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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Czeladź
| image_skyline = Czeladź-Rynek.JPG
| image_caption = Market Square in Czeladź
| image_flag = POL Czeladź flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Czeladź COA (new).svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|50|20|N|19|5|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:POL województwo śląskie flag.svg|22px]] [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Będzin County|Będzin]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Czeladź {{small|(urban gmina)}}
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Zbigniew Szaleniec
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1228
| established_title2 = Town rights
| established_date2 = 1262
| area_total_km2 = 16.38
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-07-28|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 2401021.</ref>
| population_total = 30732
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 2746000
| population_metro = 5294000
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 41-250, 41-253 (Piaski suburb)
| area_code = +48 32
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = SBE
| blank_name_sec2 = Primary airport
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Katowice Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[National roads in Poland|National roads]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:DK86-PL.svg|32px|link=National road 86 (Poland)]] [[File:DK94-PL.svg|32px|link=National road 94 (Poland)]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.czeladz.pl}} 
}}
'''Czeladź''' ({{IPAc-pl|'|cz|e|l|a|ć}}) is a town in [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]] (part of historic [[Lesser Poland]]), in southern Poland,{{TERYT}} near [[Katowice]] and [[Sosnowiec]]. Located in the [[Silesian Highlands]], on the [[Brynica]] river (tributary of the [[Vistula]]), it is the oldest urban center of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. The area of Czeladź is {{convert|16|km2|abbr=on}}, and it borders [[Będzin]], Sosnowiec, Katowice and [[Siemianowice Śląskie]].

The town is situated in the [[Silesian Voivodeship]]. Czeladź is one of the cities of the 2,7 million conurbation – [[Katowice urban area]] and within a greater [[Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area]] populated by about 5,294,000 people.<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] (ESPON) {{cite web|url=http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html |title=Project 1.4.3 |access-date=2009-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728052348/http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html |archive-date=2009-07-28 }}</ref> The population of the town as of December 2021 is 30,732.<ref name = population />

Founded in the 13th century, Czeladź was granted city status in 1262. In the years 1434–1790, it belonged to the [[Duchy of Siewierz]]. In the 19th century, Czeladź became an important mining center, with the ''Saturn'' coal mine opened there in the late 19th century.

==Geography==
{{Adjacent communities|width=auto|state=expanded
| Centre = Czeladź
| NE = [[Będzin]]
| SE = [[Sosnowiec]]
| SW = [[Katowice]]
| W = [[Siemianowice Śląskie]]
}}

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Czeladz kosciol sw Stanislawa 4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] statue of [[Saint John of Nepomuk]]]]
First historic mention of Czeladź comes from 1228, in a bill of Duke [[Casimir I of Opole]], in which the boundaries of the village were mentioned, a public house, as well as a bridge over the Brynica. In 1243, the village (spelled as ''Celad'', and already having the status of a defensive [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]]) was mentioned again, this time in a document of Duke [[Konrad I of Masovia]], as it had been destroyed in 1241, during the [[first Mongol invasion of Poland]]. It belonged to an abbey from [[Staniątki]], and in 1260, Prince [[Władysław Opolski|Władysław of Opole]] decided to purchase the village with its parish church. Two years later, Czeladź was sold to an abbey from [[Henryków, Brzeziny County|Henryków]], and was granted [[Magdeburg rights]]. The town remained within territory of [[Silesian duchies]], but at the same time, ''Czeles'', as it was known, was under the jurisdiction of bishops of [[Bishopric of Krakow|Kraków]].

In 1434 it became part of the [[Duchy of Siewierz]], a property of Kraków Bishops. The town had a [[defensive wall]], remains of which were discovered in 2006, and a town hall, where on March 9, 1589, the agreement between Poles and Austrians was signed, ending the [[War of the Polish Succession (1587–88)|War of the Polish Succession]]. Czeladź suffered much damage inflicted by the Swedes in the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] (1655–60).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Late modern period===
[[File:Czeladz mine Piotr Pawel pitheads postcard.jpg|thumb|left|Czeladź Coal Mine in 1921]]
In 1790, the Duchy of Siewierz was incorporated directly into the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], and King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] made Czeladź a free city. After the [[Partitions of Poland]], Czeladź since 1815 belonged to the [[Russian Partition|Russian-controlled]] [[Congress Poland]], and was located on the border with [[Kingdom of Prussia]]'s province of Silesia. During the [[January Uprising]], in February 1863, Czeladź was briefly captured by Polish insurgents after their victory in the [[Battle of Sosnowiec]] nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twojezaglebie.pl/powstanie-styczniowe-zaglebiu/|title=Powstanie styczniowe w Zagłębiu. Sprawdź, jak Zagłębiacy zaskoczyli Imperium Rosyjskie|website=Twoje Zagłębie|author=Mateusz Załęski|date=29 January 2017 |access-date=15 May 2021|language=pl}}</ref>

Since the 1860s, the town began to turn into an industrial center. Two coal mines were opened – ''Czeladź'' (1870), and ''Saturn'' (1880). Workers' settlements were built, and the dynamic growth was not stopped by [[World War I]], when Czeladź was occupied by the [[German Empire]]. In 1915, a power plant was opened, and Czeladź became a magnet for farmers from overpopulated [[Lesser Poland]]'s villages, who came here in search of work. Tenement houses replaced wooden huts, streets were paved and parks opened. Mining emerged as an engine of town's development.

After [[World War I]], Poland regained independence and control of the town. In the 1921 census, 99.1% of the population declared Polish nationality and 0.6% declared Jewish nationality.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|volume=III|year=1925|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=3}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:Czeladź-Pomnik poświęcony Czeladzianom poległym za wolność..JPG|thumb|upright|Memorial to locals fallen in fight for Poland's freedom and independence]]
Following the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in September 1939, the town was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]] until 1945. In September 1939, the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' entered the town and would commit various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against the population]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Warzecha|first=Bartłomiej|year=2003|title=Niemieckie zbrodnie na powstańcach śląskich w 1939 roku|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=56|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Nearly all of Czeladź' [[Jews|Jewish]] community was murdered during the occupation. Jews numbered around 1,000, about 5% of the population, at the beginning of the war. The German invasion led to the immediate abuse, robbery, and murder of Jewish residents. 22 Polish policemen and 15 Polish military officers from Czeladź were murdered by the Russians in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smc.czeladz.pl/8-news/35-pomnik-katynski|title=Pomnik katyński|website=Stowarzyszenie Miłośników Czeladzi|access-date=2 April 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In June 1940, both [[Polish people|Poles]] and Polish Jews were forced to go to the town square where they were beaten and tortured as retaliation for the murder of a German.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II, p. 148}}</ref> Afterwards, 20 of the Jews were detained and murdered. Polish hostages from Czeladź were among 20 Poles massacred by the Germans on July 16, 1940, in [[Olkusz]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=142–143}}</ref> In 1941, the Germans forced Jews into a [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]]. Periodically, some were sent to [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labor]] camps. In May 1942, 200 residents of the ghetto were sent to [[Auschwitz]]. Most sent to Auschwitz were immediately murdered or died later from starvation, disease, and brutality. In May, 1943, the ghetto was "liquidated" with the last Jews sent to [[Będzin]] and then on to Auschwitz. Only 40 Czeladź Jews are thought to have survived Auschwitz, the labor camps, or by hiding in the area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II 148–149}}</ref>

The Germans also established and operated three forced labor subcamps (E580, E587, E754) of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] POWs in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> In 1944, the Germans sent [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped Polish children]] from Czeladź to the [[Potulice concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Paczoska|first=Alicja|year=2003|title=Dzieci Potulic|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=63|issn=1641-9561}}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the [[Polish People's Republic]], Czeladź kept its industrial position. Coal resources, however, became depleted and mines, starting in the 1960s, would make their workers redundant. Since the notion of unemployment did not officially exist in a Communist country, new companies were opened for the dismissed miners – ''Transport Company Transbud'' (1969), ''Energy Company Energopol'' (1970), and ''Window Manufacturer Erg'' (1971).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In the mid-1970s, a number of blocks of flats was built in Czeladź, to accommodate an influx of workers employed at the construction of [[Katowice Steelworks]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the [[Katowice Voivodeship]].

==Sights==
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=370
|image1 = Muzeum Saturna.jpg
|image2 = Budynek Galerii Elektrownia w Czeladzi od strony południowo-wschodniej - jesień 2022.jpg
|image3 = Czeladz Kosciol JS1250912.jpg
|image4 = Jedna z odnóg sztucznego strumienia w Parku Grabek w Czeladzi - jesień 2022.jpg
|caption1 = Saturn Museum
|caption2 = Elektrownia Modern Art Gallery
|caption3 = Saint Stanislaus Church
|caption4 = Park Grabek}}
Among points of interest there are:
* [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] church of [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów|St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr]], with the 1637 organs and 17th century chalices,
* medieval structure of the center of the town,
* former [[Polish Brethren]] church (first half of the 17th century),
* Elektrownia Modern Art Gallery,
* Park Grabek, the largest municipal park,
* houses from the 18th and 19th centuries,
* historic miners’ settlement in the district of Piaski,
* neo-Classicistic palace ''Pod Filarami'' (1924), now the Saturn Museum.

==Transport==
The Polish [[National roads in Poland|National roads]] 86 and 94 run through the town, and several other national roads and the [[A1 autostrada (Poland)|A1]] and [[A4 autostrada (Poland)|A4]] highways run nearby, within the metropolitan area.

==Sports==
The local [[Association football|football]] club is {{ill|CKS Czeladź|pl}}. It competes in the lower leagues.

==Notable people==
*[[Aryeh Tzvi Frumer]] (1884–1943), Rav of [[Koziegłowy, Silesian Voivodeship|Koziegłowy]]
*[[Shlomo Sztencl]] (1884–1919), [[Rav]] of the town in 1905–1910
*[[Abraham Nahum Stencl]] (1897–1983), [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] poet
*[[Czesław Słania]] (1921–2005), postage stamp engraver
*[[Jan Dydak]] (1968–2019), boxer, Olympic medalist
*[[Adrian Siemieniec]] (born 1992), football manager

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Czeladź is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miasta Partnerskie|url=http://www.czeladz.pl/miasto/miasta_partnerskie|website=czeladz.pl|publisher=Czeladź|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Auby]], France
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Várpalota]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Viesīte Municipality|Viesīte]], Latvia
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Zhydachiv]], Ukraine

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Czeladź}}
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/czeladz/ Jewish Community in Czeladź] on Virtual Shtetl

{{Będzin County}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Czeladź| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Będzin County]]