View source for Dala horse

{{Short description|Traditional Swedish carved, painted wooden horse statuette}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2021}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Dalahäst|Dølehest}}

[[Image:Dalahäst i avesta.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The world's largest Dala horse, made of [[concrete]] and located in [[Avesta Municipality|Avesta]], Sweden.]]

[[File:Shai Dahan.jpg|thumb|300px|World's largest Dala horse painting, painted by Shai Dahan]]

A '''Dala horse''' ({{langx|sv|dalahäst}}) or '''Dalecarlian horse''' is a traditional carved, painted wooden statue of a [[horse]] originating in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] province of [[Dalarna]] (Dalecarlia). The Dala horse has been widely used as a toy for children. It has also become a symbol of Dalarna, as well as of Sweden in general.

Several types of Dala horses are made with distinguishing features common to the locality of the site where they are produced. One particular style has, however, become much more common and widespread than others. It is stoutly carved and was traditionally painted [[Iron oxide red]] at first. Now it is usually reddish orange with details and a [[horse harness|harness]] in white, green, yellow and blue.

==History==

[[Image:Dalecarlian horse.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|The wooden horses are painted in the ''[[kurbits]]'' style. This one is from around 1950.]]
The carving of Dala horses as a livelihood is thought to have started in the village of {{interlanguage link|Bergkarlås|sv}} in central Sweden, though the nearby "horse" villages of {{interlanguage link|Risa, Mora|lt=Risa|sv}}, [[Vattnäs]], and [[Nusnäs]] were also centres of horse-making. The villages were involved in the art of furniture and clock-making, and it is likely the leftover scraps of wood were put to use in the production of Dala horses.<ref>''Art & Technique of Scandinavian Style Woodcarving'' by Harley Refsal (2004) - Fox Chapel Publishing</ref> Many early Dala horses were not painted at all, but in the beginning of the 19th century painting them in a single color, white or red, became common practice. The decoration of the Dala horse has its roots in furniture painting and was perfected over the years. According to a local tale, a wandering painter in the style of ''[[kurbits]]'' came across one of these Dala horses in a farm he was decorating. When asked by one of the children why that horse was not as beautifully painted as the ones in the decorations, he painted the Dala horse in the same style. This tradition was then carried on in order to raise the market value of the Dala horses.

The earliest references to wooden horses for sale are from 1623. In the 19th century,{{interlanguage link|Stikå Erik Hansson|sv}} from the village Risa in the parish of [[Mora, Sweden|Mora]] introduced the technique of painting with two colours on the same brush, still used today. In the book "The Wooden Horses of Sweden," the author mentions that this famous Dala painter is buried in a small churchyard in Nebraska after having immigrated to the Midwest in 1887 at the age of 64. He changed his name to Erik Erikson upon coming to America and is buried at Bega Cemetery in Stanton County Nebraska, outside of Norfolk.

While there were many horse whittlers in the early production of Dala horses, there were comparatively few horse painters. The large number of whittlers and a lack of distinguishing features makes it difficult to distinguish between different whittlers. Early painters very rarely signed their work, but they did have their own distinct pattern from which it is often possible to identify who painted a particular horse. In the 1930s, (especially after the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937)|World's Expo in Paris 1937]] and [[1939 New York World's Fair|World's Fair in New York 1939]] in which Dala horses were shown) [[mass production]] of Dala horses started. This marks the beginning of a new era for the Dala horse, transitioning from toy to a national symbol and popular souvenir.

The Dala horse of today is still a handcrafted article, made of pine, and its pattern is about 150 years old. At least nine different people contribute their skills to create each horse. The distinctive shape of the horse is due to the usage of [[Scandinavian flat-plane style of woodcarving|flat-plane style carving]].

===Folklore and popular culture===
An [[Apocrypha|apocryphal legend]] of the Dala horse is that they became the national toy in 1716. According to the legend, soldiers loyal to [[Charles XII of Sweden|King Charles XII]] were quartered in Dalarna and carved the toys as gifts for their hosts.<ref>''Oddball Minnesota: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places'' by Jerome Pohlen (2003) - Chicago Review Press</ref>

In the 2003 Norwegian film ''[[Kitchen Stories]]'', a small Dala horse is part of a joke when a character expected a real horse as a reward.

==Geographical differences==
[[Image:Rytter Olof Matsson Dala Horse.jpg|200px|right|thumb|alt=Rytter Olof Matsson Dala Horse|A Dala horse painted by Rytter Olof Matsson, Risa, around 1910.]]
Early production of Dala horses was concentrated to four villages: Bergkarlås, Risa, Vattnäs, and Nusnäs, all in the parish of [[Mora, Sweden|Mora]]. Production is believed to have started in
Bergkarlås and later spread to nearby villages Risa and Vattnäs through kindred. At about the same time production started independently in Nusnäs, and being farther away their style was less influenced by those of the other villages. The individual painters each had their particular style, and the few who are old enough to remember first- or second-hand the history can often tell which village, and in some cases which carver or painter, turned out a particular horse. The distinguishing features of many early painters from these villages have now been documented.<ref>{{in lang|sv}} [http://www.dalahorse.info Dalahästen - en kulturskatt] (online encyclopedia of early carvers and painters)</ref><ref>{{in lang|sv}} ''Dalahästen från Nusnäs, Sverigesymbolen'' by Ivar Johansson (2009) - Notdraget Lidingö</ref>

Many of the works by the earliest horse makers are no longer in existence but those that remain are cherished by their owners and have often been passed down through generations. These are also coveted by collectors, and their value has risen markedly over the years.

Today, many of the villages in Dalarna county make Dala horses with individual styles representing the district of origin. These horses also have distinctive shapes and often come in different sizes. Some horses like the Nusnäs horse are stocky work horses; others are lean and upright with stately countenance like the [[Rättvik]] horse. Many of these can be seen at a yearly exhibition (since the year 2000), which is held at [[Klockargården]] in [[Leksand]], Sweden. Currently, about forty present carvers and painters show their Dala horses and put them up for sale.

==Production==
[[File:Dala Lama.jpg|alt=Dala horse from Lindsborg, Kansas|thumb|223x223px|Dala horse from [[Lindsborg, Kansas]]]]
Today, Nusnäs is the centre of Dala horse production with the most famous being the [[Nils Olsson]] and [[Grannas Olsson]] workshops. [[Grannas A. Olssons Hemslöjd AB]], founded in 1922, is the oldest company which still makes Dala horses. [[Nils Olssons Hemslöjd]] is almost as old. The horses made at these workshops share the same familiar pattern which most people associate to Dala horses. Apart from these, old-style horses are also hand-carved and painted in limited editions to replicate the style of the [[antique]] horses found in Swedish museums or held in private family collections. These are numbered and signed, so that they cannot be confused with an original early Dala horse.

The wood from which the figures are carved comes from the slow-growing pine forests around [[Siljan (lake)|Lake Siljan]]. The wood is ideal for carpentry and carving. The trees to be made into horses are marked out while still standing in the forest. Only the best timber will be selected for carving into horses. The trees are felled and sawed into pieces of a suitable size for the blanks that will eventually be made into Dala horses.

The blanks are sawed and carved by hand. Because of this, no two horses are exactly alike. The horses are dipped in primer immediately after carving, to reveal any defects in the wood that may need to be fixed. After priming, any cavities in the wood are filled in to ensure extra smoothness. The horses are polished to give them a smooth, attractive finish.

After sanding, the horses are dipped into paint of the appropriate colour. The traditional pattern is painted free-hand by practised "ripple" painters. The art of rippling requires great skill and takes many years to learn. Finally, "all the fine horses" are varnished and sent out from Nusnäs to serve as a symbol of Sweden in the outside world.

In the United States, you can also view the production of Dala horses at the Hemslöjd, in [[Lindsborg, Kansas]]. This workshop is modelled after the hemslöjds you will find throughout Sweden's countryside. Guests are welcome to watch and talk as woodworkers and artists create the handcrafted horses. Artists work in shop Monday through Saturday, and woodworkers are busy in the mornings Monday through Friday. You can also find the beautiful Dala horses that are imported from workshops in Sweden.

===Production of Dala horses===
<gallery>
File:Dalahast 7.jpg
File:Dalahast 1.jpg|Bertil Grund in the "Grannas A. Olsson Hemslöjd" Factory
File:Dalahast 6.jpg
File:Dalahast 2.jpg
File:Dalahast 3.jpg
File:Dalapferd2.jpg
File:Dalahast 4.jpg
File:Dalahast 9.jpg
File:Dalahast 5.jpg
File:Dalahästar.jpg
File:Three dalecarlian horses.JPG
File:LindsborgBusiness 20131126 0076 small.jpg|Workshop at the Hemslöjd in Lindsborg, Kansas
</gallery>

==Dala horses in the United States==
<gallery>
File:Dala horse-Mora, Minnesota-20070929.jpg|American replica in [[Mora, Minnesota]]
File:Minot-DalaHorse.jpg|The Dala horse in [[Minot, North Dakota]]
File:Dala horse-Grand Rapids, Minnesota-20070706.jpg|Dala horse in [[Cloquet, Minnesota]]
File:Dalahaus Andersonville.png|Dala horse in [[Andersonville, Chicago]]
File:Kingsburg Dala Horse.jpg|Dala Horse in [[Kingsburg, California]]
File:Wild Dala Herd Lindsborg.jpg|Dala horses in [[Lindsborg, Kansas]]
</gallery>
[[File:Ridderstedt mailbox 1958.jpg|thumb|[[Birgit Ridderstedt]]'s mail box in [[Batavia, Illinois]], in 1958]]
Dala horses were introduced to North America at the [[1939 World's Fair]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dalahästens Hemsida - Dalahästar hos Grannas A Olssons Hemslöjd AB|url = http://www.grannas.com/mainframe.php?page=1939|website = www.grannas.com|access-date = 2016-01-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160119193559/http://www.grannas.com/mainframe.php?page=1939|archive-date = 2016-01-19|url-status = dead}}</ref> The architects Sven Markelius and Anders Beckman chose the Dala horse because they were searching for a powerful symbol for the Swedish pavilion at the fair.

A similar Dala horse can be seen in [[Andersonville, Chicago]], donated by the Swedish American Women's Educational Association (SWEA) to the [[Swedish American Museum]]. SWAE commissioned the Swedish Artist Lars Gillis to paint the Dala horse in a way that represents the connection between Sweden and Chicago. After eight years, the original Dala horse could not withstand the harsh Chicago weather conditions and was removed in 2013 for restoration that took a year.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Andersonville's Dala Horse Returns to the Neighborhood|url = https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20140206/andersonville/andersonvilles-dala-horse-returns-neighborhood|website = DNAinfo Chicago|access-date = 2016-01-25|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130144352/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20140206/andersonville/andersonvilles-dala-horse-returns-neighborhood|archivedate = 2016-01-30}}</ref> It is now kept in the lobby of the Swedish American Museum, which provided a [[fiberglass]] replica placed on the corner of Clark and Farragut streets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wellen |first=Brianna |date=2014-02-22 |title=Zoom in: Andersonville |url=http://chicagoreader.com/news-politics/zoom-in-andersonville-3/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Chicago Reader |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-08 |title=Replica water tower raised to roof of Swedish American Museum on North Side |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-andersonville-water-tower-goes-up-met-20170809-story.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}[[Nardwuar]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=723ywF5faV4&t=578s Interview] of Swedish artist [[Yung Lean]], in which a Dala horse is given as a gift.{{Woodworking}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalecarlian Horse}}
[[Category:Dalarna|Horse]]
[[Category:Horses in art]]
[[Category:Culture of Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish folklore]]
[[Category:Traditional toys]]
[[Category:Wooden toys]]
[[Category:Toy animals]]