View source for DVD-RAM

{{Short description|Variant of DVD designed with random access in mind}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox storage medium
| name          = DVD-RAM
| logo          = DVD-RAM Logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image         = Data side of a DVD-RAM disc.png
| image_caption = Borders of the [[Disk sector|hard sectors]] are visible on the data side of a type 2 DVD-RAM disc
| type          = [[Optical disc]]
| capacity      = {{Unbulleted list
  | '''Version 1.0''': {{Nowrap|2.58 GB}} per side
  | '''Version 2.0''': {{Nowrap|4.7 GB}} per side
  | '''Version 2.1''': {{Nowrap|1.46 GB}} per side (8 cm; 3" discs)
}}
| blocksize     = 2 KiB
| read          = 300–650 nm laser
| write         = 650 nm laser
| dimensions    = 12 cm (5"), 8 cm (3")
| extended_from = [[DVD]], [[Phase-change Dual]]
| released      = 1996
| discontinued  = 2019
}}

{{Optical disc authoring}}
'''DVD-RAM''' (DVD Random Access Memory) is a [[DVD]]-based disc specification presented in 1996 by the [[DVD Forum]], which specifies rewritable DVD-RAM media and the appropriate [[DVD writer]]s. DVD-RAM media have been used in [[computer]]s as well as [[camcorder]]s and [[personal video recorder]]s since 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding DVD - Physical, Logical and Application Specifications |url=http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa2.htm |website=www.osta.org |publisher=[[Optical Storage Technology Association]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719164357/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2019, [[Panasonic]], the only remaining manufacturer of DVD-RAM discs, announced that it would end production of DVD-RAM media by the end of that month, citing shrinking demand as the primary motivation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panasonic.jp/media/products/dvd.html |title=DVD-RAM Disc for Recording Completion of Production |access-date=2019-05-22 |language=JA |publisher=Panasonic Corporation |archive-date=2019-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522001943/https://panasonic.jp/media/products/dvd.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Panasonic made these discs under its own brand name and also under other brands such as [[Verbatim (brand)|Verbatim]]. The only other manufacturer to produce DVD-RAM discs was [[Maxell]].

The "RAM" in its name is related to [[random-access memory]] that computers use as main memory, not in the technology but in sense that it can be used as a [[random-access]] memory unit rather than a [[sequential access|sequential-access]] memory unit such as a [[magnetic tape drive]].

==Format==
DVD-RAM works by means of phase change technology which was chosen instead of [[Magneto-optical drive|magneto-optical technology]] (an already existing rewritable solution at the time) because it doesn't require a magnetic head and therefore it represented reduced complexity and costs. Phase change technology uses laser light to heat the surface of a phase changing alloy and allows it to go from a crystalline to an amorphous state and vice versa, therefore altering its optical reflectivity index. To change the recording material from a crystalline to an amorphous state, and back again a high or medium power laser light is used to control the rate of cooling of the phase changing alloy therefore establishing the final state. Encoding is done by means of difference in reflectivity of the alloy, a laser is pointed at the surface and the returned intensity signifies either a 1 or a 0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=15050|title=DVD Technical Guide - Printer Friendly version|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731113122/https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=15050|url-status=live}}</ref>

DVD-RAM uses concentric [[Track (disk drive)|tracks]] each divided into hard (factory originated) [[Disk sector|sectors]], in contrast to traditional spiral recording found in other DVD and [[CD-ROM|CD]] formats. A 12 cm (5") 4.7 GB disc is divided into 35 [[Zone bit recording|zones]] of tracks, with each zone having more sectors per track compared to the previous zone. This makes its data structuring very similar to that of [[hard drive]]s and [[floppy disk]]s. This means that usually DVD-RAMs  are suitable to be accessed by the [[Operating System|OS]] without any special software <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datatechstore.com/what-is-dvd-ram.aspx|title = Data Tech Store}}</ref>

==Specification==
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 220
 | header = 
 | image1 = DVD-RAM Detail Sectors.jpg
 | caption1 = A DVD-RAM disc can be identified by many small rectangles distributed on the surface of the data carrier
 | image2 = Dvd-ram-closeup.jpg
 | caption2 = These rectangles constitute the hard (factory originated) sectoring of the DVD-RAM
}}

=== Recording speeds ===
Since the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 2003 the specification is being marketed by the ''RAM Promotion Group'' (RAMPRG), built by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[Toshiba]], [[Maxell]], [[LG Electronics]], [[Panasonic Corporation|Matsushita/Panasonic]], [[Samsung]], [[Lite-On]] and [[Teac]]. The specification distinguishes between:

* DVD-RAM version 1.0 (1997), recording speed 1x<br>– Defines discs with capacity of 2.58&nbsp;GB per side (24 track zones) (see also: [[DVD#Capacity|DVD Capacity]])
* DVD-RAM version 2.0 (1999), recording speed 2x<br>– Defines discs with more common capacity of 4.7&nbsp;GB per side (35 track zones)
* DVD-RAM version 2.1 (2000)<br>– Introduces 8-cm discs with capacity of 1.46&nbsp;GB per side (14 track zones){{sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=148, 228}}<ref name="Supplementary"/>
* DVD-RAM version 2.2 (2004) divides drives and discs into two classes due to breaking compatibility:<ref name="Supplementary"/><ref name=DvdForumNotice/><br> – Class 0, recording speed 2x/3x/5x<br> – Class 1, recording speed 6x/8x/12x/16x (DVD-RAM2)

Speeds more than 2x are defined by Optional Specifications (Nx-speed DVD-RAM):<ref name="Supplementary"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/pdf/bookcon2009-02rev.pdf |title=DVD Book Construction |website=DVD FLLC |access-date=2019-12-16 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213162350/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/pdf/bookcon2009-02rev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rev. 1.0 (2002) - 3x-speed
* Rev. 2.0 (2004) - 5x-speed
* Rev. 3.0 (2005) - 6x-speed
* Rev. 4.0 (2005) - 8x-speed
* Rev. 5.0 (2005) - 12x-speed
* Rev. 6.0 (2005) - 16x-speed (never released)

=== Diameters ===
DVD-RAM discs can have 12 or 8 cm in diameter, around 5 or 3 inches respectively. The latter variant is mainly intended for [[camcorders]] that use DVD as storage media and also exists with capacities of 1.46 GB for a single-sided disc, 2.8 GB for a double-sided disc, and 5.6 GB for a dual-layer double sided disc, however, they are relatively uncommon.
DVD-RAMs were originally solely sold in disc caddy [[caddy (hardware)|cartridge]]s; recent DVD recorders can work with discs either with or without a cartridge, and many devices do not work with cartridges. Discs can be removed from cartridges for use with these drives (except with type 1 media, see table above).

=== Cartridge types ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+DVD-RAM cartridge types<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#4.3.4.1 |title=DVD FAQ - What are the DVD-RAM cartridge types? |last=Taylor |first=Jim |website=DVD Demystified |access-date=2019-12-15 |archive-date=2024-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318105933/https://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#4.3.4.1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Size
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center" | Bare disc
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center" | Non-removable cartridge
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center" | Removable cartridge
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center" | Empty cartridge/no disc
|-
| ''sides''
| ''single''
| ''double''
| ''single''
| ''double''
| ''single''
| ''double''
| ''single''
| ''double ''
|-
| '''12&nbsp;cm'''
| yes (type 0)
| none
| type 1
| type 1
| type 2
| type 4
| type 3
| type 5
|-
| '''8&nbsp;cm'''
| yes (type 0)
| none
| none
| none
| type 7
| type 6
| type 9
| type 8
|}

==Compatibility==
[[Image:DVD-RAM FUJIFILM disc removable without cartridge locking pin.jpg|thumb|A DVD-RAM Type 2]]

Many operating systems like the [[classic Mac OS]] (from [[Mac OS 8.6]] up), [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[Microsoft Windows XP]] can use DVD-RAM directly, while earlier versions of Windows require separate device drivers or the program [[InCD]].

[[Windows XP]] can only write directly to [[File Allocation Table|FAT32]] formatted DVD-RAM discs. For [[Universal Disk Format|UDF]] formatted discs, which are considered faster,{{by whom|date=October 2013}} a third-party UDF file system driver capable of writing or software such as [[InCD]] or [[Drive Letter Access|DLA]] are required. [[Windows Vista]] and later can natively access and write to both FAT32 and UDF formatted DVD-RAM discs using mastered burning method or [[Live File System|packet writing]]. Even though it is possible to use any file system one likes, very few perform well on DVD-RAM. This is because some file systems frequently overwrite data on the disc and the table of contents is contained at the start of the disc. Windows Vista (and later) implement the [[CPRM]] data protection and thus discs formatted under Windows XP (or earlier) have compatibility issues with Vista onwards (and vice versa).

The [[classic Mac OS]] up to 9.2 can read and write [[Hierarchical File System (Apple)|HFS]], [[HFS Plus|HFS+]], [[File Allocation Table|FAT]], and [[Universal Disk Format|UDF]] formatted DVD-RAM discs directly. In [[Mac OS X]] (versions 10.0.x through 10.4.x) UDF-formatting of DVD-RAM is no longer supported, instead formatting and writing DVD-RAM is done in HFS+ format. (UDF support was re-implemented in 10.5 Leopard)  (HFS and [[Unix File System|UFS]] should also be supported on older versions of Mac OS X that retain support for these file systems.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA44310 |title=Using DVD-RAM discs |publisher=support.apple.com |date=2012-02-18 |access-date=2014-02-05 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134442/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA44310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA20636 |title=Mac OS X: "The disc 'Ram' could not be modified" Alert |publisher=support.apple.com |date=2012-02-17 |access-date=2014-02-05 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134444/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA20636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many DVD standalone players and recorders do not work with DVD-RAM. However, within "RAMPRG" (the DVD-RAM Promotion Group consisting of [[Hitachi]], [[Toshiba]], [[Maxell]], [[LG Electronics]], [[Matsushita Electric Industrial|Matsushita]]/[[Panasonic]], [[Samsung]], [[Lite-On]], [[Teac]]) there were a number of well-known manufacturers of standalone players, recorders, and camcorders that ''could'' use DVD-RAM. [[Panasonic]], for instance, had a range of players and recorders which made full use of the advantages of DVD-RAM.

The last DVD-RAM Specification, DVD-RAM2 (also called RAM2 or Class 1), is not compatible with DVD drives that do not specifically allow reading DVD-RAM2 discs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/services/computing/pc/support/drivers/usage_dvdram.html  |title=Usage Of 16 X DVD-RAM Disc (RAM2 Disc) |date=2008-01-31 |access-date=2009-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080131133310/http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/services/computing/pc/support/drivers/usage_dvdram.html |archive-date = 2008-01-31}}</ref> DVD-RAM2 medium was brought to the market in Japan,<ref name=Maxell_1/><ref name=Maxell_2/> but was not launched worldwide.<ref name=Heise2006/>

Some high end products such as [[IBM System p]] mainframes require DVD-RAM instead of DVD-RW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pseriestech.org/forum/hardware-management-console/hmc-backup-382.html  |title=HMC backup |access-date=2009-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223195406/http://www.pseriestech.org/forum/hardware-management-console/hmc-backup-382.html |archive-date = 2007-02-23}}</ref>

Many [[half-height]] [[DVD Multi Recorder]] drives released between 2006 and 2010, including the [[TSSTcorp]] ''SH-S182/S183'' (2006) and ''SH-S203/TS-H653B'' (2007) have officially adapted support for 12× DVD-RAM speeds, while more recent DVD writers such as the ''SH-224DB'' (2013) and Blu-ray writers such as the ''[[Hitachi-LG Data Storage|LG]] BE16NU50'' (2016) have restricted the supported DVD-RAM writing speed to 5×.<ref name=HL-DT-ST-Discontinued>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued |title=Archive of discontinued Hitachi-LG Data Storage optical drives |access-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711193519/https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued |archive-date=2020-07-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TSST-Manuals>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsstodd.com/manual-2/|title=Manual|access-date=2020-07-19|archive-date=2018-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904033921/http://www.tsstodd.com/manual-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Wii U|Nintendo Wii U]] can use DVD-RAM for extended storage over USB.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/05/random_did_you_know_the_wii_u_can_burn_eshop_games_to_discs|title=Did you know the Wii U can burn eShop games to disc?|last=Craddock|first=Ryan|date=17 May 2021|work=[[Nintendo Life]]|publisher=Hookshot Media|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126172321/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/05/random_did_you_know_the_wii_u_can_burn_eshop_games_to_discs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.destructoid.com/wii-u-can-format-dvds-and-burn-eshop-games-to-them-it-turns-out/|title=Wii U can format DVDs and burn eShop games to them, it turns out|last=Friscia|first=John|date=17 May 2021|work=[[Destructoid]]|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126172331/https://www.nintendo.destructoid.com/wii-u-can-format-dvds-and-burn-eshop-games-to-them-it-turns-out/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Advantages==
[[Image:Panasonic DVD-RAM001.JPG|thumb|A DVD-RAM for [[DVD recorder]]s]]
[[Image:Mini-DVD-RAM with Holder.jpg|thumb|A miniDVD-RAM with DVD round holder]]
[[Image:Dvdramopen2.gif|thumb|How to open a DVD-RAM cartridge ([[Caddy (hardware)|caddy]])]]

* Long life&nbsp;— without physical damage, data is retained for an estimated 30 years. For this reason, it is used for archival storage of data.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Fujifilm DVD-RAM Disc | publisher = Fujifilm | date = 2006-10-17 | url = http://www.fujifilmusa.com/JSP/fuji/epartners/conAVProductsDVD-RAM_Disc.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017122044/http://www.fujifilmusa.com/JSP/fuji/epartners/conAVProductsDVD-RAM_Disc.jsp | archive-date = 2006-10-17 | access-date = 2009-08-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Update: Phase Change WORM | publisher = West World Productions and Gale Group | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Update:+Phase+Change+WORM-a060300934 | access-date = 2007-12-29 | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520125502/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Update:+Phase+Change+WORM-a060300934 | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Can be rewritten over 100,000 times for the lowest write speed discs (DVD±RW can be rewritten approx. 1,000 times). Faster DVD-RAMs allow fewer rewrites (3x speed: 100,000, 5x speed: 10,000) {{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}, but still more than [[DVD+RW]] or [[DVD-RW]]. (These are theoretical numbers. In practice they could be smaller depending on the drive, the treatment of the disc and the file system.)
* Reliable writing of discs. Verification done in hardware by the drive, so post-write verification by software is unnecessary. Software verification is disabled in all current DVD Video Recorders.
* Disc defect management designed to safeguard data.
* DVD-burning software may not be required&nbsp;— discs can be used and accessed like a removable [[hard disk]]. [[Mac OS]] (8.6 or later) uses DVD-RAM directly. [[Windows XP]] uses DVD-RAM directly for FAT32-formatted discs only. [[Windows Vista]] is able to write directly to both FAT32- and UDF-formatted DVD-RAM discs from within Windows Explorer. Device drivers or other software are needed for earlier versions of Windows.
* Very fast access of small files on the disc.
* Small 2 KB disc block size [[Fragmentation (computer)#Internal fragmentation|wastes]] less space when writing small files.
* Finalization not necessary.  For video recording use, other media such as DVD+RW (when used in [[DVD+VR]] mode) do not require a separate finalisation either as finalisation is automatic.  The table of contents can be overwritten in this latter media.
* Media available with or without protective cartridges; can be used in the cartridge by many devices.
* In some video recorders DVD-RAM can be written to and read at the same time, allowing one program to be recorded and a different one, or an earlier part of the same one (time slip recording), to be viewed at the same time.  DVD+RW recorders can achieve the same thing, and more recently some DVD-RW recorders achieve it as well (though only at the slower recording speeds).
* Usable with some high-end security digital video recorders, such as the Tecton Darlex, as a secure and long-lasting export medium.
* Holds more data when using Double Sided discs than dual-layer DVD+RW and DVD-RW - 9.4GB for DVD-RAM vs 8.5GB for DVD+RW DL and DVD-RW DL.
* Has write-protect tabs to prevent accidental deletion when used in a cartridge.

==Disadvantages==
* High-speed media unavailability: Only 3x and 5x discs were readily available, with 12x RAM2 discs being among the rarest of optical media and never sold outside Japan.
* Higher media cost.<ref name="Chambers2004"/>
* Less compatibility than DVD+RW and DVD-RW{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=224|loc=Table 5.3. Compatibility of Writable DVD Formats}} on many DVD devices and early DVD drives (example: <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240403144717/https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/PUSA/Computer/Computer+Drives/DVD-105S+ATAPI Pioneer DVD-105S from 2000]</ref>), despite DVD-RAM predating both formats (as [[#Compatibility|noted above]]).
* If random writes are performed with a [[constant linear velocity]] (CLV), which may be the only available speed mode on specific drives and/or media, the speed of the [[Optical disc drive#Rotational mechanism|rotary engine]] needs to be re-adjusted each time the [[Optical disc drive#Optical pickup system|pickup system]] jumps to another position on the disc, significantly impeding transfer speeds.<ref name=TC2-RAM>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=U9aZuFOTHtQ&t=10m21s |title=DVD-RAMifications (experiments and other goodies relating to DVD-RAM) |last=Technology Connextras ([[Technology Connections]]) |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2019-01-11 |access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chase Play]]
*[[MultiLevel Recording]]
*[[Phase-change Dual]]
*[[List of optical disc manufacturers]]
*[[Live File System]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Supplementary">{{cite web 
 |url=https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/pdf/supple/ram47_1.pdf 
 |title=Supplementary Documents issued in the past for DVD-RAM(4.7G) Book 
 |date=June 2008 
 |website=DVD FLLC
 |access-date=2019-12-17
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926163044/https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/pdf/supple/ram47_1.pdf
 |archive-date=2015-09-26
 |url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=DvdForumNotice>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.dvdforum.org/Important_Notice-DVD-RAM_Format_Spec2-2_compatibility.pdf
 |website=DVD Forum
 |title=Important Notice to the subscribers of the DVD-RAM Format Specifications Book Ver.2.2, regarding compatibility with legacy devices for Class 1 discs
 |access-date=2019-12-16
 |archive-date=2019-11-23
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123203117/http://www.dvdforum.org/Important_Notice-DVD-RAM_Format_Spec2-2_compatibility.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>
<ref name=Heise2006>{{cite web
 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Keine-12X-DVD-RAM-Medien-fuer-Europa-156973.html
 |title=No 12X DVD-RAM media for Europe
 |website=heise.de
 |last=Gieselmann
 |first=Hartmut
 |language=de
 |date=2006-08-30
 |access-date=2019-12-16
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530234116/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Keine-12X-DVD-RAM-Medien-fuer-Europa-156973.html
 |archive-date=2019-05-30
 |url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=Maxell_1>{{cite web
 |url=https://kakaku.com/item/07102011238/
 |title=Maxell DRM47D.1P (RAM 12x 1-side) Price Comparison
 |quote=Released on March 24, 2006
 |language=ja
 |access-date=2019-12-16
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027170333/https://kakaku.com/item/07102011238/
 |archive-date=2007-10-27
}}</ref>
<ref name=Maxell_2>{{cite web
 |url=http://freedom.way-nifty.com/fmfm/2008/03/dvdram_maxell_d_4851.html
 |title=Maxell DRM47D.1P Review
 |date=2008-03-10
 |language=ja
 |access-date=2019-12-16
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191216165432/http://freedom.way-nifty.com/fmfm/2008/03/dvdram_maxell_d_4851.html
 |archive-date=2019-12-16
 |url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name="Chambers2004">{{cite book
 |author=Mark L. Chambers
 |title=CD and DVD Recording For Dummies
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKsAroUnIxsC&pg=PA54
 |year=2004
 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons
 |at={{nobr|p. 54, Table 3-1}}
 |isbn=978-0-7645-7073-5
}}</ref>
}}

===Books===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Taylor
 |first=Jim
 |title=DVD Demystified
 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]
 |year=2001
 |edition=2nd
 |isbn=0-07-138944-X
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040410161621/http://www.ramprg.com/ RAM Promotion Group (RAMPRG)]
* [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-330.htm ECMA-330 Standard]
* [http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c038411_ISO_IEC_17592_2004(E).zip ISO/IEC 17592:2004] - publicly available standard
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38411 ISO/IEC 17592, 120 mm; 5" (4,7 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm; 3" (1,46 Gbytes per side) DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080131133310/http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/services/computing/pc/support/drivers/usage_dvdram.html Fujitsu DVD-RAM2 compatibility note]
* [http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/ Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD]

{{DVD}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dvd-Ram}}
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:Optical computer storage media]]
[[Category:Optical computer storage]]
[[Category:Video storage]]