argentina
;[[Curtiss P-37|Model 75I]]
:Company designation for the P-37.
;Model 75J
:Company-owned 75A temporarily fitted with an external supercharger
;Model 75K
:Unbuilt version, intended to use the [[Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet]] radial.
;Model 75P
:Production P-36A (serial 38-010) fitted with Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled engine, prototype for [[Curtiss P-40]]
;Model 75R
:Company-owned 75A temporarily fitted with R-1830-SC2-G with turbo-supercharger, attained {{convert|330|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} but proved complex and unreliable
;[[Curtiss XP-42|Model 75S]]
:Company designation for the P-42
;Y1P-36 (Model 75E)
:USAAC prototype, [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830]]
;P-36A (Model 75L)
:USAAC version
;P-36B
:Production P-36A fitted with an R-1830-25 producing {{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, reached {{convert|313|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, returned to original P-36A configuration
;P-36C
:An additional 0.30&nbsp;in machine gun installed in each wing with external ammunition boxes under the wings, R-1830-17 of {{convert|1200|hp|kW|abbr=on}}; last 30 production aircraft were completed as P-36Cs
;XP-36D
:Production P-36A modified with two {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} machine guns in the nose and four 0.30&nbsp;in machine guns in the wings
;XP-36E
:Production P-36A armed with four 0.30&nbsp;in machine guns in the wings, retained standard fuselage guns
;XP-36F
:Production P-36A fitted with two {{convert|23|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} [[Madsen 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon|Madsen]] [[autocannon]]s under the wings, reverted to P-36A because guns imposed an unacceptable performance penalty with top speed of only {{convert|265|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.
;P-36G
:Hawk 75A-8 used by Norway for training in Canada; later delivered to Peru. R-1820-G205A of 1,200&nbsp;hp.
;Hawk 75A-1
:First production batch for France, four {{convert|7.5|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} machine guns, R-1830-SC-G of {{convert|900|hp|kW|abbr=on}}; 100 built
;Hawk 75A-2
:Second production batch for France, either R-1830-SC-G or {{convert|1050|hp|kW|abbr=on}} R-1830-SC3-G, six 7.5&nbsp;mm machine guns; 100 built
;Hawk 75A-3
:Third production batch for France, similar with Hawk 75A-2;<ref name=Persyn2007>Persyn 2007{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> 135 built (133 delivered).
;Hawk 75A-4
:Last production batch for France, Hawk 75A-2 with Wright R-1820-G205A Cyclone radial with 1,200&nbsp;hp: 285 built, 81 delivered to France; others to Great Britain as '''Mohawk IV'''
;Hawk 75A-5
:Similar to Hawk 75A-4. Built under license in China (production was later moved to India), absorbed into RAF as Mohawk IV
;Hawk 75A-6
:Version for Norway; aircraft captured during the German invasion were eventually sold to Finland.
;Hawk 75A-7
:Version for Netherlands East Indies: 1,200&nbsp;hp Cyclone, one {{convert|.5|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and one {{convert|.303|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}in cowl and two {{convert|.303|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}in wings; later four {{convert|.303|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} (two in nose, one in each wing) and six {{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs.
;Hawk 75A-8
:Export version for Norway. Later redesignated '''P-36G'''.
;Hawk 75A-9
:10 aircraft delivered to Persia, captured still in crates and used by RAF in India as Mohawk IVs
;Hawk 75M
:Simplified version with fixed landing gear and Wright R-1820 Cyclone for China, built by both Curtiss and Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company in China
;Hawk 75N
:Simplified version for Siam (Thailand) with non-retractable landing gear and wheel pants.  Locally designated '''B.Kh.11''' ({{langx|th|บ.ข.๑๑}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai Military Aircraft Designations |url=https://designation-systems.net/non-us/thailand.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=designation-systems.net}}</ref>
;Hawk 75O
:Simplified version for Argentina, 30 built and delivered by Curtiss with additional 200 to be built under license locally by ''[[Fabrica Militar de Aviones]]'', however only 20 were completed.<ref name="Padin">Padin 1999, pp. 9, 15.</ref>
;Hawk 75Q
:Two additional simplified demonstrators for China. At least one is reputed to have been given an armament similar to that of the XP-36F and to have engaged in combat over Shanghai during the Japanese attacks in September 1937, reportedly shooting down several bombers before being brought down with the loss of the American pilot.<ref>Dunn, Richard L. [http://www.warbirdforum.com/uncert.htm "Uncertain Wings: Curtiss Hawk 75 in China."] ''warbirdforum.com'', 2008. Retrieved: 13 August 2012.</ref>
;[[Curtiss P-37|XP-37]]
:Allison V-1710 inline, cockpit moved to the rear of the fuselage
;YP-37
:Service test version of XP-37, 13 built
;[[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk|XP-40]]
:Allison V-1710 inline, prototype of the [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]], one converted from a P-36A
;[[Curtiss XP-42|XP-42]]
:Testbed for streamlining cowlings around air-cooled engines

==Operators==
* [[Argentine Air Force]]
;{{Flag|ROC|name=China}}
* [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|Republic of China Air Force]]
;{{FIN}}
* [[Finnish Air Force]]
;{{FRA}}
* ''[[Armée de l'air]]'' (AdlA)
;{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
* ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' ([[Jagdgeschwader 77|7/JG 77]], August-October 1940; ex-AdlA)
;{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|Indian Empire]]
* [[Royal Indian Air Force]]
;{{NLD}}
* [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force]]
;{{POR}}
* [[Portuguese Air Force]]
;{{THA}}
* [[Royal Thai Air Force]]
;{{UK}}
* [[Royal Air Force]]
;{{ZAF|1928}}
* [[South African Air Force]]
;{{US|1912}}
* [[United States Army Air Corps]]
* [[United States Army Air Forces]]

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:Curtiss P-36A USAF.jpg|thumb|P-36A at National Museum of the United States Air Force, with a mannequin representing [[Phil Rasmussen]].]]
[[File:Hawk 75 No 82 flying.jpg|thumb|H75C-1 at Duxford, United Kingdom]]

;New Zealand
* CU-554 – Hawk 75A-6 under restoration to airworthy condition at [[Ardmore Airport (New Zealand)|Ardmore Airport, New Zealand]] for Jerry Yagen's [[Military Aviation Museum]]. Formerly located at [[Omaka Aerodrome]] in [[Blenheim, New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish Aircraft Manufacturers|url=http://axis.classicwings.com/Finland/finnish.htm|website=Preserved Axis Aircraft|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

;Thailand
* Unknown ID – Hawk 75N on static display in the [[Royal Thai Air Force Museum]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Building 2|url=http://www.rtaf.mi.th/MUSEUM/BLDG2-2.HTM|website=Royal Thai Air Force Museum|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025010322/http://www.rtaf.mi.th/MUSEUM/BLDG2-2.HTM|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;United Kingdom
* N°82 – Hawk 75A-1 airworthy at [[The Fighter Collection]] in [[Duxford, Cambridgeshire]]. It was one of the first 100 delivered to the French in April 1939. It wears French camouflage and is painted in markings from two different periods during its service on either side of the fuselage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Curtiss Hawk 75|url=http://fighter-collection.com/cft/hawk-75-2|website=The Fighter Collection|date=30 November 2012 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GINFO Search Results [G-CCVH]|url=https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=CCVH|website=Civil Aviation Authority|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>
* 38-210 – P-36C airworthy at The Fighter Collection in Duxford, Cambridgeshire. It was the last P-36C built and was restored in 2015 in [[Chino, California]], before being shipped to England. It is painted in US Army Air Corps silver and yellow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Curtiss P-36C|url=http://fighter-collection.com/cft/curtiss-p-36c|website=The Fighter Collection|date=25 June 2015 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GINFO Search Results [G-CIXJ]|url=https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=CIXJ|website=Civil Aviation Authority|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

;United States
* 38-001 – P-36A on static display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. It is the first P-36A to be delivered to the Air Corps and is displayed in the markings of the P-36A flown by Lt [[Phil Rasmussen]] during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.<ref name=NMUSAF>{{cite web|title=CURTISS P-36 HAWK|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil:80/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2200|website=National Museum of the USAF|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124212525/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2200|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Curtiss P-36A Hawk|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196316/curtiss-p-36a-hawk/|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|access-date=15 April 2017|date=20 April 2015}}</ref>

==Specifications (P-36A)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Curtiss Fighter Aircraft: A Photographic History 1917–1948<ref name="Curtiss Fighter Aircraft: A Photographic History 1917–1948">Dean and Hagedorn 2007, p. 201.</ref><ref name="SwanMil63p185">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 185.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
|crew=One
|length ft=28|length in=6
|span ft=37|span in=4
|height ft=8|height in=5
|wing area sqft=235.94
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2215]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2209]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=4567|gross weight lb=5650|max takeoff weight lb=6010

<!-- Powerplant-->
|eng1 number=1|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1830-17 Twin Wasp]]|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine|eng1 hp=1050
|prop blade number=3|prop name=constant-speed propeller|prop dia ft=|prop dia in=

<!-- Performance -->
|max speed mph=313|cruise speed mph=270
|range miles=625|range note=at {{cvt|270|mph|kn km/h}}
::{{cvt|860|mi|nmi km}} at {{cvt|200|mph|kn km/h}}
|ceiling ft=32700|climb rate ftmin=3400
|wing loading lb/sqft=23.9
|power/mass={{cvt|0.186|hp/lb}}

<!-- Armament -->
|guns=
1 × {{cvt|0.30|in|2}} [[M1919 Browning machine gun]]
** 1 × {{cvt|0.50|in|2}} [[M2 Browning machine gun]]<ref group=note>later production variants had two .50 MGs synchronized with the propeller mounted in the engine cowl and two or four .30 MGs mounted in the wings just outside the propeller arc</ref>
|bombs=some later fitted with a hardpoint under each wing that could carry a bomb of up to {{cvt|100|lb}} or a light bomb rack for three {{cvt|50|lb}}, five {{cvt|20|lb}} or {{cvt|30|lb}} bombs
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Curtiss YP-37]]
* [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]]
* [[Curtiss XP-42]]
* [[Curtiss XP-46]]
* [[Curtiss P-60]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[CAC Boomerang]]
* [[Polikarpov I-180]]
* [[PZL.50 Jastrząb]]
* [[Bloch MB.150]]
* [[Fiat G.50]]
* [[Fokker D.XXI]]
* [[Hawker Hurricane]]
* [[IAR 80]]
* [[Macchi MC.200]]
* [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]]
* [[Nakajima Ki-43]]
* [[Reggiane Re.2000]]
* [[Seversky P-35]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the United States during World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II]]
|see also=
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Bowers, Peter M. ''Curtiss Aircraft, 1907-1947''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87021-152-8}}.
* Bowers, Peter M. ''The Curtiss Hawk 75: Aircraft in Profile No. 80''. London: Profile Publications, 1966.
* Bridgwater, H.C. ''Combat Colours Number 3: The Curtiss P-36 and P-40 in USAAC/ USAAF Service 1939-1945''. Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, UK: Guideline Publications Ltd., 2001. {{ISBN|0-9539040-5-9}}.
* Brindley, John F. ''French Fighters of World War Two''. London: Hylton Lacy, 1971. SBN 85064 0156
* {{cite journal |last1=Coste|first1=Alain|title=1940–1942: les métamorphoses du Petit Pouchet |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire |date=May 2002 |issue=110 |pages=6–9 |trans-title=1940–1942: Metamorphosis of the Little Thumb|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}
* Dean, Francis H. and Dan Hagedorn. ''Curtiss Fighter Aircraft: A Photographic History 1917-1948''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7643-2580-9}}.
* Fleischer, Seweryn and Jiri Chodil. ''Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.3 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 63)'' (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. {{ISBN|83-7237-038-9}}.
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters''. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). {{ISBN|0-356-01448-7}}.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. ''WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 1''. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1977. {{ISBN|0-356-08218-0}}.
* {{cite magazine|last=Hagedorn|first=Dan|title=Curtiss Types in Latin America|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=March–May 1992|issue=45 |pages=61–77 |issn=0143-5450}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lopes|first1=Mario Canongia|title=Curtiss Mohawk et Supermarine Spitfire, les premières chasseurs monoplans du Portugal |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire |date=November 2000|issue=92 |pages=20–23 |trans-title=The Curtiss Mohawk and Supermarine Spitfire, the First Portuguese Fighter Monoplanes|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lopez|first1=Mario Canoniga|title=Fighters of the Cross of Christ |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=August–November 1990|issue=13|pages=13–25 |issn=0143-5450}}
* March, Daniel J., ed. ''British Warplanes of World War II''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. {{ISBN|1-874023-92-1}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Mombeek|first1=Eric |title=Les trésors de Cazaux |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire|date=May 2001 |issue=98 |pages=44–47 |trans-title=The Treasures of Cazaux|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Morareau|first1=Lucien|title=Les oubliées des Antilles|journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=September 1998 |issue=66|pages=30–37 |trans-title=The Forgotten Ones of the Antilles|language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
* Padin, Jorge Núñez, ed. ''Curtiss Hawk'' (Serie Fuerza Aérea Argentina: No. 5) (in Spanish). Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales, 1999.
* {{cite magazine|last=Parsons|first=David St L.|title=Talkback|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=1984 |issue=25 |page=77 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Persyn, Lionel. ''Les Curtiss H-75 de l'armée de l'Air'' (in French). Outreau, France: Éditions Lela Presse, 2007. {{ISBN|2-914017-46-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Persyn |first1=Lionel |last2=Kari |first2=Stenman |last3=Thomas |first3=Andrew |title=P-36 Hawk Aces of World War 2 |year=2009 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-409-1 |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rauch|first1=Georg von |title=Les Curtiss Hawk 75 argentins (première partie)|journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=April 1997 |issue=49 |pages=38–41 |trans-title=Argentinian Curtiss Hawk 75s |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rauch|first1=Georg von |title=Les Hawk argentins|journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=July 1996 |issue=40|pages=23–27|trans-title=Argentinian Hawks |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
* {{cite web |last1=Rodi |first1=Eduardo Julio |title=Un Viejo Guerrero: Historia y Detalles Técnicos de un Sistema poco Conocido, Primera parte |url=https://cesbarosario.com.ar/download/News/23/Un_Viejo_Guerrero_el_11.35.pdf#page8 |language=Spanish |publisher=Centro de Estudios Balísticos Rosario |access-date=31 August 2021}}
* Rys, Marek. ''Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.1 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 61)'' (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. {{ISBN|83-7237-036-2}}.
* Rys, Marek and Seweryn Fleischer. ''Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.2 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 62)'' (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. {{ISBN|83-7237-037-0}}.
* Shores, Chris. "The RAF's Little Indians". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Twenty-three, December 1983-March 1984. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450. pp.&nbsp;1–9.
* Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military Aircraft Since 1909''. London:Putnam, 1963.
* Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military Aircraft Since 1909''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1989. {{ISBN|0-87474-880-1}}.
* Thomas, Andrew. "Indians Over Africa: Curtiss Mohawks in SAAF Service". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 107, September/October 2003, pp.&nbsp;66–69. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tincopa |first1=Amaru |title=Wings over Peru: The Curtiss Hawk 75|journal=The Aviation Historian |date=January 2019 |issue=26 |pages=106–115 |issn=2051-1930}}
* ''United States Air Force Museum Guidebook''. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
* Williford, Glen M. ''Racing the Sunrise: The Reinforcement of America's Pacific Outposts, 1941–1942 ''. Annapolis: Maryland : Naval Institute Press, 2010. {{ISBN|1-59114-956-8}}.
* {{cite magazine|last=Young|first=Edward M.|title=France's Forgotten Air War|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=1984|issue=25 |pages=22–33 |issn=0143-5450}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/69325114 (1938) Detail Specifications for Curtiss Hawk 75-A Airplane]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219141458/http://www.fighter-collection.com/pages/aircraft/hawk/index.php The Fighter Collection Curtiss 75-Hawk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021041/http://www.gc2-4.com/histavions.htm Aircraft Manual in French Air Force Service]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311031723/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2252 Curtiss YP-37]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311031714/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2244 Curtiss XP-42]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA506 "Plane Speed Record Shattered In Power Dive"] ''Popular Mechanics'', April 1939.

{{P-40 Warhawk family}}
{{Curtiss aircraft}}
{{USAF fighters}}
{{Thai fighter designations}}

[[Category:Curtiss aircraft|P-36]]
[[Category:1930s United States fighter aircraft|Curtiss P-36]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]