View source for Dandruff

{{Short description|Skin condition of the scalp}}
{{For|the album|Dandruff (album)}}
{{Redirect|Pityriasis capiti|another skin condition sometimes called pityriasis capitis|seborrhoeic dermatitis}}
{{Redirect|Scurf|the species of bull trout sometimes called scurf|bull trout}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Dandruff
| synonyms      = Pityriasis capitis, pityriasis sicca<ref name=Stat2019/>
| image         = Dandruff01.jpg
| caption       = A microscopic image of human dandruff
| pronounce     = 
| field         = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = Itchy and flaking skin of the [[scalp]]<ref name=NHS2019/><ref name=Stat2019/>
| complications = 
| onset         = [[Puberty]]<ref name=Stat2019/>
| duration      = 
| types         = 
| causes        = Genetic and environmental factors<ref name=Stat2019/>
| dangers        = 
| diagnosis     = Based on symptoms<ref name=Up2019/>
| differential  = [[Psoriasis]], [[dermatitis]], [[tinea capitis]]<ref name=NHS2019/><ref name=Stat2019/>
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = [[Zinc pyrithione|Pyrithione zinc]], [[Salicylic acid]], [[Coal tar|Coal-tar]], [[Selenium disulfide|Selenium disulfide]], and [[Ketoconazole|Ketoconazole shampoos]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dandruff/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353854 | title=Dandruff - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic | website=[[Mayo Clinic]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/scalp/treat-dandruff | title=How to treat dandruff }}</ref>
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = ~50% of adults<ref name=Stat2019/>
| deaths        = 
| alt           = 
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

'''Dandruff''' is a skin condition of the [[scalp]].<ref name="Stat2019" /> Symptoms include heavy flaking and sometimes mild itchiness.<ref name="Stat2019" /><ref name="NHS2019">{{cite web |title=Dandruff |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=1 January 2020 |language=en |date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112002/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It can result in social or [[self-esteem]] problems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimalt R | title = A practical guide to scalp disorders | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 10–14 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18004290 | doi = 10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650048 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A more severe form of the condition, which includes [[inflammation]] of the skin, is known as [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]].<ref name="Stat2019" />

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
The cause is unclear, but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors;<ref name="Stat2019" /> the condition may worsen in the winter.<ref name="Rang2010" /> It is not due to poor hygiene,<ref>[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/#:~:text=Dandruff%20is%20not%20caused%20by,dandruff%20and%20their%20main%20symptoms Dandruff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112002/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/#:~:text=Dandruff%20is%20not%20caused%20by,dandruff%20and%20their%20main%20symptoms |date=1 January 2020 }}. [[National Health Service]]</ref><ref name="AAD2017">{{cite web |title=Dandruff: How to treat |url=https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-and-scalp-problems/dandruff-how-to-treat |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329044659/https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/scalp/treat-dandruff|archive-date=March 29, 2023|access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[American Academy of Dermatology]]}}</ref> and the underlying mechanism involves the excessive growth of [[keratinocytes|skin cells]].<ref name="Rang2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranganathan S, Mukhopadhyay T | title = Dandruff: the most commercially exploited skin disease | journal = Indian Journal of Dermatology | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 130–134 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20606879 | pmc = 2887514 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5154.62734 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Diagnosis is based on symptoms.<ref name="Up2019">{{cite web |title=Patient education: Seborrheic dermatitis (including dandruff and cradle cap) (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics |website=www.uptodate.com |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112000/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!-- Treatment and epidemiology -->
There is no known cure for dandruff.<ref name=Turk2007>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&q=dandruff%20no%20cure&pg=PA100 | title=The Encyclopedia of Skin and Skin Disorders | edition=Third | publisher=Facts On File, Inc. | vauthors = Turkington C, Dover JS | year=2007 | page=100 | isbn=978-0-8160-6403-8 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519134229/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&lpg=PA100&dq=dandruff%20no%20cure&pg=PA100 | archive-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> [[antifungal medications|Antifungal cream]], such as [[ketoconazole]], or the [[keratolytic]] agent  [[salicylic acid]] may be used to try to improve the condition.<ref name=Stat2019/><ref name=NHS2019/> Dandruff affects about half of adults, with males more often affected than females.<ref name=Stat2019>{{cite book | vauthors = Tucker D, Masood S | chapter = Seborrheic Dermatitis | date = August 2021 | title = StatPearls [Internet]. | location = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing | pmid = 31869171 }}</ref> In addition, people in all areas of the world are affected.<ref name=Stat2019/> Onset is usually at [[puberty]], and it becomes less common after the age of 50.<ref name=Stat2019/>

==Etymology==
According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the word ''dandruff'' is first attested in 1545, but is still of unknown etymology.<ref name=":0">"dandruff | dandriff, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
The main symptoms of dandruff are an itchy scalp and flakiness.<ref name=Tur2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner GA, Hoptroff M, Harding CR | title = Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff | journal = International Journal of Cosmetic Science | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 298–306 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22515370 | pmc = 3494381 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x }}</ref> Red and greasy patches of skin and a tingly feeling on the skin are also symptoms.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844.php#symptoms_of_dandruff| work=Medical News Today| title=What Is Dandruff? Learn All About Dandruff| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810183003/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844.php#symptoms_of_dandruff| archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

Emerging research suggests a potential association between dandruff and [[hair loss]], primarily through the involvement of the [[Malassezia]] fungus and the resultant inflammatory responses.  A study published in [[PubMed]] investigated the presence of Pityrosporum ovale (now classified as Malassezia) in individuals experiencing hair shedding. The findings indicated that 89.92% of subjects with hair shedding were carriers of Malassezia, compared to only 9.52% in the control group, suggesting a significant correlation between Malassezia colonization and increased hair shedding.<ref>[https://dandrx.com/blogs/resources/relationship-between-dandruff-and-hair-loss Relationship between Dandruff and Hair Loss] dandRX. Retrieved 2025-04-19. </ref>

Dandruff and [[dry scalp]] are often confused since they share many of the same symptoms, but their causes and treatment are different.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dry Scalp vs. Dandruff: What's the Difference? (With Pictures) |url=https://www.myfreebird.com/a/blog/posts/dry-scalp-vs-dandruff |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Freebird {{!}} The Bald Truth |language=en-US}}</ref> Dry scalp is simply dry skin on the scalp and can usually be easily treated with a [[skin care]] regimen.

== Causes ==
[[File:Dandruff with Hair.jpg|thumb|right|Dandruff with shed hair can be symptomatic of dry skin (shed skin scales and hairs on a dark wooden tabletop)]]
The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors.<ref name="AAD2017" />

As the [[Epidermis (skin)|skin]] layers continually replace themselves, cells are pushed outward where they die and flake off.  For most individuals, these flakes of skin are too small to be visible.  However, certain conditions cause cell turnover to be unusually rapid, especially in the scalp. It is hypothesized that for people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in two to seven days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff.  The result is that dead skin cells are shed in large, oily clumps, which appear as white or grayish flakes on the scalp, skin and clothes.

According to one study, dandruff has been shown to be possibly the result of three factors:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeAngelis YM, Gemmer CM, Kaczvinsky JR, Kenneally DC, Schwartz JR, Dawson TL | title = Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–297 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16382685 | doi = 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10119.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
# Skin oil, commonly referred to as [[sebum]] or [[sebaceous]] secretions<ref name="pmid16382662">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ro BI, Dawson TL | title = The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 194–197 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16382662 | doi = 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10104.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
# The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically ''[[Malassezia]]'' [[yeasts]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ashbee HR, Evans EG | title = Immunology of diseases associated with Malassezia species | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–57 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11781265 | pmc = 118058 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.15.1.21-57.2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes FJ, Dawson TL, Gupta AK | title = Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts | journal = FEMS Yeast Research | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 1101–1113 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16084129 | doi = 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.05.006 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="deangelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson TL | title = Malassezia and seborrheic dermatitis: etiology and treatment | journal = Journal of Cosmetic Science | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–182 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16758556 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gemmer CM, DeAngelis YM, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Dawson TL | title = Fast, noninvasive method for molecular detection and differentiation of Malassezia yeast species on human skin and application of the method to dandruff microbiology | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 3350–3357 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12202578 | pmc = 130704 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3350-3357.2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Batra R, Bluhm R, Boekhout T, Dawson TL | title = Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 785–798 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15523360 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.034 }}</ref>
# Individual susceptibility and [[allergy]] sensitivity.

===Microorganisms===
Older literature cites the [[fungus]] ''[[Malassezia furfur]]'' (previously known as ''Pityrosporum ovale'') as the cause of dandruff. While this species does occur naturally on the skin surface of people both with and without dandruff, in 2007, it was discovered that the responsible agent is a scalp specific fungus, ''[[Malassezia globosa]]'',<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm | work=BBC News | title=Genetic code of dandruff cracked | date=6 November 2007 | access-date=30 April 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222110658/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm | archive-date=22 December 2008 }}</ref> that metabolizes [[triglycerides]] present in [[sebum]] by the expression of [[lipase]], resulting in the lipid byproduct [[oleic acid]]. In individuals affected by dandruff, the levels of ''Malassezia'' are 1.5 to 2 times their normal level.<ref name=Rang2010/> Oleic acid penetrates the top layer of the [[epidermis]], the [[stratum corneum]], and evokes an inflammatory response in susceptible people which disturbs [[homeostasis]] and results in erratic cleavage of stratum corneum cells.<ref name="deangelis"/>

[[Bacteria]] are also suspected to be a cause. ''[[Staphylococcus capitis]]'' was found to be 100 times more abundant on scalps affected by dandruff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilever.com/news/news-search/2020/one-step-closer-to-finding-the-root-cause-of-dandruff/ |title=One step closer to finding the root cause of dandruff - Unilever |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527232214/https://www.unilever.com/news/news-search/2020/one-step-closer-to-finding-the-root-cause-of-dandruff/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For a long time, studies on dandruff predominantly focused on fungi, particularly the Malassezia species, which are major fungi colonizing the human scalp and the dominant members of the cutaneous fungal microbiome. Of the 14 known cultured species of Malassezia, the most clinically significant species are M. restricta and M. globosa. These species have been reported to be associated with skin diseases, including dandruff, [[seborrheic dermatitis]], [[pityriasis dermatitis]], and [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name="Xu et al.">{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Zhijue |last2=Wang |first2=Zongxiu |last3=Yuan |first3=Chao |last4=Liu |first4=Xiaoping |last5=Yang |first5=Fang |last6=Wang |first6=Ting |last7=Wang |first7=Junling |last8=Manabe |first8=Kenji |last9=Qin |first9=Ou |last10=Wang |first10=Xuemin |last11=Zhang |first11=Yan |last12=Zhang |first12=Menghui |date=2016-05-12 |title=Dandruff is associated with the conjoined interactions between host and microorganisms |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=24877 |doi=10.1038/srep24877 |pmid=27172459 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=4864613 |bibcode=2016NatSR...624877X }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>

However, another microorganism community composed of bacteria also inhabits the human scalp and includes facultative [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] bacteria, such as [[Cutibacterium acnes|P. acnes]], and [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] bacteria, such as [[Staphylococcus]].<ref name=ref name="Xu et al."/>

Using 454 [[pyrosequencing]] of the microbiome on scalp dandruff, eleven bacterial [[Phylum|phyla]] were detected, but most sequences were assigned to two bacterial phyla: Actinobacteria (64.9%) and Firmicutes (32.5%). Of the 123 identified genera, Propionibacterium (63.3%, Actinobacteria) and Staphylococcus (32.4%, Firmicutes) comprised more than 95% of the total sequences. A total of 99.7% of the Propionibacterium belonged to P. acne, and 94.9% of the Staphylococcus were Staphylococcus spp (including S. epidermidis, S. capitis and S. caprae).<ref name=ref name="Xu et al."/>

It was found that Propionibacterium decreased from 70.8% to 50.2% in the dandruff group, whereas Staphylococcus increased from 26.0% to 43.5%. Moreover, the proportion of the other low abundance bacteria increased in the dandruff group from 3.2% to 6.4%.<ref name=ref name="Xu et al."/>

Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified 33 genera related to severity of dandruff including Staphylococcus showed a significant positive correlation with dandruff. In contrast, only two genera (Propionibacterium and Labrys) showed a significant negative correlation with dandruff. Because Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium were the two dominant but reciprocally inhibited bacterial genera on the scalp, these results indicated that dandruff was mainly associated with the balance of these two genera.<ref name=ref name="Xu et al."/>

Microorganisms on the scalp, especially fungi, have been predominantly thought to be the main cause of the development of dandruff, after several studies it was observed that there was not a close association between the bacteria in genus and fungi in species. Furthermore, the relationship between bacteria and dandruff was stronger than the relationship between fungi and dandruff.<ref name=ref name="Xu et al."/>

=== Seborrhoeic dermatitis ===
In [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]], redness and itching frequently occur around the folds of the nose and eyebrow areas, not just the scalp. Dry, thick, well-defined lesions consisting of large, silvery scales may be traced to the less common condition of scalp [[psoriasis]]. Inflammation can be characterized by redness, heat, pain or swelling, and can cause sensitivity.

Inflammation and extension of scaling outside the scalp exclude the diagnosis of dandruff from seborrhoeic dermatitis.<ref name="pmid16382662"/> However, many reports suggest a clear link between the two clinical entities - the mildest form of the clinical presentation of seborrhoeic dermatitis as dandruff, where the inflammation is minimal and remains subclinical.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Piérard-Franchimont C, Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard GE | title = Revisiting dandruff | journal = International Journal of Cosmetic Science | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 311–318 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 18489295 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00326.x | s2cid = 24519401 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Pierard-Franchimont C, Hermanns JF, Degreef H, Pierard GE | year = 2000 | title = From axioms to new insights into dandruff | url = | journal = Dermatology | volume = 200 | issue = 2| pages = 93–8 | pmid = 10773693 | doi = 10.1159/000018337 }}</ref>

Seasonal changes, stress, and [[immunosuppression]] seem to affect seborrheic dermatitis.<ref name=Rang2010/>

== Mechanism ==
Dandruff scale is a cluster of [[corneocytes]], which have retained a large degree of [[Cohesion (chemistry)|cohesion]] with one another and detach as such from the surface of the [[stratum corneum]]. A corneocyte is a [[protein complex]] that is made of tiny threads of [[keratin]] in an organised matrix.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Brannon H |url=http://dermatology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/sc_anatomy_2.htm |title=The Structure and Function of the Stratum Corneum |publisher=Dermatology.about.com |access-date=21 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524042044/http://dermatology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/sc_anatomy_2.htm |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref> The size and abundance of scales are heterogeneous from one site to another and over time. [[Parakeratosis|Parakeratotic]] cells often make up part of dandruff. Their numbers are related to the severity of the clinical manifestations, which may also be influenced by seborrhea.<ref name=Rang2010/>

== Treatment ==
[[File:Nizoral.jpg|thumb|[[Ketoconazole]] (Nizoral) shampoo]]
Shampoos use a combination of special ingredients to control dandruff.

=== Antifungals ===
Antifungal treatments including [[piroctone olamine]], [[ketoconazole]] (Sebizole), [[zinc pyrithione]], and [[selenium disulfide]] ([[Selsun Blue]]) have been found to be effective.<ref name=Tur2012/> Ketoconazole appears to have a longer duration of effect.<ref name=Tur2012/> Ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum [[Antifungal|antimycotic]] agent that is active against ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' and ''M. furfur''. Of all the antifungals of the [[imidazole antifungal|imidazole class]], ketoconazole has become the leading contender among treatment options because of its effectiveness in treating seborrheic dermatitis as well.<ref name=Rang2010/>

[[Ciclopirox]] (topical route) may also be used as an anti-dandruff agent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Nicol KA | title = Ciclopirox 1% shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–69 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16426382 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02331.x | s2cid = 6357543 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Bluhm R | title = Ciclopirox shampoo for treating seborrheic dermatitis | journal = Skin Therapy Letter | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 4–5 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15334279 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciclopirox (Topical Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ciclopirox-topical-route/description/drg-20062888|access-date=4 June 2021|website=www.mayoclinic.org|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604111806/https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ciclopirox-topical-route/description/drg-20062888|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it is mostly sold as cream and its main use is for treating [[athlete's foot]], [[Tinea cruris|jock itch]], and [[Dermatophytosis|ringworm]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciclopirox Topical: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-18039-433/ciclopirox-topical/ciclopirox-topical/details|access-date=4 June 2021|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604111805/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-18039-433/ciclopirox-topical/ciclopirox-topical/details|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other than zinc pyrithione, the most common anti-dandruff actives (outside the US) and part of many cosmetic shampoos, are [[piroctone olamine]] and climbazole. Very recent anti-dandruff shampoos use a new ester technology, propanediol caprylate.

=== Exfoliating agents ===
[[Coal tar]] causes the skin to shed dead cells from the top layer and slows skin cell growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-151769-Anti-Dandruff+coal+tar+Top.aspx?drugid=151769&drugname=Anti-Dandruff+(coal+tar)+Top |title=''Anti-Dandruff (coal tar)'' |website=WebMD |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212013025/http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-151769-Anti-Dandruff+coal+tar+Top.aspx?drugid=151769&drugname=Anti-Dandruff+(coal+tar)+Top |archive-date=12 December 2010 }}</ref>

[[Salicylic acid]] is an approved anti-dandruff active as per the US FDA OTC drug monograph and also used in many cosmetic anti-dandruff shampoos globally.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline|dandruff}}
{{commons category}}
{{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}}
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB      = 11911
| ICD10           = <!-- no specific code {{ICD10|Group|Major|minor|LinkGroup|LinkMajor}} -->
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|690.18}}
| ICDO            = 
| OMIM            = 
| MedlinePlus     = <!-- no specific entries other than for seborrhoeic dermatitis -->
| eMedicineSubj   = <!-- no specific entries other than for seborrhoeic dermatitis -->
| eMedicineTopic  = 
| MeshID          = D063807
| SNOMED CT       = 200767005
}}

[[Category:Hairdressing]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]
[[Category:Seborrheic dermatitis]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]