View source for Daniel D. Tompkins

{{Short description|Vice President of the United States from 1817 to 1825}}
{{redirect|Daniel Tompkins|the British metal vocalist|Tesseract (band)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Daniel D. Tompkins
| image               = Daniel D Tompkins by John Wesley Jarvis (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[John Wesley Jarvis]]
| office              = 6th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| president           = [[James Monroe]]
| term_start          = March 4, 1817
| term_end            = March 4, 1825
| predecessor         = [[Elbridge Gerry]]
| successor           = [[John C. Calhoun]]
| order1              = 4th
| office1             = Governor of New York
| lieutenant1         = [[John Broome (politician)|John Broome]]<br>[[DeWitt Clinton]]<br>John Tayler
| term_start1         = July 1, 1807
| term_end1           = February 24, 1817
| predecessor1        = [[Morgan Lewis (governor)|Morgan Lewis]]
| successor1          = [[John Tayler]] (acting)
| office2             = Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of New York|New York Supreme Court of Judicature]]
| term_start2         = July 2, 1804
| term_end2           = July 1, 1807
| successor2          = [[William W. Van Ness]]
| office3             = Member of the [[New York State Assembly]] {{nowrap|from [[Manhattan|New York County]]}}
| term_start3         = July 1, 1802
| term_end3           = June 30, 1803
| birth_name          = Daniel Tompkins
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1774|6|21}}
| birth_place         = [[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale]], [[Province of New York]], British America
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1825|6|11|1774|6|21}}
| death_place         = [[Castleton, Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]]
| party               = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Hannah Tompkins|Hannah Minthorne]]|1798}}
| children            = 8, including [[Minthorne Tompkins|Minthorne]]
| education           = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| signature           = Daniel D Tompkins Signature 2.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
}}

'''Daniel D. Tompkins''' (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an American politician who served as the sixth [[vice president of the United States]] from 1817 to 1825. He previously served as the fourth [[governor of New York]] from 1807 to 1817.

Born in [[Scarsdale, New York]] on June 21, 1774 Tompkins practiced law in [[New York City]] after graduating from [[Columbia University|Columbia College]]. He was a delegate to the [[New York Constitution#Constitutional Convention of 1801|1801 New York constitutional convention]] and served on the [[New York Supreme Court]] from 1804 to 1807. In 1807, he defeated incumbent [[Morgan Lewis (governor)|Morgan Lewis]] to become the governor of New York. He held that office from 1807 to 1817, serving for the duration of the [[War of 1812]]. During the war, he often spent his own money to equip and pay the militia when the legislature was not in session, or would not approve the necessary funds.

Tompkins was the [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican Party]]'s vice presidential nominee in the [[1816 United States presidential election|1816 presidential election]]. The ticket of [[James Monroe]] and Tompkins easily prevailed over limited [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] opposition. He served as vice president from 1817 to 1825, and was the only 19th century vice president to serve two full terms. In 1820, he sought another term as Governor of New York, but was defeated by [[DeWitt Clinton]]. After the War of 1812, Tompkins was in poor physical and financial health, the latter condition stemming largely from his spending for the military effort during the War of 1812. He fell into alcoholism and was unable to re-establish fiscal solvency despite winning partial reimbursement from the federal government in 1823. He died 99 days after completing a second term and leaving office  on 11 June 1825 at the age of 50.

==Name==
Tompkins was baptized '''Daniel Tompkins''', but added the middle initial "D." either before or during his time as a student at Columbia College. According to his granddaughter, Helen T. Tompkins, this was to distinguish himself from another Daniel Tompkins who was a student there, though records of Columbia College do not list another Daniel Tompkins studying at Columbia at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig4UAAAAIAAJ&q=Daniel+D.+Tompkins+middle+name&pg=PA502 |title=State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Government of the State of New York and Its Affairs |date=1919 |publisher=State Service Magazine Company, Incorporated |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=University |first=Columbia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-phPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55 |title=Catalogue of the Governors, Trustees, and Officers, and of the Alumni and Other Graduates, of Columbia College (originally King's College), in the City of New York, from 1754 to 1876 |date=1876 |publisher=college |language=en}}</ref> There is controversy as to what the middle initial stood for; some have suggested "Decius".<ref>{{cite book |date=1969 |title=Publishers weekly, Volume 195, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLpEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22tompkins+daniel+decius%22 |location=New Providence, New Jersey |publisher=R.R. Bowker Co. |page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Fredriksen |first=John C. |date=2000 |title=Green Coats and Glory: The United States Regiment of Riflemen, 1808–1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr83AAAAMAAJ&q=%22decius%22 |location=Youngstown, NY |publisher=Old Fort Niagara Association |page=29|isbn=9780941967228 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=New York State Historical Association |date=1920 |title=Governor Tompkins' Middle Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA502 |journal=State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Government of the State of New York and Its Affairs |volume=4 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State Service Magazine Co., Inc. |page=502}}</ref> The generally accepted conclusion is that it did not stand for anything and served only to distinguish him from another Daniel Tompkins who perhaps studied with him in primary or secondary school.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Winchester |first=Charles M. |date=February 1, 1920 |title=New York's Forty-Four Governors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig4UAAAAIAAJ&q=Daniel+D.+Tompkins+middle+name&pg=PA502 |journal=State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State Service Magazine Company |pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Winchester |first=Charles M. |date=June 1, 1920 |title=Governor Tompkins' Middle Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig4UAAAAIAAJ&q=Daniel+D.+Tompkins+middle+name&pg=PA502 |journal=State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State Service Magazine Company |pages=502}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Skinner|first=Charles R. |date=1919 |title=Governors of New York from 1777 to 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgmAAAAYAAJ&q=Daniel+D.+Tompkins+middle+name&pg=PA2 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=J. B. Lyon Company |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Henry T. |date=1898 |title=Manual of Westchester County |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Uw_AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Daniel+D.+Tompkins%22+middle+initial+name&pg=PA246 |location=White Plains, NY |publisher=Henry T. Smith |page=246}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial.JPG|thumb|left|The Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial in [[Scarsdale, New York]]]]
Daniel D. Tompkins was born on June 21, 1774, in Scarsdale, [[Westchester County, New York]], at his family's home, the estate of Fox Meadow.<ref>"FOX MEADOW SALES. First Break Made Into Famous Westchester Estate", ''New York Times'', April 3, 1921, p. 76</ref> His parents were Sarah Ann (Hyatt) and Jonathan Griffin Tompkins. His older brother, [[Caleb Tompkins]] was a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from 1817 to 1821. Daniel Tompkins graduated from Columbia College in [[New York City]] in 1795, and then studied law with [[James Kent (jurist)|James Kent]] and [[Peter Jay Munro]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Thomas H. |date=2009 |title=Gibbons v. Ogden, Law, and Society in the Early Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcU6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22studied+law+under+federalists%22 |location=Athens, OH |publisher=Ohio University Press |page=92 |isbn=978-0-8214-1846-8 |ref={{sfnRef|''Gibbons v. Ogden, Law, and Society in the Early Republic''}}}}</ref> He was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1797, and practiced in New York City.{{sfn|''Gibbons v. Ogden, Law, and Society in the Early Republic''|page=92}}

==Family==
On February 20, 1798, Daniel Tompkins, 23, married 16-year-old Hannah Minthorne, the daughter of Mangle Minthorne, an assistant alderman of New York City.<ref name="married1">{{cite book|first=Ray Watkins |last=Irwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRSTAAAAIAAJ |title=Daniel D. Tompkins: Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States |page=27 |date=1968 |location=New York |publisher=New-York Historical Society |lccn=68057031}}</ref><ref name="marri2"> [https://books.google.com/books?id=mJ0wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160 "Marriages"], ''The Weekly Magazine'', March 3, 1798, p. 160</ref> The couple had eight children, including Arietta Minthorn Tompkins (born July 31, 1800), who married a son of [[Smith Thompson]] in 1818; Hannah, wife of Dr. John S. Westervelt; and [[Minthorne Tompkins|(Mangle) Minthorne Tompkins]] (December 26, 1807 – June 5, 1881), who was the [[Free Soil Party]] candidate for Governor of New York in 1852. Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother. The Tompkinses also fostered young orphan [[Henry Brewerton]] (1801–1879). Brewerton attended the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point, and served as an Army engineer officer from 1819 to 1867.

Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became Vice President, and did not attend his inauguration.<ref name="hannah1">Dunlap, Leslie W. (1988)[https://archive.org/details/ourvicepresident00dunl <!-- quote=hannah. --> ''Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies''], p. 32–34 </ref> She survived him by nearly four years in Tompkinsville.

== Political career==
===Early years===
Despite the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] leanings of Kent and Munro, Tompkins entered politics as a [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]].{{sfn|''Gibbons v. Ogden, Law, and Society in the Early Republic''|page=92}} He was a delegate to the [[New York State Constitutional Convention]] in 1801, and a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] in 1804. In 1804, he was elected [[United States House of Representatives|US Representative]]. He resigned before the beginning of the term to accept, at age 30, an appointment as associate justice of the [[New York Supreme Court|New York Supreme Court of Judicature]], in which capacity he served from 1804 to 1807.
===Governor===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Daniel D. Tompkins.svg|upright|thumb|left|Coat of Arms of Daniel D. Tompkins]] 
On April 30, 1807, Tompkins was elected [[Governor of New York]], defeating incumbent Morgan Lewis{{spaced ndash}} by 35,074 votes to 30,989. He was 33 when elected and is the youngest governor of New York. He was reelected  three times: in 1810, defeating [[Jonas Platt]] by 43,094 votes to 36,484; in 1813, defeating [[Stephen Van Rensselaer]] by 43,324 votes to 39,718; and 1816, defeating [[Rufus King]] by 45,412 votes to 38,647. Tompkins was supported by New York mayor [[DeWitt Clinton]] in his first run for Governor. But when Clinton challenged President [[James Madison]] in the [[1812 United States presidential election|1812 election]], Tompkins broke with Clinton, and supported Madison.<ref name="senate">{{cite web |title=Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President (1817–1825) |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Daniel_Tompkins.htm |website=US Senate |access-date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[War of 1812]], Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the [[state militia]] and promoted the formation of a standing state military force based on select [[conscription]]. He declined an appointment as [[United States Secretary of State]] by President James Madison in 1814, instead accepting appointment as commander of the federal military district that included New York City.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VljA5QEI9_wC&pg=PA713 ''The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812''], page 713</ref> Tompkins even financed New York's war effort with money borrowed on his personal credit. But he did not carefully document these very substantial expenditures, and was denied reimbursement.

[[History of slavery in New York (state)|The Gradual Manumission Act of July 4, 1799]] provided for the eventual manumission of slave children born in New York after that date. In 1817, at Tompkins' suggestion, New York enacted emancipation of all slaves, to take effect on July 4, 1827.<ref>White, Shane. ''Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810.'' University of Georgia Press, 1991. pp. 53–54</ref> The [[Fifth of July (New York)|"Fifth of July" celebration]] in New York commemorates the final outcome.

===Vice presidency (1817–1825)===
Many New York Democratic-Republicans supported Tompkins for President in the [[1816 United States presidential election|1816 election]], but James Monroe received the party's nomination.<ref name=senate/> Tompkins was instead elected Vice President as Monroe's running mate. Tompkins [[1820 United States presidential election|was re-elected in 1820]]. He served from March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1825.

When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor due to his unreimbursed war expenses. He also slipped into [[alcoholism]].

With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his vice presidency outside of [[Washington, D.C.]], and made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the [[Missouri Compromise]] in 1820. 

In April 1820, while serving as Vice President, he ran for Governor of New York against incumbent DeWitt Clinton. Tompkins lost, 45,900 votes to 47,447. He was a delegate to the 1821 [[New York State Constitutional Convention]], serving as its president.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle= Tompkins, Daniel D.|volume=26|noprescript=1 }}</ref>

In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.<ref name=senate/>

==Death==
{{anchor|Death}}
Tompkins died in Tompkinsville on June 11, 1825, 10 days before his 51st birthday. He was interred in the Minthorne vault in the west yard of [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]], New York City, as was his wife.<ref name="hannah1"/> His post-vice presidency lifespan is the shortest of any Vice President, and he also lived the shortest life of any now-deceased Vice President. He was the youngest Vice President until [[John C. Breckinridge]] in 1857 at 36. He was the only 19th-century Vice President to serve two terms under the same President, and two full terms at all.
==Antiquarian==
Tompkins was elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistt|title=MemberListT}}</ref>
==Staten Island developer==
in 1815, Tompkins purchased the Van Buskirk Farm in [[New Brighton, Staten Island|New Brighton]] and property on [[Grymes Hill, Staten Island|Grymes Hill]] on the northeastern shore of [[Staten Island]]. There he established a settlement named [[Tompkinsville, Staten Island|Tompkinsville]]. His main residence was located on Fort Hill in Tompkinsville; it burned down in 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.silive.com/memories_column/2013/03/staten_island_memories_a_lifetime_of_public_service.html |title=Staten Island Memories: A lifetime of public service |date=March 2013 |website=SILive.com |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref> Minthorne Street Hannah Street, and Westervelt Avenue in Tompkinsville are named for his son, daughter, and son-in-law.

He built a dock in the neighborhood in 1817 and offered daily ferry service between Staten Island and [[Manhattan]]. In 1816 he acquired additional land from the Church of St. Andrew, but his financial troubles later led the church to foreclose. The Westervelts then bought the property, which they later divided into many lots to sell off.<ref name="streets1">Platt, Tevah (June 3, 2010).[http://www.silive.com/northshore/index.ssf/2010/06/neighborhood_still_memorialize.html "Neighborhood still memorializes Daniel Tompkins"], ''[[Staten Island Advance]]''</ref>

== Freemasonry ==
Apart from his political career, Tompkins was an active Freemason throughout his life. He was a member of Hiram Lodge 72, [[Mount Pleasant, New York]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1312344482 |title=Freemasons: Tales From the Craft |year=2014 |page=49 |access-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181113210304/https://books.google.it/books?id=La4nCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and became [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Lodge of New York]] from 1820 to 1822.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Celebrating more than 100 years of the Freemasonry: famous Freemasons in the history |url=http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510153526/http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2008 |website=Mathawan Lodge No 192 F.A. & A.M., New Jersey |language=en}}</ref> The Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial Chapel at the Masonic Home in Utica, New York was built in his honor in 1911.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Tompkins Chapel was built in 1911 in memory of Most Worshipful Daniel D. Tompkins, Grand Master of Masons in 1820 |url=http://www.masonichomeny.org/ourcommunity/otherfacilities/chapel/ |access-date=2011-10-26 |publisher=MasonicHomeNY |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425113022/http://www.masonichomeny.org/ourcommunity/otherfacilities/chapel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Grand Lodge of New York]] celebrated the centennial of the chapel on June 25, 2011.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=The Centennial of the Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial Chapel |url=http://www.masonichomeny.org/news-events/?id=108 |access-date=2011-10-26 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425113037/http://www.masonichomeny.org/news-events/?id=108 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Centennial of the Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial Chapel |url=http://esmason.com/magpdf/esm_spring_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://esmason.com/magpdf/esm_spring_2011.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=2011-10-26}}</ref>

He also served as the first Sovereign Grand Commander of the [[Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA|Northern Masonic Jurisdiction]] [[Scottish Rite]], a branch of [[Freemasonry]]. Tompkins served in this capacity from 1813 to 1825, although he did not devote much time to the newly formed group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Rite, NMJ {{!}} Sovereign Grand Commanders |url=https://scottishritenmj.org/history/sovereign-grand-commanders |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Scottish Rite, NMJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Daniel D Tompkins vault cover.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The cover to the vault in which Tompkins' remains were interred]]

The [[Tompkinsville, Staten Island|Tompkinsville neighborhood]] of [[Staten Island]] is named for Tompkins, and streets in that neighborhood are named for his children.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news|url=http://www.silive.com/northshore/index.ssf/2014/11/12_things_to_know_about_histor.html|title=13 things to know about Tompkinsville, where European settlers arrived 375 years ago|last=Sherry|first=Virginia N.|date=November 30, 2014|work=[[Staten Island Advance]]|access-date=September 19, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Tompkins [[Masonic lodge|Masonic Lodge]] #471 in that same section of Staten Island is also named for him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tompkins Lodge #471 F&AM |url=https://tompkins471.com/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Tompkins Lodge #471 F&AM |language=en-US}}</ref> Tompkins is credited with being one of the founding members of the [[Brighton Heights Reformed Church]] on Staten Island. The church was founded in 1823, during his term as vice president. Its first meeting place was in New York Marine Hospital (then known as the Quarantine), a predecessor of the immigration facility on [[Ellis Island]].

Four forts in New York State in the [[War of 1812]] were named for Governor Tompkins, in [[Fort Tompkins (Staten Island)|Staten Island]], [[Fort Tompkins (Sackets Harbor, New York)|Sackets Harbor]], [[Fort Tompkins (Buffalo, New York)|Buffalo]], and [[Fort Tompkins (Plattsburgh, New York)|Plattsburgh]].

Tompkins Park in [[Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]], New York (now called [[Herbert Von King Park]]) was named after Tompkins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/herbert-von-king-park|title=Herbert Von King Park}}</ref> The nearby Tompkins Avenue and Tompkins Public Houses are likewise named.

[[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins County]] in New York, [[Tompkins Square Park]] in Manhattan, Public School 69 Daniel D. Tompkins School in Staten Island, and the [[Tompkins, New York|Town of Tompkins]] are named after him, as is Tompkins Road, running between [[New York State Route 22|Post Road (NY-22)]] and Fenimore Road in Scarsdale, New York.

[[Tompkinsville, Kentucky]], is named for Tompkins. It is the county seat of [[Monroe County, Kentucky]], which is named for the President under whom Tompkins served as Vice President.

Tompkins was mentioned by [[Santa Claus|Kris Kringle]] in the 1947 film ''[[Miracle on 34th Street]]''. The screenplay was incorrect, however, in that Kringle mentions that Tompkins served as vice president under [[John Quincy Adams]] when Adams's vice president was actually [[John C. Calhoun]]. Tompkins was the sixth vice president and Adams was the sixth president, leading to confusion in the script.<ref>''The Making of Miracle on 34th Street, 50th Anniversary Edition''. Sandpiper Publishing, 1997</ref>

American actor and producer [[Richard Kollmar]], husband of columnist and TV personality [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], was a great-great-grandchild of Tompkins.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1940-04-06 |title=Miss Dorothy Kilgallen Bride of R. T. Kollmar |page=4 |work=[[The Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{commons category-inline|Daniel D. Tompkins}}
* {{CongBio|T000306}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XyoWAAAAYAAJ ''Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York, 1807–1817''], Volume 3 (online)

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{{Governors of New York}}
{{US Vice Presidents}}
{{1816 United States presidential election}}
{{1820 United States presidential election}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tompkins, Daniel D}}
[[Category:Daniel D. Tompkins]]
[[Category:1774 births]]
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[[Category:19th-century vice presidents of the United States]]
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[[Category:American Antiquarian Society members]]
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[[Category:Candidates in the 1804 United States elections]]
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