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{{Short description|American computer scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dan Ingalls
| image = Dan Ingalls.jpg
| birth_name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29RIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ingalls+Daniel%22+%221944+Washington%22 |title=Standard and Poor's Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives |volume=2 |date=1997 |page=548}}</ref>
| death_date = <!--{{death date and age |20yy|mm|dd |1944|mm|dd}} (death date then birth date)-->
| death_place = 
| residence = 
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| field = [[Computer science]]
| workplaces = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]<br />[[Apple Inc.]] [[Apple Advanced Technology Group|ATG]]<br />[[Interval Research Corporation]]<br />[[Walt Disney Imagineering]]<br />[[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]]<br />[[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]<br />[[SAP SE]]
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<br />[[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Science|M.S.]])
| doctoral_advisor = 
| known_for = [[Bit blit]]<br />[[Context menu|Pop-up menus]]<br />[[Smalltalk]]<br />[[object-oriented programming]]<br />[[Fabrik (software)|Fabrik]] [[visual programming language]]<br />[[Lively Kernel]]
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] (1984)<br />[[ACM Software Systems Award]] (1987)
Dr. Dobbs Excellence in Programming Award (2002)
Computer History Museum Fellow (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://computerhistory.org/profile/dan-ingalls-2/ | title=Dan Ingalls }}</ref>
Dahl-Nygaard Prize for Senior Researcher (2022)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://2022.ecoop.org/details/ecoop-2022-keynotes/5/Dahl-Nygaard-Senior-Prize-Dan-Ingalls-A-Fireside-Chat | title=Dahl-Nygaard Senior Prize: Dan Ingalls - A Fireside Chat (ECOOP 2022 - Keynotes) - ECOOP 2022 }}</ref>

| footnotes = 
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr.''' (born 1944) is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer programming]] and the principal [[Systems architect|architect]], designer and implementer of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[bitmap]] [[computer graphics]] systems today, and [[Context menu|pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in [[Scaling (geometry)|scaling]], [[rotation]], and [[Spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliasing]]. He made major contributions to the [[Squeak]] version of Smalltalk, including the original concept of a Smalltalk [[Self-hosting (compilers)|written in itself]] and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) in [[physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master of Science]] (M.S.) in [[electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.) at Stanford, he started a company to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected, and never returned to [[Academy|academia]].

==Work==
Ingalls' first well known research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]], and did his award-winning work on Smalltalk. As Peter Siebel wrote about Dan in his book Coders at Work, Reflections on the Craft of Programming, "If Alan Kay is Smalltalk's father, Dan Ingalls is its mother—Smalltalk may have started as a gleam in Alan Kay's eye, but Ingalls is the one who did the hard work of bringing it into the world. Starting with the first implementation of Smalltalk, written in BASIC and based on one page of notes from Kay, Ingalls has been involved in implementing seven generations of Smalltalk from the first prototype to the present-day open source implementation, Squeak."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://codersatwork.com/dan-ingalls.html | title=Coders at Work: Dan Ingalls }}</ref> Dan's design principles for Smalltalk included the important concepts of personal mastery, good design in a uniform framework, language for communication, interaction of language, the concept of "objects", storage management, messages, and other principles outlined in his Byte Magazine article in 1981, "Design Principles of Smalltalk".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs655/readings/smalltalk.html | title=Design Principles Behind Smalltalk }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://users.ipa.net/~dwighth/smalltalk/byte_aug81/design_principles_behind_smalltalk.html |title=Design Principles Behind Smalltalk |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190743/http://users.ipa.net/~dwighth/smalltalk/byte_aug81/design_principles_behind_smalltalk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2020, Ingalls wrote [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3386335 The Evolution of Smalltalk] for the ACM HOPL Conference, ACM Program. Lang., Vol. 4, No. HOPL, Article 85. Publication date: June 2020, which details the design of Smalltalk through Ingalls's multiple iterations of the language, including his development of Squeak in 1996.<ref>ACM Program. Lang., Vol. 4, No. HOPL, Article 85. Publication date: June 2020</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal | doi=10.1145/3386335 | title=The evolution of Smalltalk: From Smalltalk-72 through Squeak | journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages | date=12 June 2020 | volume=4 | issue=HOPL | pages=85:1–85:101 | last1=Ingalls | first1=Daniel | s2cid=219603700 | doi-access=free }}</ref>  Although some may not be familiar with the language of Smalltalk or the fact that it began object orientation in programming, it is still a useful and well-used language.<ref name="auto"/>

[[Larry Tesler]] mentioned to [[Alan Kay]] and Dan Ingalls that he thought blocks of bits could be easily moved on the screen.  Ingalls told Larry that he would learn how to program in the lowest-level microcode to harness all available power.  [[Diana Merry]] had been working on programming text display, and after talking to her, Ingalls dug into the problem.  Months later, he figured out a way to move information that was "bit efficient."<ref name=how>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry] pp. 249-250</ref>

"The idea had come to him visually. When you are moving information on the display, whether it is scrolling or copying text or copying a graphical image from one place to another, you have a source and a destination within the computer's memory.  In his mind, he envisioned the concept as a wheel that rotated from the starting point to the end point. It was an idea that seemed obvious after Ingalls had conceived of it, and it has been copied widely by all of the graphical computing systems that have followed.  Today it remains at the heart of both the Macintosh and Windows computing worlds.  In the early 1970s, however, it was a radically new idea.  Called [[Bit blit|Bit Blit]], it enabled graphical menu systems to "pop-up" instantly on an Alto screen in response to a mouse click.  As much as any single software innovation, Bit Blit made the modern graphical computer interface possible."<ref name=how/>

Ingalls moved to [[Apple Inc.]] He left research in 1987, for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Resort,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omnihotels.com/hotels/homestead-virginia?gclid=CjwKCAjw3K2XBhAzEiwAmmgrAg6EZzMJmqmUR7FiclA2TgBA7omWgCvNAKyfE_AnjDl7VzPGFMOdshoCQxwQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds | title=The Omni Homestead Resort in Hot Springs VA &#124; Resorts in Virginia }}</ref> in [[Hot Springs, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Layman |first=Sara |date=1987-10-22 |title=Homestead's New President Plans Emphasis on Tradition, Service |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=TRE19871022.1.9&srpos=1&e=--1987---1987--en-20-TRE-1--txt-txIN-%22Dan+Ingalls%22 |work=The Recorder |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> The Ingalls family owned and operated the Homestead Resort for 100 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.therecorderonline.com/articles/rachel-h-ingalls/ | title=RACHEL H. INGALLS - the Recorder Online | date=11 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historichotels.org/us/hotels-resorts/the-omni-homestead-resort/history.php | title=Hotel History in Hot Springs, Virginia &#124; the Omni Homestead Resort &#124; Historic Hotels of America }}</ref>

Ingalls returned to Silicon Valley in 1995, first working at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and then returned to Apple. Starting at Xerox, and then at Apple, he developed [[Fabrik (software)|Fabrik]], a [[visual programming language]] and [[integrated development environment]] (IDE), consisting of a kit of computing and [[user interface]] components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful [[application software]]. Fabrik was implemented in [[Smalltalk]] and designed together with Scott Wallace, [[Yu-Ying Chow]], [[Frank Ludolph]], [[Ken Doyle]] and others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingalls |first1=Dan |last2=Wallace |first2=Scott |last3=Chow |first3=Yu-Ying |last4=Ludolph |first4=Frank |last5=Doyle |first5=Ken |date=November 1988 |title=Fabrik: a visual programming environment |journal=ACM SIGPLAN Notices |language=en |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=176–190 |doi=10.1145/62084.62100 |issn=0362-1340 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started a small firm, Weather Dimensions, Inc., which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://weather-dimensions.com/ |title=Weather Dimensions Incorporated: Weather on Display |last=Ingalls |first=Daniel Jr. |year=2008 |website=Weather Dimensions, Inc. |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

Ingalls then worked as a Distinguished [[Engineer]] at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he worked in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories]] (Sun Labs) research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment named [[Lively Kernel]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lively-web.org/|title=welcome|website=lively-web.org|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on Smalltalk, Ingalls is also known for developing an [[optical character recognition]] system for [[Devanagari]] writing, which he did in collaboration with his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/02/daniel-henry-holmes-ingalls/ | title=Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls | date=18 February 2010 }}</ref> a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="PARC-OCR-talk">{{Cite AV media |last=Ingalls |first=Daniel |date=1980 |title=Sanskrit and OCR |trans-title= |medium=video |language=en |url=http://vimeo.com/4714623 |location=Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, California |publisher=Vimeo |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

Ingalls  moved to [[SAP SE]] Palo Alto Research Center, as a [[fellow]]. He was a key member of the chief scientist team guiding the company's technology vision, direction, and execution. He moved his research group to [http://Y%20Combinator YCombinator], to a newly formed YCombinator Research Group, YCR, where he continued his research, living near the beach in [[Rio del Mar, California|Rio del Mar]], [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, where he also contributed to development of the [[Squeak]] implementation of Smalltalk, JavaScript research, and the Lively Kernel Project, which now resides at the [[Hasso Plattner Institute]].

Ingalls now consults and lives near the beach in Manhattan Beach, California, with his wife, Cathleen Galas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ucla.academia.edu/CathleenGalas | title=Cathleen Galas &#124; University of California, Los Angeles - Academia.edu }}</ref>

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM) [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist, for his [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] research, including [[bit blit]].<ref name="hopperaward">{{Cite web |url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ingalls_4831113 |title=ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award |date=1984 |website=ACM Awards |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415101811/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER |archive-date=2012-04-15 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

In 1987, with [[Alan Kay]], and [[Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)|Adele Goldberg]], he received the [[ACM Software System Award]], for his work on [[Smalltalk]], the first fully [[object oriented programming]] software system.<ref name="ACMAward">{{Cite web |url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ingalls_4831113 |title=ACM Software System Award |date=1987 |website=ACM Awards |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419233726/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS |archive-date=2012-04-19 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

In 2002, he was co-recipient, with [[Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)|Adele Goldberg]], of the [[Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming award]].<ref name="DrDobbsAward">{{Cite web |url=https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/2002-dr-dobbs-excellence-in-programming/184405043 |title=2002 Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Awards |date=May 1, 2002 |website=Dr. Dobb's |publisher=Informa PLC |access-date=2020-04-11}} Includes biographical sketch.</ref>

In 2022, Ingalls was made a [[Fellow]] of the [[Computer History Museum]] for creating, developing and building seven generations of the Smalltalk programming environment, and promoting object-oriented programming.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!-- Unstated staff writer --> |date=April 2022 |url=https://computerhistory.org/profile/dan-ingalls-2/ |title=Dan Ingalls: 2022 Fellow |newspaper=CHM |access-date=2022-04-14}}</ref>

Also in 2022, Dan Ingalls received the Senior [[Dahl-Nygaard Prize]] at [[ECOOP]] for his impact on modern computing.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!-- Unstated staff writer --> |date=June 2022 |url=https://2022.ecoop.org/track/ecoop-2022-awards |title=ECOOP 2022 - Awards |website=2022.ecoop.org |access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070920090809/http://www.squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* [http://twit.tv/floss29 FLOSS Weekly interview with Dan Ingalls]
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The Mahābhārata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Ingalls, Daniel H. H. and Daniel H. H. Ingalls 1980: [http://vimeo.com/4714623 Video of joint lecture on Sanskrit OCR given at Xerox PARC in 1980]. 
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [https://univie.academia.edu/DominikWujastyk/Papers/326764/Report_on_the_Sanskrit_Text_Archive_Conference_Austin_Texas_October_2829_1988 Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.
*Object-Oriented Programming, July 1989<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.infocobuild.com/education/public-lectures/computer-science/object-oriented-programming-by-daniel-ingalls.html | title=Object-Oriented Programming by Daniel Ingalls }}</ref>
*{{Interlanguage link|Antero Taivalsaari|fi}}, {{Interlanguage link|Tommi Mikkonen|fi}}, Dan Ingalls and Krzysztof Palacz, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.137.2713&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Web Browser as an Application Platform: The Lively Kernel Experience"], Sun Labs, Report Number: TR-2008-175, Jan 30, 2008.
*Dan Ingalls demos Lively at Google, March 2008<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.squeak.org/2008/03/14/dan-ingalls-demos-lively-at-google/ | title=Dan Ingalls demos Lively at Google | newspaper=The Weekly Squeak | date=14 March 2008 }}</ref>
*Dan Ingalls: The Live Web, Drag 'n Drop in the Cloud, JS Conf, 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTJRwKOFddc | title=Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr.: The Live Web. Drag 'n drop in the cloud | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*Dan Ingalls: YOW! 2016 - Pronto: Toward a Designer's Notebook<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if72CFsF_SY | title=YOW! 2016 Dan Ingalls - Pronto: Toward a Live Designer's Notebook #YOW | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*Daniel Ingalls: The Evolution of Smalltalk<ref>{{cite web | url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Ingalls%20-%20The%20Evolution%20of%20Smalltalk.pdf | title=The Evolution of Smalltalk From Smalltalk-72 through Squeak | date=June 2020 |access-date=2023-01-20 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.infoq.com/interviews/ingalls-smalltalk An interview of Dan at QCon London 2010]
* [http://vimeo.com/4714623 Sanskrit and OCR]  A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* {{YouTube|pACoq7r6KVI|Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations}}
* [https://archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://www.lively-kernel.org/ Lively Kernel project page]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/080116.html The Lively Kernel: A Self-Supporting System on a Web Page] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20100813003700/http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/courses/ee380/080116-ee380-300.asx video archive for the EE380 talk]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uknEhXyZgsg Alto System Project: Dan Ingalls demonstrates Smalltalk]
*Recording of Dan Ingalls' ECOOP'22 Keynote Available
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWrdDEHtqgY A recording of Dan Ingalls’ Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets Dahl-Nygaard Senior Prize Keynote is available on YouTube]
* [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/263698.263754 "Back to the Future: the story of Squeak, a practical Smalltalk written in itself" by Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, John Maloney, Scott Wallace, Alan Kay. Paper presented at OOPSLA, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997 by Dan Ingalls.]
* [https://2022.ecoop.org/details/ecoop-2022-keynotes/5/Dahl-Nygaard-Senior-Prize-Dan-Ingalls-A-Fireside-Chat Dahl-Nygaard Senior Prize: Dan Ingalls, A Fireside Chat (Berlin, 2022)]

{{Smalltalk programming language}}
{{Hopper winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingalls, Daniel Henry Holmes Jr.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:American computer programmers]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dahl–Nygaard Prize]]
[[Category:People from Aptos, California]]
[[Category:Scientists at PARC (company)]]