View source for DVB-T

{{short description|Digital terrestrial television standard}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
[[File:DVB-T_Logo.svg|thumb|The logo of DVB-T]]
{{Table Digital video broadcast standards}}

'''DVB-T''', short for '''Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial''', is the [[Digital Video Broadcasting|DVB]] European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of [[digital terrestrial television]] that was first published in 1997<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300700_300799/300744/01.06.02_60/en_300744v010602p.pdf|title=ETSI EN 300 744 – Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television|date=October 2015|website=European Telecommunications Standards Institute|page=66|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326000635/https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300700_300799/300744/01.06.02_60/en_300744v010602p.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and first broadcast in [[Singapore]] in February 1998.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/inner/archive/policies-and-regulation/policies_and_regulation_level3/fixed-wireless-broadband/response_-_dataone_limited.pdf|title=DATAONE LIMITED RESPONSE TO CONSULTATION PAPER ON DATACASTING|website=Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205010125/https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/inner/archive/policies-and-regulation/policies_and_regulation_level3/fixed-wireless-broadband/response_-_dataone_limited.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-3.3.pdf|title=TELEVISION BROADCAST FOR SINGAPORE – March 3, 1998|date=1999-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008210659/http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-3.3.pdf|archive-date=1999-10-08|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-26.2.pdf|title=Advent Television launches the world's first digital terrestrial service in Singapore|date=1999-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008193729/http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-26.2.pdf|archive-date=1999-10-08|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advent.com.sg/technology.html|title=The Future is in Digital Broadcasting and that future is with Advent Television.|date=2001-04-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411205700/http://www.advent.com.sg/technology.html|archive-date=2001-04-11|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-24.4.pdf|title=Press Release – April 27, 1998|date=2000-06-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000604105131/http://www.advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-24.4.pdf|archive-date=2000-06-04|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Microfilm/Search?RN=NL21173|title=S'pore testing digital TV format|date=5 March 1998|work=The Business Times|publication-date=5 March 1998|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Microfilm/Search?RN=NL20233|title=SBA plans to launch digital TV after trying out systems|date=9 March 1998|work=The Straits Times|page=30}}</ref> This system transmits [[video compression|compressed]] [[digital audio]], [[digital video]] and other data in an [[MPEG transport stream]], using coded [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]] (COFDM or OFDM) modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide (including North America) for [[Electronic news-gathering|Electronic News Gathering]] for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point.
It is also used in the US by [[amateur television]] operators.

==Basics==
Rather than carrying one data carrier on a single [[radio frequency]] (RF) channel, [[COFDM]] works by splitting the digital data stream into a large number of slower digital streams, each of which digitally modulates a set of closely spaced adjacent sub-carrier frequencies. In the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4&nbsp;kHz or 1&nbsp;kHz apart.

DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes ([[QPSK]], [[16QAM]], [[64QAM]]).

DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital television broadcasting by many countries ([[DVB-T#Countries and territories using DVB-T or DVB-T2|see map]]), using mainly VHF 7&nbsp;MHz and UHF 8&nbsp;MHz channels whereas Taiwan, Colombia, Panama, Trinidad, and Tobago use 6&nbsp;MHz channels. Examples include the UK's [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]].

The DVB-T Standard is published as EN 300 744, ''Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television''. This is available from the [[ETSI]] website, as is ETSI TS 101 154, ''Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream'', which gives details of the DVB use of source coding methods for [[MPEG-2]] and, more recently, [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] as well as audio encoding systems. Many countries that have adopted DVB-T have published standards for their implementation. These include the [[D-book]] in the UK, the Italian DGTVi,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dgtvi.it | title = DGTVi – Per la Televisione Digitale Terrestre | access-date=2008-07-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419092227/http://www.dgtvi.it/stat/DGTVi/Page1.html | archive-date=2008-04-19 | df=ymd-all | url-status=usurped | language=it}}</ref> the ETSI E-Book and the Nordic countries and Ireland NorDig.

DVB-T has been further developed into newer standards such as [[DVB-H]] (Handheld), which was a commercial failure and is no longer in operation, and [[DVB-T2]], which was initially finalised in August 2011.

DVB-T as a digital transmission delivers data in a series of discrete blocks at the symbol rate. DVB-T is a [[COFDM]] transmission technique which includes the use of a Guard Interval. It allows the receiver to cope with strong multipath situations. Within a geographical area, DVB-T also allows [[single-frequency network]] (SFN) operation, where two or more transmitters carrying the same data operate on the same frequency. In such cases the signals from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync information in the stream and timing at each transmitter referenced to [[GPS]].

The length of the Guard Interval can be chosen. It is a trade-off between data rate and [[single-frequency network|SFN]] capability. The longer the guard interval the larger is the potential SFN area without creating [[intersymbol interference]] (ISI).
It is possible to operate SFNs which do not fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-interference is properly planned and monitored.

==Technical description of a DVB-T transmitter==
[[Image:dvbt tx scheme.svg|thumb|600px|Scheme of a DVB-T transmission system]]

With reference to the figure, a short description of the signal processing blocks follows.

* [[Source coding]] and MPEG-2 [[multiplexing]] (MUX): Compressed video, compressed audio, and data streams are multiplexed into [[MPEG program stream]]s (MPEG-PSs). One or more MPEG-PSs are joined together into an [[MPEG transport stream]] (MPEG-TS); this is the basic digital stream which is being transmitted and received by TV sets or home [[Set top box|Set Top Boxes]] (STB). Allowed [[bit rate]]s for the transported data depend on a number of coding and modulation parameters: it can range from about 5 to about 32 [[Mbit/s]] (see the bottom figure for a complete listing).
* Splitter: Two different MPEG-TSs can be transmitted at the same time, using a technique called ''Hierarchical Transmission''. It may be used to transmit, for example a standard definition [[SDTV]] signal and a high definition [[HDTV]] signal on the same [[carrier signal|carrier]]. Generally, the SDTV signal is more robust than the HDTV one. At the receiver, depending on the quality of the received signal, the STB may be able to decode the HDTV stream or, if signal strength lacks, it can switch to the SDTV one (in this way, all receivers that are in proximity of the transmission site can lock the HDTV signal, whereas all the other ones, even the farthest, may still be able to receive and decode an SDTV signal).
* MUX adaptation and energy dispersal: The MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of [[Packet (information technology)|data packets]], of fixed length (188 bytes). With a technique called [[Scrambler (randomizer)|energy dispersal]], the byte sequence is [[Decorrelation|decorrelated]].
* External encoder: A first level of error correction is applied to the transmitted data, using a non-binary [[block code]], a [[Reed–Solomon error correction|Reed–Solomon]] RS (204, 188) code, allowing the correction of up to a maximum of 8 wrong bytes for each 188-byte packet.
* External [[interleaver]]: [[Convolutional interleaving]] is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, in such a way that it becomes more rugged to long sequences of errors.
* Internal encoder: A second level of error correction is given by a punctured [[convolutional code]], which is often denoted in STBs menus as FEC ([[Forward error correction]]). There are five valid coding rates: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8.
* Internal interleaver: Data sequence is rearranged again, aiming to reduce the influence of burst errors. This time, a block interleaving technique is adopted, with a pseudo-random assignment scheme (this is really done by two separate interleaving processes, one operating on bits and another one operating on groups of bits).
* Mapper: The digital bit sequence is mapped into a base band modulated sequence of complex symbols. There are three valid [[modulation]] schemes: [[QPSK]], 16-[[QAM]], 64-QAM.
* Frame adaptation: the complex symbols are grouped in blocks of constant length (1512, 3024, or 6048 symbols per block). A [[Frame synchronization|frame]] is generated, 68 blocks long, and a ''superframe'' is built by 4 frames.
* Pilot and TPS signals: In order to simplify the reception of the signal being transmitted on the terrestrial [[radio channel]], additional signals are inserted in each block. Pilot signals are used during the synchronization and equalization phase, while TPS signals (Transmission Parameters Signalling) send the parameters of the transmitted signal and to unequivocally identify the transmission cell. The receiver must be able to synchronize, equalize, and decode the signal to gain access to the information held by the TPS pilots. Thus, the receiver must know this information beforehand, and the TPS data is only used in special cases, such as changes in the parameters, resynchronizations, etc.
[[Image:dvbt spectrum.jpg|thumb|250px|Spectrum of a DVB-T signal in 8k mode (note the flat-top characteristics)]]
* OFDM modulation: The sequence of blocks is modulated according to the [[Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing|OFDM]] technique, using 1705 or 6817 carriers (2k or 8k mode, respectively). Increasing the number of carriers does not modify the payload bit rate, which remains constant.
* Guard interval insertion: to decrease receiver complexity, every OFDM block is extended, copying in front of it its own end ([[cyclic prefix]]). The width of such guard interval can be 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, or 1/4 that of the original block length. Cyclic prefix is required to operate single frequency networks, where there may exist an ineliminable interference coming from several sites transmitting the same program on the same [[carrier frequency]].
* DAC and front-end: The digital signal is transformed into an analogue signal, with a [[digital-to-analog converter]] (DAC), and then modulated to radio frequency ([[Very high frequency|VHF]], [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]) by the [[RF front end]]. The occupied bandwidth is designed to accommodate each single DVB-T signal into 5, 6, 7, or 8 [[Megahertz|MHz]] wide channels. The base band sample rate provided at the DAC input depends on the channel bandwidth: it is <math>f_s = \frac{8}{7} B</math> ''samples/s'', where <math>B</math> is the channel bandwidth expressed in Hz.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 40em;"
|+ Available bit rates (Mbit/s) for a DVB-T system in 8&nbsp;MHz channels
|-
! rowspan="2" | Modulation
! rowspan="2" | Coding rate
! colspan="4" | [[Guard interval]]
|-
|''1/4''||''1/8''||''1/16''||''1/32''
|-
! rowspan="5" | [[Quadrature phase-shift keying|QPSK]]
|''1/2''||4.976||5.529||5.855||6.032
|-
|''2/3''||6.635||7.373||7.806||8.043
|-
|''3/4''||7.465||8.294||8.782||9.048
|-
|''5/6''||8.294||9.216||9.758||10.053
|-
|''7/8''||8.709||9.676||10.246||10.556
|-
! rowspan="5" | 16-[[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]]
|''1/2''||9.953||11.059||11.709||12.064
|-
|''2/3''||13.271||14.745||15.612||16.086
|-
|''3/4''||14.929||16.588||17.564||18.096
|-
|''5/6''||16.588||18.431||19.516||20.107
|-
|''7/8''||17.418||19.353||20.491||21.112
|-
! rowspan="5" | 64-[[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]]
|''1/2''||14.929||16.588||17.564||18.096
|-
|''2/3''||19.906||22.118||23.419||24.128
|-
|''3/4''||22.394||24.882||26.346||27.144
|-
|''5/6''||24.882||27.647||29.273||30.160
|-
|''7/8''||26.126||29.029||30.737||31.668
|}

==Technical description of the receiver==
The receiving STB adopts techniques which are dual to those ones used in the transmission.

* Front-end and ADC: the analogue RF signal is converted to base-band and transformed into a digital signal, using an [[analogue-to-digital converter]] (ADC).
* Time and frequency synchronization: the digital base band signal is searched to identify the beginning of frames and blocks. Any problems with the frequency of the components of the signal are corrected, too. The property that the guard interval at the end of the symbol is placed also at the beginning is exploited to find the beginning of a new [[OFDM symbol]]. On the other hand, continual pilots (whose value and position is determined in the standard and thus known by the receiver) determine the frequency offset suffered by the signal. This frequency offset might have been caused by [[Doppler effect]], inaccuracies in either the transmitter or receiver clock, and so on. Generally, synchronization is done in two steps, either before or after the FFT, in such way to resolve both coarse and fine frequency/timing errors. Pre-FFT steps involve the use of sliding correlation on the received time signal, whereas Post-FFT steps use correlation between the frequency signal and the pilot carriers sequence.
* Guard interval disposal: the cyclic prefix is removed.
* OFDM demodulation: this is achieved with an FFT.
* Frequency [[equalization (communications)|equalization]]: the pilot signals are used to estimate the Channel Transfer Function (CTF) every three [[subcarrier]]s. The CTF is derived in the remaining subcarriers via interpolation. The CTF is then used to equalize the received data in each subcarrier, generally using a Zero-Forcing method (multiplication by CTF inverse). The CTF is also used to weigh the reliability of the demapped data when they are provided to the Viterbi decoder. 
* Demapping: since there are Gray-encoded QAM constellations, demapping is done in a "soft" way using nonlinear laws that demap each bit in the received symbol to a more or less reliable fuzzy value between -1 and +1.
* Internal deinterleaving
* Internal decoding: uses the [[Viterbi algorithm]], with a traceback length larger than that generally used for the basic 1/2 rate code, due to the presence of punctured ("erased") bits.
* External deinterleaving
* External decoding
* MUX adaptation
* MPEG-2 demultiplexing and source decoding

==Countries and territories using DVB-T or DVB-T2==

The following countries use the DVB-T or DVB-T2 broadcast standard: neighbouring countries may also pick up DVB signals due to [[signal overspill]].

[[Image:Digital broadcast standards.svg|thumb|600px|center|Digital terrestrial television systems worldwide. Countries using DVB-T or DVB-T2 are shown in blue.<ref>[http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml DVB.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320104407/http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml |date=20 March 2011 }}, Official information taken from the DVB website</ref>]]

===Americas===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Colombia}} (decided on 28 August 2008)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[El Espectador]]|url=http://elespectador.com/node/34794/|title=Colombia adopta el estándar europeo para la tv digital terrestre|language=es|date=28 August 2008|access-date=28 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185825/http://elespectador.com/node/34794/|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Uses DVB-T/H.264/[[MPEG-4]] for SD and HD since 2011)<ref>{{cite web|work=Evaluamos|url=http://www.evaluamos.com/2011/internal.php?load=detail&id=12557|title=TV Digital no ha llegado a toda Colombia y la CNTV ya piensa en modificar la norma|language=es|date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
* {{flag|Greenland}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170911221046/http://www.nuuktv.gl/ Nuuk TV])
* {{flag|French Guiana}}
* {{flag|Panama}} (decided on 12 May 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvb.org/news_events/news/panama-adopts-dvb-t/index.xml|title=Panama adopts DVB-T|website=DVB.org|date=19 May 2009|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903055251/http://dvb.org/news_events/news/panama-adopts-dvb-t/index.xml|archive-date=3 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> (uses DVB-T/[[MPEG-2]] for SD and DVB-T/H.264/[[MPEG-4]] for HD transmissions.)
* {{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}}
* {{flag|Falkland Islands}} (In 2008 KTV Ltd. implemented DVB-T, 64QAM, 7/8, 1/32, MPEG2 for both SD and HD transmissions){{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktv.co.fk|title=KTV Ltd.|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

===Europe===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Albania}} (uses [[MPEG-2]] for SD and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for HD transmissions).
* {{flag|Andorra}}
* {{flag|Armenia}}
* {{flag|Austria}} (transition to [[DVB-T2]])
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
* {{flag|Belgium}} (uses DVB-T [[MPEG-2]] and DVB-T2 [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]])
* {{flag|Belarus}} (uses DVB-T [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for SD and HD transmission and [[DVB-T2]] for pay SD and HD transmissions)
* {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* {{flag|Bulgaria}} ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]], FEC=2/3, guard interval – 1/4, 64 QAM. Official simulcast started in March 2013, full switch has been done on 30 September 2013.)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtitc.government.bg/upload/docs/DVB_T_Plan_2012.doc| title=Plan for the introduction of terrestrial digital television broadcasting (DVB-T) in the Republic of Bulgaria| publisher=[[Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications of Bulgaria]] | language=bg| access-date=2012-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://nurts.bg/en/uslugi/%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F-dvb-t/| title=Digital Television| publisher=NURTS (TV tower operator)| access-date=2012-12-17| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201000256/http://nurts.bg/en/uslugi/%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F-dvb-t/| archive-date=1 December 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Croatia}} From 2020 the transmission is on DVB-T2 [[H.265/HEVC]] with HD [[1080p]]50 – see [[Television in Croatia]]
* {{flag|Czech Republic}} (MPEG-2, DVB-T2 HEVC H.265 started in 2017)
* {{flag|Cyprus}} (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video)
* {{flag|Denmark}} (uses [[H.264/AVC]] for SD and HD transmissions. See [[DVB-T in Denmark]].)
* {{flag|Estonia}} (uses [[H.264/AVC]] video for SD, [[DVB-T2]] with [[H.264/AVC]] for HD. Additional [[DVB-T2]] mux with [[H.265/HEVC]] for HD. )
* {{flag|Faroe Islands}}
* {{flag|Finland}}
* {{flag|France}} (uses [[H.264/AVC]] for free HD, pay SD and pay HD transmissions. See [[Digital terrestrial television#France]].)
* {{flag|Germany}} (partly still DVB-T [[MPEG-2]], SD only; since 2016 transition to DVB-T2 [[H.265/HEVC]] with HD [[1080p]]50 – see [[Television in Germany]])
* {{flag|Georgia}} 
* {{flag|Greece}} Both providers [http://www.digea.gr Digea] and [http://www.ert.gr/ ERT ] use [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]])
* {{flag|Hungary}} (branded [http://www.mindigtv.hu MinDigTV], uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] video exclusively.)
* {{flag|Iceland}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fjarskiptahandbokin.is/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=125| title=Digital Ísland| publisher=fjarskiptahandbokin.is| language=is| access-date=2009-10-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831020837/http://www.fjarskiptahandbokin.is/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=125| archive-date=31 August 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for HD and SD transmissions, see [[Saorview]])
* {{flag|Italy}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for SD and HD, alongside some limited [[HEVC]] adoption). [[MPEG-2]] phased out in December 2022. Transition to [[DVB-T2]] was completed on 28 August 2024.
* {{flag|Kosovo}}
* {{flag|Latvia}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]])
* {{flag|Lithuania}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]])
* {{flag|Luxembourg}} (uses DVB-T [[MPEG-2]] for SD and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for HD)
* {{flag|Malta}}
* {{flag|Moldova}} (uses [[MPEG-2]]. [[H.264/AVC]] is being tested.)
* {{flag|Montenegro}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}} (uses [[DVB-T2]], operated by [[KPN#Netherlands|Digitenne]])
* {{flag|North Macedonia}} ([[Television in Macedonia|DVB-T in North Macedonia]])
* {{flag|Norway}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for SD and HD transmissions)
* {{flag|Poland}} (uses [[DVB-T2]] with [[HEVC]], except MUX 8, which still uses [[H.264/AVC]] video for its transmissions; see ''[[Television in Poland#Terrestrial|DVB-T in Poland]]'')
* {{flag|Portugal}} (uses [[H.264/AVC]] video;)
* {{flag|Romania}} DVB-T was only used experimentally in two cities, and is being phased out. The official terrestrial broadcasting standard in Romania is [[DVB-T2]], and implementations started in 2015.
* {{flag|Russia}} (uses [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://advanced-television.com/index.php/2011/09/29/russia-adopts-dvb-t2/|title=Russia adopts DVB-T2|date=September 29, 2011|df=dmy-all|website=Advanced-Television.com}}</ref>)
* {{flag|Serbia}} (uses DVB-T2 [[H.264/AVC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etv.rs/vesti/74-pilot-mreza|title=ETV: trial DVB-T2 network|language=sr|access-date=2012-03-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416011557/http://etv.rs/vesti/74-pilot-mreza|archive-date=16 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>)
* {{flag|Slovakia}} (uses [[MPEG-2]] for SD and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] for HD, testing [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]])
* {{flag|Slovenia}} (uses [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] video since 2007. See [[DVB-T in Slovenia]])
* {{flag|Spain}} (uses DVB-T H.264/[[MPEG-4]] for HD transmissions.)
* {{flag|Sweden}} (uses [[MPEG-2]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]]) for SD, and [[DVB-T2]] with [[H.264/AVC]] for SD and HD transmissions. See [[DVB-T in Sweden]].)
* {{flag|Switzerland}} (one regional DVB-T station remaining. Terrestrial national TV broadcasting restored using DVB-T2 near Austria, soon near France)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2018/12/06/switzerland-to-switch-off-dtt-on-june-3-2019/|title = Switzerland to switch off DTT on June 3, 2019|date = 6 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}} (uses [[DVB-T2]]. Broadcasting license only given to state owned [[TRT]] channels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trt.net.tr/kurumsal/kurumsal-profil/ | title=TRT Kurumsal Profil - TRT Kurumsal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/sayisal-yayincilik-nedir/3872 | title=RTÜK &#124; Sayısal Yayıncılık Nedir? }}</ref> )
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} (uses DVB-T [[MPEG-2]] for most SD channels except for [[That's TV 3]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rxtvinfo.com/2025/freeview-technical-upgrade-could-make-older-screens-go-blank/ | title=Freeview technical upgrade could make older screens go blank}}</ref> and [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]] for HD transmissions as well as four SD channels, those being [[5Select]], [[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN UK]], [[U&Eden]] and [[Legend Xtra]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.digitalbitrate.com/dtv.php?mux=BBCB-PSB3&liste=1&live=9&lang=en | title=BBCB-PSB3 content of DTT UK London / National }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freeview.co.uk/corporate/platform-management/channel-listings-industry-professionals | title=DTT channel and multiplex listings for industry professionals}}</ref> See [[Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom|DVB-T in United Kingdom]].)
* {{flag|Ukraine}} (uses [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]] for all nationwide broadcasts)
{{Div col end}}

===Oceania===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Australia}} (mostly uses [[MPEG-2]] for SD transmissions and [[H.264/AVC]] for HD transmissions, refer to this [[list of digital television channels in Australia]])
* {{flag|New Zealand}} (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video; see [[Freeview (New Zealand)|Freeview]] New Zealand)
* {{flag|Fiji}}
* {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{flag|Vanuatu}}
* {{flag|Kiribati}}
* {{flag|Nauru}}
* {{flag|Samoa}}
* {{flag|Tonga}}
* {{flag|Tuvalu}}
* {{flag|Niue}}
* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}
* {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}
* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}
* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
* {{flag|Tokelau}}
{{div col end}}

===Asia===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Afghanistan}} (uses DVB-T2 [[MPEG-4]] launched April 2015)<ref name="oqaab.af">{{cite web|url=http://www.oqaab.af/first-digital-terrestrial-television-network-dvb-t2-starts-broadcasting/|title=100,000 likes – Oqaab reaches over 1 Mio TV Households|date=31 March 2015|website=Oqaab.af|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323182055/http://www.oqaab.af/first-digital-terrestrial-television-network-dvb-t2-starts-broadcasting/|archive-date=23 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bahrain}} (in assessment)<ref name="rapidtvnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rapidtvnews.com/2014051933709/samart-eyes-middle-east-market-for-digital-tv-enabled-smartphone.html|title=Samart eyes Middle East market for digital TV-enabled smartphone|website=Rapid TV News|date=19 May 2014|access-date=26 June 2016|first=Rebecca|last=Hawkes|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520104106/http://www.rapidtvnews.com/2014051933709/samart-eyes-middle-east-market-for-digital-tv-enabled-smartphone.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bangladesh}} (Announced)<ref name="Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union">{{cite web|url=http://www.abu.org.my/Latest_News-@-Digital_TV_services_to_be_introduced_in_Bangladesh_by_2014__.aspx|title=Digital TV services to be introduced in Bangladesh by 2014|publisher=[[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bhutan}} (uses DVB-T2)
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (PTV Network)
* {{flag|India}} (uses [[MPEG-2]] for SD and [[MPEG-4]] for HD transmissions)
* {{flag|Indonesia}} (adopted [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PERSYARATAN TEKNIS ALAT DAN PERANGKAT PENERIMA TELEVISI SIARAN DIGITAL BERBASIS STANDAR DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING TERRESTRIAL – SECOND GENERATION|url=https://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Lampiran%20RPM%20Persyaratan%20Teknis%20Alat%20dan%20Perangkat%20Penerima%20Televisi%20Siaran%20Digital%20Berbasis%20Standard%20Digital%20Video%20Broadcasting%20Teresterial%20-%20Second%20Generation%20.pdf|website=KomInfo.go.id|publisher=[[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia)]]|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331090643/https://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Lampiran%20RPM%20Persyaratan%20Teknis%20Alat%20dan%20Perangkat%20Penerima%20Televisi%20Siaran%20Digital%20Berbasis%20Standard%20Digital%20Video%20Broadcasting%20Teresterial%20-%20Second%20Generation%20.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> on 2 February 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Permen%2037%20Standar%20Penyiaran%20TV%20Digital.pdf|title=Standar Penyiaran Televisi Digital|website=KomInfo.go.id|publisher=[[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia)]]|access-date=19 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627030533/https://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Permen%2037%20Standar%20Penyiaran%20TV%20Digital.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}} (uses DVB-T MPEG-4/H.264/AAC SD :720x576i HD :1920x1080i); since 2020 transition to DVB-T2 [[H.265/HEVC]] with HD [[1080p]]50 – see [[Television in Iran]])
* {{flag|Iraq}} (started in Kurdistan region-Iraq by MIX Media 31 December 2011 uses MPEG-4)
* {{flag|Israel}} (uses DVB-T2 with MPEG-4/H.264 video)
* {{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Kuwait}} (will use DVB-T2)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/kuwait-tv-opts-for-harris-dvb-t2-technology.html |title=Kuwait TV opts for Harris DVB-T2 technology |last1=Hawkes |first1= Rebecca| date=26 February 2014 |website=Rapid TV News |access-date=2014-04-11}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} (DVB-T2)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvb.org/news/kyrgyztelecom-launches-dvb_t2--dvb_s2/country/kyrgyzstan |title=Kyrgyztelecom launches DVB-T2 & DVB-S2 |website=DVB.org |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419082538/https://www.dvb.org/news/kyrgyztelecom-launches-dvb_t2--dvb_s2/country/kyrgyzstan |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Malaysia}} (7 DVB-T channels across 2 transponders during trial, final system uses DVB-T2 nationwide, 17 TV channels and 14 radio channels across 2 transponders in UHF, analog shutdown on 31 Oct 2019. Uses H.264 video and AAC audio)
* {{flag|Mongolia}} (uses DVB-T2)
* {{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{flag|North Korea}} (uses DVB-T2, trial began on 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogofmobile.com/article/119608 |title=北朝鮮で4局が地上デジタル放送を実施中、ASUS ZenFone Go TVで確認 |language=ja |website=blogofmobile.com |date=8 September 2019 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2013/03/17/report-dprk-testing-digital-tv/|title=Report: DPRK testing digital TV|first=Martyn|last=Williams|date=17 March 2013|website=North Korea Tech – 노스코리아테크|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923145947/http://www.northkoreatech.org/2013/03/17/report-dprk-testing-digital-tv/|archive-date=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Oman}} (in assessment)<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Palestine}} (in assessment){{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
* {{flag|Qatar}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvb.org/news/qatar-goes-dvb_t2 |title=Qatar Goes DVB-T2 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=11 December 2013 |website=DVB.org |access-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926000455/https://www.dvb.org/news/qatar-goes-dvb_t2 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Singapore}} (4 DVB-T Channels on 1 January 2007 and 7 DVB-T2 Channels on 13 December 2013)
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Syria}} (using DVB-T, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4.)<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Taiwan}} (uses DVB-T/[[MPEG-2]] for SD and DVB-T/H.264/[[MPEG-4]] for HD transmissions)
* {{flag|Tajikistan}} (DVB-T2)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dvb.org/news/tajikistan-confirms-dvb_t2-adoption/country/tajikistan | title=Tajikistan Confirms DVB-T2 Adoption | website=DVB.org | date=4 February 2014 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229103720/https://www.dvb.org/news/tajikistan-confirms-dvb_t2-adoption/country/tajikistan | archive-date=29 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}} (uses [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]] with [[HE-AAC]] codec for both SD and HD transmissions launched on April 1, 2014)
* {{flag|Vietnam}} (uses [[DVB-T2]] [[H.264/AVC]] for both SD and HD transmissions)
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}<ref name="rapidtvnews.com" />
{{Div col end}}

===Africa===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Algeria}}
* {{flag|Angola}} (Will be using [[ISDB-T]])
* {{flag|Benin}}
* {{flag|Botswana}} (Will be using [[ISDB-T]])
* {{flag|Burundi}}
* {{flag|Cameroon}}
* {{flag|Cape Verde}}
* {{flag|Central African Republic|name=C.A.R.}}
* {{flag|Chad}}
* {{flag|Comoros}} (Experimental DTMB)
* {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=D.R. Congo}}
* {{flag|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
* {{flag|Gabon}}
* {{flag|Gambia}}
* {{flag|Ghana}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
* {{flag|Kenya}} (Will use [[DVB-T2]] [[MPEG-4]])
* {{flag|Lesotho}}
* {{flag|Libya}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}} (Will use [[DVB-T2]] on paid network)
* {{flag|Malawi}}
* {{flag|Mali}}
* {{flag|Mauritania}}
* {{flag|Mauritius}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flag|Mozambique}}
* {{flag|Namibia}}
* {{flag|Niger}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}
* {{flag|Rwanda}} (is already using DVB-T/[[MPEG-4]] and will soon migrate to [[DVB-T2]])
* {{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}
* {{flag|Senegal}}
* {{flag|Seychelles}}
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flag|South Africa}} (will use [[DVB-T2]], after briefly considering [[ISDB-T]])<ref name="BusinessDay">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=127899|title=BusinessDay – State U-turn on Nyanda's digital-TV signal plan|last1=Mochiko|first1=Thabiso|website=BusinessDay.co.za|publisher=BDFM Publishers|date=26 November 2010|access-date=26 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130121634/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=127899|archive-date=30 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/17491-DVB--chosen-digital-standard.html | title=DVB-T2 chosen as digital TV standard | first=James | last=Etherington-Smith | date=3 January 2011 | website= MyBroadband.co.za | access-date=2011-01-03 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Swaziland}}
* {{flag|Tanzania}}
* {{flag|Togo}}
* {{flag|Tunisia}} (experimental)
* {{flag|Uganda}}
* {{flag|Zambia}}
{{Div col end}}

==DVB-T/T2 switch-off==
DVB-T/T2 is switched off in Switzerland and the Flemish part of Belgium:

* [[Belgium]]: In Flanders, [[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT]] free-to-air broadcasting ended on 1 December 2018. In Flanders region, the encrypted TV platform [[TV Vlaanderen|TV Vlaanderen's]] Antenne TV service has ended on 1 September 2024.{{update inline|date=November 2024}}
* [[Switzerland]]: Swiss public broadcaster [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] terminated DTT network on 3 June 2019. A regional station from the Geneva area has kept broadcasting. A DVB-T2 antenna was later activated in the east of the country to relay Swiss TV to Austrian cable operators. A similar broadcast is planned to cover [[Grand Geneva]].

==See also==

* [[ATSC Standards|ATSC]] (Advanced Television Systems Committee, North American Standard)
* [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (low bit rate video suitable for moving receivers)
* [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (technical standards underpinning DVB-T)
* [[DTV channel protection ratios]]
* [[DVB over IP]]
* [[DVB-T2]]
* [[Digital terrestrial television]]
* [[DMB-T]] – Digital Multimedia Broadcast-Terrestrial
* [[Interactive television]]
* [[ISDB]] – Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
** [[ISDB-T International]]
* [[Multimedia Home Platform]] (standard to deliver interactive TV applications over DVB)
* [[Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing#OFDM system comparison table|OFDM system comparison table]]
* [[Personal video recorder]]
* [[Spectral efficiency#Comparison table|Spectral efficiency comparison table]]
* [[Teletext]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==References==
* [[ETSI]] Standard: EN 300 744 V1.5.1, ''Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television'', available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20131023081351/http://pda.etsi.org/pda/queryform.asp ETSI Publications Download Area] (This will open ETSI document search engine, to find the latest version of the document enter a search string; free registration is required to download PDF.)

==External links==
{{Commons category|DVB-T}}
* [http://www.dvb.org/ Website of the DVB Project]
* [https://free.dvb.com/resources/public/factsheets/DVB-T_Factsheet.pdf Official factsheet of DVB-T ]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060208090733/http://www.digitag.org/ DigiTAG website]

{{Wireless video}}
{{Video formats}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dvb-T}}
[[Category:Digital Video Broadcasting]]
[[Category:ETSI]]
[[Category:Television transmission standards]]
[[Category:Video formats]]